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‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫‪99‬‬

‫ﺍﺻﻐﺮ ﺣﻴـﺪﺭﻯ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻗﺎﺟــﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻯ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻯ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷــﻨﺎﺱ ﭘﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺩﺳﺘﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮﺵ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻰﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰﻫﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺭﺍﻭﻟﻴﻨﺴــﻮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼﺵ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﺑﻴﺴــﺘﻮﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺻﻮﺭﺕﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻯ ﻛــﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﺭﻣﺰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻴﺨﻰ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻛﺸــﻒ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸــﻒ‪ ،‬ﺯﻭﺍﻳﺎﻯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﻚ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻭ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻤﺮﺩﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳــﺘﻴﺎﺑﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﻴﺲ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺯﺷــﻤﻨﺪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻰ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﻭﻃﻦ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻩ ﺭﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﮔﺸﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴــﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﺩ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺘﻘﺪﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭﺳــﺖ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻰ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﮕﻰ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ! ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻰ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻻﺯﻡ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻄﻼﺡ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭ ﺭﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺳﻜﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﻭ ﺧﻴﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﺳﺨﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻰﻛﻮﺷﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻘﺪ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﮔﺎﻣﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺴﻞ ﺟﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﺳﺎﺯﺩ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺜﺒﻴﺖ ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺗﺼﺎﻝ ﺑﺪﻧﻪ ﻏﺮﺏﮔﺮﺍﻳﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺎﺳــﻮﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻞ‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻓﻞ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﺎﺳﻮﻧﺮﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﻳﻔﺎ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻡ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ ﻣﻲﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺷــﺮﻗﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺷﺮﻕ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻃﻼﻕ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﻣﺪﻋﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺼﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﺑــﺎ ﺭﻭﺵ ﻋﻴﻨﻴﺖ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺧﻮﺩ )ﺷــﺮﻕ( ﺭﺍ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﻫﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﻛﻪ ﺳــﻼﺡ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻏﺮﺏﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺮﺩ‪ 1.‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻚ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧــﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺎﻥﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﺸــﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﺸــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺳــﭙﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺤﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺟﺎﻱﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﻤﻪﺟﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﺟﺎ ﺟﻤﻊ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲﻛﻪ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻕ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺴــﺎﺋﻞ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺷــﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺷﺮﻕ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻫﺮ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺵ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭼﻴﺴﺖ؟‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺁﮔﺎﻩ‪ ،1351 ،‬ﺹ‪.9‬‬

‫‪101‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺐ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴﻢ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،1382 ،‬ﺹ‪.95-180‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻧﻴــﺎﻱ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻲﺭﺳــﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻱ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥ )ﻋﺒﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻮﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺑﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐﻮﻟﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻨــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻣﻪﺍﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻨﻬﺮﻳﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻭﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ‪ ،(...‬ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺭﺍ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻲﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺮﻋﺖﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻏﺮﺑﻴﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻠﻴﺒﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺠــﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒــﺎﻁ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴــﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺷــﻤﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﻋﻘﻴﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﻴﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺷــﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻱ ﻭﻳﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ‪1312‬ﻡ ﻣﺒﻨﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﻛﺮﺳــﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻮﻧﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻳﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻜﺪﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﺭﻳﺲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻛﺴﻔﻮﺭﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻮﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻭﻳﻨﻴﻮﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻻﻣﺎﻧﻜﺎ ﺷﺮﻭﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ 1.‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷــﺮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻣﻼﻥ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻝ ﻭ ﭘﺮ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻟﺤﺎﻅ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﻭ ﻧﺎﺧﻮﺍﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺩﻩﺻﺎﻑﻛﻦ ﺍﺳــﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﺮ ﻫﻤﻔﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺱ ﭼﻴﺮﻩﺩﺳﺖ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‪1710‬ﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺩﻩ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺷــﺌﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻣﺴــﻠﻤﺎﻧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳــﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻋﺰﺍﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸــﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣــﺮﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺗﺎﻗــﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻥ ﺩﻩ ﻧﻔﺮ ﻧﺸﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﺳــﻠﻄﺎﻥ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﻛﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴــﻲ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺷــﺨﺺ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﺦﺍﻻﺳﻼﻡ ﺳﻨﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻮﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺮﻩ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻟﺒﺎﺱ ﻋﺎﻟﻢ ﺷــﻴﻌﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﻴﺎﻓﻪﻫﺎ ﻛﺴــﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳــﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺷﺎﺗﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔــﻲ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺗﻔﻜﺮ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﺍﺭﺳــﺎﻝ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺧﺘﻪﺍﻳﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ )ﺍﺷﺨﺎﺹ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﻲ( ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫‪102‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸــﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻪ ﺣﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﺸﺎﻥ ]ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ[‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺧﻨﺜــﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺘﺸــﺎﻥ ﺭﺧﻨﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻴﻢ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻓﻜﺮ ﻭ ﻃﺮﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺷــﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﻴﻦ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﺪﻻﻝ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺟﻮﺍﺏﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﻴــﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺍﺗﺎﻕ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﺗﺎﻕﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺜﻴﻞﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺪﻝﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺮﺍﻥ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺎﺭﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺎ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫــﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ ﺷــﺨﺼﻲ ﻛﻪ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺪﻝ ﻭ ﻣﺜﻞﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺷﺌﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻓﻜﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺁﻥ ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﺻﻠﻲﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻰﻛﻪ ﺭﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷــﻨﺎﺱ ﻣﻲﻧﺎﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷــﻨﺎﺱ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺩﺑﻴــﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻧﮋﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳــﺦ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺯﺣﻤــﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺧﻄﺮﺍﺕ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻒ ﻣﻲﺷــﺪﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺳــﺘﺎﻭﺭﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺤــﺎﻅ ﺑﺎﻳــﺪ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﻮﺭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻡ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﺋﺖ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﻔــﺖ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺟﻤﻌــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺯﻳــﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻰ ﻭ ﺩﺭﮔﻴﺮﻯﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﻧﻴﻦ ﺳﻠﺴﻠﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺘﻰ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﺑﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺣﻮﻡ ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺳﺤﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷــﻨﺎﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻛﻨﺠﻜﺎﻭﻱﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﺸــﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﺘﺐ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺟﺴــﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﻭ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﺍﺑﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺳــﻮﻡ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺛــﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺑﻴــﺎﺕ ﺁﻥ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪ . 1‬ﻣﺴﺘﺮ ﻫﻤﻔﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺎﺑﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ؛ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺱ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺳﻴﺪﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻢﺍﻟﻬﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﺎﺳﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.12‬‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﺳﺤﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ )ﺷﺮﺡ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﻴﻦ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺤﺎﺏ‪ ،1356 ،‬ﺹ‪ 6‬ﻭ ‪.16‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ 16‬ﻭ ‪.18‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣــﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ...‬ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﻤﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺳــﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳــﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺍﻛﺘﺸــﺎﻑ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﻒ ﻧﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻣﻮﺯ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﻠﻞ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﻣﺼﺮﻭﻑ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻧﻔﺸﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﻔﺸﺎﻧﻲﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻜﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ؛ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺁﻥ‪ -‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥﻃﻮﺭﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪ‪ -‬ﺗﺒﺪﻳــﻞ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﻃﻦ ﻣــﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﺩﻩﺻﺎﻑﻛﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺤﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﺎً ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺑﺮﻭﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ؛ ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻪ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﺭﻃﻠﺒﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻣﺎﻍ‬ ‫ﻃﺎﻟﺒﻴــﻦ ﺁﻥ ﺟﺎ ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﻴﻮﻥ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﭘﺪﻳﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﻴﻮﻥ ﻏﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻞ ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﻣﻘﺼﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﭙﺲ ﺟﺴﺖﻭﺟﻮ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﺍﺣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺿﺎﻉ ﺷــﺮﻕ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﻲ ﺟﻠﻮﻩﮔﺮ ﺷــﺪ ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﻏﺮﺽ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ ...‬ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻋﻘﺐﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴــﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺁﻥ ﺟﻨﺒﺸﻲ ﺷﮕﻔﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯﻩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻓﻮﻕﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﺷﻨﮕﺘﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺪﻳﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻴﺸﺮﻓﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻢ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻋﺪﻩ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻃﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﻗﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺎﻫﻲ ﮔﺬﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺷــﺮﺡ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﺸﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺣﺎﺋﺰ ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺳــﺤﺎﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺸﺼﺪ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫ﮔﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﻭﻛﻠﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﮔﻠﺪﺯﻳﻬﺮ‪ ،‬ﻧﻴﻜﻠﺴــﻦ‪ ،‬ﻫﺎﻟﻴﻔﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺪﻧﺒﺮگ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺭﺍ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸــﺮﻓﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﻭ ﺗﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺩﻧﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺏ‪ ،‬ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﮔﺴﺘﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺨﺼﺼﻲﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﮔﺎﻧﻲ ﻏﺮﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺮﻗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﺍﻩ ﺭﻭﺷﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺩﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫»ﺍﺳــﻨﺎﺩ ﻻﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ« ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﺪﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺧﻮﺭﻳﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ‪ CIA‬ﺟﻬﺖ ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﻪ ﻗﻢ ﺭﺍ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺳــﺎﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺭﺍ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻳﺠــﺎﺩ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﻴﻢ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬــﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻣﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﻭ ‪ .2‬ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﺩﺭﻭﻥﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ‪1881‬ﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺋﻴﻨﻜــﺲ ﺍﻳﺎﻟﺖ ﺭﻭﺁﻳﻠﻨﺪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺗﺶ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1906‬ﺑﺎ ﮔﻮﺍﻫﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ‪) B.A‬ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ‪ :Bachelor of Arts‬ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻧﻲ( ﻭ ‪) M.A‬ﻣﺨﻔﻒ ‪ :Master of Arts‬ﻛﺎﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺍﺭﺷﺪ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ( ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺭﺳــﺎﻧﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1907‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1908‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﻮﺯﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1909‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 1911‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻫــﺎﺭﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑــﻪ ﺗﻜﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺷــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺭﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1911‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1917‬ﺑﺎ ﺳﻤﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻛﺎﻟﻴﻔﺮﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺸــﺮ ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﺖ ﮔﻤﺎﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1923‬ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﻟﮋﻳﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﻧﻮﺭ ﺳﺎﻧﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﺴــﻜﻮ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1924‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 1932‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1304/1925‬ﺑﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸــﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣــﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸــﺎﻭﺭ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﭘﻨﺴﻴﻠﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1925‬ﺳﺮﭘﺮﺳﺘﻲ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺍﻋﺰﺍﻣﻲ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﻫﻤﺴــﺮﺵ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ )ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸــﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺷــﻤﺎﻳﻞﻧﮕﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺴــﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ( ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫‪ . 1‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﭘﻴﺮﻭ ﺧﻂ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻻﻧﻪ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺍﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ‪ ،6‬ﺹ‪259‬ﻭ‪.333‬‬

