Wind energy in Curaรงao Durable Energy Conference Curaรงao Margo Guda Manager & Senior Scientist, Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia Curaรงao, March 30, 2012 Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Short historical overview • • • • •
Water pumping Enthusiasts and hobbyists UNA and FAPE Kodela Wind farms: Tera Kora and Playa Kanoa
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: past barriers • • • •
No wind resource assessment No policy No support No financial incentives
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Wind energy in Curaçao: successes Wind resource assessment Development of local expertise Wind farm development Success builds success: from Tera Kora to Playa Kanoa • Wind farm expansion (context: worldwide and regional developmens)
• • • •
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Curaçao in the Caribbean context • Curaçao, Barbados, Guadeloupe and Martinique • Jamaica • Aruba, Republica Dominicana, Bonaire • Puerto Rico, Cuba • Guyana, Panama? • Grenada, St Vincent, Nevis • Suriname, Trinidad & Tobago 4/2/2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind Energy Basics How to harvest wind energy Wind Energy Output = Wind Resource x Power Curve
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wind resource:
• Global wind systems • Local effects Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
description of the wind resource: • • • • • •
variability in time Variability in space Vertical profiles Annual distributions of wind speed Wind direction and its variation turbulence
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Wind characteristics • Power in the wind – Depends on air density – Capture area – Cube of wind speed
1 3 P = ρA v 2 4/2/2012
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The Betz Maximum • The theoretical maximum rotor efficiency is reached for:
1 ζ = 3
v2 ζ = v1
• And has a value of 16/27. • This is better known as the Betz Maximum: Cp = 16/27 = 0.593 4/2/2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind resource assessment – Establish values for the most important wind regime variables: – Average wind speed and direction – Distribution of observed/observable averages – Description of variability
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind resource • Wind resources: a global view
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Wind resource
• Global wind resource map
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Country wind map
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A snapshot of a wind regime Examples of variation:
WINDSPEED (m/s)
10.00
10.00 8.00 6.00 4.00
•diurnal variation •Seasonal variation •Annual distribution of wind speeds •turbulence intensity (not shown) FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF WINDSPEEDS Airport site 01 2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223
8.00
TIME OF DAY (hours)
6.00
airport
ave=6.11
4.00 2.00
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223
TIME OF DAY (hours) <v> at 10m
Long term average monthly windspeed (1964-1991)
Tera Kora
Parera
0.15 relative frequency
10 9
windspeed (m/s
WINDSPEED (m/s)
ANNUALIZED DIURNAL VARIATION:WINDSPEED Airport site 01
MONTHLY DIURNAL VARIATION:WINDSPEED Annual average
8 7 6
0.1 0.05 0
5 4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
3
windspeed bin (m/s)
2 jan
feb
mar
apr
may
jun
average monthly windspeed
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jul
aug
sep
period average
oct
nov
dec
distribution at 10m
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calculated
A snapshot of a wind regime long term windspeed data airport annual average 7,80 7,60
WINDSPEED (m/s)
7,40 7,20 7,00
avg spd
6,80
regression
6,60 6,40 6,20 6,00
year
Inter-annual variation at reference site 4/2/2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Calculating energy yield • Wind resource x turbine power curve – Energy calculation equation ∞ E = T ∫ P (v) f (v)dv 0
– Weibull frequency distribution f (v ) =
k v k −1 v ( ) exp(−( ) k ) c c c
– Ideal wind turbine power curve 1 ρ A(c pη ) max v3 (0 ≤ v ≤ vr ) 2 1 P (v ) = ρ A(c pη ) max v3 (0 ≤ v ≤ vout ) 2 P (v ) =
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Weibull distributions of different shapes Weibull functions for different shape factors
0.40 0.35 k=4
frequency (relative)
0.30 0.25 k=2.5
k=1
0.20 0.15 k=1.5
k=2
0.10 0.05 0.00 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Windspeed in m /s
