Jordan Kiehne 12147359
RESEARCH FOLIO
KURSAAL LOCATION SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN STRATERGY INTRODUCTION RESILANCE DESIGN INTERGRATION SECTION ANALYSIS I. PANEL II. STRUCTURE III. ALGAE MATRIX CLIMATE ANALYSIS INTERGRATION SKETCH DEVELOPMENT BIBLOGRAPHY FINAL PANELS
KURSAAL LIES ON THE BEACH AT SAN SEBASTIAN. WITH CURRENT MODELING AND PREDICTIONS, THIS SITE WILL BE UNDERWATER IF THE SEA LEVEL WERE TO RAISE BY TWO METRES. THE RESILIENCE OF THE SITE AND OF THE BUILDING RELY ON THE INTRODUCTION OF A NET POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO OFFSETTING CARBON IN A FINITE WORLD. THESE CONTRIBUTIONS COME FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF THE ALGAE PANELS PLACED IN EXPLOITED POSITIONS AROUND THE FACADE OPTIMISING DIRECT SUNLIGHT PATHS, WIND, AND WATER FLOW ON THE SURFACE. THIS CONTEMPORARY FACADE PRODUCES ENERGY AND BIOMASS THAT FURTHER PUSHES FOR GREATER RESILIENCE IN ITS URBAN CONTEXT. WHILE THIS ADDITION REQUIRES LARGE TRANSFORMATIONS TO THE STRUCTURE TO SUPPORT ITSELF, RECYCLED COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDLING HAVE BEEN REUSED WHERE POSSIBLE.
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Moneo developed Kursaal with the vision of rocks by the sea. This imagery and metaphor is key to the performance and the aesthitc of the building. Its relationship with its context relys on this vision, and therefore it must be maintained for the resiliance of the social context of the site. Heeding to this intention, and further analysising this metaphor we wondered what has nature curated in this context to make it part of a greater eco system. Algae and moss develops in both salt water and fresh water senarois latching onto any agregate were possible, this symbotic system helps both the greater ecosystem and climate itself. Utiliesing this mechanism to provide net benfit for the greater eco sytem while also shifting the focus towards positive developments for the future of the world, can be read out of the metaphor that Moneo envisoined. Functioning in a symbotic way to the existing site, the relationship between the addition requires conservative choices in the intervetions created at Kursaal.
In the contemporary urban fabric setting, popularity of glass faรงades is on the rise due to innovative aesthetics. However, the environmental impact from glass facades is of increasing concern because of their high heat loss and unwanted heat gain. As a sustainable alternative, we propose an algae faรงade system that integrates an algae bioreactor within a glazing faรงade. Algae facades provide good daylight transmission and shading capability, perform efficiently as a loadbearing faรงade system, and can replace current glazing systems with adequate thermal and structural performance. An algae facade is designed to improve indoor air quality through O2 production and CO2 absorption as a result of photosynthesis of algae. In addition, algae grown from bio-facades have the potential to be converted into renewable fuel stocks such as biomass or biofuel. The panels were developed from the form developed and teseted by EcoLogicStudio,their 1:1 model of the bio canopy demonstrated the cability of algae as an architectural material. With the added case study of BIQ House, the ability for algae to perform in these senorios and achieve an outcome are evident. Therefore making it the ideal material and technology for dealing with the resilance of the site of Kursaal at San Sabestian.
A Feasibility Study of an Agae Facade System, Kyoung-Hee Kim, International Conference on Sustainable Builiding Asia, SB13 Seoul
I PANEL
II STRUCTURE
III ALGAE
I. PANEL
The Urban Algae Canopy by ecoLogicStudio
The algae facade system is made of an algae bioreactor system integrated between two glazing systems. The bioreactor system is contained between two sheets of acrylic where the algae grow in a nutrient-rich liquid. A “vision zone” and an “algae-growing zone” are configured to offer good energy and structure performance. An unobstructed vision zone allows viewing, daylighting and ventilation where necessary. The algae-growing zone is a water cavity containing algae cultures. The algaegrowing apparatus is made up of distribution pipes and mechanical systems including an air pump, a water pump and an algae filtration system. Figure 1 shows an overview of an algae facade system.
