ARC134 COURT SOCIETIES Safavid Empire / Ottoman Empire / Mughal Empire / Ming Dynasty / Tokugawa Shogunate / Papal Rome / French Monarchy
Safavid Empire, Persia, 1502-1736 Isfahan, Iran, designated capital by Shah Abbas I in 1598
Mural in the reception room of the Chehel Situm Palace depicting Shah Tahmasp receiving the exiled Mughal Emperor Humayun in Qazvin in 1644
Safavid culture of rule through conviviality “At a typical banquet held in the latter half of the seventeenth century at the semi-open, pillared reception hall (talar) of the Chehel Situm Palace in Isfahan, several hundred guests enjoyed a multi-course meal accompanied by sherbets and wine as they delighted in the music, dance, and other entertainment. Presiding over the feast was the Safavid (1501-1722) shah, who sat in the semi-vaulted ayvan recess from which the ever-expanding spaces of the talar accommodated the hierarchical seating of the guests. Slender wooden columns, covered in faceted mirrors, colorfully painted and gilded, delineated a tripartite space and gave the ceremony its social order. Sumptuous textiles and carpets covered every surface where richly clad guests and hosts sat on cushions and mingled as food and drinks were served in gorgeous dishes and utensils of painted porcelain, glazed ceramic, carved aromatic woods, engraved jade, inlaid metal, and blown glass.� Sussan Babaie, Isfahan and Its Palaces: Statecraft, Shi’ism and the Architecture of Conviviality in Early Modern Iran (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008), 1.
Early 18th century engraving of a ceremony in a Safavid talar
Chehel Situm (Many Columns) Palace, 1647 primary site for ceremonial feasts one of four major palaces in the Daulatkhane
Isfahan: Maidan viewed from the east, showing remains of the Daulatkhane (palace compound) and its gardens, along with the Lotfollah Mosque in foreground
Isfahan, Iran: Safavid reconstruction after 1598 Maidan viewed from the east, focusing on an early version of the Daulatkhane (palace compound) and its gardens
Isfahan, Iran: Safavid reconstruction after 1598
Isfahan, Iran: Safavid reconstruction after 1598 Maidan viewed from the south, with old city to top right, palace compound at left, and Shah Mosque in lower foreground At left is the Chahar Bagh promenade linking gardens of the Daulatkhane to the river and main trade routes
Precursor capital cities: Tabriz 1501-155 Qazvin 1555-1598
Ali Qapu, Isfahan, 1602-15: Reconstruction showing Ali Qapu before addition of the talar in 1644, with Harem Gate (now destroyed) at left
talar = a flat-roofed porch supported by wooden columns
Ali Qapu (High Gate), 1602-15 with two-story talar added 1644 talar = a flat-roofed porch supported by wooden columns
Ali Qapu, Isfahan, 1602-15: Diagram of sectional shift from ground floor through audience hall to Music Room
Ali Qapu, Isfahan, 1602-15: Talar facing the maidan, added 1644
Ali Qapu, Isfahan, 1602-15: Audience hall on the third floor, with screened mezzanine windows allowing women of the harem to observe ceremonies
Ali Qapu, Isfahan, 1602-15: Music Room on the fifth floor, completed 1615
Maidan-i-Shah, Isfahan, rebuilt by Abbas I around 1598 525’ x 1709’
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/
Sheikh Lotfollah Mosque, Isfahan, 1603 iwan mosque typology named after the father-in-law of Shah Abbas reserved for the Shah’s private worship
Masjid-i-Shah, Isfahan, 1611-38 Friday mosque designed by Abu’l Qasim iwan mosque typology
qibla iwan or pishtaq portal 90’ H adaptation of the Roman triumphal arch featuring a pointed arch with corbelled muqarnas and brightly colored tile bearing calligraphic and arabesque ornamentation
Islamic territories ca. 1000
Chehel Situm (Many Columns) Palace, 1647 primary site for ceremonial feasts one of four major palaces in the Daulatkhane
Çinli Kiosk (Tiled Pavilion), Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, 1472
ARC134 COURT SOCIETIES Safavid Empire / Ottoman Empire / Mughal Empire / Ming Dynasty / Tokugawa Shogunate / Papal Rome / French Monarchy
Ottoman Empire, Turkey, 1453-1920 Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) capital after its conquest in 1453
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul begun 1460s by Mehmet II
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul begun 1460s by Mehmet II Courts A B C D
Gates Kiosks
Second Court Third Court Harem Hanging garden
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul begun 1460s by Mehmet II Courts A B C D
Gates Kiosks
Second Court Third Court Harem Hanging garden
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul begun 1460s by Mehmet II
