NANYANG TECHNOL OGICAL UNIVERISTY S I N G A P O R E
INTRODUCTION
Location : Singapore Climate Region : Tropical Climate Architect : CPG Consultants Pte Ltd Client: Nanyang Technological University Building Type : Educational Size : 107,639 FT2 10,000 M2
N T U
The Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU) is a national research university based in Singapore. It is the second oldest autonomous university in Singapore and is considered to be one of the top universities in the world. The 215,000-square-foot School of Art, Design and Media (ADM) is the island nation’s first professional art school, and the refurbished ADM Gallery is a unique, high-tech creative space in Singapore.
S I T E
NTU
P LA N N I N G Macro Site (NTU)
Climate Analysis Singapore is situated near the equator and has a typically tropical climate, with abundant rainfall, high and uniform temperatures, and high humidity all year round. Many of its climate variables, such as temperature and relative humidity, do not show large monthto-month variation.
Location & Accessibility - Located in the housing area with a proper development from the Singapore's government. - Situated far from the main city - Surrounded by natural vegetation - Situated at a crossroad between Nanyang Avenue and Lien Ying Chow Drive and is flanked by the Simtech Valley Block.
S I T E
NTU
P LA N N I N G Building Orientation
Contextual Experience
Daylight exposure
Malaysian buildings receive high solar radiation, mainly in the west and east façades in the afternoon, the sloping green roof has helped to minimize the west openings, shades the rest of the building.
The axis of the NTU building runs West-East to maximize exposure to natural daylight. With the façade facing East installed with double glazed glass maximizing daylighting while regulating the temperature for the building.
Regulation of temperature
Building is facing North and South to avoid high incident solar radiation on East and West
Highest velocity wind hails from the East part of the site. Thus, a cross ventilation structure is designed to allow natural ventilation throughout the building to regulate the temperature with openings.
NTU
D AY L I G H T I N G Direct Normal Irradiance (Singapore)
Sun Path Analysis
2020-03-15 11:51:00
The diagonal orientation maximizes daylight mainly in the west and east facades in the afternoon, the sloping green roof helps minimizing the west openings. Thus , shading the rest of the building.
Solar Analysis
0
600
1200
Min : 275 W/m2 Max : 1141 W/m2 Avg : 700 W/m2
Singapore's yearly direct normal irradiation is a total of 1580 to 1620kWH/ m2
Sun hours
Longest Sun Hours
Longest day of the year is 12:04 long
8.00 AM The morning sun hits through the natural glazing glass, allowing daylight through spaces.
12.00 PM The sun hangs above the building. The roof garden absorbs the heat of the afternoon. Thus, reducing the heat gain within the building.
Shortest Sun Hours
Shortest day is 11:55 long There is an average of 2064 hours of sunlight per year(of a possible 4383) with an average of 5:39 of sunlight per day.
5.00 PM Casts long shadows towards the east of building. Less windows facing east to reduce heat gain.
NTU
D AY L I G H T I N G Shading and views
Low-E Double Glazed Glasses Windows 8am
This type of window is used on the building in order to allow natural daylight to penetrate the building while reducing the amount of heat entering the building
12pm
Ceiling to floor height glass curtain wall at the lobby
5pm
Glass Openings
Windows Placement
Section A-A
Close up shot of the doubleglazed glass
Placement of windows right above the ground helps illuminate spaces underground
Section B-B
Glass openings in interior walls allowing the penetration of light
Green Roofing System The roofs creates - open space - insulation for the building - cool the surrounding air. Planted grasses mix with native greenery to colonize the building and bond it to the setting. Green roofing system
FA ÇA D E
NTU Components A)Water bodies courtyard
B)Double-glazed glasses
providing cooling properties for water attributes exuding a serene environment and emanating a refreshing breeze that cools the courtyard.
the exterior glass curtain wailing is utilizing passive solar design to help maximize natural lighting by using proper orientation and providing appropriate shading to avoid overheating.
Spatial Experience This fascinating building has many interesting twists; an unusual curved green roof, a landscaped garden and a sleek curtain wall. These features imbue the building with exceptional appeal and transparency, adding richness and sensory depth to the architectural form. The façade also acts as a ‘mirror’, a reflection of the surrounding greenery, water and sky, thus expanding the vision of nature. When the sun sets, the lit-up interiors of the building are fully exposed and the building glows from within like a lantern. There are even lights on the pedestrian-friendly roofs. Reflecting pond adds to the communal ambiance while helping to cool the center space.
