Durable
y g r e En
Nos futuro berdadero Ta ku energia duradero 1
Colophon Published by the Government of Curaรงao Fort Amsterdam Curaรงao Text: Practical Business Solutions B.V. Design and Lay-Out: Hagen Design & Strategy Printing: Tramm Imaging
This brochure is part of a series on Electricity consumption on Curaรงao: 1. Electricity Management 2. Electricity Savings 3. Sustainable Energy
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Table of Contents Inleiding Het Nieuwe Duurzame Energiebeleid
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Verloop aanvraagprocedure
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Beleidsdoelstellingen Beleidsuitgangspunten Beleidsregulering Het aansluitbeleid
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Aankoop en Installatie (door aanvrager & gecertificeerde en geregistreerde installateur) Certificering Symbolen en Kenmerken Standaarden voor zonnepanelen Standaarden voor kleine windturbines Bouw- en hindervergunning (van DROV) en Milieuvergunning (van Milieudienst) Keuringsbewijs huisaansluiting (van DOW)
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Aanvraag van een Verklaring van Geen Bezwaar (bij BT P) Keuring en Aansluit-of Netaansluitingsovereenkomst (door Aqualectra)
Methode voor opwekken van elektriciteit
Opwekking voor niet-bedrijfsmatige doeleinden (tot en met 100kVA) Aanvullende eisen opwekking voor bedrijfsmatige doeleinden (groter dan 100kVA) Rekenvoorbeeld opwekking elektriciteit
Afname en teruglevering afhankelijk van productie en behoefte
Netto consumptie, netto productie en net metering/saldering Tariefvoorschriften Grenzen productiecapaciteit Rekenvoorbeeld particulier – 2 kW zonnepanelen Rekenvoorbeeld bedrijf – 20 kW zonnepanelen Meters om te salderen en verrekenen Regels met betrekking tot meters voor saldering en verrekening
Meer informatie
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Introduction The “Bill on Small-scale Durable Electricity Provision” was adopted on November 16th, 2011 by the Council of Ministers. This bill includes the connection policy for non-commercial production or small-scale production of durable electricity by households and business users. All related conditions and requirements for noncommercial generation of electricity are included in this policy. The “Bill on Small-scale Durable Electricity Provision” is further elaborated in the “Tariff Guidelines for Small Scale Durable Electricity Provision”. It contains the detailed rules for determining the supply back rates for the interconnection of facilities for non-commercial production of durable electricity on the public transmission and distribution network of Curaçao. This brochure “Durable Energy”, number 3 in the series on Electricity Use in Curaçao, discusses the policy related to the generation and supply back of electricity to the network of Aqualectra for both individuals and small businesses, as well as for midsize businesses. These include among others: the development of the application process, the connection conditions, the supply back rates and standards for solar panels and small wind turbines. Both the integral “Bill on Small-scale Durable Electricity Provision” as the complete bill “Tariff Guidelines for Small Scale Durable Electricity Provision “ is available to the public in digital form and can be downloaded from www.energiakonsiente.com.
Government of Curaçao January 2012
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The New Policy on Durable Energy The “”Bill on Small-scale Durable Electricity Provision” was adopted on November 16th, 2011. The rates for supply back were adopted on November 23rd, 2011. The bill contains the conditions and rules for small scale production of electricity by households and business end-users.This bill is an elaboration of the “Bill on Regulation of Electricity Provision Curaçao 2011-2015” which was adopted on February 16th, 2011 by the Council of Ministers. The vision and the policy intention of the Government in the field of electricity are described in this bill.The electricity policy of the government is focused among others on stimulating the generation and use of durable energy from clean sources that the country has available, such as the sun and the wind. And is primarily intended for: “Organizations that generate a small amount of durable electricity for own use or for use by a limited group of (legal) persons, in which all the electricity cables are placed on private land.” With this in mind among others policy objectives, policy principles and policy regulation are formulated and/or implemented. There is also a connection policy with the associated connection conditions.
Policy Objectives The aim of the new durable energy policy is to promote the generation of clean or durable energy as much as possible. The policy objectives to promote durable small-scale production of electricity are therefore formulated in this new policy. It is the intention to be able to save on imported fossil fuels and on electricity costs for the end-user (economic goals). Furthermore, an objective is to reduce CO2 emissions.