Imperial Gate, 1478 #1 on axonometric
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul begun 1460s by Mehmet II
Çinli Kiosk (Tiled Pavilion), 1472 built for Mehmet II
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul begun 1460s by Mehmet II
Baghdad Kiosk, 1639 #31 on axonometric
Khwand Foundation, Kayseri, Turkey, 1237-38 k端lliye including mosque and madrasa k端lliye = Ottoman term for a complex that centers on a mosque but often includes a madrasa, a hammam, and sometimes additional institutions such as hospital or medical school
K端lliye of Beyazit II, Edirne, 1484-88
Koca Mimar Sinan, Külliye of Süleyman I (Süleymaniye), Istanbul, 1550-57 Koca Mimar Sinan, 1489-1588: Chief architect to sultans Selim I, Suleiman I, Selim II, and Murad III Suleiman I “the Magnificent” ruled 1520-66, transformed Istanbul into a major center of Islamic civilization
Hagia Sophia
Ulu Cami
S端leymaniye
Koca Mimar Sinan, S端leymaniye, Istanbul, 1550-57
Koca Mimar Sinan, S端leymaniye, Istanbul, 1550-57
Zacharias Wehme, “The Friday Procession of Sultan Selim II to the Suleymaniye Mosque,” 1582
The Islamic World ca. 1500 Historical Atlas of Islam, ed. William C. Brice (Leiden: Brill, 1981)
Palace types in Isfahan’s Daulatkhane: L: Talar type palaces R: Hasht-behesht type palaces Talar = porch Hasht-behesht = eight paradises
Hasht Behesht Palace, Isfahan, 1669: north (primary) faรงade with talar
Hasht Behesht Palace, Isfahan, 1669: north talar with pool and coffered ceiling
Hasht Behesht Palace, Isfahan, 1669: central domed reception room with muqarnas and lantern
Isfahan, Iran: Safavid reconstruction after 1598 Chahar Bagh promenade organizes Isfahan into a metaphorical chahar bagh or four-quadrant Persian garden like those that line the promenade in and around the royal precinct This reflects the Safavid imperial ideology in which Isfahan is an earthly approximation of Shi’ite paradise
ARC134 COURT SOCIETIES Safavid Empire / Ottoman Empire / Mughal Empire / Ming Dynasty / Tokugawa Shogunate / Papal Rome / French Monarchy
Mughal Empire, 1526-1858 Primary imperial cities: Agra Lahore Delhi
Rauza-I-Munavvara (Taj Majal), Agra, India, 1631-46 Built by Shah Jahan
Domed tomb designed by architects Ahmad Lahawri, ‘Abd al-Karim Ma’mur Kah, and Makramat Kahn to commemorate the Shah’s wife, Mumtaz Mahal
Mirak Mirza Ghiyas, Humanyan’s Tomb, Delhi, India, 1570 Built by Akbar to commemorate his father
Four-garden charh bagh plan with quadrants divided by water channels, based on Persian models and symbolizing paradise
chhatri= domed open pavilion or kiosk
octagonal hasht-behesht planning
Humanyan’s Tomb
Gur-i-Amir tomb, Samarkand, Persia, 1404
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Gur-i-Amir tomb, Samarkand, Persia, 1404 Timurid precursor to Mughal tombs
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Sabz Burj (Green Tower), Delhi, ca.1540
Nila Gumbad (Blue Dome), Delhi, ca.1540
Timurid tomb type with dome over hasht-behesht plan, synthesized with decorative elements and materials from buildings of the early Delhi Sultanate, 13th-14th centuries
Sabz Burj (Green Tower), Delhi, ca.1540
Nila Gumbad (Blue Dome), Delhi, ca.1540
Timurid tomb type with dome over hasht-behesht plan, synthesized with decorative elements and materials from buildings of the early Delhi Sultanate, 13th-14th centuries
Ornamental sandstone style of the early Delhi Sultanate, 13th-14th c. Example: Ala’I Darwaza, Quwwat al-Islam Masjid, Ala’I Darwaza, Delhi, 1311 At left, shown here with adjacent tomb and minaret
Sher Mandal, Old Fort, Delhi, ca. 1550 Timurid/Safavid pavilion type on a hasht-behesht plan with Indian decoration, crowned by a chhatri
Humanyan’s Tomb
Topkapi Palace, Istanbul Ottoman imperial palace, begun 1460s by Mehmet II: Baghdad Kiosk, 1639 Imperial Gate, 1478
Mughal emperors Babur Humanyan Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb
1526-30 1530-39, 1555-56 1556-1605 1605-27 1628-58 1658-1707
Dynastic group portrait, 1630, showing Akbar at center, transferring the Timurid crown to his grandson Shah Jahan as his son Jahangir watches at left
Red Fort of Shahjahanabad, Delhi New palace-fortress like those at Agra and Lahore #15 on map
Red Fort of Shahjahanabad, Delhi New palace-fortress like those at Agra and Lahore
Red Fort of Shahjahanabad, Delhi New palace-fortress like those at Agra and Lahore Lahori Gate #2 terminates the Chandni Chowk, major commercial/bazaar street of Delhi, extended into Red Fort by a covered bazaar. This leads along major public axis to the great courtyard of public audiences, dominated by the Diwan-i-Am #4. Main buildings for imperial and private use are along eastern side, riverfront.