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‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺑــﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1925‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ،1935‬ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1305/1926‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻃﺮﺍﺣــﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻏﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭژﻩ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺴــﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎء ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ‪ 1930‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﻛﻨﺎﺭﻱ ﻋﺪﻩﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻮ ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﻮﻯ ﻛﺎﺥ ﭼﻬﻠﺴﺘﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺎﻥ ﺑﻨﺎﻡ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ ﺁﺳــﻴﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 2523) 1343‬ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﻰ(‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻧﺎﺯﻱﻫــﺎ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮپ ﻣﺪﺭﺳــﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﺳــﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﺳــﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳــﺎﺱ ﻧﮕﺮﺵ ﺧﻮﻳﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﺭﺍ ﻭﺳﻌﺖ ﺑﺨﺸﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻳﻜﭙﺎﺭﭼﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺑﺮﺧﻮﺭﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺁﺷﻮﺭﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻼﻡﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﮋﺍﺩﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺯﺑﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻣﻴﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ( ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺳﺎﻧﺴﻜﺮﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﺮﺑﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ )ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺣﺒﺸﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭼﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺒﺘﻲ ﻭ ﻭﻳﺘﻨﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴــﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻮﺯ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﺝ ﺑﺎﻻﻱ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻛﺜﺮﺕ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ (1339-1349)1960‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻳﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﺍﻱ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1326/1947‬ﺑﻪ »ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﻲ« ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪1345‬ﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﺷــﻴﺮﺍﺯ( ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﺴــﺘﺎﻥ‪ -‬ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﺭﻭﺛﺎﺕ ﻗﻮﺍﻡﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯﻯ‪ -‬ﺯﻳﺮﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﭘــﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭘــﻮپ ﻭ ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳــﺘﻘﺮﺍﺭ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺸــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻲﺁﻣﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﻣﺠﻠﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺎﻣﺪ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ ‪ 1304‬ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺷــﻨﺎﺱ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻳﺰﻥ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺴــﺎﻓﺮﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻭ ﻛﺸــﻒ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﻔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﺻﻤﻴﻤﺎﻧﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻼ‪ ،‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺒ ً‬ ‫ﻼ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮپ ﺳــﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺩﻭﺳــﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺖ‬ ‫ﻋــﻼ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺳــﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻠﺴــﻪ‬ ‫ﺳــﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸــﺖ ‪ 1304‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﻻﺭ ﺑﺎﺷﻜﻮﻩ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻗﻠﻲ ﺑﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫)ﺳــﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﻌﺪ( ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﺴــﺖ ﻭ ﺗﻠﮕﺮﺍﻑ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷــﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺳﺮﺩﺍﺭﺳــﭙﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺋﻴــﺲ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﻏــﻲ )ﺫﻛﺎءﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ( ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳــﻲ ﻭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﺒﺪﺍﻟﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭﺗﺎﺵ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻓﻮﺍﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻧﻴﺎ )ﻣﺆﺗﻤﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ( ﺭﺋﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴــﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻓﻲ )ﻣﺴــﺘﻮﻓﻲﺍﻟﻤﻤﺎﻟﻚ(‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻧﻴﺎ )ﻣﺸــﻴﺮﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪﻳﺎﺭﻱ )ﻣﺤﺘﺸﻢﺍﻟﺴﻠﻄﻨﻪ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺪﺣﺴﻦ ﺗﻘﻲﺯﺍﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲﺍﻛﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﻭﺭ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﻗﻠﻲﺑﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻟﺲ ﻣﺮﻱ )ﻛﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﺍ ً ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷــﺪ(‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻴﻠﺴــﭙﻮ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘــﺮ ﺟﺮﺩﻥ ﻭ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺑﻮﻳﺲ‬ ‫)ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻛﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ( ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺴﻮﻃﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﺩ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺨﻨﺎﻧﺶ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ؛ ﺯﻳﺮﺍ ﻧﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺛــﺮﻭﺕ ﻭ ﺣﻴﺜﻴﺖ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻠﻜــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫــﺮ ﺟﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﭻ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺖ ﻣﺘﻤﺪﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺴــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻳــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ...‬ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣــﺎﺩﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻴــﺮﻭﻱ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻡﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑــﺪﻭﻥ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺑــﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺑﻲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺯ ﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻝ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻋﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﮕﺮﺩﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‪ ،1355 ،‬ﺹ‪13-14‬؛ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﻮپ ﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.11-63‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﻼﻡ‪ ،‬ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻏﻼﻣﻌﻠﻲ ﺣﺪﺍﺩ ﻋﺎﺩﻝ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻳﺮﻩﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪ ،1379 ،‬ﺝ‪،5‬‬ ‫ﺹ‪.778‬‬ ‫‪ . 3‬ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ‪ ،‬ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ »ﻣﺼﺎﺣﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺷﺨﺼﻴﺖﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ«‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺹ‪.39-41‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺑﺮﭘﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ 1305/1926‬ﭘﻮپ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦﻫﺎﻯ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴﺘﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻰ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ؛ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﺷﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﻨﺮﻯ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻟﮕﺮﻣﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻯ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﺨﺴــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺷــﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸــﻰ ﺩﺍﻳﻤﻰﺍﻯ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﻧﻬﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﺩﺭ ‪ 1307/1928‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‬

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‫ﻧﻴﺎﻣﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘــﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﺳــﻔﺮﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺻﻨﺎﻳــﻊ )ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ( ﺧﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺰﺩﻳــﻚ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻇﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪» ،‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ« ﺗﺄﺳــﻴﺲ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻔﺮ ﻛﻮﺷﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻣﺼﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻋﻼء‪ ،‬ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﻣﻨﻊ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺪﮔﻤﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺴﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﺩ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﺎﻧﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﺎﺟﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺴــﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻋﻜﺲﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺁﻧﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺭﻳﻮﮔﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﺗﻀﻲ ﺭﺳﺘﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺪ ﺑﻬﺮﻭﺯﺍﻥ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺸﮕﺎﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻋﻜﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺒﺴﻮﻁ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﺕ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﺴﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﻛﺸﻒ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺳﻮﺳﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺗﺶ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺳــﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﺩﺍﺭﺳــﭙﻪ ﺍﺛــﺮ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﺑﻨﺎﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻈﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﻬﺮﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺴﺖﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺒﻚ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻲ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ!‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

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‫ﺗﺄﺳــﻴﺲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻰ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪2‬ژﺍﻧﻮﻳﻪ ‪12 /1931‬ﺩﻯ ‪ 1309‬ﺩﺭ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺁﻛﺎﺩﻣﻰ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﻰ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻰ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻨﻴﺎﺩ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻳﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﺯ ‪ 8‬ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺴﺘﻈﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻯ ﻣﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ‪ 100‬ﺗﺨﺘﻪ ﻓﺮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺴــﻮﺟﺎﺕ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ‪ 500 ،‬ﺗﺎﺑﻠﻮ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎﺗﻮﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺷﻰء ﭼﻴﻨﻰ ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺻﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺷــﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﺱ ﺭﺿﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺭﻫﺎﻯ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﻰ )ﻛﺎﺥ ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎﻥ(‪،‬‬ ‫ﺁﺳﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﺷﻴﺦ ﺻﻔﻰﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﺍﺭﺩﺑﻴﻠﻰ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺑُﺴﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺷﺨﺼﻰ ﻫﺮﺗﺴــﻔﻠﺪ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺳــﺎﻝ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻋﻜﺲﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻓﻮﺭﻳﻪ‪ /‬ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﻰ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﺘﺒﺮ ‪ /1935‬ﻣﻬﺮ ‪ 1314‬ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻬﺮ ﺳﻦﭘﺘﺮﺯﺑﻮﺭگ ﻭ ﺟﻠﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﻋﻰ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴﻜﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﭘﺎ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ‪ 25‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺷﻰء ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳــﻔﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﭘــﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎء ﻫﻨﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺄﺳــﻴﺲ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻛﺎﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺧﺘﻰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎﻥ ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳﻰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﮕﻰ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﮔﺎﺭﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﭘــﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟــﺐ ﺗﺪﻭﻳﻦ ﻳﻚ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ‪ 6‬ﺟﻠﺪﻯ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻰ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷــﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ 1317-1318 /1938-1939‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﻭﺭﻳــﻞ ‪ /1960‬ﻓﺮﻭﺭﺩﻳﻦ ‪ 1339‬ﭘﻮپ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴــﺖ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﭘﺎ ﻛﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ -‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﮕﺘﻦ‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﺍﺯ ‪ 20‬ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ‪ 70‬ﻋﻀﻮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻯ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﮔﺸــﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء‪ ،‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻯ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﻨﺎﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻋﺮﺿﻪ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﭘﻨﺠﻢ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺳــﺖ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﮔﻴﺮﺷﻤﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﭘﻬﻠــﻮﻯ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺱ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﻮپ ﻣﻘﺮﺭﻯ ﻣﺎﻫﺎﻧﻪﺍﻯ ﺑــﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺮﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪ 60 ،1334‬ﺳــﻜﻪ ﻃﻼﻯ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ‪ 3‬ﻣﺎﻫﻪ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ 1335‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻤﺖ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﺭﺳــﻤﻰ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻣﺴــﺘﻈﺮﻓﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ )ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭ ﻛﻞ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ( ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻪ ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻰ‪ -‬ﻣﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻫﺪﻳﻪ‪ -‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺱ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻱ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ »ﺗﺎﺝ« ﻭ‬ ‫ﺳــﭙﺲ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ »ﻫﻤﺎﻳﻮﻥ« ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ 1.‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ‬

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‫ﭘﻨﺠﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ؛ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﭘﺸﺖ‬ ‫)ﺳﻤﺖ ﺭﺍﺳﺖ( ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺍﺯﺭﺩﻳﻒ ﺍﻭﻝ ﻫﻤﺴﺮﺵ ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻥ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﺍﻋﻄﺎﻱ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻳﺰﻩ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.77-83‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﻋﺰﺕﺍﷲ ﻧﮕﻬﺒﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻭﺭﻯ ﺑﺮ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،1376‬ﺹ‪.487‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﭼﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺰ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻰ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﭼﺎﺭﻟــﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺰ ﻧﻮﻳﺴــﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻴﺴــﺖ ﺟﻠــﺪﻱﺍﺵ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻤــﻲ ﺩﺭﺟــﻪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮپ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺖ ﻭﺍﺑﺴــﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻭﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻋﻄﺎ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩﻯ ﭘﻮپ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﺴــﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﺗﻴﻢﻫﺎﻯ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻯ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣﻰﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1317‬ﻣﺴــﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﭼﺎﻝ ﺗﺮﺧﺎﻥ ﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻯ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪) Current Biography‬ﺑﻴﻮﮔﺮﺍﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ( ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﺡ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﭼﻬﺮﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﺭﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ‪ ...‬ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻣﻬﻤﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸــﻴﻨﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔــﻲ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺷــﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭﻯ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻓﺶ ﺷﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻗﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻮپ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1918‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﻬﻢ ﻏﻴﺮﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺟﻨﮓ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃﺮﺣﻲ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺤــﻮﻩ ﺗﺸــﻮﻳﻖ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑــﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﻛﻴﻔﻴــﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺴــﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺸــﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ ...‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ‪ 1919‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺸــﺎﻭﺭ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺯﻭﺩﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺘﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﻓﺮﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪﺵ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻨﺞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭﻱﺍﺵ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺯﺩﻭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﺑــﺎ ﻓﻴﻠﻴﺲ ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ ﺩﺭ ژﻭﺋﻦ‪ 1920‬ﺑــﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﺷﺨﺼﻲ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﺴﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﺷﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻧﺴﺎﺟﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺷــﻮﻫﺮﺵ ﺍﺯ ‪ 1923‬ﺗــﺎ ‪ 1924‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴــﺖ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﻩ ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺗﺎ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1934‬ﺭﺍﻫﻨﻤﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴــﺘﻴﺘﻮﻱ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ‪ 1925‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺴــﺮﺵ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﺮﻱ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ )ﻗﻔﻘﺎﺯ( ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺁﻏﺎﺯ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﺳــﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﭼﺎپ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻣﺸﺎﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻩﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻜﺲﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﺘﺨﺖ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻳــﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫــﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺥ ﺑﺮﻟﻴﻨﮕﺘﻦ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳــﻤﻲ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‪ 1931‬ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ‪ 1940‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻫﺰﺍﺭﻭﻫﺸﺘﺼﺪ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ‬