Exploded analysis of Algae facade components
The panel that was developed for Kursaal, was a custom bespoke panel incorpartating all the system required for the algae culture. The panel was designed to be easily installed and re configured if required, with changing climatic conditions. The systems uses tried and teseted methods from a case study by Arup in Germany. BIQ House incorprates algae panels along its facade as a louvre like system. Taking their outcomes, we see our facade surpassing their own, on sheer surface area alone. Algae Biomass: Bioreactor faรงade: Heat:
PANEL EXPLODED
6mm PLEXI GLASS
ALGAE CULTURE AND WATER MASS. CARBONATE SHEETS LAYED ACCORDINGLY
30KWh/m2.year 6 tn per year of CO2 reduction 150KWh/m2y
STAINLESS STEEL FRAME WITH BRACKETS FIXED TO STRUCTURE. PIPING AND DUCT WORK INSIDE CAVITY
6mm PLEXI GLASS
Panel system used in BIQ House, Germany
Typical Algae System Panel
II. STRUCTURE
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AXONOMETRIC STRUCTURAL MODEL
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In reference to the maxtrix, the structure was developed from solar and rain optimisation. The sytem had to be intergrated with the original structure so to minimise the impact to the site and footprint, while allowing redistrubution and intsalation of the panels. Based off the Water Cube the new super structure imitated the main connections and fixtures used within the water cube construction. Using details seen and researched from the watercube and similar “space frame� structures the new facade was shaped and fixed to the existing. While being informed from the research done into the matrix and optimal solutions regarding both Solar and Water flows. Intergrated into this frame was the water and air systems required for the panels. These were connected back to both the supplys and out flows of the system and site.
Water Cube structural details
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III. ALGAE
Algae is an informal term for a large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms. Algae can grow in both Aquatic and non aquatic senaros, and in both Salt water and Fresh Water. Algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from cyanobacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. Utilising all these qualites of algae to maximise the potential carbon offset of the site, while additionally acting as a filtration system for both storm water on site , and from off site. The algae utilised in the panels requires a constant flow of external air and water provide from on site, these are transfered through piping into the panel. Maintaing the original elements of the existing site panels will be mixed with vaious cultures of algae to achieve high quality filtration and Carbon extraction with additional glowing cultures referencing existing elements.
False-color scanning electron micrograph of an Algae Cell
Pyricystis fusiformis and Noctiluca Scintillans glowing on a beach near Hong Kong
An algae scrubber is a water filtering device (not to be confused with a scrubber pad used to clean glass) which uses light to grow algae; in this process, undesirable chemicals are removed from the water. Algae scrubbers have allowed saltwater and freshwater aquarium and pond hobbyists the ability to operate their tanks the way that oceans and lakes operate: using natural filtration in the form of primary production.
Diagram of typical Algae Scrubber
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Climatic modeling of San Sabestian establishes a base on which to develop an intervention that responds to the established goals of the project. Enabling a parametric base on which to establish a model that incorpates both the systems in which will operate ,but also the optimal situation for these system to be established. Development of this comes from the solar analysis of seasonal change and total thermal radiation. San Sebestian lies in the northern hemisphere therefore giving all western facing elevations greater total thermal radiation over the year. This is why it is established in the matrix that the Southern, Western and Roof elevations are the facades used for the deployment of the intervention.
The radiation diagrams show the total thermal raditaion recived by each elavtion for the duration of the month. The results are shown diagramitically in refernce to the key. The results are not unexpected for the change in seasons during the summer and winter months as radition from the sun becomes more intense during different periods. Additionally it is clear to see the angles in which each month has favoured radiation conditions.
Each season was analysised to geometrically extrpolate the optimal facade shape to gain the largest amount of solar raditaion, within parameters. Shown here is each elevation and its respective geometric optimisation.