Principles In the new policy for durable energy, also policy principles are formulated. Mainly solar and wind energy are used for generating durable energy (electricity).The production is primarily for own use, but may extend to a limited group of persons. There are limits to the small-scale production of durable energy. For individuals this means a maximum of installed capacity of 10 kilowatts (kW); for businesses this is 1 megawatt (MW). For a production greater than the above mentioned limits (more than 1 MW) there is the obligation to have a concession, which means that the producer must have a license and must meet the related requirements and conditions.
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Regulatory Policy To facilitate the generation and use of renewable electricity, it was necessary to regulate two things, namely: 1. Small-scale production of renewable electricity: to enable production of a larger portion of the total energy provision based on clean energy. 2. Connection of this small-scale durable electricity production to the public electricity network: mainly to prevent excessive and unsafe applications.
The connection policy The network company Aqualectra (which is the exclusive concessionaire for electricity distribution) now has the obligation to connect each organization for small-scale durable electricity generation for own use or for a limited group of (legal) persons to its transmission and distribution network. To qualify for this, the organization must meet the connection conditions and other requirements.This connection makes it possible to supply back.
Connection conditions A basic rule for the connection policy valid for organizations without a concession for the production of durable electricity is that they are eligible for connection to the transmission and distribution network of Aqualectra, if the applicant meets the requirements. First of all the applicant must be in possession of a Certificate of No Objection (Verklaring van Geen Bezwaar – VvGB) of Bureau Telecommunicatie en Post (the regulator of the electricity sector). The applicant must also comply with the connection requirement and other requirements of Aqualectra which are approved by the Minister in charge of energy affairs.
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Development of application procedure In summary when submitting the application the organization in question, goes through the following steps, where it comes in contact with a number of departments, namely:
Purchase and Installation: • Applicant & certified and registered installer
Construction and nuisance permit and Environmental permit: • DROV and Environmental department House Connection Inspection Certificate • DOW Certificate of No Objection (VvGB) • BT&P Inspection and Connection or Network Connection agreement: • Aqualectra In cases where a Building and Nuisance permit is required, the applicant must have this before the installation can be arranged. The following is a detailed description of the steps in the process.
Purchase and Installation (by applicant & certified and registered installer) The responsibility for choosing a particular system for the generation of durable energy and the installation of this by a certified person to ensure that the system will be working optimally, lies with the applicant. The applicant and the system must meet the requirements and standards that are set in the “Small-scale Durable Electricity Provision”. Considering that the installation of the electricity generation facilities is highly specialized work, such work must be performed by specialists with appropriate knowledge and experience to install such installations in a proper and safe way. In addition, this person must be familiar with the above-mentioned requirements and standards. With the foregoing in mind, an installer must be certified on a personal basis. When an installer can demonstrate that he meets the prescribed certification requirements, he can request BT&P to include him in the BT&P register. This way the installer receives acknowledgment of his certification. This register contains names and details of 8
independent certification bodies. After completing the installation of the generation system, the applicant receives a certificate that proves that the installation was performed by a certified and registered installer. If a private or business end-user of electricity wants to connect the aforementioned installation on the public transmission and distribution network of Aqualectra, with the aim to supply back durable energy, the applicant must comply with certain categories of safety and quality requirements. Requirements for all installations All installations must meet the technical requirements regarding the type of technology (such as solar or wind) that is used in the generation of durable energy. These prescriptions are made to ensure that the basic quality of the electricity generation facility is in line with the international standards in this area. Requirements for installations which are also used for supply back Installations which are also designed to supply back durable electricity to the network of Aqualectra must meet the safety and quality requirements regarding the connection of electricity generation facilities on the transmission and distribution network. This is to prevent that installations are of inferior quality, and thus may form a danger for the safety of the public network.
Certification Internationally, there are differences in the application of the standards for durable production systems. For example, it is to note that there are (small) differences between Europe and the United States. In Europe, there is the “CE� control mark and in the United States there is the control mark of a so-called Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory (NRTL).