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‫‪.1‬‬ ‫‪Charles Moritz, Current Biography, The H. Wilson Company, New York,‬‬ ‫‪1947, Volume 8, P 522-523.‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﺗﻤﺎﺷﺎ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﭘﻨﺞﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﺑﺮ ﺳــﻲﻭﭼﻬﺎﺭﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ...‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﻘﻮﻁ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺍﻧﺴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪﺍﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻭﻇﻴﻔﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺭﺍﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺩﻥ ﺭﻭﺣﻴﻪ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﭘــﻮپ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺩﻳــﻮﻯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﻳــﺖ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻈﺎﻣــﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ‪ ...‬ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺭﻭﻱ )ﭘﻴﺸﻴﻦ( ﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺍﻣﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﺘﻮﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪ 1947‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺘﻴﺘﻮﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﭘﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﺑــﻮﺩ ]ﺩﺭ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷــﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ[‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺍﻣﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ‪ ،‬ﭘﻨﺞ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺳﺎﺑﻖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﺳﻨﺎﺗﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺩﻭ ژﻧﺮﺍﻝ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﺗﻤﺎﻡﻭﻗﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠﻢ ﭘﺎﺭﻩﻭﻗﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶﺁﻣﻮﺯ ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ )ﺗﺎﺝ( ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺴــﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﻓﺮﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ]ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺣﻴﺎﺕ ﭘﻮپ ﻧﻮﺷــﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ[‪ ،‬ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﻛﺴــﺘﺮﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺵﺻﺤﺒــﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻨﺞ ﮔﺮﺑــﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪﺍﺵ ﭘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻮ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﮔﺮﻣﻲﺍﺵ ﻋﻜﺎﺳــﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻫﺠﺪﻫﻢ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳﻞ ﻗﺮﻥ ﻧﻮﺯﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻴﭻ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺣﺰﺏ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴﺴﺎﻱ ﺧﺎﺻﻲ ﻭﺍﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫‪112‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘــﺮ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘــﻮپ ﻛﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﮕﺎﺷــﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻌﻤــﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ 1:‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺨﺴــﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪﻥﻫﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺻﻔﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺷــﺎﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ 2:‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨــﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻌﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ‪ :‬ﺳــﺎﺧﺖ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻱ ﺳــﻔﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻔﺮﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺮﻩﺍﻱ ﻭ ﻓﻠﺰﻱ‪ ،‬ﮔﭻﺑﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺳﻨﮓﺗﺮﺍﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺒﺖﻛﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺪﺳﺎﺯﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﺬﻫﻴﺐ ﻭ ﻗﺎﻟﻲﺑﺎﻓﻲ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺭﺳﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺳــﻔﺎﻟﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳــﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ 3:‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺳــﻔﺎﻟﮕﺮﻱ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﺁﺷــﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﺟﺎﻟﺐ ﻭ ﺟﺬﺍﺑﻲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻚﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎﺗﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ 5:‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ‪ 6:‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻭﻱ ﺗﺼﺎﻭﻳﺮ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺍﻭﺍﺧﺮ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺻﻔﻮﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ 7:‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻦ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﺒﺴﻮﻁ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎﺕ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺮگ ﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ ﺭﺳﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‪ :‬ﻏﻼﻣﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﺻﺪﺭﻱ ﺍﻓﺸﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﺎﻥ‪.1373 ،‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻫﻜﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﺘﺒﺎﺱ ﻭ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﺮﻭﻳﺰ ﻧﺎﺗﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻠﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‪.1380،‬‬ ‫‪ . 3‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﺎﻟﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ژﻳﻠﺒﺮﺕ ﺻﺪﻳﻖﭘﻮﺭ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‪.1380 ،‬‬ ‫‪ . 4‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻴﻨﻴﺎﺗﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ . 5‬ﺗﺎﻣﺲ ﺁﺭﻧﻮﻟﺪ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ )ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ(‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺮ ﻭ ﺻﻮﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻳﻌﻘﻮﺏ ﺁژﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻟﻲ‪.1378 ،‬‬ ‫‪ . 6‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﻤﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﺮﻭﺯﻱ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻭ ﺭﻧﮓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻛﺮﺍﻣﺖﺍﷲ ﺍﻓﺴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻳﺴﺎﻭﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ . 7‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪) A Survey of Persian Art .8‬ﺑﺮﺭﺳــﻲ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ(‪ 1:‬ﺑﺰﺭگﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘــﺮ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺷــﺎﻧﺰﺩﻩ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﻊﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺟــﻊ ﻭ ﻣﺄﺧﺬ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭﻳﺴﺖ ﻛﻠﻴﺸﻪ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻭ ﻫﺰﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎﻧﺼﺪ ﻋﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺼﺪﻭﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻭ ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩ ﻓﺼﻞ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺷﺼﺖﻭﭘﻨﺞ ﻧﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷــﺨﺎﺹ ﺯﺑﺮﺩﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﻫﺸﺖﺳﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‪1317‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ ﺭﺳــﺎﻧﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﭼﺎپ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﺮﺟﻊ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺰﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﭼﺎپ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺸﺨﺼﺎﺕ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﭼﺎپ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻒ‪) A Survey of Persian Art, Soroush Press Tehran, 1977 .‬ﺩﺭ ‪ 15‬ﺟﻠﺪ ﭼﺎپ ﺷﺪﻩ(‬ ‫ﺏ‪) A Survey of Persian Art, Asia Institute of Pahlavi University, 1964 .‬ﺩﺭ‪ 16‬ﺟﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﭼﺎپ ﺷﺪﻩ(‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺫﻛﺮ ﺷﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ ﻣﺴﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ،1304‬ﺗﺄﺳــﻴﺲ »ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ« ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ ﻛﻤﻴﺴــﻴﻮﻧﻲ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺴﻦ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪﻳﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻼ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺯﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﻛﻴﺨﺴﺮﻭ ﺷﺎﻫﺮﺥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺧــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻧﻔﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﺠــﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺩﻋﻮﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺯﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻴﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴــﻴﻦ ﭘﻴﺮﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴــﻦ ﺍﺳــﻔﻨﺪﻳﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺟﻌﻔﺮﻗﻠﻲ ﺍﺳﻌﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﺯﻳﻦ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﺑﺎﺏ ﻛﻴﺨﺴــﺮﻭ ﺷــﺎﻫﺮﺥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻬﺪﻱﻗﻠﻲ ﻫﺪﺍﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺣﺴــﻨﻘﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻣﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﺟﻠﺴــﺎﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺯﻣﺎﻥﺑﻨﺪﻱ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺳــﺮﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﻌﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪﻳﺎﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ ﺗﺎ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺗﻴﺮ ‪ 1306‬ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ‪ 1321‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺳــﻴﺰﺩﻩ ﻋﻀﻮ ﻣﺆﺳــﺲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﻘﺎﺳﻢ ﻧﺠﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺑﻮﺍﻟﺤﺴــﻦ ﺍﺑﺘﻬﺎﺝ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺍﻓﺰﻭﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﺭﺳــﻤﻲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻴﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﻭ ﺟﺎﻧﺴــﻮﻥ‪ -‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲﺟﻤﻬﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﮕﺘﻦ ﮔﺸﺎﻳﺶ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺩﻭ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ :‬ﻳﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

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‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧــﻲ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ؛ ﺍﻣﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻳﻚﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻏﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻣﻰﺳﺎﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﮕﻠﻴﺴﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻻﺕ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺻﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﺯﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻛﻼﺱﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺏ ﮔﻔﺖﻭﮔﻮ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮ ﺑﺎﺯ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﮔﻲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺭﻭﻳﺪﺍﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺴــﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺤﺚ ﻣﻲﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﺠﻮ ﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻄﻴﻼﺕ ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺧﺎﻧﻮﺍﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺳﭙﺮﻱ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﺪﻓﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗــﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺷــﻤﺮﺩ‪ :‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳــﺶ ﻓﻴﻠﻢﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻰ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺗﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻭﻧﻖ ﻫﻨــﺮ‪ ،‬ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺶ‪ ،‬ﺁﺯﺍﺩﻱﻫــﺎﻱ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﺷﺪ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺪﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺯﻧﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺩﻛﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻭ ﺯﻳﺒﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻴﻂ ﺯﻳﺴــﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺭﺍﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺷــﺪ؛ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻯ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﻫﻨﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺑﻴﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮﺳــﻴﻘﻲ ﻭ ﺳﻨﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻯ ﻛﻨﺴﺮﺕ ﭘﻴﺎﻧﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺟﺸــﻦ ﺭﻭﺯ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻳﺶ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻘﺪﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﻣﺴﻴﺤﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺳﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺷﻌﺮ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺩﺏ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻧــﮕﺎﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺳــﺨﻨﺮﺍﻧﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﺍﺳــﺎﺗﻴﺪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎﺗﻰ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺷﻌﺮ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﻭ ﺟﻐﺮﺍﻓﻴﺎ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻲ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻴــﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺎﻟﺐ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻯ ﺍﻧﺠﻤــﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷــﻬﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ -‬ﻣﺬﻫﺒﻲ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻃــﻼﻉ ﺣﺎﺻــﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺞ ﺑــﻪ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻔــﻮﺫ ﻭ ﺗﺄﺛﻴــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﻗﻮﻱ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﺴــﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺁﺯﻣﻮﺩﻩ ﺳﻴﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺮگ ﻭ ﺩﻓﻦ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻃﻲ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻣﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1339‬ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻬﺮﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻼﺩﻟﻔﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻴﻤﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﮕﺘﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﻭﻯ‬ ‫ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﺗﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺮﮔﺶ‪ ،‬ﺟﻨﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻭ )ﭘﻮپ(‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.72‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺳــﭙﺎﺭﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻍ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺯﺍﻳﻨﺪﻩﺭﻭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﺮﻕ ﭘﻞﺧﻮﺍﺟﻮ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﮕﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺗﻤﺎﻳﻞ ﺍﻭ‪ ،‬ﺳﻨﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻣﻬﻨﺪﺱ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ‬ ‫)ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪ ﺫﻛﺎءﺍﻟﻤﻠﻚ( ﺩﺭ ﺧﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪ 1348‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1349‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﻠﺖ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺑﻨﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﺍﻣﮕﺎﻫﺶ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻋﺸــﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻡ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺏ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﺍﻧﺪﻳﺸﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﺭگ ﻭ ﻫﻨﺮﻣﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺳــﺨﻨﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻼﻕ ﻭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﻤﻨﺪﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺍﻭﺻﺎﻑ ﻭ ﺧﺼﺎﺋﻠﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ژﺭﻑﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳــﺘﺎﻳﺶ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﻜﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﺸــﺎﺑﻪ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﻛﺸﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺣﻖﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﻼﺹ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺯﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﺒﺎﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺑــﻪ ﺯﺍﺋﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﺍﻧﺠﺎ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﺍﮔﺮ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺼﺎﺩﻓﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﺭﻭﺩ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺍﻋﺘﻘﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﺭﺍﺳــﺦ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺱ ﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻨﻮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﻲ ﺑﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺰﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺪﻳﻦﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻤﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺩﺍﻥ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺁﻥ ﻭ ﺁﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﭘﻴﺸﮕﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺑﺮﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻋﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ )ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻭ ﺳﻨﺎﺗﻮﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ( ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺗﺶ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺳــﻨﮓ ﻗﺒﺮﺵ ﺍﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻻﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩ‪ ...‬ﻋﺎﻗﺒﺖ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺘــﻦ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻮﺷــﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻦ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻨﺎﺳــﺐ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺣﻚﺷﺪﻥ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻨﮓ‬ ‫ﻗﺒــﺮ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻢ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺟﻼﻝﺍﻟﺪﻳﻦ ﻫﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﺩﻡ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺯﺑﺎﻥ ﻧﻈﻢ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﺸــﺎﻥ ﻗﺒﻮﻝ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ‬