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
8
9
10
Energy yield calculation Power curve 0,35
Wind regime Power output (kW)
0,3
2500
7m/s, k=4
hours per year
2000 1500
0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05
1000
0
0 energy 5 Annual
500
10
15
0
10
20
wind speed in m/s
30300
977 kWh
250 200 150 100 50 0
0
10
20
30
wind speed in m/s
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20
wind speed in m/s
350 Annual energy output (kWh)
0
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0,25
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25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve 0,35
Wind regime Power output (kW)
0,3
2500
hours per year
2000
7m/s, k=2
1500
0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05
1000
0
500 0
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0,25
0
10
20
10
15
300
933 kWh
250 200 150 100 50 0
0
10
20
20
wind speed in m/s
350 Annual energy output (kWh)
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5
Annual energy
30
wind speed in m/s
0
30
Fundashonwind Antiyano Pa Energia speed in m/s
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve 0,35
Wind regime
Power output (kW)
0,3
2500
7m/s, k=5.5
hours per year
2000 1500
0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05
1000
0
500
0
5
Annual energy 0
10
20
wind speed in m/s
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30 Annual energy output (kWh)
0
0.27 kW, 1.7m
0,25
10
15
wind speed in m/s
350 300
981 kWh
250 200 150 100 50 0
0
10
20
wind speed in m/s
20
30
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve
Wind regime
0,35
2500
0,3 Power output (kW)
hours per year
2000
7m/s, k=2
1500 1000 500 0
1.0 kW, 2.5m
0,25 0,2 0,15 0,1 0,05 0
0
10
20
30
0
5
10
Annual energy
wind speed in m/s
15
wind speed in m/s
Annual energy output (kWh)
350
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3694 kWh
300 250 200 150 100 50 0
0
10
20
20
30
Fundashonwind Antiyano Pa Energia speed in m/s
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Power curve
Wind regime
1,4
2500 Power output (kW)
hours per year
1,2
7m/s, k=4
2000 1500 1000 500 0
1.0 kW, 2.5m
1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0
0
10
20
0 5 10 Annual energy
30
wind speed in m/s Annual energy output (kWh)
350
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15
wind speed in m/s
300
3477 kWh
250 200 150 100 50 0
0
10
20
wind speed in m/s
20
30
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
25
30
35
Energy yield calculation Wind regime
Power curve
2500
7m/s, k=5.5
1,2 Power output (kW)
2000 1500 1000 500
1.0 kW, 2.5m
1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2
0
0
10
20
0
30
0 5 10 Annual energy
wind speed in m/s 350 Annual energy output (kWh)
hours per year
1,4
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15
wind speed in m/s
3328 kWh
300 250 200 150 100 50 0
0
10
20
wind speed in m/s
20
30
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
25
30
35
Effects of going higher • Influence of topography and geography
• Buildings • Trees • Hill tops and ridges
– Thermal influences 4/2/2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
100
v(z) = 80
height above ground
– Vertical wind profile – Geostrophic and surface winds – Terrain roughness and topography
logarithm ic vertical profile 120
u* z ln κ z0
60
40
20
0 0
5
10 w ind speed (m /s)
15
Factors influencing wind regimes • Topographical and geographical influences – Terrain roughness and topography • Buildings • Trees • Hill tops and ridges
– Thermal influences
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Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Types of wind systems â&#x20AC;˘ HAWT and VAWT
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Types of wind systems â&#x20AC;˘ Upwind or downwind
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Grid-connected system
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Wind energy in Curaçao: new possibilties • Small scale wind energy applications • The new energy policy
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia
Wind energy in Curaçao: looking ahead • Wind farms: larger than ever • Your own wind turbine…? • Community scale wind energy?
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Thank you Remember: the sun will still shine and the wind will still blow when the oil runs outâ&#x20AC;Ś
(free from Oliver Headleyâ&#x20AC; ) 4/2/2012
Fundashon Antiyano Pa Energia