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Since there is no overarching standard that is applicable both for all quality aspects as well as all safety aspects, manufacturers of durable production systems are compelled to carry out multiple certification programs for the various existing standards. Independent certification authorities are approached for this. At the moment there are numerous independent certification authorities that are accredited to carry out inspections for all of the aforementioned standards and the related control marks. Some examples of these authorities are: TĂœV Rheinland Photovoltaic Testing Laboratory LLC Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) CSA international (CSA) If an individual or a company buys solar panels or have these installed, then the supplier must prove to the buyer that the solar panels are from a manufacturer that is certified by an accredited authority in relation to the aforementioned standards. This should always be recognizable by the control mark on the panels. This can be in the form of a symbol or a distinguishing mark, namely: a symbol of the relevant standards a European mark a mark of a certification authority such as UL, TĂœV or CSA
Symbols and marks IEC standards
European mark
Certification authorities (not exhaustive)
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Standards for solar panels For the quality of solar panels, there is no overarching international standard.The necessary standards have meanwhile been established within a number of reputable standardization authorities. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is therefore by far the most important of these organizations. Besides, the American Underwriters Laboratories (UL) as an independent certification organization for product safety has also provided the so-called “de facto� standards. With regard to relevant standards (as mentioned in this brochure and in the new durable energy policy), the following basic standards can be used as a starting point for the safety and quality of solar panels:
IEC 61215 Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules - Classification and type approval: this standard applies only to conventional solar PV modules. The tests include qualification of the design, performance, durability, safety and robustness.
IEC 61646 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design Qualification and Type Approval: this standard applies only to thin-film PV modules. The tests include qualification of the design, performance, durability, safety and robustness.
IEC 62108 Concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules and assemblies: this standard concerns only concentrator PV modules. The tests include design qualification and type approval. IEC 61730 Photovoltaic (PV) modules safety qualification
UL 1703 Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Modules and Panels: this standard relates primarily to the safety requirements of solar panels but also some performance requirements and tests to which the panels have to meet. The standard has some overlap with the IEC 61730 and should therefore still be harmonized.
IEC 60364 Protection for safety - Protection against electrical shock
IEC 61701 Salt spray corrosion test of photovoltaic (PV) modules 11
In Curaçao, the application of the aforementioned standards for various types of solar panels is as follows: PV category Standard
Conventional PV
Thin-film PV
Concentrator PV
IEC 61215
Mandatory
Not applicable
Not applicable
IEC 61646
Not applicable
Mandatory
Not applicable
IEC 62108
Not applicable
Not applicable
Mandatory
IEC 61730
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
UL 1703
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
IEC 60364
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
IEC 61701
Mandatory
Mandatory
Mandatory
Table 1: International standards per PV category
Standards for small wind turbines Compared to solar PV systems the international standards for small wind turbines are less developed. The basic standard for a small wind turbine is the IEC 61400. Furthermore, the following elements of this standard are applicable: • IEC 61400-2, ed.2 Design requirements for small wind turbines. • IEC 61400-11, ed.2 Measurement techniques for acoustic sounds. • IEC 61400-12-1, ed.1 Generator systems for wind turbines
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In several countries where small-scale durable energy based on wind technology is taken seriously, leading national organizations have developed their own standard for wind turbines based on the IEC 61400. Examples are: North American Small Wind Certification Council (US) Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard
British Wind Energy Association (UK) Small Wind Turbine Performance and Safety Standard and the certification program Microgeneration Certification Scheme (MCS) that provides the certification of wind turbines in connection with this standard.
The basic rule for the quality of small-scale wind turbines is thus that the small wind turbines in Curaรงao must comply with the mentioned elements of the IEC 61400 standard. This is also the case for small-scale wind turbines that meet the certification requirements of the two abovementioned organizations.
Construction and nuisance permit (of DROV) and Environment Permit (Environmental department) In the case of smaller solar PV installations that meet certain standard conditions, there will be an exemption for a construction permit.The exact conditions are determined by DROV. When it comes to an electricity generation installation for which a construction permit is required, the applicant must comply with applicable building prescriptions. For this, the applicant must submit a request to DROV. During the construction of the electricity generation installation, the applicant must follow the conditions and further implementation requirements stated in the construction permit.