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‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪﺍﻱ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺳﺮﻭﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺳﻨﮓ ﻗﺒﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻗﺒــﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪) 1969‬ﻫﺸــﺘﻢ ﺷــﻬﺮﻳﻮﺭ‪ (1348‬ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺘﺎﺩﻭﻫﺸﺖﺳــﺎﻟﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭﻱ »ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺎ« ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻬﺪﻩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺟﻨﺎﺯﻩ ﻭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﺘﺮﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﮕﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪﺷﺪﻩﺍﺵ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1355‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺁﻛﺮﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺴﺮ ﭘﻮپ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻭ ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺷﻮﻫﺮﺵ ﺩﻓﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﮔــﺮ ﭼﻪ ﺁﺭﺗــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻰ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕــﻰ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﺸــﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻠﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻧﻤــﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﻜﻦ ﺭﻭﻯ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﮕﻴﺰﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﺴــﺖ ﻣﺎﺩﻯ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺁﺷــﻜﺎﺭ ﻭ ﭘﻨﻬﺎﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻜﺴــﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻰ ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻴــﻦ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺘﻰ ﺑﻪ ﭼﻨﮓ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺷــﺮﻭﻉ ﻏﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1304‬ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦ ﻣﺴــﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻭﻱ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺑــﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻼﺵ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﺣﺘــﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺷــﻮﺭﺑﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ -‬ﻻﺑﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻳﻮﻧﻲ!‪ -‬ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎء ﻭ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪﺟﺎﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣـﺎﻟـﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺳــﻮﺍﺩ‪ :‬ﻣﺮﻗﻮﻣــﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕﺧﺎﺭﺟــﻪ‪ -‬ﻧﻤــﺮﻩ ‪ 21151‬ﻣﻮﺭﺧــﻪ‬ ‫‪17‬ﺩﻱﻣﺎﻩ ‪ 1304‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‪ /‬ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻤﺮﻩ‪ ...‬ﺛﺒﺖ ﺷﺪﻩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺟـﻠﻴـﻠـﻪ ﻣـﺎﻟـﻴـﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﭗ ]ﭘﻮپ[ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷــﺮ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻲﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸــﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻴﺴﻲ ﺻﺪﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ .84‬ﺑﺨﺸﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺑﻴﺎﺕ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺳﺰﺩ ژﺭﻑ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻨﮕﺮﻳـﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺍﻯ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻣﻦ ﺑﮕﺬﺭﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﺸﻖ ﻫﻨﺮ‪ ،‬ﻋﻤﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺧﺘــــﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻢ ﭘﻴﻜﺮﻯ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨـــــــﺮ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻴﺶ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍ ﺁﺭﺯﻭ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﺎﻧﺪﺭ ﺟﻬـــــــﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﻣﺮﺍ ﻃﺮﻓﻪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﮕﺎﻩ‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ...‬ﺯﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺷـــــﺎﻩ‬

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‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﺗﻮﻗﻊ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺍﺑﺘﻴﺎﻉ ﺷﺪﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﺮﻑ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﺷــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻣــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺮﺍﺗــﺐ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺟﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﺍﺷــﻌﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﺍ ً ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎً ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺁﻳﺪ‪ ...‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﻫﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻓﻊ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻲ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦﺟﻬﺖ ﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺯﺣﻤﺖﺍﻓﺰﺍ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻲﻛﻪ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﺴــﺎﻋﺪﺕ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺸــﺎﺭﺍﻟﻴﻪ ﻣﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸــﺎﻫﺎﻥ ﺑﻼﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻤﻨﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻤــﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻣﻲ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻴﺪ ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ً ﺍﻃﻼﻉ ﺑﺪﻫﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻮﺍﺏ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺷﻌﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪) .‬ﻣﻔﺘﺎﺡ( ﻣﺤﻞ ﻣﻬﺮ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺵ‪ ،4‬ﭘﺎﻳﻴﺰ‪ ،1383‬ﺹ‪.323-326‬‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻭﺯﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﻗﺖ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﻭﺯﺭﺍ‪ .‬ﻧﻤﺮﻩ ‪ .12357‬ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪ 3‬ﺑﺮﺝ ﺑﻬﻤﻦ ‪1304‬‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﻭﺯﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﺴــﻪ ‪ 26‬ﺩﻱﻣﺎﻩ ‪ 1304‬ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﭘﻴﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﻧﻤﺮﻩ )‪ (42691‬ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﭗ ]ﭘﻮپ[ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺣﻤﻞ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺷﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺗﺄﺩﻳﻪ ﺣﻘــﻮﻕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﻑ ﺑﺎﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻃﻤﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ ]ﻭ ﺳﻪ ﺍﻣﻀﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻛﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺎ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ[‪.‬‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻗﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﺎﺭﺍﺝ ﺑﺰﺭگ؛ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻲ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،1388 ،‬ﺹ‪.60-61‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻋﻠــﺖ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑــﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‬ ‫ﺣﻘــﻮﻕ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻰ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ؛ ﺩﻟﻴــﻞ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪﺟــﺎﺕ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺴــﺖ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﻰ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩﺍﻯ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﮔﻮﻳﺎ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺩﺭﻯ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺯﺩﻯ ﻭ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﭘﻮپ ﺁﺷﻜﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻼﺵ ﻣﺸﺘﺮﻙ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺣﻞ ﻭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﻊ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻗﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳــﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﺭﺷﻴﻮ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ )ﻧﺎﺭﺍ( ﻗﻀﻴﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﺮﺡ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮ ﻣﻰﺑﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻃﻰ ﺗﻠﮕﺮﺍﻓﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻣﻬﺮ ‪ 1304‬ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﻻﺱ ﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﺷــﺖ‪» :‬ﺍﺷــﻴﺎء ﺑﺎ ﮔﺬﺷــﺖ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻃﻮﻻﻧــﻲ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ‪ «.‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻣــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠــﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺟﺪﻳــﺪ ﻛﻮﭘﻠﻲ ﺁﻣﻮﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭ ﺩﺍﺩ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺴﺌﻠﻪ ﺭﺍ ﭘﻲﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﻛﻨﺪ‪» :‬ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﻳﺲ ﺗﻠﮕﺮﺍﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻃﻮﻻﻧﻲ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻮﺭﺍ ً‬ ‫ﺭﺳﻴﺪﮔﻲ ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻛﻨﻴﺪ‪ «.‬ﺁﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﺳﻪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﺑﻌﺪ ﭘﺎﺳﺦ ﺩﺍﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴــﻞ ﺗﺄﺧﻴــﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺧــﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎء ﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸــﺎﻩ ﺑﻲﺗﻮﺟﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﻞﻛﻨﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳــﻲﺍﻱ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺟــﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ ...‬ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨــﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺗﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ )ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ( ﻣﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳــﻲ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﻧﺪ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻠﻄﻨﺘﻲ ﻳﺎ ﺩﻭﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ؛ ﻳﺎ ﺁﻧﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﻓﻮﻕﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻩﺷﺎﻥ ﺟﺰء‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫــﺎﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺑــﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺗﻼﺵ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﺳــﻪ ﻣﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

