Modernizations by Jonathan Massey

ARC134 MODERNIZATIONS Political & Scientific Revolutions: France / Industrialization: England + North America / Commercialization: Edo / Colonization & Agricultural Modernization: North America + West Africa + China / Secularization: Renaissance Italy

Modernization The process of social reorganization to rationalize production, governance, and habits of everyday life.

Modernity The social, political, and cultural condition brought into being by modernization.

Modernism Art and culture that embraces the distinctively new features of modernityâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;but often ambivalently.

ARC134 MODERNIZATIONS Political & Scientific Revolutions: France Enlightenment principles manifest in republican politics and the rise of science led patrons and architects to test new approaches to architectural form. The emphasis on prestige and display in court society gave way to new middle-class values of privacy and comfort.

Paris, 1614

Louvre Palace, Paris: French royal palace

Louis Le Vau, François Mansart, André Le Nôtre, et al., Château de Versailles, France 1664-1770s Louis XIV, 1643/1661-1715

trivium or trident

forecourts

Main entrance: ch창teau built for Louis XIII in 1624

Grand Apartment of the King -Stairway of the Ambassadors -Vestibules -Salon of Mars -Salon of Mercury -Salon of Apollo -Salon of War -Hall of Mirrors

Grand Apartment of the King enfilade

Grand appartement du roi Salon of War

Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun, Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), 1678

the kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bedroom

levée du roi

coucher du roi

“In that square monumental room, crowded behind the white-and-gold balustrade which cuts it in half, stand the favored few of the vast court, to watch in silence as the king gets up from his gorgeous satin-hung bed, aided by the correct court officers, with a ritual which controlled every motion.” – historian Talbot Hamlin

Palais Bourbon, Paris, 1722-29

Palais Bourbon: appartement de parade + appartement de commoditĂŠ display v. retreat

corridor and bathroom

Jacques-Franรงois Blondel, project for a country house, from De la distribution des maisons de plaisance (1737) bourgeois domestic architecture (bourgeoisie = middle class)

codification of the art of distribution emphasis on new value of commoditĂŠ (comfort)

aesthetic of conformation between furniture and interior dĂŠcor

commode (toilet)

introduction of plumbing

Enlightenment A process of philosophical, political, and cultural realignment emphasizing the value of reason and rationality as bases for life and social order. In response to the Enlightenment and the rapid social, policial, economic changes associated with modernization, “architecture after 1750 became self-consciously experimental as never before…this period was one of continual experimentation on the very nature of architecture, its capacity to represent and to communicate, even its capacity to affect and mould behaviour.” -- Barry Bergdoll, European Architecture 1750-1890 (Oxford University Press, 2000).

Marc-Antoine Laugier, Essay on Architecture, 1753

Allegory of the primitive hut structural rationalism: mimesis reconceived as the emulation of natural and rational constructive principles

Jacques Gondoin, School of Surgery, Paris, 1769-75

Jean-Jacques Lequeu, Temple of Equality (project) early 1790s Deism

Étienne-Louis Boullée Cenotaph for Sir Isaac Newton (project), 1783 architectural sublime

Ă&#x2030;tienne-Louis BoullĂŠe, Metropolitan Cathedral (project), 1781

Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, designs for architecture parlante = “speaking architecture” in which architectural character expresses program Prison (above); river springs inspector’s house (below left); family courthouse (below right)

Ledoux, Oikema (project): house of sexual initiation

Palais Bourbon transformed into a seat of republican government after 1789, in part through addition of Roman neoclassical portico and rotunda

Palais Bourbon, transformed to include the Hall of the Council of Five Hundred, 1795-97

Transformations of Versailles, real (left) and imagined (above): Etienne-Louis BoullĂŠe, Project for Versailles (top) Hall of the National Assembly (L)

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Haussmannizationâ&#x20AC;? of Paris, 1853-1870 Restructuring of the city through construction of boulevards, civic institutions, and commercial enterprises urban renewal / apartment buildings / department stores / boulevard culture Baron Georges Haussmann, Prefect of the Department of the Seine

Barricades in Berlin (L) and Prague (R), 1848

“Haussmannization” of Paris, 1853-1870

Boulevard culture: shop windows, cafĂŠs, restaurants, nightclubs

ARC134 MODERNIZATIONS Industrialization: England + North America By exploiting the power potential of wood, waterways, and then of coal, investors and manufacturers modernized production in mills and factories. Industrialization led to urbanization, the formation of new kinds of communities, and changes in the materiality and form of buildings.