C)Almond shaped courtyard 1. The courtyard expands access to daylight and cooling effects 2. Provides natural lighting into interior spaces as well as in providing cooling properties for water attributes exuding aa serene environment and emanating a refreshing breeze that cools the courtyard.
D)Green Roof Design help cool down the building in the daytime also can be seen from the planting of vegetation on the east side of the campus, creating a shade buffer from the morning sun.
Key feature • • •
slopes almost at a 45 degree angle Formed by two sloping, tapering arcs that interlock with a third the roof of the School of Art, Design, and Media was cast in heavily ribbed
(A) (B)
(C)
(D)
FAÇADE Materiality
NTU Façade Design
Green Roof Energy Efficient Green Roof can lessen the rate of heat energy transfer through the roof, and lesser amount of energy for cooling means greater cost savings.
With Green Roof
Sustainable façade feature Double Glazed Glass help maximize natural lighting by using proper orientation and providing appropriate shading to avoid overheating
Without Green Roof
Green Roof reduces water runoff from heavy rain. The growing media of the green which are the volcanic rocks and sand together with the turf grass can hold water and the water will go into rainwater harvesting to reuse.
Green Roof Drainage
During the day, the green roof protects the building from direct solar heat. During the night, the green roof reduces the loss of heat energy due to the thick layers.
Façade orientation
Raw Concrete Ability to helps in absorbing and retaining heat
7-8mm Grass
Roof Plan
15mm Growing Medium
Brown Stones Low maintenance natural stones are highly durable and longlasting
Drainage/Moisture Retention Layer EVALONE Waterproofing Membrane Concrete Deck
The building is specifically orientated facing the north and south. This is to minimize the solar gain and heat load in the morning. The glass exterior façade allows the natural views and sunlight into the building, allowing visual exchange between indoor and outdoor spaces.
NATURAL VENTILATION
N AT U R A L
NTU
V E N T I L AT I O N
Building Placement in Respond to Wind
Wind Rose Diagram
Window Facade Windows can have a severe impact on the heating and cooling loads of a building. Up to 40% of the NTU building's heating energy lost Up to 87% of the NTU building's heat gained through windows
Glazed glass causing large surface exposing to the sunlight, trapping heat indoor higher compared to shaded buildings. Venturi effect helps introduce wind movement into the building for natural ventilation and natural cooling.
+87%
Opening in the center which hosts a cooling courtyard. It helps to re-oxygenating the air and removing airbornes toxins. Attain an inside glass surface temperature as close as possible to the prefered room air temperature Greatly increases the thermal comfort for users that are close to the window, especially large windows.
Wind returns to its original flow pattern after encountering obstacles such as plants and buildings. Pressure differences, flow patterns and the size and shape of the wind protected area behind the plants controls the air motion, inside and outside of the building.
Courtyard building form
-40%
Wind Buffer Area
Presence of wind buffers lowers down the temperature outside and areas such as admission centre, halls, classrooms and studios are ventilated through air conditioners.
Cross/Stack Ventilation
Cross and stack ventilation occurs due to the differences between one side of the building and the other. Due to the height differences from two different structure causing high-pressure windward side and is drawn out on the lower pressure side of the building
NTU
S T R AT E G I C L A N D S C A P I N G Green Spaces
Waterscape
Vegetation in the landscaping of NTU is placed strategically to help cool down the building in the daytime. This can be seen from the planting of vegetation on the east side of the campus, creating a shade buffer from the morning sun. Roof Plan
Enable evaporative cooling effect at courtyard, where heat energy is taken from water surface when water molecule evaporate to vapor.
Green Roof The swirling green roof is the most recognizable sustainable feature of the campus. It continues from the ground, extending the field up on the roof of the building, reinforcing the concept of “Green Continuum”.
NTU
S T R AT E G I C L A N D S C A P I N G Green Roof Details
Functions & Spatial Quality
• Approximately 7-8mm grass • 15mm growing medium • Drainage/ Moisture retention layer • EVALON waterproofing membrane
Reduces stormwater runoff by absorbing the rainwater, hence reducing off-site flooding.