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‫ﭘﻮپ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺳﺎﻣﻮﺋﻞ ﺍﻡ ﺟﺮﺩﻥ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺪﺭﺳﻪ ﻣﻴﺴﻴﻮﻧﺮﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺮﮔﺰﻳﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻮﺭﻯ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﮔﻔﺖﻭﮔﻮ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﺩﻥ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺟــﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻭﻟﻴﻦﺑــﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺻﺤﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴــﺌﻮﻻﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﻌــﺎﺭﻑ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸــﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻧﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﮕﺎﻡ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﺧﻮﺩ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﺄﺳﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺁﮔﺎﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﺑــﺎ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﺭﻑ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ؛ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺩﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺨﻔﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﻣﻔﻘﻮﺩ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺟــﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺑﻴﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﺴــﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱﺷﺪﻩ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺷــﺎﺭﻩﺍﻱ ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻲ ﻫﻢﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸــﺎﻩ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧــﺪ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﻣﺨﺘﺼــﺮﻱ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺴــﺌﻮﻻﻧﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺩﻧﺒﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺪﺍﺧﻠﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻔﻮ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻰ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ‪ 14‬ﻣﺎﻩ ﺗﺎ ‪ 14‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪ 1305‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻱ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ‪15‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪ 1305‬ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺧﺮﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺮﻣﺎﻧﺸــﺎﻩ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ‪ ...‬ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﺗﻘﺎﺿﺎﻱ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨــﻢ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺟﺮﺩﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﮔﺮ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻣﻨﺼﻔﺎﻧﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻟﻪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻴﭻ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻲ ﺑــﺮﺍﻱ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 12000‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮﺭﻫﺎ ﻫﻤﻪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳﺖ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.61‬‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.62‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.58-59‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺄﺧﻴﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻦ ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻬﺮﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﭘﻮﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 800‬ﺩﻻﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺍﺭﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﭘﻮپ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﺠﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﺍﻻﺱ ﻣﻮﺭﻯ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﻭﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻃﻰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻟﻰ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻓﺘﺨﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺭﻡ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕﺧﺎﻧﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺭﺳــﻤﻲ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺭﺳﺎﻝ ﻛﻨﻢ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻔﺮﺳﺘﻢ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻄﻠﻊ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎء ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺸــﺨﺼﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳــﻜﺎ ﺧﺮﻳﺪﺍﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺩﻡ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻣــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺨــﺎﺫ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻣــﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﻌﺎﻓﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎء ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﺭﺽ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘــﺪﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺗﻤــﺎﺱ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻴﺰﻫﺎ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﻚ ﺟﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﻗﺮﻥ ﺷــﺎﻧﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﻭ ﻳﻚ ﭘﺎﺭﭼﻪ ﺍﺑﺮﻳﺸــﻤﻲ ﺯﺭﺑﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑــﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺷــﻲء ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺮﻛﻪﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭘــﻮپ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺷــﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺖ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺻﺎﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻌﺎﻑ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﮔﻤﺮﻙ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻫﻨﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻴﻪ ﺑﺎﺯﺭﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺣﻖ ﮔﻤﺮﻙ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﺷﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻋﻼﻗﻪ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﺎ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺟﺪﻱﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﮔﻤﺮﻙ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻚﻫﺎﻱ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﻣﺒﺬﻭﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﻱ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﺆﺍﻝ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﭘﺮﺳــﺪ ﻛﻪ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻲء ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﻧﺸــﺪﻧﺪ؟ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺷﻰء ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻫﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﻓﺮﺳــﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻧﻲ ﻧﺪﺍﺷﺖ ﻣﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮﻋﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳــﺖ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺑﺎﺷــﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃــﺎﺕ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻣــﻮﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻭ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴﻠﻢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﺯﻳﺮ ﭘﻮﺷﺶ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺩﻳﭙﻠﻤﺎﺗﻴﻚ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﻛﺮﺩﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ‪26‬ﻣﺮﺩﺍﺩ ‪ 1304‬ﺟــﻲ ﺑﺎﺗﻠﺮ ﺭﺍﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪ ،‬ﺁﻥ ﺩﻭ ﺷــﻰء ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﮔﻤﺮﻛﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻮﻡ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮﺭ ‪ 1304‬ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﺍﺯ ﮔﻤﺮﻙ ﻣﻌﺎﻑﺷﺪﻩ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻯﻫﺎ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﺎﻥﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻼﺣﻈﻪ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1304‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﺮﺧﺎﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﻭ ﺩﻓﺎﻉ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺎ ﺁﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﺤﻈﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﻭﻯ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺗﻜﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺖ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﭘﻮپ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴــﺖ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﻲ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﺩﻗﻴﻖﺗﺮ »ﺷــﺮﺍﻛﺖ«‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﻪﺩﺭﺷــﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﻭ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ »ﺩﻭ ﭘﺎﺩﺷﺎﻩ ﺗﺮﻳﺎﻛﻲ!«‪ 2‬ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ‪25‬ﺁﺫﺭ ‪ 1304‬ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻼﺵﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻰ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﮔﻔﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻫــﺮ ﭼــﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨــﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻰ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺵ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻯ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﻣﺘﺒﺮﻛﻪ ﻭ ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺳــﺘﺜﻨﺎﻯ ﺗﺨﺖﻃﺎﻭﻭﺱ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮﺍﺕ ﺳــﻠﻄﻨﺘﻰ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺎﺳﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺮﻡ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻡ ﺭﺿﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻭﻳﻠﻴﺎﻣﺴــﻮﻥ ﻛﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻯ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﺗﻴﻤﻮﺭﺗﺎﺵ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻣﻘﺘﺪﺭ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺗﺮﻳﺎﻛﻲﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ 321‬ﻭ ‪ 346‬ﻭ ﺗﺮﻳﺎﻛﻲﺑﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺒﺎ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻓﺮﺡ ﻫﻤﺴﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻯ )ﺩﺧﺘﺮﻡ ﻓﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﺍﻟﻬﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲﻓﻴﺮﻭﺯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ‪،‬‬ ‫‪ ،1382‬ﺹ‪ (146‬ﻗﻴﺪ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻠﻢ ﻣﻲﮔﻮﻳﺪ‪» :‬ﭘﺪﺭﻡ ﻫﺮ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺯ ﻛﻤﻲ ﺗﺮﻳﺎﻙ ﻣﻲﻛﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﺧﻮﺭﺩﮔﻲ ﻧﺸﺪ‪ «.‬ﮔﻔﺖﻭﮔﻮﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻩ‬ ‫)ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺪﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻢ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﻮ‪ ،1371 ،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺹ‪.280‬‬ ‫‪ . 3‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻗﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.67-68‬‬ ‫‪ . 4‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.65‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.70‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﺑﺎ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﻫﻨﮕﻔﺘﻰ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 12000‬ﭘﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﻟﻴﻨﮓ ﺍﺯ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻧﻔﺖ ﺟﻨﻮﺏ ﺑﺎﺑﺖ ﺣﻖ ﻋﺒﻮﺭ ﻟﻮﻟﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻧﻔﺘﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻣﻴﻦﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺯﻭﺭ ﺗﺼﺎﺣﺐ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺍﻭ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﺧﺮﻭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﻑ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﻫﻔﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻠﻴﺎﺭﺩ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪) .‬ﺷﺎﭘﻮﺭ ﺭﻭﺍﺳﺎﻧﻰ‪ ،‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪ (123‬ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ 1319‬ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻣﻼﻙ ﺑﺠﻨﻮﺭﺩ ﭼﻬﻞ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺗﻮﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﻧﻚﻫﺎﻯ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻗﻠﻰ ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺮﻳﺘﺎﻧﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻰ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻰ‪ ،1389 ،‬ﻓﺼﻞ ﻧﻬﻢ ﻭ ﺩﻫﻢ‪ .‬ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻭ ﻭﺣﺸﺘﻨﺎﻙﺗﺮ ﺍﺯ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﻭ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺪﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ‪ 20‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﺙ ﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺒﻠﻎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺫﺭ ‪ 1349‬ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﻔﺖﻭﮔﻮﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺷﺎﻩ )ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﺪﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻢ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﺮﺡ ﻧﻮ‪ ،1371 ،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺹ‪.276‬‬ ‫‪ . 3‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺘﻤﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻜﺮﺭ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﻭ ﻧﺨﺴﺖﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1328‬ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺎﺳﺖ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺭﺳﻴﺪ‪ .‬ﻭﻗﺘﻲﻛﻪ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮﺭ‪ 1320‬ﻧﺨﺴﺖﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭﺩﺍﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﻴﻦ ﺑﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﮔﻪ ﻣﺘﻔﻘﻴﻦ ﺩﺭﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﻲﻛﻪ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﻲ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ ﺍﺛﺮ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ ﻗﻠﺒﻲ ﺩﺭﮔﺬﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪) .‬ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ ﻓﺎﺭﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،6‬ﺹ‪ (4771‬ﺑﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺗﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ »ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺁﻧﻜﻪ ﻃﺮﻑ ﻣﺸﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻋﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻢ ﺧﻂ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺍﺩ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ ﻣﻲﮔﻔﺖ ﭼﻨﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻡ ﺍﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎﻥ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﺯﺭﺗﺸﺖ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﺍﺩﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺁﻳﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻴﺪ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ «.‬ﺗﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ ﺁﻳﺮﻣﻠﻮ؛ ﻣﻠﻜﻪ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ )ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺗﺎﺝﺍﻟﻤﻠﻮﻙ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪﺁﻓﺮﻳﻦ‪ ،1381 ،‬ﺹ‪.87-88‬‬

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‫ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻘﺖﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﭘﺮﺳــﻮﺩﻯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻭﺯﻳﺮ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌﻘﺪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﮔﻨﺠﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﻫﻨﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺩﻻﻻﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻩ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻫﻰ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺭﺿﺎﻳﺖ ﺭﺿﺎﺷــﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﻋﻤﻠﻰ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺣﺠﻤﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﻧﻘﺪ‬ ‫ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﻬﻢ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﻏﺎﺭﺕﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ؟!‪ 2‬ﭘــﻮپ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﺍﻧﺶ ﺑــﺎ ﺍﻣﻜﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﺩﺭ ﭼﻬﺎﺭﮔﻮﺷــﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﮔﺸــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺭﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﺑﺮﺩﻧﺪ! ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻰ‪)3‬ﻭﺯﻳﺮﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺭﺿﺎﺧﺎﻥ(‬ ‫ﻭ ﭘﺴــﺮﺵ ﻣﺤﺴــﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻚ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩﻧــﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﻭﺳــﺘﺪ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬﻤــﻦ ‪ 1316‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻯ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﻳﺎﺩﺁﻭﺭ ﺷﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺴــﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻰ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ)ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ( ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻬﻤﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺮ ﻣﻰﺑﺮﺩ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﺎﻟــﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻢ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻭﻗﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﻓﺘﻢ ﭘــﺪﺭﺵ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻰ‪ ...‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﭘﻮﻟﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﭘﺴﺮﺵ ﺩﺍﺩﻩﺍﻡ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰﻫﺎ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻨﺎﺳــﺎﻳﻰ ﻭ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ ﺩﻻﻻﻥ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻯ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﺳﻮﺩ ﻣﻰﺑﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻯ ﺑﺪﻟﻰ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻴﻦ ﻭﻯ ﺍﺷﻴﺎء ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸﮕﺎﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫــﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﻗﻴﻤﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﮔﺰﺍﻓﻰ ﻣﻰﻓﺮﻭﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﺎﻳﻖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻲﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﺎﺭﻟﺰ ﻣﻮﺭﻳﺘﺰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪» :‬ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ (1316 -1317) 1947‬ﺑﻴﺴﺖﻭﭘﻨﺞ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﺷﺪ!« ﻧﻤﺎﻳﻨﺪﻩ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﭘﻨﺴﻴﻠﻮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻭﻭﻟﺴــﻴﻦ ﻃﻰ ﻧﺎﻣﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻴﺮﻣﺎﻩ ‪ 1310‬ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﻣﻰﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘــﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺎﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻪ ﻭ ژﻭﺋﻦ ﺍﻳﻨﺠــﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻧﻜﺮﺩﻳﻢ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺖ ﻣﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺁﺑﺎﺩ ]ﮔﺮﮔﺎﻥ[ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﻤﻴﺸــﻪ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻯ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻴﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﺪﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﻣﺸــﻜﻞ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻧﺒﻮﻍ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺷﻤﻦﺗﺮﺍﺷﻰ ﻭ ﺳﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﻛﺴﺎﻧﻰ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﻨﺪ ﺩﻻﻻﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﻴﻘــﻪ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻯ ﻫﺴــﺘﻨﺪ‪ ...‬ﻧﻤﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻢ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻓﻜــﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ ﺫﻫﻨﻢ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻢ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻭ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺴــﺖ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷــﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ]ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ[ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺿﺎﺕ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻯ ﻛﻤﻴﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻯ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺶ ﮔﺬﺍﺷــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﻧﺒﻮﻫﻰ ﺳﻔﺎﻟﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﻘﻠﺒﻰ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺍﻫــﻰ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻡ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺑﻰﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻫﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫﺎ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻓﻬﻤﻴﺪﻡ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﺯ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺲ ﻭ ﻫﺮ ﻛﺎﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮپ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻃﺎﻋﻮﻥ ﺩﻭﺭﻯ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺷــﺪﺕ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺑﺴــﺘﻦ ﭘﻴﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﻣﺴﺎﺋﻞ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺣﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻰﺩﺍﺭﻡ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺷــﻤﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺠﻤﻦ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﮔﻤﺮﺍﻫﻰ ﻣﻰﻛﺸــﺎﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺭﺍﻩ ﺷــﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺁﻥ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺗﺎ ﻣﺪﺕﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺁﻥ ﺗﺄﺳــﻒ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﻮﺭﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻳﻘﻴــﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻯ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻰﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪﺍﺵ‬ ‫‪ . 1‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻗﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.77-78‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻗﻠﻲ ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.86-87‬‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﺍﺳﺪﺍﷲ ﻋﻠﻢ‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺹ‪.355‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﻓﺮﻳﺪﻩ ﺩﻳﺒﺎ‪ ،‬ﺹ‪.283 -287‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺷﺎﻳﺪ ﺻﺪﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﻮﺍﻝ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﻓﺎﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﻫﻤﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﻗﺎﻃﻌﻴﺖ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻣﻲﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣــﻦ ﺗﻌﻠﻖ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﻪﭼﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻳﻚ ﺭﻫﺒﺮ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ )ﺷﺎﻩ=ﺧﻮﺩﺵ( ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﭘﺲ ﺁﻧﭽﻪ ﺍﺷــﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﺑﺮﻩ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﻪ ﻣﺎﻝ ﻣﺮﺩﻡ ﻭ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺖ! ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﻝ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﭽﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﭘــﺪﺭﺵ ﻋﻄﺎ ﻓﺮﻣﻮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﺪﺭﺵ ﺳــﻬﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ! ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺍﺭﺯﺷــﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎﺷﺎﻩ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﻫﻮﻳﺪﺍ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ :‬ﺍﺷــﺮﻑ )ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺷــﺎﻩ( ﻭ ﻓﺮﺯﻧﺪﺵ ﺷﻬﺮﺍﻡ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺲ )ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﺷﺎﻩ(‪ ،‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩﺭﺿﺎ )ﺩﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺩﺭ ﺷﺎﻩ( ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻥ ﺗﭙﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺳﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺳﻴﺴﺘﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭﻳﺪﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻼ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺮﻩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻳﺎﺑﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺮ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺳﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﭼﻪ ﺁﻣــﺪ! ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﻱ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻗﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ﻧﺰﺩﻳﻜﺎﻧﺶ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻴﺤﺎﻧﻪ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻤﻠﻜﺖ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﻭﺳﻴﻊ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﻛﻬﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑﻲﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻝ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺁﻥ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ! ﻭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺁﻥﻗﺪﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺮﺕ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺕﻫﺎ ﭘﺮ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺟﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺍﺷــﻴﺎﻱ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻧﺪﺍﺭﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺬﺍﺷﺘﻦ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺩﺯﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺧﻮﺩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺧﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸــﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻘﻞ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﺍﻧﺪﻛﻲ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﺯ ﻓﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ ،1357‬ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺩ ﺩﻭﻳﺴــﺖ ﭼﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﺰﺭگ‪ -‬ﻛﻪ ﺩﻭ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮ ﻛــﺪﺍﻡ ﺟﺎ ﻣﻲﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ‪ -‬ﺗﻬﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧﻈﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﻭ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺡ‪ ،‬ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻗﺪﻳﻤﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﺷــﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺟﻤﻊﺁﻭﺭﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻻﺑﻪﻻﻱ ﭘﻮﺷــﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﻤﺪﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺟﺎ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺳــﭙﺲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭼﻤﺪﺍﻥﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻫﻤﺮﺍﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻮﺍﭘﻴﻤﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﮔﺮﺍﻥﻗﻴﻤﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳــﺘﻮﺭ ﺍﻧﻮﺭﺳــﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻩﺣﺴﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺩﺳﺘﺒﺮﺩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻳﺴﺖ ﭼﻤﺪﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﻂ ﭘﻨﺠﺎﻩ ﭼﻤﺪﺍﻥ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺯﻭﺝ »ﺗﺎﺝﺑﺎﺧﺘﻪ« ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻏﻨﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺯﺩﻯﻫﺎﻯ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﺩﺯﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﻧﺒﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﻋﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺎﻥ ﺣﻜﻮﻣﺖ ﭘﻬﻠﻮﻱ ﻛﻪ ﭼﺸــﻢ ﻭ ﮔﻮﺷﺸﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺏ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲﻛﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﺎ ﻫﻤﺪﺳــﺘﻲ ﺍﺷــﺨﺎﺻﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ ﻭ ﻣﺤﺴﻦ ﻓﺮﻭﻏﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻲﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻣﺮﺍﻡ ﻭ ﻫﺪﻑ ﺍﻭ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺷــﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻏﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻭ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ ‪ 1326‬ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺪﻭﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺗﻠﻔﻦ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺶ ﻛﺮﺩﻡ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻫﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻳﻨﺠﺎ‪ .‬ﻣﻲﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﮔﻮﺷــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻠﻴﺤﻀﺮﺕ ﺑ ُِﺒﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻗﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻳﻨﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺍﻭ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺟﺰ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻫﻴﭻﭼﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺳــﺮﺵ ﻧﻤﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺘﺎً ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻪﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻴﭻﭼﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻭﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻧﻤﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺮﺩ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً ﻫﻔﺪﻩ ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺸﻬﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﻣﻬﻤــﺎﻥ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺟﻢ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻨﺎﻇﺮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻣﻲﺩﺍﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﺷــﻴﺮﺍﺯ‪ ،‬ﺍﺻﻔﻬﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳــﺎﻳﺮ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻳﻜﺴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻜﺲﻫــﺎ ﺗﻬﻴﻪ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻛﺴﭙﻮﺯﻳﺴــﻴﻮﻥ ﻟﻨﺪﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ 1938‬ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺷــﻬﺮﺗﻲ ﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺷﺶ ﻣﺠﻠﺪ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺮﺡ ﺍﺑﻨﻴﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ ﺗﺤــﺖ ﻋﻨــﻮﺍﻥ ‪Survey of Persian‬‬ ‫‪ Art‬ﻧﮕﺎﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﻫــﻢ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﻣﺤﻠﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧــﺎﻡ ‪Iranian‬‬ ‫‪ Institute‬ﺩﺍﻳﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺻﻨﺎﻳﻊ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪﺷﻤﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﺭﻓﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﺘﺐ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﺳــﻪ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺯﻩ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺴﻮﺝ ﻭ ﻧﻘﺎﺷﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺟﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ؛ ﻣﻲﺧﺮﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻲﻓﺮﻭﺧﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭﺱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧــﻲ ﻭ ﻋﺮﺑﻲ ﺩﺍﻳﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺑــﻪ ﺛﻤﻦ ﺑﺨــﺲ ﺑﻌﻀﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴــﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﺸــﺮﻕ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺁﻳﺖﺍﷲ ﺻﺎﺩﻕ ﺧﻠﺨﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺳﺎﻳﻪ‪ ،1382 ،‬ﺝ‪ ،1‬ﺹ‪ .264-269‬ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻜﺎﺭﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺭﺿﺎ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺼﺮ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺸﺘﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻰ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺑﺎﺯﺟﻮﻳﻰ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻨﺪ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﭼﭙﺎﻭﻝ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻓﺸﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻏﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﭘﺰﺷﻚ‪ ،‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸﻤﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺩﻳﺐ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﺧﺴﺮﻭ ﺳﻌﻴﺪﻱ‪ ،‬ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻃﻼﻳﻪ‪ ،1367 ،‬ﺝ‪.1‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺳﻴﺮﻭﺱ ﻏﻨﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ(‪ ،‬ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻗﺎﺳﻢ ﻏﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺯﻭﺍﺭ‪ ،1377 ،‬ﺝ‪ ،3‬ﺹ‪.222-223‬‬

