ARC134 MODERN ARCHITECTURES We can use the term “modern” to describe any of the architectures that emerge from modernization processes playing out in different ways at various times and places. There are thus many modern architectures. “Modernist” architecture is a subset of these modern architectures, and it too is multiple and polymorphous.
Modernization The process of social reorganization to rationalize production, governance, and habits of everyday life.
Modernity The social, political, and cultural condition brought into being by modernization.
Modernism Art and culture that embraces the distinctively new features of modernity—but often ambivalently.
“Haussmannization� of Paris, 1853-1870 Restructuring of the city through construction of boulevards, civic institutions, and commercial enterprises urban renewal / apartment buildings / department stores / boulevard culture Baron Georges Haussmann, Prefect of the Department of the Seine
Arcades, 1820s-1860s Rise of modern consumer culture
Parisian arcades: L: Galerie d’OrlÊans (1828-1830) R: Galerie Colbert
Conspicuous consumption
Paul SĂŠdille, Magasin du Printemps, Paris, 1881-83
Paul SĂŠdille, Magasin du Printemps, Paris, 1881-83
Henri Labrouste, Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève, Paris, 1842-50
Charles Garnier, Opera, Paris, 1861-75
Charles Garnier, Opera, Paris, 1861-75
1852-71 1870-71 1875-1940
Second Empire Franco-Prussian War Third Republic
1875
Opera inauguration
Right: Third Republic President MacMahon at inauguration presenting Garnier with the cross of the Legion of Honor
Eugène-Emmanuel Viollet-le-Duc (1814-79) French Conservator of Monuments, advocate of structural rationalism and iron construction
Georges Cuvier (biologist) reconstruction of animal skeletons from partial fossil remains
Viollet-le-Duc: structural rationalist and organicist interpretation of Gothic architecture
Viollet-le-Duc: designs combining iron and masonry construction
Viollet-le-Duc, design for a market
Viollet-le-Duc, design for an apartment building (L) with medieval French half-timbered house (R)
Crystal Palace, London, 1851 structure by Joseph Paxton, ornament by Owen Jones Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations
Sir Charles Barry and A. W. N. Pugin, Houses of Parliament (Westminster), London, 1836-60
Richard Morris Hunt, Tribune Building, New York, 1874
George B. Post, Western Union Building, New York, 1873-75
9 stories, 260’ tall, iron cage construction
10 stories, 230’ tall
National industrial capitalism 1885-1935
Corporate city (metropolis)
Tall office building technologies: Metal frame / terracotta fireproofing / foundations / safety elevator
Burnham & Root, Reliance Building, Chicago, 1890-95 curtain-wall construction
Burnham & Root, Reliance Building, Chicago, 1890-95
curtain-wall construction
Burnham & Root, Reliance Building, Chicago, 1890-95
curtain-wall construction
Burnham & Root, Reliance Building, Chicago, 1890-95
Chicago window
Lower Manhattan, 1910s
World Columbian Exposition (Chicago World’s Fair), Chicago, 1893 Daniel Burnham: Chief of Construction F.L. Olmsted: Consulting Landscape Architect
Charles B. Atwood: Designer-in-Chief Augustus St. Gaudens : sculpture advisor
Senate Parks Commission (McMillan Commission), Replanning of the Mall, Washington DC, 1902 Burnham, McKim, Olmsted, and Augustus St. Gaudens City Beautiful Movement
Rio de Janeiro, late 19th century
Rio de Janeiro, hill leveling and coastal infill
Demolition of Morro do Castello to permit business district expansion
Meiji Restoration, 1867 ended the Tokugawa Shogunate / Edo period and restored imperial rule Tokuma Katayama, Nara National Museum, Nara, Japan, 1894 originally Nara Imperial Museum
Tokuma Katayama, Kyoto National Museum, Kyoto, Japan, 1889-95 originally Kyoto Imperial Museum French Renaissance revival, Beaux-Arts planning
High Court Madras, India 1888 Indo-Saracenic Style
National Art Gallery (originally Empress Victoria Memorial Hall) Madras, India 1906 Indo-Saracenic Style
Municipal Theater, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1905
Herbert Baker, Union Buildings, Pretoria, South Africa, 1910-13
Sir Edwin Lutyens New Delhi new capital of colonial India 1911
Sir Edwin Lutyens, Viceroy’s Palace, New Delhi, India, 1911 with dome, colonnade, etc. plus chajjas and chattris