Decrease exterior noises, dB
Rainwater harvesting for landscape irrigation
• Concrete deck
• Dark green colour with fine leaves • grow in low light density • Suitable in tropical climate • Reduces growth of weeds • Requires sandy soil
• Resistant to damaging radiation without protective coating • Good thermal and mechanical properties • Low vapour diffusion resistance • Resistant to root building up all over the whole membrane surface • Resistant to root or rhizome penetration, thus do not need extra root protection layer
EVALON membrane
(Ophiopogen japonicus)
Volcanic rock (Zoysia Matrella) • • • • •
Low mowing requirement Good wearing ability Able to grow in low light density Stabilize soils in erosion prone areas Low maintenance & cost efficient.
Reduce thermal transmittance to interior as compared to generic roofs
Prolonging roof lifespan
Communal Space for users’ well-being
Mondo Grass
Manila Grass
Improves air quality by lowering CO² emissions
• High porosity • High water holding capacity
PIXEL
BUILDING M E L B O U R N E
INTRODUCTION
Location : Carlton VIC 3053, Melbourne, Australia Climate Region : Temperate Oceanic Climate Architect : Studio505 Client: Grocon Built : 2010 Building Type : 4 Storeys Office Building Size : 250m2
P I X E L
Pixel is a ‘Future Office’ – a prototype of the commercial buildings that will emerge when a carbon constrained environment demands a greater focus on energy efficiency. Pixel is Australia’s first carbon neutral office building, generating all its own power and water on site. It scores a perfect 105 Green Star points and 105 LEED points, where the extra five points for innovation, equating to world leadership.
SITE PLANNING
P I X E L Climate Analysis
Location & Accessibility Temperature & Region
• Located on a key urban site at the former CUB Brewery • Access to public transport, and bicycle facilities will be available for employee and visitor bike parking.
Pixel building located in temperate climate with mild to warm summers and cool to cold winters.
It has a passive heating system in respond to the winter climate.
Heat from exhaust air used to pre-warm the incoming cool air in heat exchanging unit
User Friendly Accessibility Heating System Pedestrian & Cyclist friendly for walking distance to Melbourne Centro and Victoria Market
Rainfall (millimeters) The site has an even rainfall throughout the year, giving an opportunity for application of green roof rainwater harvesting system .
SITE PLANNING
P I X E L
Adjacent Context
Building Orientation Pixel building has an Unmanipulable building orientation due to its adjacent contexts & limited space. Hence Playful Kinetic façade became the most recognizable element in this building.
Similar pixelated colourful high-rise as background to create similar architectural language.
Windrose
East Elevation
Site Plan
Minimum opening due east to reduce glare.
NTS
Average wind speed : 15km/h
Automatic windows due North & West to allow night purging.
South Elevation
North Elevation
Lower Density of Façade Panels due South to receive more daylight.
Moderate Density of Façade Panels due North to control privacy from street.
West Elevation High density of Façade Panels due west to block evening sun.
D AY L I G H T I N G
P I X E L
Direct Normal Irradiance (Australia)
Solar Analysis 8.00 AM The morning sun hits through the natural glazing glass, allowing diffused daylight through spaces. The opened office area receive most mount of daylight during morning.
Australia's yearly direct normal irradiation is a total of 6570kWH/ m2
Shortest Average monthly Sun Hours per day is 9.5 hours at June.
Longest Average monthly Sun Hours per day is 14.5 hours from December to January
12.00 PM The sun hangs above the building. The rooftop solar panel absorbs the afternoon sunlight. Thus, reduces the heat gain of the building & provides renewable solar energy for the building.
5.00 PM Casts long shadows towards the east of building. Sun shading panels due west to reduce heat gain.
D AY L I G H T I N G
P I X E L Tracking Photovoltaic Panels Tracking photovoltaic panels have a control system that monitors their illumination and adjusts their direction to maximize light levels.
The recycled aluminium colour panels form automated external shading façade system. It allows sufficient daylight into space but prevent excessive glare & heat from penetrating the fenestration to minimize solar thermal gain.
Complementing with the wind turbine, Pixel building generate more electricity than it actually requires.
User’s Spatial Quality
Shading & Views
21 Jun 3pm 18°
Equinox 30°
21 Dec 3pm 63°
The direction of façade panels will alternate according to the sun level & direction along the day.