Red Fort, Delhi, India: Diwan-i-Am , 1638 Public audience hall: columned hall 9 bays wide and 3 bays deep Site of daily public appearances by the shah
Red Fort, Delhi: Diwan-i-Khas, 1638 Built by Shah Jehan private audience hall with chajjas (stone eaves) and lobed arches
Red Fort, Delhi: Diwan-i-Khas, 1638 Built by Shah Jehan private audience hall with chajjas (stone eaves) and lobed arches
Red Fort of Shahjahanabad, Delhi
Diwan-i-Am public audience pavilion containing ceremonial throne with bangla (curved cornice)
ARC134 COURT SOCIETIES Safavid Empire / Ottoman Empire / Mughal Empire / Ming Dynasty / Tokugawa Shogunate / Papal Rome / French Monarchy
Ming Dynasty China, 1368-1644 Beijing: Forbidden City, Inner City, Outer City Ming capital from ca. 1402
Forbidden City imperial palace complex begun 1406
http://www.world-heritage-tour.org/asia/china/ming-qing/beijing/forbidden-city/map.html
3 Meridian Gate top left
4 Gate of Supreme Harmony bottom
9 Gate of Heavenly Purity top right
Feng Shui A system for ordering the built environment to bring the forces of heaven, humanity, and earth into harmonic alignment for the sake of stability and prosperity. Based on interplay and harmonization between Yin and Yang. Yin = shade, mountain, cold, rain, right hand, feminine. Yang = sun, heat, drought, left hand, masculine. Also based on correlations between: Five Elements: wood, fire, earth, metal, water Five Directions: east, south, center, west, north Five colors: green/blue, red, yellow, white, black Five Musical Notes
Key elements of imperial Chinese ceremonial architecture: -- use of symmetry and axiality to establish relationship and hierarchy -- use of bases or platforms to distinguish ritual precincts -- timber frame construction elaborated with bracket sets and carved and painted decoration -- gabled roofs with glazed tiles and figurative finials
timber frame construction elaborated with bracket sets and carved and painted decoration tou-kung = bracket set
ARC134 COURT SOCIETIES Safavid Empire / Ottoman Empire / Mughal Empire / Ming Dynasty / Tokugawa Shogunate / Papal Rome / French Monarchy
Tokugawa Shogunate Japan, 1603-1867 Himeji-jo (Himeji Castle) Himeji, Japan, 1577
Ninomaru Palace at Nijo-jo (Nijo Castle), Kyoto, Japan
Corner turret and east main gate garden
Honmaru Palace
Ninomaru Palace viewed through Karamon
Karamon (gate) with kara-hafu gable
post-and-beam construction
Ninomaru Palace: Ohiroma reception rooms
Shoin style architecture
Ohiroma reception rooms Elements of Shoin architecture: fusuma screens = painted screens shoji screens = translucent screens tatami mats 3’ x 6’ module jodan no ma = upper chamber gedan no ma = lower chamber chodai no ma = ancillary chamber
Elements of Shoin architecture:
fusuma screens shoji screens tatami mats coffered ceiling
jodan no ma = upper chamber gedan no ma = lower chamber chodai no ma = ancillary chamber
tokonoma = decorative alcove tsukeshoin = desk alcove chigaidana = staggered shelves chodaigamae = decorative doors
Elements of Shoin architecture:
fusuma screens shoji screens tatami mats coffered ceiling
jodan no ma = upper chamber gedan no ma = lower chamber chodai no ma = ancillary chamber
tokonoma = decorative alcove tsukeshoin = desk alcove chigaidana = staggered shelves chodaigamae = decorative doors
Elements of Shoin architecture:
fusuma screens shoji screens tatami mats offered ceiling
jodan no ma = upper chamber gedan no ma = lower chamber chodai no ma = ancillary chamber
tokonoma = decorative alcove tsukeshoin = desk alcove chigaidana = staggered shelves chodaigamae = decorative doors
ARC134 COURT SOCIETIES Safavid Empire / Ottoman Empire / Mughal Empire / Ming Dynasty / Tokugawa Shogunate / Papal Rome / French Monarchy