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‫ﭼﻬﺮﻩ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﭘﻴﺶﺗﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺯ ﻧﺰﺩﻳــﻜﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺃﺱ ﻫﺮﻡ ﻗﺪﺭﺕ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳــﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗــﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻐﺎﺗﻲ‪ -‬ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺁﺷــﻜﺎﺭ‪ -‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺩﻭﻟــﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﻭﻱ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﻳﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺤﺮﻣﺎﻧﻪ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻩﺷــﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺟﻤﻊﻭﺟﻮﺭ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳــﻢ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫»ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺁﺳــﻴﺎ« ﮔﺬﺍﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺎ ﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﻟﻚ ﻋﺮﺏ ﻫﻢ ﺳﺮﻭﻛﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺎﻓــﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴــﻦ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻳﻚ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺷــﺎﺭﻻﺗﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻈﺎﻫــﺮ ﻭ ﭘﻴــﺮﻭ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﻭ ﺍﻫﻞ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩﻱ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻗﻲ ﻓﺼﻴﺢ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺧﻮﺏ ﻫﻢ ﭼﻴﺰ ﻣﻲﻧﻮﻳﺴﺪ‪ .‬ﺯﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻛﺮﻣﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺁﻥﻫﻢ ﭘﻴﺮﺯﻥ ﺷﻴﺎﺩﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻴــﻦ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺱﻫﺎ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻫﻢ ﺭﻳﺨﺖ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺗﻲ ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﻮﺷــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻼﻝ ]ﺍﺷﻐﺎﻝ[ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ]ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨﮓ ﺟﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺩﻭﻡ[ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻧﻔﻊ ﺭﻭﺱﻫــﺎ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻞ ]ﻋﻠﺖﻳﺎﺑﻲ[ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﻋﻴﻦ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻣﺤﺸــﻮﺭ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ...‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻫﺮ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻳﻚﺩﻓﻌﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﮕﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻲﺁﻣﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﺭﻭﺱ ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﺮﺩ ﻣﺮﻣﻮﺯﻱ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺣﺴــﻴﻦ ﻋﻼ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎﻝ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ ،‬ﭘﺬﻳﺮﺍﻳﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺮ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺟﺸﻦ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻠﻴﻂ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻤﻴﻞ ﻣﻲﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﻤﺎﻋﺘﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﻓﻖ ﻭ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻟﻮﻱ ﻫﻨﺪﺭﺳﻮﻥ‪ ،‬ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﺷﻌﺒﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕ ﻭﺳﻄﻲ‪ ،‬ﺟﺪﺍ ً ﺑﻪ ﺗﻜﺬﻳﺐ ﺍﻭ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺪﮔﻮﻳﻲ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﻬﻴﺎﺭ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‪ 1‬ﺍﺯ ﺭﻓﻘﺎﻱ ﺍﻭ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺎﻫﻲ ﺳﻴﺼﺪ ﺩﻻﺭ‪ ...‬ﺩﻭﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻭ ﺑﺪﻫﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﺮ ﺣﺎﻝ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺁﻛﺎﺩﻣﻲ ﺭﻭﺳﻴﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴﻜﻮ ﭼﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺭ ﺭﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍ ً ﺑﻪ ﻫﻨﺪ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ] ﺟﻮﺍﻫﺮ ﻟﻌﻞ[ ﻧﻬﺮﻭ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺍﻥ ﻫﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻋﻠﻴﺤﻀﺮﺕ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻳﺎﺭﺕ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃﺮﺍﻑ ﻭﺍﻻﺣﻀﺮﺕ ﺷﻬﺪﺧﺖ ﺍﺷﺮﻑ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﻴﺎﻝ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﺑﮕﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﻳﺮﻭﺯ ﻣﻲﮔﻔﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻗﺎﻱ ﺟﻢ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﻧﻮﺷــﺖ‪) .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺻﺤﺒﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻦ( ﭘﺮﺕ ﻭ ﭘﻼﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﮔﻔﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺎﻫﺎﺭﻱ ﺧﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