The coloured panels frame the views, providing a Borrowed Scenery & optimum daylight to users
FA Ç A D E
P I X E L 1. Recycled & coloured aluminium panels 2
1
Façade of Pixel building is a composed system of shading louvres, perimeter planters, double glazed window wall & solar panel shading.
Spatial Experience 2. Rooftop Photovoltaic Panels The rooftop solar panel as a shading device for rooftop discussions & renewable energy source.
The recycled colour panels provide maximized daylight, shade, view & glare control by alternating the direction of façade panels according to the sun level & direction along the day.
Rotation Angle Detail
Users’ Spatial Experience The zero waste colourful recycled panels not only being attractive externally, but also enhance the interior working space to be more cheerful & stress reducing. Façade pieces are arranged scientifically to cast alternating shadow pattern along the day.
Façade Sectional Details
FA Ç A D E
P I X E L Components 3. Perimeter Planter Perimeter planters as a cavity layer between building envelopes to reduce heat transmittance.
2
1
1
3
4. Double Glazing Low-Emissivity Glass Double glazed low-e Glass is used for the north, west and south facades which reduces the need of artificial illuminance & aids in energy saving. Low-E glass reduces heat gain & loss by reflecting long-wave infrared energy(heat), which also decreasing the U-value & solar heat gain. Besides, the UV light exposure which can damage interiors and furnishings can almost be fully eliminated.
4
Double Skin Façade
N AT U R A L V E N T I L AT I O N Smart Window
Cooling strategy
P I X E L Fresh Outdoor Air
100% return air is exhausted.
Heat Exchange captures energy from exhaust air to pre-cool fresh air. Chilled water reticulated to all floors in HDPE pipe Night Purge cools down the thermal mass of ceiling slab Smart window that opens automatically during non-office hours to enable ‘night purging’, which enable heat in building to escape & reduce indoor temperature. At the same time, the concrete floor will be cooled, which can reduce the load of cold-water system on the next day.
Wind Harnessing
Exhaust risers purge warm air to outside Water cooled ceiling slabs allow convection & radiant cooling
Outside air preconditioned & fan assisted through floor space & controlled via floor vents. HDPE Radiant Cooling pipes
Floor Vents User’s Spatial Quality
1 kW H-Darrieus vertical axis wind turbines as secondary renewable energy source to meet its own energy consumption requirements.
100% fresh air (no re-circulation) is circulated throughout the building via the raised floor spaces at 3 times the rate required by building code & is controlled via floor vents at each workstation. This facilitates passive night cooling of structural exposed floor slabs. A heat exchanger captures energy from the exhaust air to pre-heat or pre-cool the incoming fresh air. The thermally active floor slabs directly condition the office spaces through radiant cooling, and indirectly condition the spaces by pre-conditioning the incoming fresh air.
S T R AT E G I C L A N D S C A P I N G
P I X E L
Green Roof
User’s Spatial Quality
The pixel building's roof is Australia's first water-saving garden, with more than 75% of the building's roof area covered by native Victorian grass species. It filters & harvests rainwater, reduces stormwater runoff as well as providing thermal insulation during summer & prevent heat loss during winter.
Reed Bed Planter Roof Plan
Edge reed beds reduces CO² emission through Photosynthesis & releases O², improving air quality. It treats grey water through evapotranspiration.
Workplace green spaces can relieve mental fatigue, which can improve employee work performance, satisfaction, learning, and alertness.
Integration of Green Roof & Reed Bed 1. Rainwater is harvested after irrigating the roof garden. 2. The rainwater is stored & treated by reverse osmosis to potable water standard. The treated water is distributed to all fixtures and fittings within the building. 3. The grey wastewater is then filtered and directed to the irrigate the reed beds. As a result, there is no grey water waste leaving the Pixel site
1
3 2
3
3
2 1,2,3rd Floor Plan
C O M PA R I S O N – S I T E P L A N N I N G Construction Material
PIXEL,
MELBOURNE
NTU,
SINGAPORE
Tropical Climate
Conclusion Both Buildings respond to the climate region. NTU at tropical climate focus on heat insulation & stormwater absorption whereas Pixel has heating system during winter.
• Green Roof absorbs stormwater in tropical climate with high precipitation • Insulation from hot sun
Temperate Climate
passive heating system during winter season.