Carlo Maderno, Palazzo Barberini, Rome, 1625-1629 assisted by Bernini and Borromini, 1629-
Carlo Maderno, Palazzo Barberini, Rome, 1625-1629 assisted by Bernini and Borromini, 1629-
piano nobile
ground floor
stair guard room
first anteroom chapel
second anteroom
audience room private bedroom service room
Michelangelo Buonarroti, Piazza del Campidoglio, Rome, 1538-
Initiated by Pope Paul III (Alessandro Farnese) after ceremonial visit of Emperor Charles V along the Via Sacra in 1536
Campidoglio
Rome of Sixtus V
Piazza del Popolo, Rome trident with twin churches, 1660s
Donato Bramante, Cortile del Belvedere, Vatican Palace, Rome, 1505-
St. Peter’s, Rome 4th century Constantinian basilica (upper L) Transformed successively by: - Bramante (upper R), - Antonio da Sangallo (lower L), - Michelangelo (lower R), and others
St. Peter’s plans by -- Michelangelo (L) and -- Carlo Maderno (R) chief architect 1603-15 nave extension and new façade
Maderno’s façade
Bernini, work at St. Peter’s, 1624-1660s: Colonnade and piazza, crossing decorations, baldacchino, statuary on the Ponte Sant’Angelo, Cathedra Petri client: Pope Urban VIII, ascended 1623
Colonnade and Piazza
Piazza San Pietro
Piazza del Campidoglio for comparison
Baldacchino
Crossing decorations: reliquaries in upper pier niches
Statuary on the Ponte Sant’Angelo
Cathedra Petri (Throne of St. Peter)
ARC134 COURT SOCIETIES Safavid Empire / Ottoman Empire / Mughal Empire / Ming Dynasty / Tokugawa Shogunate / Papal Rome / French Monarchy
Paris, 1614
Baroque urban planning and palaces in France Planned squares, avenues, and axes reorganize Paris to reflect royal authority and aristocratic wealth. Europe’s most elaborate court society is reflected in the palace-town of Versailles, where national and royal power is reflected in a prestige economy based on luxury and display. Place des Vôsges (originally Place Royale), Paris, 1606-12 Jules-Hardouin Mansart, Place Vendôme, Paris, 1698 Jean du Cerceau, Hôtel de Sully, Place des Vôsges, Paris, 1624-29 Claude Perrault, East façade of the Louvre Palace, Paris, 1667-70 Louis Le Vau, François Mansart, André Le Nôtre, et al., Château de Versailles, France, 1661-1770s
Louvre Palace, Paris: French royal palace
Claude Perrault, east faรงade of the Louvre Palace, Paris, 1667-70 with Louis Le Vau and Charles le Brun Below: unbuilt designs by Bernini (L) and Pietro da Cortona (R)
François Mansart, Château de Maisons, Maisons, France, 1642-46
Renaissance centralized palazzo v. Baroque axial palazzo
mansard roof
pavilions
parterres
Louis Le Vau, François Mansart, André Le Nôtre, et al., Château de Versailles, France 1664-1770s Louis XIV, 1643/1661-1715
Main entrance: ch창teau built for Louis XIII in 1624
trivium or trident
forecourts
Formal gardens by Andr茅 Le N么tre
Garden front as rebuilt by Le Vau in the 1660s
Older hip roof (R) Newer flat roof with balustrade (L)
Garden front as rebuilt by Jules Hardouin-Mansart, 1678-1703
2000’ long
Grand Apartment of the King -Stairway of the Ambassadors -Vestibules -Salon of Mars -Salon of Mercury -Salon of Apollo -Salon of War -Hall of Mirrors
Grand Apartment of the King enfilade
Grand appartement du roi Salon of War
Jules Hardouin-Mansart and Charles Le Brun, Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors), 1678
the king’s bedroom
levée du roi
coucher du roi
“In that square monumental room, crowded behind the white-and-gold balustrade which cuts it in half, stand the favored few of the vast court, to watch in silence as the king gets up from his gorgeous satin-hung bed, aided by the correct court officers, with a ritual which controlled every motion.” – historian Talbot Hamlin