Industrialization =

mechanization of production using water or steam power leading to factory production

undershot wheel (efficiency: 50-60%)

overshot wheel (up to 85%)

turbine (75-85%)

Left: water-powered gristmill with:

a) c) b) e) f)

sluice gate overshot waterwheel 22â&#x20AC;&#x2122; diam. crown wheel 12â&#x20AC;&#x2122; diam. bevel wheel pinion wheel that drives stone above

below: belt drive shaft

Jedediah Strutt, North Mill, Belper, England, 1803

Early factories on the Blackstone River in Pawtucket RI: Wilkinson Mill, 1810 Slater Mill, 1793 with later expansions

Zacharaiah Allen, Allendale Mill, North Providence, Rhode Island, 1822

Crown and Eagle Mills, North Uxbridge MA, 1825, 1829, 1851

worker housing community building with meeting hall over shops

Erie Canal, completed 1825

Daniel Badgerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Architectural Iron Works, New York, 1860s-

Architectural Iron Works catalogue, 1865

Crystal Palace, London, 1851 structure by Joseph Paxton, ornament by Owen Jones Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations

Crystal Palace: manufactured and assembled in 9 months out of: 6124 cast-iron columns 1245 wrought-iron girders on a structural module of 8â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

ARC134 MODERNIZATIONS Commercialization: Edo While the courtly protocols of the Tokugawa Shogunate prevailed in Kyoto, the new city of Edo (Tokyo) developed a modern commercial culture centered around the pleasures that could be bought in brothels, teahouses, and theaters.

Edo Japan

Edo (Tokyo), Japan founded 1603

Ukiyo-e = “pictures of the floating world” in woodblock prints

Ukiyo = the floating world, Edo pleasure-centered urban culture

courtesans

Entrance to Yoshiwara, Edo pleasure-district

Sumiya (Place of Peace and Long Life), Kyoto, Japan , 1641ageya = pleasure house

Kabuki theater

Kanamaru-za kabuki theater, Kotohira, Japan, 1835

ARC134 MODERNIZATIONS Colonization & Agricultural Modernization: North America + West Africa + China European colonization sustained by transatlantic trade radically transformed life in the Americas and Africa. It also generated new architectural strategies, such as syncretic architectural hybrids, and types, including the hacienda, the plantation, and the slave fort.

Christian reconquest (Reconquista) of the Iberian Peninsula, completed 1492

Tenochtitlรกn Aztec / Mexica capital 1325-1521 present-day Mexico City

16th-century depiction of conquistadores vanquishing indigenous population

First twelve Franciscan apostles to Mexico, as depicted in a mural from the convento of San Miguel, Heujotzingo, Puebla First seven Augustinian friars in Mexico, as depicted in a mural from the porterĂa of the convento of San NicolĂĄs de Tolentino, Actopan, Hidalgo

16th-century bishoprics of Spanish colonial Mexico

Population charts: mendicants above, Indians below

Locations of Mexican atrios or conventos

Franciscan depiction of an idealized atrio, 1579

Diagram of a prototypical atrio or convento: A open chapel B apse with altar C north portal D western entrance to church E choir loft F cloister G portería H friar’s cells K refectory L posas M walled patío or atrio N patío cross O entrance Arrows indicate counterclockwise processional route

West faรงade of the convento of San Francisco, Tlahuelilpa, Hidalgo, with open chapel

A open chapel D western entrance to church

Portería of the convento of Santa María Magdalena, Cuitzeo, Michoacán

G portería

Patio at atrio of Nuestra Señora, Izamal, Yucatán

M walled patío or atrio

West faĂ§ade of the convento church of San AgustĂn, Yuriria, Guanajuato: baroque stonework incorporating figure of a Chichimec warrior

PatĂo cross at San AgustĂn, Acolman, incorporating iconography of the Mixtec world tree responsible for human creation

Posa in the corner of the patio at San Miguel, Huejotzingo, Puebla

L posas N patĂo cross

16th-century depiction of the founding of Aztec capital Tenochtitlan, with pictograms indicating counterclockwise processional route of annual rites