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‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻭ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﭘﺎﻳﻪ ﺳــﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺟﺎﺳﻮﺳﻲ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ )ﺳﻴﺎ( ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﻣﻲﺁﻣﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﻭﺍﻙ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻁ ﻭﻳﮋﻩﺍﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺳــﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ ،‬ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﭘﻮپ ﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻲ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﺎﻧﻜﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ -‬ﻭ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺍﻓﺸﺎ ﻧﺸﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ -‬ﭘﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪ ،1340‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﺧﺎﻟﺖ ﺁﺷــﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻲﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺁﻣﺪﻥ ﺣﺴــﻨﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺼــﻮﺭ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻲ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﻭﻱ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺶ ﻛﻠﻴﺪﻱ ﺩﺍﺷﺘﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻜﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺣﻀﺮﺕ ﺍﻣﺎﻡ)ﺱ( ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1343‬ﺍﺯ ﺷــﺎﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺍﺟﺮﺍ ﮔﺬﺍﺷﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻮ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﻣﺼﻮﻧﻴﺖ ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﻲ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺎﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺳﻮﻡ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﭘﻴﺘﻮﻻﺳﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻣﺠﻠﺴــﻴﻦ ﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺮﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﻝ ﺍﺳﻔﻨﺪ‪ 1343‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﺨﺎﺭﺍﻳﻲ )ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﻱ ﻫﻴﺌﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺆﺗﻠﻔﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ( ﻛﺸﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ‪ 1.‬ﺁﻳﺎ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺑﺮﺟﺴﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﻨﮕﻴﻦ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺴﻨﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﺧﻂ ﻧﻤﻲﺩﺍﺩ؟!‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻭﺍﻙ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺥ ‪ 1344/8/19‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻮپ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻖ ﺍﻃــﻼﻉ‪ ،‬ﺑــﻪﺯﻭﺩﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺳﺎﭼﻮﺳﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻴﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺍﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺑﺎﺯﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﺍﻛﺮﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻌــﺎﻑﺯﺍﺩﻩ ﻛﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻳﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺏ ﺗﺒﻠﻴﻎ ﻧﺸــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﻧﺮﻓﺘــﻪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻛﻪ ﺟﺮﺝ ﺁﻟﻦ‪ 2‬ﻫﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺪﻱ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﻢ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﻛﺴﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺷﺶﻣﺎﻫﻪ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 39‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺮﻳﺐ ﺷﺶ ﺍﻟﻲ ﻫﺸﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻣﺄﻣﻮﺭﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻴﺸــﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﺳــﻔﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭﻗــﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﻭﺯﻳﺮﻣﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺳــﻔﺎﺭﺕ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳــﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺧﺪﻣﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻮﻡ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ]ﺣﺴــﻨﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ[ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬــﺎ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫‪ . 1‬ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﺍﻳﺶ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺮﻭﺭ ﻭ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺣﺴﻨﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﺭﻙ‪ :‬ﻣﻨﻴﮋﻩ ﺻﺪﺭﻱ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺣﺴﻨﻌﻠﻲ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﻳﺖ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﺟﺮﺝ ﺁﻟﻦ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺩﻭ ﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻯ ‪ 1325 -1326 /1946 -1947‬ﻭ ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﻭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﺷﻨﮕﺘﻦ ﺣﺴﻴﻦ ﻋﻼء ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﺯ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻪ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﺖﻣﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺵ ﻭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺣﺰﺑﻲ ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺷﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻟﻴﺪﺭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻨﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﻛﻨﺪ‪.‬‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1287‬ﺩﺭ ﻳﺰﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻧﻴﺎ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺎﺗﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ﮔﺬﺭﺍﻧﻴﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺩﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺎﻟﺞ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﺗﺤﺼﻴﻼﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﭘﺎﻳﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺩ‪) .‬ﺑﻪ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻤﺎﻥﺟﺎ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻴﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳﭙﺲ ﺑﺎ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺁﺷﻨﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ (.‬ﺩﺭ ﺧﺼﻮﺹ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﻪ ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻲ‪ ،‬ﺍﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﺭﻙ‪ .1 :‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ‪ ،‬ﻫﻔﺖﺳﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ ﺁﺭﻳﺎﻣﻬﺮ )ﺯﻧﺪﮔﻴﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻭ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳﻤﺎﻋﻴﻞ ﺭﺍﺋﻴﻦ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﻪ ﻭ ﻧﺸﺮ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ‪1358 ،‬؛ ‪ .2‬ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ‪ ،‬ﭘﻴﻜﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻫﺮﻳﻤﻦ )ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﺯﻧﺪﺍﻥ(‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﻛﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﺧﺴﺮﻭ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺩﻭﺳﻲ‪1371 ،‬؛ ‪ .3‬ﻏﻼﻣﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﺻﺎﻟﺢ؛ ﺧﺎﻃﺮﺍﺕ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺟﻲ‪.1369 ،‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﻣﺴــﺘﺮ ﭘــﻮپ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺍﻗﺎﻣﺖ ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮ ﺳــﺎﺩﻩ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺗــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺟﺎﻝ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴــﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎً ﺗﻤﺎﺱ ﮔﺮﻓــﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺘﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﺕ ﺗﻮﻗﻒ‪ ،‬ﺷــﺶﺑﺎﺭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺣﻤﺪ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ‪ 1‬ﻣﻼﻗــﺎﺕ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﻧﻈﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻭ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﻮﺭ ﺳﻴﺎﺳــﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ )ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺧــﻮﺩ ﺁﺭﺍﻣﺶ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻨﺒﻊ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ(‪ .‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﺟﻌﺖ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺧﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺳــﻔﻴﺮ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺮﺧﺼﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺪﺕ ﺩﻭ ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺭﻓﺖ ﻭﻟﻲ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﻔﺘﺎﺩ ﺭﻭﺯ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻛﺸﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻔﻴﺮ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺗﺎﺯﻩﺍﻱ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫ﺷﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻩ ﺷﺮﻓﻴﺎﺏ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﻣﺘﺮﻗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺼــﻮﺭ ﺗﺸــﻜﻴﻞ ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤــﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﺎﻥ ﻭ ﭘﻴــﺮﻭﺍﻥ ﻃﺮﻓﺪﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳــﻜﺎ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﺑﺴــﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻓﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻲ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸــﺎﻩ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺧﻼﺻﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﺨﺎﺑﺎﺗﻲ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺣﺰﺏ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻮﻳﻦ ﺑﻪﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺁﻣﺪ‪ .‬ﺣﺎﻝ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪﺯﻭﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﺳﻔﺮ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻲﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺴﺖ‪...‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

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‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﻨﺪ ﻣﻮﺭﺥ ‪ 1344/10/13‬ﺳﺎﻭﺍﻙ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﭘﻮپ ﻣﻰ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﻴﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴــﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴــﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‪ .‬ﻣﺤﺘﺮﻣــﺎً ﺍﺩﺍﺭﻩ ﺩﻭﻡ ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺳــﻮﻡ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺴﺘﺸﺮﻗﻴﻦ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺎﺳﺎﭼﻮﺳﺖ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺿﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ]‪) [CIA‬ﺳــﻴﺎ( ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺗﺎ ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﻳــﺎﻥ ﺩﻱﻣﺎﻩ ﺳــﺎﻝ ﺟﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﺴــﺎﻓﺮﺕ ﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‬ ‫]ﺣﻀﻮﺭ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻩ[ ﺷﺮﻓﻴﺎﺑﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﻧﻤﺎﻳﺪ‪...‬‬

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‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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‫ﺳﺮﮔﺬﺷﺖ ﻏﻤﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﮔﻠﻲ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻰ؛ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﺷﻮﻡ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﻫﺮﺗﺴﻔﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪ 1312-1313 /1933 -1934‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﻱﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸــﻴﺪ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻫﻤﻜﺎﺭﻱ ﻫﻴﺌﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻫﺒﺮﻱ ﺷــﺎﺩﺭﻭﺍﻥ ﺳــﻴﺪﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﻲ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻮﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺭﻧﺴــﺖ ﻫﺮﺗﺴــﻔﻠﺪ ﺁﻟﻤﺎﻧــﻲ )‪ (1879-1948‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﺳــﺘﺤﻜﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﮔﻮﺷﻪ ﺷــﻤﺎﻝ ﻏﺮﺑﻲ ﺻﻔﻪ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ ﺩﺭﺳــﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻞ ﻛﺎﺥ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ‪ 30‬ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻮﺡ ﮔﻠﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺘﻦﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺧﻂ ﻣﻴﺨﻲ ﻋﻴﻼﻣﻲ )ﺑﻪ ﺍﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺯﻯ ‪ 3‬ﺗﺎ ‪7‬‬ ‫ﺳــﺎﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﭘﻬﻨﺎﻯ ‪ 2‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 6‬ﺳــﺎﻧﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻔﺘﻰ ‪ 1‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 2‬ﺳﺎﻧﺖ( ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻣﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺷﺶ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻮﺡ ﺳﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﺡﻫﺎ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ ﻳﺎ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﻭ ﺳــﺮﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺟﻠﮕﻪﺍﻱ ﻭ ﭘﺮﺁﺏ ﻋﻴﻼﻡ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻣﻨﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻟــﻮﺍﺡ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺮﻭﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺵ ﺑــﺰﺭگ )‪ 486-522‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻼﺩ( ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﻭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻴﺴﺖ ﻭ ﻫﺸﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻓﺮﻣﺎﻧﺮﻭﺍﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻮﺵ ﻳﻌﻨﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 509‬ﺗﺎ ‪ 494‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ ﻛﻮﭼﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﻳﮕﺎﻧﻲ ﻭﺍﻗﻌﻲ ﺩﻳﻮﺍﻥ ﺷﺎﻫﻨﺸﺎﻫﻰ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷــﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺻﻞ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺸــﺘﺮ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳــﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﻣــﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﮔﻞ ﺭﺱ ﺧﺎﻡ ﻳﺎ ﻧﭙﺨﺘﻪ ﻧﻮﺷــﺘﻪ ﺷــﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩﻧﺪ ﻭ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻫﻢ ﻧﺒﻮﺩﻩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺷــﻮﺩ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺮﻭﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺍ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺍﺯ ﻟﻮﺡﻫﺎ ﺗﺎﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺳــﺎﻟﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ ﺩﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻥ ﺷﮕﻔﺘﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻳﻮﺭﺵ ﺳﭙﺎﻩ ﺍﺳــﻜﻨﺪﺭ ﻣﻘﺪﻭﻧﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 330‬ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻴﻼﺩ )ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﺎً‬ ‫‪ 170‬ﺳﺎﻝ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﮕﺎﺭﺵ ﻟﻮﺣﻪﻫﺎ( ﻭ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻧﺪﻥ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻱ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺗﺶﺳــﻮﺯﻱ ﻛﺎﺥ ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺗﺎﻻﺭ ﺻﺪﺳــﺘﻮﻥ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻨﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺭﻭﻱ ﺧﺎﻭﺭﻱ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﭘﺨﺘﻪﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺤﻜﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻟﻮﺡﻫﺎﻱ ﮔﻠﻲ ﻭ ﭘﺎﻳﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺎ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺮﻭﺯ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳــﻦ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﮔﻠﻰ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺸــﻒ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻗﻮﻃﻰﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﻘﻮﺍﻳﻰ ﺑﺴــﺘﻪﺑﻨﺪﻯ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪ ﻭ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﺮﻗﻰ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻋﻬﺪﻩﺩﺍﺭ ﺧﺎﻛﺒﺮﺩﺍﺭﻯﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺸﻔﻴﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﻯ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1314‬ﺑﺎ ﺍﺟﺎﺯﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺗﻮﺳــﻂ ﺑﻨﮕﺎﻩ ﻣﺬﻛﻮﺭ ﺑﻪ ﻃﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﻗﺖ ﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺴــﻤﺘﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﺟﺮﺝ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﺮﻭﻥ ﻣﺘﺨﺼﺺ ﺯﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻟﺒــﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ ﺗﺮﺍﺵ ﺳــﻨﮓﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻛﺮﺩﻥ ﻧﻘﺶﻫﺎﻯ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸــﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺩﺍﻥ‬

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‫‪ . 1‬ﺳﻴﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺗﻘﻰ ﻣﺼﻄﻔﻮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺍﻗﻠﻴﻢ ﭘﺎﺭﺱ )ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺎﻛﻦ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﻓﺎﺭﺱ(‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺷﺎﺭﻩ‪ ،1375 ،‬ﺹ‪-410‬‬ ‫‪.409‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﺩﺭﻭﺩﮔﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﻨﺒﺖﻛﺎﺭ‪ ،‬ﺁﻫﻨﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺴــﮕﺮ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺎﺳــﺒﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﻥ ﺩﺳﺘﻤﺰﺩ ﻛﺎﺭﮔﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸــﻴﺪ ﻭ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕــﻰ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﻭ ﺟﻨﺴــﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷــﻮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﺮﻭﻥ ﻧﺨﺴــﺘﻴﻦ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤــﺎﻥ ﻣﺘﻦ ﻟﻮﺣﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ ﺑــﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﻟﻮﺣﻪﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺧﺰﺍﻧﻪ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸــﻴﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1327/1948‬ﺩﺭ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻣﻨﺘﺸــﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‬ ‫ﺭﻳﭽــﺎﺭﺩ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﻙ ﻫﻤﺘﺎﻱ ﺩﻳﮕــﺮ ﻛﺎﻣﺮﻭﻥ ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻮﺣﻪ ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﺩﺍﺩ‬ ‫ﻭ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﻭ ﺗﺮﺟﻤﺎﻥ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺏ ﻟﻮﺣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳــﺘﺤﻜﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪ 1348/1969‬ﺩﺭ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻭ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺸــﺮﻳﺎﺕ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﺎپ ﺭﺳــﺎﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﮔﺎﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻀﺎﻱ ﻭﺳﻴﻌﻰ ﺍﺳــﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻰ ﻳﻚﻫﺰﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷــﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻣﻬﻤــﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﮔﺎﻟﺮﻱ ﺍﺷﻴﺎﻱ ﺑﻪﺳﺮﻗﺖﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸﻴﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ‪ 1330/ 1951‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩﻯ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺳــﺘﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻣﻮﺷــﻲ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺳﭙﺮﺩﻩ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ‪ 29‬ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻞ ‪ 10 /2004‬ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪ 1383‬ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎﻯ ﺭﻭﻳﺘﺮ‪،CNN ،CBS ،‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﺮﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ ﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ ﻭ ﮔﺎﺭﺩﻳﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪﻥ ‪ 300‬ﻟﻮﺡ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺩﺍﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺧﺒﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﻴﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺩﺭ ‪28‬ﺁﻭﺭﻳﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﺑﺮﻩ ﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻃﻲ ﺁﻥ ﺍﻋﻼﻡ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ 300‬ﻟﻮﺡ ﮔﻠﻲ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻪ ‪ 70‬ﺳــﺎﻝ ﭘﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺖ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﭘﺲ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺩﺍﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﻴﻪ ﺁﻣﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ‪ 300‬ﻟﻮﺡ ﺑﺨﺸــﻲ ﺍﺯ »ﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻟﻮﺣﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻝ ‪ 1937‬ﺑﻪ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷﺪﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ «.‬ﺩﺭ ﺳــﻴﺰﺩﻫﻢ ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ ‪ ،1383‬ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﺍﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳــﻴﺼﺪ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻤﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺋﻴﺲ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻤﻌﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺳــﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﺯ »ﺣﺴﻦ ﻧﻴﺖ«‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻗﺪﺭﺩﺍﻧﻲ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺟﻴﻞ ﺍﺳــﺘﺎﻳﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﺍﺳﻢ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺑﻘﻴﻪ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﮔﻔﺖ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﺠﺎﻳﻲﻛﻪ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻩﺍﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﺭ ﻣﺸــﻜﻠﻲ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺯﻧﻴﻢ ﻛﻪ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎﻻﺕ‬