House connection inspection certificate (DOW) For electricity generation installations based on wind power it is definitely a requirement to have an environmental permit. This may also be the case in other situations. An application for an environmental permit must be submitted to the Environmental department. After installation of the system, this will be tested by DOW. DOW inspects the electricity generation installation on the correct implementation with respect to the installation requirements that apply to home or business installations. Upon approval of the 13
installation, an inspection certificate or an approval letter will be provided to the enduser by DOW. The cost of an inspection is the responsibility of the applicant.
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Application for a Certificate of No Objection (BT P) A Certificate of No Objection (Verklaring van Geen Bezwaar – hereinafter VvGB) is issued by the regulator Bureau Telecommunicatie en Post. In this case also it can be subject to conditions. To receive this, the organization in question should meet the following requirements: The generated electricity must come from a durable source (if it concerns the production of durable energy). The durable production is primarily for own use or for a private group of consumers, using power cables which are placed only on private land (this concerns non-commercial production). There is an installed (nominal) capacity of 1MVA (in case it concerns small-scale production). The applicant must be in possession of the required construction and environmental permits (the organization must also meet the requirements of the construction and nuisance law); The applicant must be in possession of an installation certificate for the concerning installation(s). The installation certificate must not be older than six months. The certificate must be issued by an installer certified and registered at the regulator; this will have to prove that the electricity generation installation meets the relevant requirements relating to quality, proper functioning and safety. There should also be the intention to entering into a connection or network connection agreement with Aqualectra for the connection of the electricity generation installation on the transmission and distribution network. The agreement includes among others the technical (testing and periodic retesting), procedural, legal and financial conditions that are established for a network connection with supply back.
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Inspection and Connection or Network connection agreement (by Aqualectra) After installation of the production system, according to the standards that apply to them, the inspection must take place. The inspection verifies that the system meets the necessary requirements. This includes both the requirements for the home or business installation but also the requirements for network connection. If an applicant meets the connection conditions, he can be connected on the transmission and distribution network by Aqualectra. It is also possible for the applicant to be rejected if there were good arguments for it. The applicant must also consider the following: the applicant must be in possession of a VvGB as referred above, which should not be older than ninety days; the applicant must be in possession of an inspection certificate of the government department in charge of Public Works (Openbare Werken - hereinafter DOW), part of the Ministry of Traffic, Transport and Regional Planning, which proves that the electricity generation installation meets the installation requirements that apply to home or business installations; in the event that there is no connectivity in the area of the applicant, Aqualectra will have to facilitate for the desired connection to the network to take place within a reasonable term; the electricity generation installation of the applicant must comply with the rules relating to network connection (in other words the connection requirements and other prescriptions of the network company which are based on the connection policy as approved by the Minister); the applicant should enter into a connection or network connection agreement with Aqualectra for the connection of the electricity generation installation on the transmission and distribution network; this includes the technical (testing and periodic retesting), procedural, legal and financial conditions that are established for a network connection with supply back.
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During the execution of the inspection, the applicant must at least present the following documents to the inspectors of Aqualectra:
• A drawing of the concerning location • A sketch of the electricity generation installation • An electrical diagram of the installation • The system specifications and installation manuals • The proof of installation of the certified installer • The certificate of approval of DOW
Upon approval of the electricity generation installation a verification letter or certificate of approval will be provided to the applicant by or on behalf Aqualectra. This is valid for a maximum period of 24 months.