Syncretic religious culture: Lordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Prayer in Testerian hieroglyphics with Nahuatl translation, 1614

Christian reuse of temple foundations and stones: Church at Tecoh, Yucatán, on temple base

Entrance to the patío/atrio of the convento of Nuestra Señora, Izamal, Yucatán, with carved threshold stone featuring fanged rain god Chac

Top right: Prototypical 16th-century open visita chapel in the Yucatan, built on temple base adjacent to Maya cenote or cave Bottom right: Prototypical 16th-century open chapel church in the Yucatan with palapa ramada

Hacienda = an agricultural compound of one- or two-story buildings, typically including dwellings, farm buildings, and a chapel organized around one or more patios

Hacienda (CiĂŠnega de Mata)

granaries and tinacales (agave distilleries)

Kingsmill Plantation, Virginia, late 18th century: big house and big house grounds

Hayes Manor, Chowan County, North Carolina, early19th century: big house and grounds

Boone Hall, South Carolina: approach and brick quarters; Westend, Virginia: big house and quarters

Boone Hall, Berkeley Co, SC

Double quarter, double quarter early 19th century

Reconstructed field quarter, Carterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Grove Plantation, near Williamsburg VA

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, near Charlottesville VA, 1771-82 and 1796-1809

Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, near Charlottesville VA, 1771-82 and 1796-1809 http://www2.monticello.org/index.html

Mulberry Row workshops and slave quarters

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;Middle Passageâ&#x20AC;? from Africa to the Americas 9-12 million people

Destinations of enslaved Africans, 1700-1810

Elmina Castle, Elmina, Ghana, built 1482 by the Portuguese rebuilt 1637- by the Dutch

male and female dungeons

Cape Coast Castle, Cape Coast, Ghana Established 1555 by Portugal, built up successively by Danes, Fetu, Dutch, and British (1664-1877)

Governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Quarters entrance to Governorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s storeroom

Auction hall

China/Europe 1700s+ Kenneth Pomeranz and Bin Wong, China and Europe 1500-200 and Beyond: What Is Modern? (New York: Columbia University Asia for Educators, 2004). http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/chinawh/index.html

ARC134 MODERNIZATIONS Humanism: Renaissance Italy The wealth generated by transatlantic trade supported a building boom in Europe, including the construction of churches, palaces, and villas by bankers and merchants in Florence and the Veneto. Adapting forms and principles from classical Rome, these patrons and their architects developed a humanist architecture that used pagan antiquity to legitimize new social arrangements that challenged Christian doctrine.

Pienza (formerly Corsignano), Italy View of an Ideal City, ca. 1490

Michelozzo di Bartolomeo [?], Pazzi Chapel, Church of Santa Croce, Florence, Italy, early 1430scommissioned by Andrea deâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Pazzi

Doctrine of harmonic proportion, or “the music of the spheres,” associated with Pythagoras Beauty = the materialization in form of a mathematical order found in nature Art = mimesis (imitation of divine perfection)

above: center: right:

anonymous, drawing of a music teacher Francesco di Giorgio, ideal church plan Alberti, façade of Santa Maria Novella

Leon Battista Alberti Santâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Andrea, Mantua, Italy, 1472commissioned by Ludovico Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua

Trajanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Arch, Ancona

S. Francesco

Albertiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s treatises: On Sculpture, 1433 On Painting, 1435 On the Art of Building in Ten Books, 1430s-1485

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) working in the Sforza court in Milan

Donato Bramante, Tempietto of San Pietro in Montorio, Rome, Italy, 1502-

central-plan precursor: Alberti, San Sebastiano, Mantua, 1460-

Byzantine martyrium type

Basilica plan (San Lorenzo)

frieze iconography: liturgical instruments (with antique pagan corollaries, below right)

Giuliano da Sangallo, Villa Medici, Poggio a Caiano, outside Florence, c. 1485 James Ackerman: a villa is “a building in the country designed for its owner’s enjoyment and relaxation;” a satellite of and counterpoint to the city.

Palladian villas in the Veneto or Terraferma

Palladio, Villa Capra (La Rotonda), outside Vicenza, 1550-

Roman baths