Exposed heavy construction material with low heat conductivity materials is highly favorable such as concrete which reduces heat gain into the building and store cooling energy
Construction Material
• low embodied energy materials • avoid Volatile Organic Compounds off-gassing chemicals that can affect the health of occupants.
Both Buildings respond to the sun path & wind path. NTU orientates its façade to North-South facing whereas Pixel has minimal fenestration due East.
Accessibility
Pedestrian & Cyclist friendly
C O M PA R I S O N – D AY L I G H T I N G Green Roof Design
PIXEL,
MELBOURNE
NTU,
SINGAPORE
Sun Path
Maximizing daylight mainly in the West and East facades
Sun Path
Maximizing daylight mainly in the North and South façades
NTU focuses more on the diffusion of sunlight by implementing the Green Roof design in order the ensure maximum natural lighting and at the same time maintaining the temperature from direct solar radiance.
Solar Panels
PIXEL focuses more on the transformation of sunlight into solar energy with the implementation of the solar panel as a shading device for rooftop discussions & renewable energy source.
Conclusion NTU is located in a tropical climate whereas PIXEL is located in a nontropical climate, each building came up with their own unique designs and methods to maximize daylight illumination. The common features that both building has is the use of Double Glazed Low E Glass. With the implementation of the Low E Glass both building has achieved maximum daylight efficiency.
Double Glazing LowEmissivity Glass
Low-E glass reduces heat gain & loss by reflecting long-wave infrared energy(heat), which also decreasing the U-value & solar heat gain. Besides, the UV light exposure which can damage interiors and furnishings can almost be fully eliminated.
NTU,
SINGAPORE
C OMPA R IS ON – FA C ADE The façade promotes passive design strategies – attatchted directly onto the building and cover majority of the building. The face building does it own job without any help from other element
Green roof – reduces water runoff, rain water harvesting, reduces heat energy
PIXEL,
MELBOURNE
Passive Strategy
Façade of Pixel building is a composed system of shading louvres, perimeter planters, double glazed window wall & solar panel shading.
Green roof reduced the temperature around the site for about 5-9 °C Average Temp. In Singapore: 25°C - 32°C After install Green Roof: 21°C - 27 °C
Passive Strategy
Located at tropical climate, being hot and humid throughout the year. Therefore, building orientation plays an important part in avoiding major openings facing where the sunrises and sets, or else it will be overheated.
Reduce Heat Energy
Both Buildings integrated sustainable green façade which promote energy efficiency. However, NTU used green & blue elements whereas Pixel used more innovative method such as dynamic façade & generate its own electricity & power
Energy Saving The façade promotes passive design strategies – attatchted directly onto the building and cover majority of the building by using recycled colour panels pro vide maximized daylight, shade, view & glare control
Solar panels reduced the electrical bills for about $400 per year per kW of solar. Solar panels and vertical axis wind turbines on the roof generate enough energy to offset the building’s electricity use
Native-planted green roof harvests and collects rainwater, the building is capable of harvesting all the water it needs inside the office, making this building water neutral as well
COMPARISON – NATURAL VENTILATION Building Orientation
Conclusion
PIXEL,
MELBOURNE
NTU,
SINGAPORE
Cross/stack ventilation
Cooling strategy that is used are based on openings placement to enable stack and cross ventilation to occur , it doesn’t require much techinical work to achieve
Window Openings
Cooling strategy that is used are based on exhaust pipings , exhaust fans and floor vents therefore it relies more on technical work and equipments to achieve cooling
The building uses it orientation and façade to capture wind into the building , bringing thermal comfort and ventilation into the building
Window Openings
The building uses it orientation and façade to capture wind into the building , bringing thermal comfort and ventilation into the building .
Conclusively , NTU uses more simple way to bring in airflow into the building but the aim is also simpler which is to bring comfort compared to pixel building
Conclusion
Pixel buuilding uses more complex method to achieve ventilation because of their site disadvantages but they make better use of the wind than NTU which is to generate electricity as well .