WINTER
SPRING
SUMMER
SPRING
Structural supports to maximise paneling system
Paneling of mesh to create system of deployable parts
Merging of intersects to generate a buildable mesh
Contoured varition of optimal facade elevation
Overall the system was confiugured to result in the total outcome of all senarois to provide a best fit for the site. Shown is the overall matrix. The four segments of its materialisation are as follows the contoured varition of optimal facade elevations, the merging of thes intersects to generate a buildable mesh, paneling of the mesh to create system of deployable parts, and generating the structural supports to maximise the paneling system. These segments were generated using Grsshopper to parametrically analysis the geometry of the facade in responding to the solar analysis.
SKETCH DEVELOPMENT
Anlysis prototype and parametic design development and discussion
Varition of panels that moved as oxygen was produced during the day, making the facade change throughout the day as more radiation was absorbed by the algae. used a piston system to move the panels.
Anaylsis of the protypes aviable to alage facades and how each operated.
Diagrams showing the thinking and prototype for BIQ House, focusing on the way water and air was introduced into the panel.
internal glass redeployment and re use to match external substructure
Discussion diagrams, showing methods for the intergration of both the matrixs and the structure.
REFERENCES ecoLogicStudio, Interni-Expo, Milian Urban Algae Canopy, April 2014, http://www.ecologicstudio.com/v2/project.php?idcat=7&idsubcat=59&idproj=129 A Feasibility Study of an Agae Facade System, Kyoung-Hee Kim, International Conference on Sustainable Builiding Asia, SB13 Seoul Web URBANIST, Algae-Fueled Building: World’s First Bio-Adaptive Facade, 2014, http://weburbanist.com/2013/05/02/algae-fueled-building-worlds-first-bio-adaptive-facade/ ArchitectureWeek, Design Tools, Courtesy of Arup, PTW & CSCEC, 2008, http://www.architectureweek.com/2008/0430/tools_1-2.html Nutrient Cycling In The Great Barrier Reef Aquarium. Proceedings of the 6th International Coral Reef Symposium, Australia, 1988, Vol. 2 The BIQ House: first algae-powered building in the world, BUILDUP, 2015, Germany, http://www.buildup.eu/en/practices/cases/biq-house-first-algae-powered-building-world Future building materials: algae facades and phase change concrete, Nathan Johnson, Architecture and Design, Info Link, 2016, http://www.architectureanddesign.com.au/news/future-building-materials-algae-facades-pcm-concre Algal Response To Nutrient Enrichment In Forested Oligotrophic Stream. Journal of Phycology, June 2008
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KURSAAL LIES ON THE BEACH AT SAN SEBASTIAN. WITH CURRENT MODELING A ND PREDICTIONS, THIS SITE WILL BE UNDERWATER IF THE SEA LEVEL WERE TO RAISE BY TWO METRES. THE RESILIENCE OF THE SITE AND OF THE BUILDING RELY ON THE INTRODUCTION OF A NET POSITIVE CONTRIBUTION TO OFFSETTING CARBON IN A FINITE WORLD . THESE CONTRIBUTIONS COME FROM THE INTRODUCTION OF THE ALGAE PANELS PL ACED IN EXPLOITED POSITIONS AROUND THE FACADE OPTIMISING DIRECT SUNLIGHT PATHS, WIND, AND WATER FLOW ON THE SURFACE. THIS CONTEMPORARY FACADE PRODUCES ENERGY AND BIOMASS THAT FURTHER PUSHES FOR GREATER RESILIENCE IN ITS URBAN CONTEXT. WHILE THIS ADDITION REQUIRES L ARGE TRANSFORMATIONS TO THE STRUCTURE TO SUPPORT I TSELF, RECYCLED COMPONENTS OF THE BUILDLING HAVE BEEN REUSED WHERE POSSIBLE.