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Methods for generating electricity The methods for the generation of electricity are primarily limited to two methods. The first method is to generate electricity by using photovoltaic solar panels. The second method is the generation of electricity on a small scale by using wind turbines. Also hybrid systems fall under this category such as a combination of solar water heaters (solar thermal) and photovoltaic solar panels. Furthermore, the Minister in question can decide to modify or extend the permitted methods of generating electricity, if there is a reason for it. Generation for non-commercial purposes (up to 100kVA) By making use of photovoltaic solar panels, which are usually placed on the roof of a building or house, individuals and companies can produce electricity for their own use. By means of these solar panels, via solar cells, (solar) energy is thus converted into electrical energy. This electrical energy is converted into alternating current by a converter, which the private or business end-user can immediately consume in a home or building. Electricity for own use can also be generated by means of special windmills, the so-called wind turbines. In case of non-commercial use, electricity generation means that the electricity production is largely for the purpose of personal use only. This can be for own business, own house or a “closed group�. Another definition is when only electricity cables that run on private lands are used. To be eligible for a connection as discussed above, it is important for a certain relationship to exist between electricity consumption and self-generation. The rule is that the amount of self-generated electricity is less than or equal to the actual power consumption over a period of one year. During the year, the self-generated electricity is allowed to be larger than the own electricity demand, for one or several invoicing periods. In the case of the latter, electricity is supplied back to the network. For private households, the maximum allowable production capacity (nominal power) is set at 10kW and for business end-users this is 100kVA. This refers to the installed capacity (the number of KW) and not the operational capacity or the number of kWh that it is generated therewith. This limit set is simple to check. Therefore, at the same time the number of kWh per unit of time to be generated is limited.
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Additional requirements generation for commercial use (greater than 100kVA) Although it concerns a small group, there are a number of business end-users in Curaรงao which (are allowed to) exceed based on the actual own electricity use, the maximum limit of 100 kVA for the generating power. There is then the possibility of using an installation that is larger than 100 kVa, but smaller than 1000 kVa. If a business end-user wants to submit an application for this, the Bureau Telecommunicatie en Post and Aqualectra will judge this per case. In such a case, there are additional requirements on two fields, namely:
The connection on the network Before Aqualectra makes a connection to the distribution network, a detailed analysis will be conducted into the effects the installation could have on the network. In this case especially the load and voltage management are important.
The reliability of the total energy provision The electricity generation installation must continue to function within reasonable limits during its lifetime. Based on this Aqualectra will determine which additional requirements the electricity generation installation must comply with. This includes that a mandatory periodic inspection must take place and the business end-user is obliged to have real-time production and performance data available. This is particularly important given the size of the installation and the possible negative consequences that the loss of it might cause for part of the electricity supply and planning of Aqualectra.
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Calculation example electricity generation Necessary quantities
Private Household A
Business EndUser B
Average use per month
350kWh
2000kWh
Average consumption per day (divided by 30) (= G) 12kWh
65kWh
Average number of solar hours per day (= Z)
5
5
Efficiency installation (assumption) ( = E)
75%
75%
Maximum production capacity (X= G/Z*E)
3,2 kWp
18 kW
Table 2: Calculation example electricity generation
In the above calculation example an average consumption of 350kWh per month is regressed to an average daily consumption of 12kWh. When working with solar panels, one should count on an average of 5 hours of sun per day, calculated over the whole year. With solar panels, the concept of “peak watts� (Wp) is used, which is equal to Watts (W) in ideal conditions. 1 Wp power must be able to produce indicatively an average of 5Kwh per day. A system for durable production has, however, a loss of indicative 25% due to cabling, converters, and the like. This may also be higher in case of large roof pitches or less favorable roof orientation. This means that (in these figures) with an electricity generation installation of 3.2 kWp in solar panels, approximately 350kWh of electricity can be produced monthly.
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Purchase and supply depending on production and needs When the end-user has an electricity generation installation of solar or wind power and is connected to the network of Aqualectra, it is possible for him to deliver back to the network the excess of electricity that he does not use, which is called “supply back”. Again, also here strict terms and conditions are set. In practice, in most cases the end-users choose for the installation of a production system which provides only partly in the own electricity need. In that case there is a shortage of capacity.The deficit is then transmitted by Aqualectra through the network and delivered to the end-user. At that moment there is no need for supply back to the network by the end-user. Since the need for electricity is not constant throughout the day, the end-user will nonetheless deliver to the network when his need is less than its generation of electricity. The figure below shows how things function.The production and use of electricity can be for example, as shown in the figure below. In the figure one can see that at the highest production hours, more is produced than consumed. In such a case, supply back takes place. However during most of the time, especially in the evenings and at night, more is consumed than is produced. In that case the end-user as a matter of fact “pulls” from the distribution network.