COMPARISON – STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING Courtyard Waterscape
Exterior Plantings
PIXEL,
MELBOURNE
NTU,
SINGAPORE
Green Roof
• Continuity of landscape from Ground • Additional communal space • Heat Insulation
Green Roof
• Harvest & Filter Rainwater • Heat Insulation from noon sun • Users Well-Being
• Evaporative Cooling • Venturi Effect
+
Perimeter Planters
• Grey water treatment • Living Façade • Cavity for thermal Insulation
NTU planted around the site to filter prevailing wind & the continuation of grass landscaping onto the roof as natural cooling system for the interior as well as a seamless design from landscaping to building.
= Self-sufficient Water System
On the other hand, Pixel applied Green Roof as a self-sustaining water harvesting & treatment system for irrigation & potable use. It also uses reed beds to treat grey water before discharging it.
C O N C L U S I O N
SITE PLANNING
NATURAL VENTILATION
Building orientation is an important strategic factor. It determines the optimum direction and amount of light and wind passing through any opening at the building.
The surrounding features such as water ponds and natural courses generate cool air flowing inside the building. The HVAC system plays an important role providing ventilation to the building in addition to natural occurring breezes.
DAYLIGHTING
STRATEGIC LANDSCAPING
The material used and position of any opening in the building determine the amount of light that passes through the building. The roof of the building is usually exposed to sunlight during daytime thus it is better to be insulated against sunlight or convert into energy by solar panel .
Vegetation provides shading to surrounding areas and paths thus avoiding any penetration by direct sunlight whilst the usage of certain species of plants and shrubs can save water consumption.
FACADE The building façade plays an important role in allowing natural light into the building instead of just appearance. The material used is required to be insulated in order to prevent any increase of indoor temperature.
Recorded presentation link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UVb-U4Uw3mw
NANYANG TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY REFERENCE
Nanyang Technological University (NTU) School of Art, Design and Media (ADM). (2018, September 12). Greenroofs.Com. https://www.greenroofs.com/projects/nanyang-technological-university-ntu-school-of-art-design-and-media-adm/ Paul, R. (2015, April 7). A swirling green roof tops the gorgeous Nanyang Technical University in Singapore. Inhabitat - Green Design, Innovation, Architecture, Green Building. https://inhabitat.com/amazing-green-roof-art-school-in-singapore/ Nanyang Technological University School of Art Design and Media Building Science report. (May. 27, 2014). https://www.slideshare.net/nuradilazaas/nanyang-technological-university-school-of-art-design-and-media-building-science-report Building Science 1: Project 1 Nanyang.( Jul. 18, 2014). https://www.slideshare.net/hiewyennee/building-science-1-project-1-nanyang
PIXEL BUILDING REFERENCE
(2012). Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://cdn.archilovers.com/projects/4b28f524-bfac-47eb-93dbcc44f16bd2e4.pdf How Does Energy Efficiency Help the Environment? | EnergySage. (2019). Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://www.energysage.com/energy-efficiency/why-conserve-energylenvironmental-impact-of-eel Meinhold, B., & Meinhold, B. (2011). Pixel Building: Australia's First Carbon Neutral Building is Now Complete!. Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://inhabitat.com/pixel-building-australias-first-carbon-neutral-building-is-nowcompletel Melbourne: Pixel Building (Australia). (2018). Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://stephenvaradyarchitraveller.com/2018/02/11/melbourne-pixel-building-australia/ Pixel Building. Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://prezi.com/kdstytymfymy/pixelbuilding/?frame=8cde2ffb3468b8ee05563280ee331b187d249304 Pixel SWF Milestone 2 3 4 Report and final Report. (2011). Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://waterportal.com.au/swf/images/swf-files/72m---7075-the-pixel-building-achieves-six-star-greenrating final report.pdf Pixel, Carlton Grocon Creating amazing and enduring real estate. (2011). Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://www.grocon.com/project/pixel-carlton/ S Kalsi, A. (2019). Pixel Building / Studio505 / Australia. Retrieved 1 May 2021, from http://civilarchitectureconstruction.blogspot.com/2019/03/pixel-building-studio505-australia.html The Pixel Building Achieves Six Star Green Rating - Smart Water Fund - Project Library. Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://waterportal.com.au/swf/projects/item/73-the-pixel-building-achieves-six-star-green-rating How Does Energy Efficiency Help the Environment? | EnergySage. (2019). Retrieved 1 May 2021, from https://www.energysage.com/energy-efficiency/why-conserve-energylenvironmental-impact-of-eel https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/art-and-design/pixel-building-20110131-1ab2s.html