Wright, Robie House, Chicago IL, 1908-09
Prairie House
Harvey Ellis, Arts and Crafts interior
(L, R) Robie House, interior
De Stijl movement Gerrit Rietveld, Schrรถder House, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1923-24
Gerrit Rietveld, Schrรถder House, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1923-24
Gerrit Rietveld, Schrรถder House, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 1923-24
Walter Gropius, Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany, 1925-26
Walter Gropius, Bauhaus, Dessau, Germany, 1925-26
Clockwise from top of axon: Workshop wing Technical College wing Studio (apartment) wing Between workshop and T.C: administrative bridge Between studio and workshop: dining hall + auditorium
Functionalism
factory aesthetic
Giuseppe Terragni, Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy, 1932-36 Italian Rationalism
Guiseppe Terragni, Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy, 1932-36 Italian Rationalism
Guiseppe Terragni, Casa del Fascio, Como, Italy, 1932-36
with Palazzo Farnese for comparison
ancient Roman basilica
Rear façade, with garden façade of the Late“garden Renaissance Rear façade”Palazzo Farnese for comparison Use of local symmetries
Garden façade- Palazzo Farnese, Rome
Piazza dell’Impero in front of the Casa del Fascio
Ministry of Health and Education (MES), Rio de Janeiro: initial sketch by Le Corbusier (left) and revised design (right)
Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer, with Le Corbusier as a consultant, Ministry of Health and Education (MES), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1937-43 First large-scale use of the brise-soleil (on the north side, with exposed curtainwall on the south side)
Ministry of Health and Education (MES
MES roof gardens by Roberto Burle Marx
ARC134 MODERNIZATIONS Colonization & Agricultural Modernization: North America + West Africa + China European colonization sustained by transatlantic trade radically transformed life in the Americas and Africa. It also generated new architectural strategies, such as syncretic architectural hybrids, and types, including the hacienda, the plantation, and the slave fort.
Diagram of a prototypical atrio or convento: A open chapel B apse with altar C north portal D western entrance to church E choir loft F cloister G portería H friar’s cells K refectory L posas M walled patío or atrio N patío cross O entrance Arrows indicate counterclockwise processional route
Hacienda = an agricultural compound of one- or two-story buildings, typically including dwellings, farm buildings, and a chapel organized around one or more patios
Hacienda (CiĂŠnega de Mata)
The “Middle Passage� from Africa to the Americas 9-12 million people
Destinations of enslaved Africans, 1700-1810
Elmina Castle, Elmina, Ghana, built 1482 by the Portuguese rebuilt 1637- by the Dutch
male and female dungeons
Cape Coast Castle, Cape Coast, Ghana Established 1555 by Portugal, built up successively by Danes, Fetu, Dutch, and British (1664-1877)
Governor’s Quarters entrance to Governor’s storeroom
Auction hall
Kingsmill Plantation, Virginia, late 18th century: big house and big house grounds
Hayes Manor, Chowan County, North Carolina, early19th century: big house and grounds
Boone Hall, South Carolina: approach and brick quarters; Westend, Virginia: big house and quarters
Boone Hall, Berkeley Co, SC
Double quarter, double quarter early 19th century
Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, near Charlottesville VA, 1771-82 and 1796-1809
Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, near Charlottesville VA, 1771-82 and 1796-1809 http://www2.monticello.org/index.html
Mulberry Row, including the Nailery (at right)
Isaac Jefferson, nailmaker, 1845
Monticello slave quarter
Jefferson’s project for a double quarter
Jefferson’s cabinet orrery writing machine bookstand
weathervane, serving door, dumbwaiters
Reconstructed field quarter, Carter’s Grove Plantation, near Williamsburg VA
Shotgun house rural frame shotgun rural Louisiana shotgun plans
single and double shotguns, New Orleans LA
Haitian shotgun variant (maison basse) in Port-au-Prince
Taino (Arawak) bohio from a 1535 engraving
rural Haitian wattle-and-daub shotguns
Yoruba (West African) two-room house
Yoruba and Edo house compounds, Aroko, Nigeria
shotgun framing patterns, Port-au-Prince, Haiti