kW
Generation (black) versus use (purple) on daily basis
Time 0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
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Figuur 1: Example of daily pattern electricity generation versus personal use
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Net consumption, net production and net metering / netting The small scale electricity producer who supplies electricity to Aqualectra, will be compensated based on the settling between the supplying and what has been used from the public network. This is called “net metering�. In that case, there will be a two-way traffic where over a given period the power supplied to the network will rarely, if ever, be equal than the electricity pulled from the net. If in a given period the end-user generates less electricity than what he actually needs, the shortage will be supplied by the net (this is net consumption). On the other hand if the electricity generation installation produces more for the end-user than his electricity needs, then the surplus will be supplied back via the network connection to the network (this is net production). In the case of net consumption (positive balance of consumption minus production) the end-user pays Aqualectra the balance of electricity consumed through the netting method. In the case of net production (negative balance of consumption minus production) the end-user accumulates a claim at Aqualectra. In net consumption and net production, the following starting points are applied: In case of a net consumption during the billing period this will be billed as such by Aqualectra. In the case of a net production for a production of a small installation (up to 10 kW) during the billing period, the amount of kWh will be temporarily stored, one accumulates, as a matter of fact a credit balance on kWh (also known as kWh credits) on. At the next billing period the kWh credits will be deducted from the consumption. If there is a large installation (10kW-1000kVA) of a business end-user, there is no netting in the case of net production based on kWh (and no credit is accrued) but a settlement agreed to based on supply back rates. If since the starting month that the electricity generation installation is connected to the network, after twelve consecutive billing periods, there are still remaining kWh credits, these will then be charged at a rate in accordance with the rates procedure set by the Minister. After the expiry of a period of six months each time a new period of six months is commenced. The principles and rates applicable to the settlement of supplied back electricity are part of the rates procedure and the connection conditions and other requirements of Aqualectra approved by the Minister.
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Tariff Provisions The purpose behind the supply back rates is for small scale producers of durable electricity to receive an adequate, cost based, compensation for the durable energy generated by them and which is being supplied back to the network. This way within a reasonable period they can gain a return on their investments in installations such as solar panels and wind turbines. It also stimulates the production of durable energy from different clean sources. The supply back rates (the so-called “feed-in tariffs�) as well as the settlement system, which will apply in case of supply back of electricity to the network, are part of the rates procedure and the connection conditions and other requirements of Aqualectra approved by the Minister. The Council of Ministers stipulated on November 23rd, 2011 the rates for supply back of durable electricity produced on a small-scale basis by households and small businesses on the one hand, and by large companies on the other hand. These rates are valid as per January 1, 2012. According to the procedure, the next date of change is April 1st, 2013. After monthly netting, households and small businesses get 40 cents per kWh for the durable electricity that they supply, which will be settled at the end of the year. For large companies, the rate is of 42 cents per kWh.
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Limits to the production capacity In determining the level of the rates, the Council of Ministers assumed that the supply back and the rates, in financial terms, should not bring unreasonable costs for Aqualectra. Aqualectra has and retains the responsibility to continue functioning as public electricity network, and to continue serving as a backup for all households and organizations on the island. Consequently, Aqualectra should not be put in a risky position. Therefore for small-scale electricity production a limit is set to electricity generation installations. For households and small businesses this limit is set at 10kW limit, for business end-users this is 1MW. For both forms of small-scale production, no concession is necessary; though for production on a larger scale it is. Summarized in the table below, the conditions for both individuals and business endusers include the following as of January 1st, 2012: Up to 10 kW
10 -100 kW
Up to 1 MW
Who?