1m 2m
ENOCH CHIU JORDAN KIEHNE LOUISA CHEN SARAH GENOVESE
LOCATION SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN
SCALE
ARCHITECT RAFAEL MONEO
DATE 02 / 06 / 2017 CATEGORY DIFFUSED GLASS TUTOR LUKE FARRUGIA
PA RA M E T R I C D E P LOY M E N T
STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAME STRUCTURAL FRAME WITH ALGAE SERVICING PIPES INSIDE HARNESSING WATER FLOW TO ALLOW ALGAE GROWTH WITHIN PANELS
ALGAE PANELS GRIDED DISTRIBUTION OF ALGAE ACCORDING TO HIGHEST POINTS OF RADIATION WHERE LOWER POINTS ARE CULLED AT A SET PERCENTAGE
GENERATED FORM PANEL FORM GENERATED AT A 7X7 BASE GRID THROUGH VORNOI BASE STRUCTURE
STRUCTURAL CONTOURS CONTOURED SOLAR HIERARCHY MOULDING THE SURFACE TO UTILITIES THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF RADIATION
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AVERAGE RADIATION ANALYSIS
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LEV AT IO
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FACADE ROOF PLAN
50% ALGAE SURFACE AREA 29/58 PANELS ARE ALGAE
PANEL
STEEL FRAME
FACADE EAST ELEVATION
75% ALGAE SURFACE AREA 44/58 PANELS ARE ALGAE
25% ALGAE SURFACE AREA 9/36 PANELS ARE ALGAE
FACADE SOUTH ELEVATION
ALGAE
LEVEL 6
SOLAR PANEL
LEVEL 5 LEVEL 4 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 1 4m GROUND 1:250
WATER PIPES
ENOCH CHIU JORDAN KIEHNE LOUISA CHEN SARAH GENOVESE
LOCATION SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN
SCALE AS NOTED
ARCHITECT RAFAEL MONEO
DATE 02 / 06 / 2017 CATEGORY DIFFUSED GLASS TUTOR LUKE FARRUGIA
6MM PLEXI GLASS TEMPERATURE SENSORS AND LIQUID CONTROL SENSORS TRANSPARENT POLYCARBONATE SHEET
REACTOR COMPARTMENT WITH ALGAE CULTURE AIR AND WATER INTAKE
PANEL BRACKETS FIXED ONTO SUPER STRUCTURE VIA BOLTS
PANELS ARE CREATED OFFSITE AND FITTED ONTO SUPERSTRUCTURE AFTER COMPLETION VIA BRACKET
10MM STAINLESS STEEL SUPER STRUCTURE WITH FIRE AND WEATHER PROTECTIVE FINISH SUPPORT SERVICES FOR ALGAE PANELS H20, C02, 02 OUTLET TRANSOMS FIXED TO SUBSTRUCTURE SUPERSTRUCTURE WELDED TOGETHER ON SITE
50 mm ALUMINIUM COATING PROFILE CUT-OUT OF THE SIDE COATING, FITTED INTO THE FOLD OF THE GLASS EXTRUDED ALUMINIUM TRANSOM CEDAR WOOD VENEER ALUMINIUM INSERTS INTERIOR FLASHING CEDAR WOOD 500 x 20 mm CURVED LAMINATED GLASS (4/5mm THICK STRIATED GLASS AND 19 mm GLASS, SANDBLASTED BACK, JOINED WITH POLYVINYL BUTRYAL LAYER) HORIZONTAL ALUMINIUM MULLION 500 x 500 mm STEEL FRAME CROSS WELDED PLATES PROTECED WITH FIRE RESISTANT PAINT
BESPOKE CEDAR WOOD WINDOW SILL LAMINATED GLASS WITH AIR CHAMBER CEDAR HERRINGBONE FLOOR FINISH ALUMINIUM ANGLE BUILT UP OF 10 mm PLATES (LOWER EDGE TRIM, WELDED AND BEADBLASTED) REINFORCED CONCRETE GRADE BEAM TO REINFORCE GLAZED WALL STRUCTURE
J K SUSPENDED CEILING HANGERS ACOUSTIC CEILING PANEL 50mm SHADOW GAP DOOR SWING MECHANISM ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO CONCRETE SLAB LAMINATED DOUBLE GLAZING STAINLESS STEEL DOOR FRAME
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ENOCH CHIU JORDAN KIEHNE LOUISA CHEN SARAH GENOVESE
LOCATION SAN SEBASTIAN, SPAIN
SCALE AS NOTED
ARCHITECT RAFAEL MONEO
DATE 02 / 06 / 2017 CATEGORY DIFFUSED GLASS TUTOR LUKE FARRUGIA