‫‪136‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﺣــﺪﻭﺩ ﺩﻭ ﻫﺰﺍﺭ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﺍﺩ ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭ ﺯﻳــﺎﺩﻱ ﺧﺮﺩﻩﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻘﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺯﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺳــﺎﻧﺪﻱﺗﺎﻳﻤﺰ ﺣﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﻗﻮﻉ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﻭ ﺑﺴﺘﻪﺷﺪﻥ ﺩﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺩﻭ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ ،1979‬ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻧﺘﻮﺍﻧﺴــﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻟﻮﺡﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺯﻭﺩﺗﺮ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﮔﺮﺩﺍﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﭘﺮﺳــﻴﺪ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎﻱ ‪1333-1357‬‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻋﺎﻟﻲﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺳــﻄﺢ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺷــﺖ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻗﻲﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎﺯﻧﮕﺮﺩﺍﻧﻴﺪ ﻭ ﭼﺮﺍ ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻥ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﺪﺍﺭ ﺷﺪ؟!‬ ‫ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﺪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺸﮕﺮ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻣﻘﻴﻢ ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ »ﻏﺎﺭﺕ‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺭﺿﺎﺷــﺎﻩ« ﺑﻪ ﻭﺳــﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴــﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺒﻨﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﻨﺎﺩ ﻋﻠﻨﻲﺷــﺪﻩ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﺳﻔﺎﺭﺗﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺘﺤﺪﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ‪ ،‬ﻧﺸــﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ ﻛــﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻫﻪ ‪1309-1319/1930‬‬ ‫ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻲ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﺗﺨﺖﺟﻤﺸــﻴﺪ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﺭﺗﻲ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺃﺱ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﺳــﻮﺩﺟﻮﻱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻲ ﭼﻮﻥ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﺭﻧﺴﺖ ﻫﺮﺗﺴﻔﻠﺪ‬ ‫ﻭ ﺷــﺮﻳﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﺘﺸــﺎﺭ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺩﻛﺘﺮ ﻣﺠﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳــﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺭﺍ ﻧﮕﺮﺍﻥ ﻛﺮﺩ‪ .‬ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺗﺼﻮﺭ ﻣﻲﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪﺯﻭﺩﻱ ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺠﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺭﺳــﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﻣﻮﺍﺟﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻜﺮ ﺍﻓﺘﺎﺩﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺨﺶ ﺑﺴﻴﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭼﻴﺰﻱ ﺍﺯ ﻏﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺎ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺍﺭﺗﺒﺎﻃﺎﺕ ﺩﻭﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺳﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺷــﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭼﻨﻴﻦ ﺑﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺷﺮﻕﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺴــﻮﺕ ﺍﻣﺎﻧﺘﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﻣﻴﻦ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺷــﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺬﻝ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺸــﺶ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﺭﺍ ﻏﺎﻓﻠﮕﻴﺮ ﻛﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﺧﻮﺍﺳــﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﭘﺲﮔﻴﺮﻯ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺑﺎﻗﻰﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸــﮕﺎﻩ ﺷــﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﻮﺭﺑﺨﺘﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﺪﺗﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺳﻴﺴﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﻰ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺴﺖﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪ . 1‬ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻰ ﻋﺒﺪﺍﷲ ﺷﻬﺒﺎﺯﻯ‪ www.shahbazi.org .‬ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ ﺑﺎ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ‪ :‬ﭼﺮﺍ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺼﺪ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪ ﮔﻠﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸﻲ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﭘﺲ ﺩﺍﺩ؟ ‪15‬ﺍﺭﺩﻳﺒﻬﺸﺖ‪ .1383‬ﻋﻠﺖ ﺧﺮﺩ ﺷﺪﻥ ﻛﺘﻴﺒﻪﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻭﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺣﻤﻞ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﭼﮕﻮﻧﮕﻰ ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ ﺑﺎﺯﻣﻰﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺳﺎﻳﺖ ﺍﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺘﻰ ﺧﺒﺮﮔﺰﺍﺭﻯ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ‪ www.chn.ir‬ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ‪ 300‬ﻟﻮﺡ ﺩﺭ ‪17‬ﺗﻴﺮ ‪ 1383‬ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﺩﻳﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ . 2‬ﻫﻤﺎﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪137‬‬ ‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

‫ﻛﺎﺭﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﺍﭘﻬﺎﻡ ﭘﻮپ‪ ،‬ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ‬

‫ﮔﺮﻩ ﺧﻮﺭﺩﻩ ﺍﺳــﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ ﺍﻳﻨﻜﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳــﺎﻝ ‪ 1371/1992‬ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻰ ﺗﺤﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﺑﻴﻤﻪ ﺭﻳﺴــﻚ ﺣﻤﻼﺕ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﺘﻰ« ﺭﺍ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺐ ﻛﺮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﺍﺳﺎﺱ ﺁﻥ ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﺘﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﺡ ﺷﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺩﻭﻟﺖﻫﺎﻯ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻰ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﻢ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺎﻥ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﮔﺮﺩﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ‪ ،‬ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻫﻔﺖ ﺩﻭﻟﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﺣﺎﻣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﺮﻭﺭﻳﺴﻢ ﻣﻌﺮﻓﻰ ﺷﺪﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﭼﻬﺎﺭﻡ ﺳﭙﺘﺎﻣﺒﺮ ‪ /1997‬ﺳﻴﺰﺩﻩ ﺷﻬﺮﻳﻮﺭ‪ 1376‬ﺑﻤﺒﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺎﺯﺍﺭ ﺑﻦ ﻳﻬﻮﺩﺍ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﺖﺍﻟﻤﻘﺪﺱ ﻣﻨﻔﺠﺮ ﺷــﺪ ﻛﻪ ﭼﻬﺎﺭ ﻛﺸــﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺩﻩﻫﺎ ﻣﺠﺮﻭﺡ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻤﺐﮔﺬﺍﺭﻯ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﺤﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﻧﺴــﺒﺖ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﺷــﺪ‪ .‬ﻗﺮﺑﺎﻧﻴــﺎﻥ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠــﻪ ﻣﺠﺮﻭﺣﺎﻥ ﻭ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺙ ﻛﺸﺘﻪﺷــﺪﮔﺎﻥ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩﻫﺎﻯ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷــﻜﺎﻳﺖ ﻛﺮﺩﻧﺪ؛ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﻬﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻛﻪ ﺍﻳــﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻤﺎﺱ ﻛﻤﻚ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ ﻭ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻃﺒﻖ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ﭘﻴﺶﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﺁﻧﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﭙﺮﺩﺍﺯﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺴــﺖﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺩﻳﻮﻳﺪ ﺍﺳﺘﺮﺍﭼﻤﻦ ﺍﺯ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺍﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻫﺨﺎﻣﻨﺸــﻰ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻰ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﺑﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻏﺮﺍﻣﺖ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺻﺪ ﻣﻴﻠﻴﻮﻥ ﺩﻻﺭﻯ ﺷــﺎﻛﻴﺎﻥ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺖ ﮔــﺮﺩﺩ‪ .‬ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺣﻜﻢ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺭﺍ ﺻﺎﺩﺭ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮕﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﻭﻛﻴﻞ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎﻳﻰ ﺑﻪ ﺭﺃﻯ‬ ‫ﺻﺎﺩﺭﻩ ﺍﻋﺘﺮﺍﺽ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻰﻛﻮﺷــﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺍﺕ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ ﺍﺯ ﺻﺪﻭﺭ ﺣﻜﻢ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﻰ‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺗﻮﻗﻴﻒ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ ﺗﺎ ﺑﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﺭﺍ ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻓﺖ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﻻﺑﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺗﻤﻨﺪ ﺻﻬﻴﻮﻧﻴﺴﺘﻰ ﺩﺭ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺭ ﺭﺳــﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺣﻘﻮﻗﻰ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻧﻔﻮﺫ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ؛ ﭼﻨﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻨﻮﺯ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﻭﻧﺪﻩ ﺑﻪ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﻧﺮﺳــﻴﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ! ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻣﺰﺑﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻫﻢ ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﻜﺎﮔﻮ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻯ ﻣﻰﺷﻮﻧﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺗﻜﻠﻴﻒ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻰ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻯ ﺩﺍﺩﮔﺎﻩ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺸﻜﻞ ﭘﺲ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺡ ﻭ ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺩﺯﺩﻳﺪﻩﺷﺪﻩ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺷﻴﻄﺎﻥ ﺑﺰﺭگ ﺍﻣﺮﻳﻜﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﺷﻮﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻭ ﻫﺮﺗﺴﻔﻠﺪ ﺑﻪ ﻳﺎﺩﮔﺎﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﻴﺮﺍﺙ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺁﺭﺗﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ ﻳﻌﻨﻰ »ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺁﺳﻴﺎﻳﻲ« ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻘﻼﺏ ﺍﺳﻼﻣﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻣﻨﺤﻞ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﺁﺭﺷﻴﻮ‬ ‫ﺑــﺰﺭگ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﺯ ﻫﻨﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺑﺎﺳــﺘﺎﻧﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺑﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋــﻪﺍﻱ ﺍﺯ ﭘﺎﺭﭼﻪﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺮﺵﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﻦ ﻭ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﻋﺘﻴﻘﻪ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻭ ﺟﻬﺎﻥ ﻛﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺑﻪ ﻛﻤﻚ ﺗﻴﻢ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺗﻰ ﻃﻲ ﺳﺎﻝﻫﺎ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺁﻭﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻮﺯﻩ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﺠﺴــﺘﺎﻥ )ﺷــﻴﺮﺍﺯ( ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺍﺯ ﻋﻜﺲﻫــﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ‪ .‬ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ ﭘﻮپ ﺷــﺎﻣﻞ ﻛﺘﺎﺏﻫﺎﻱ‬ ‫ﺑﺴــﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺩﺭﺑﺎﺭﻩ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺎﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺮ ﻭ ﺯﺑﺎﻥﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻧﻲ ﻫﻢﺍﻛﻨﻮﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺨﺎﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺮﺯﺍﻱ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯﻱ ﺩﺍﻧﺸﮕﺎﻩ ﺷﻴﺮﺍﺯ ﺑﻪ ﺷﻜﻞ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪﺍﻱ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ »ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﻓﺴﻮﺭ ﭘﻮپ« ﻧﮕﻬﺪﺍﺭﻱ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺩﻭﺭﻩ ﺳﻮﻡ ■ ﺳﺎﻝ ﻫﺸﺘﻢ ■ ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ‪ ■ 28‬ﺗﺎﺑﺴﺘﺎﻥ ‪90‬‬

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