Private (households) Business end-user (small business)
Business end-user (business) Business end-user (large businesses/industry)
Principle
Netting
Delivery: delivery rates (rates of Aqualectra)
Credit system: • building up credits with net production Supply back: • carry over to the next supply back rates month • yearly settlement based on supply back rate
Delivery: delivery rates (rates of Aqualectra) Supply back: supply back rates
Supply back rates
Net production on annual 42 cents/kWh basis: 40 cents/kWh (as per (as per January 1, 2012) January 1, 2012)
42 cents/kWh (as per January 1, 2012)
Conditions
• Standard technical conditions • Net code • International standards • Certification
• Standard technical conditions • Network analysis by Aqualectra • Additional technical requirements (monitor and (re-) active capacity)
• Standard technical conditions • Net code • International standards • Certification
Table 3: Limits to the production capacity
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Calculation example private household – 2 kW solar panels Private person
Quantity (indicative)
Old consumption 600 kWh Solar production
340 kWh, leads to:
Direct consumption
100 kWh
New consumption
500 kWh (600-100)
Supply back
240 kWh (340-100)
Net (netting)
260 kWh
Rate Aqualectra
Bill to be paid
250 kWh at 0,5960 100 kWh at 0,7023 250 kWh at 0,7465
Total 405,86
250 kWh at 0,5960 10 kWh at 0,7023
Total 156,02
Table 4: Calculation example private household – 2 kW solar panels
Een particulier verbruikt veelal in de avond/‘s nachts en produceert overdag elektriciteit, wat zal leiden tot een beperkte daling in verbruik en veel teruglevering. Zoals reeds aangehaald zal bij een netto productie (meer teruglevering dan verbruik) aan het einde van een factureringsperiode (maand) kWh credits worden opgebouwd voor de volgende factureringsperiode. Aan het einde van het jaar worden overgebleven credits tegen het teruglevertarief afgerekend.
Calculation example business – 20 kW solar panels Company
Quantity (indicative)
Old consumption 600 kWh Solar production
2.500 kWh, leads to:
Direct consumption
2.000 kWh
New consumption
2.000 kWh (4.000-2.000)
Supply back Net (netting)
500 kWh (2.500-2.000)
Rate Aqualectra
Bill to be paid
0,7057 NAF/kWh
Total
2.822,80
1.411,40
-/- Total
210,00 1201,40
Table 5: Calculation example business – 20 kW solar panels
Een bedrijf verbruikt veelal overdag elektriciteit. En produceert ook elektriciteit overdag door gebruik te maken van zonne-energie, wat directe besparing, hoge daling verbruik en minder teruglevering zal opleveren. Zoals reeds aangehaald wordt bij 24
teruglevering aan het eind van de factureringsperiode direct verrekend, er worden geen credits opgebouwd.
Meters for netting and settlement Currently, many regular network connections still have a dial meter or a Ferrari meter. This is an analog meter with a horizontal dial without rollback protection. In the case of supply back of electricity the meter will roll back and thus automatically net on kWh basis. However, it does not distinguish between delivered and supplied back electricity, which makes this system less manageable. Recently, Aqualectra placed digital meters with multiple counters for users. These meters give a separate measurement in kWh of delivered and supplied back electricity that can be used to achieve a financial settlement. In this case the same rate or a different rate can be used.
Rules relating to meters for netting and settlement Considering that a part of the electricity is consumed directly in the home, it is not possible to find out through the meter of the distribution company how many kWh was actually produced by the electricity generation installation. To keep an eye on the total production volume and consumption data, each installation, should keep record of the gross production figures. This can be done by making use of a separate production meter. In many cases, the converter can keep record of and register the produced kWh.
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With regard to the use of existing or new types of meters for the settlement of the production of durable electricity by private and business end-users for non-commercial production, the rules that should be followed are as follows: if a private or business end-user has an analog meter, it will be replaced without charge within a reasonable period by a bi-directional digital meter in order to be able to meter the delivery and the supply back of electricity separately; if a private or business end-user has a digital meter, this will be maintained if it has two or more counters available for separate registration of delivery and supply back and in cases where abovementioned rules are not provided, further agreements will be made on individual basis between end-user and Aqualectra; the starting point in this case is that the agreements made must be as much as possible in line with the netting and settlement principles applied above.
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More information For more information you can visit or check the following website: www.energiakonsiente.com The International Electrotechnical Commission - www.iec.ch Underwriters Laboratories - www.ul.com North American Small Wind Certification Council (VS) www.smallwindcertification.org/standard.html British Wind Energy Association (VK) www.microgenerationcertification.org
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