Urban Design Studio: Shanghai v2 by Jeffrey Nesbit

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

student projects

ÂŠ 2015 Jeffrey S Nesbit All rights reserved No part of this volume may be used or reproduced in any manner without written permission from the author. All work in this volume is defined under the direction of: Jeffrey S Nesbit Work completed by students of: Urban Design Studio / Shanghai, Spring 2015 College of Architecture, Texas Tech University Gaby Blake, John Charbonneau, William Pellacani, Christy Purcella, Luna Vital, and Brett Wheeler Cover design by John Charbonneau Page design and layout by Jeffrey S Nesbit

For more information about the Urban + Community Design Program at Texas Tech University contact: MaryAlice Torres-Macdonald, UCD Director ma.torres-macdonald@ttu.edu or Maria Perbellini, Graduate Programs Director maria.perbellini@ttu.edu

urban design studio

SHANGHAI 2015 memory & morphology jeffrey s nesbit

foreword by

Maria Perbellini essays by

Derek Hoeferlin Joshua Nason

VOLUME CONTENTS 09

Foreword, Maria Perbellini

As Long as China Controls the Tibetan Plateau, Derek Hoeferlin

Shanghai: Understanding the Megalopolis, Joshua Nason

Introduction â&#x20AC;&#x153;Memory & Morphologyâ&#x20AC;?, Jeffrey S. Nesbit

Research Modules, 2015 TTU-UCD students

Urban Speculations in Pudong, 2015 TTU-UCD students

144 Acknowledgements

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FOREWORD I am very pleased to introduce this publication on the graduate and advanced urban design studio with a focus on International Urbanism at the College of Architecture, Texas Tech University, taught by Assistant Professor Jeffrey S. Nesbit in spring 2015. The College of Architecture at Texas Tech University is going through an exciting time of growth in graduate education. Prof. Nesbit’s urban design studio contributes significantly to our Master of Architecture program, which is supported by the offer of specialized graduate certificates including the concentration in Urban and Community Design. As one of the most successful studios of the College, I encouraged its evolution into a track of the new postprofessional Master of Science with specialization in Urban and Community Design. A fertile learning environment should promote speculative trajectories aspiring to future propositions, emphasize inter and multi-disciplinary explorations, foster imagination and creativity allowing students to take risk in their discoveries. The work produced by Prof. Nesbit’s studio is refreshing, engages criticality and has the ambition to activate new sensitivities in design processes and ideas. Pollinating new perspectives, evanescent forms are emerging that no longer conform to anachronistic assumptions of urban space as finite and static. The studio appears as a sophisticated journey on urban theory skillfully combined with design explorations and a two-weeks visit of the project site in Shanghai, China. Provided with a very rich set of references, readings and concepts, students are exposed among others, to Aldo Rossi’s relationship between genius loci and collective memory posing the question of the singularity of an urban artifact, Tom Mayne’s city of relational systems, complex, contextual and dynamic conditions, Manuel De Landa (and Deleuze)’s zones of intensity and critical thresholds, Charles Waldheim and David Grahame Shane’s blending of urban design and landscape. Nurtured by notions of “landscape as metaphor”, “spaces of possibility” and future projections of the contemporary urban environment, the studio develops opportunities of urban connections, focuses on reconfiguring urban ecologies and morphologies including the activation of public residual spaces, housing, infrastructures towards a landscape urbanism. Students investigate architectural, urban, historical, economical, social, experiential layers and developments of Shanghai within the idea of the city as a global and interacting organism influenced by evolving forces, complex interactions of events and activities. I hope you will enjoy the impressive work of our students, the inspiring guidance of our faculty and visiting guests, the promising “incompleteness” of proposals and design research that is carried on, while it is enthusiastically looking at the potentials of rethinking the models and components of a metropolis. It is gratifying to observe that curiosity is cultivated and that the propelling force is the desire to discover a place and the meaning of the project.

MARIA R. PERBELLINI Associate Dean for Graduate Programs and Professor College of Architecture, Texas Tech University

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As long as China controls the Tibetan Plateau China controls (what’s left of) the spigot !!! Derek Hoeferlin Often failing to appreciate the elemental connection, life and society depend upon water. Last decades man-altered catastrophes in the United States alone (2005: Hurricane Katrina; 2010: BP oil spill; 2012: Superstorm Sandy) illuminate the gross oversight. These “unexpected” events place front-and-center that our technological supremacy over water can have unintended—oftentimes disastrous—effects. As such, we are repetitively reactive, rather than positively proactive. Going ironic steps further. While water is in global demand both qualitatively and quantitatively, water is ridiculously cheap and undervalued as such. Water may be the most politicized commodity on earth. But water is ultimately apolitical. Water ultimately flows where water wants to flow. Since Professor Nesbit’s studio is sited in Shanghai, China, here is the challenge to China. It is true that China has been depleting, and in many cases eliminating, thousands of their rivers. This is part due to rapid development and population demand, thereby seriously stressing fresh water supplies -- 19% of world’s population with only 7% of freshwater supply. So I believe it is far more important to look way up to the Tibetan Plateau. If China did not have the Tibetan Plateau, they would be totally screwed. And the future, of the Tibetan glaciers, is uncertain. One can argue the political ramifications of Tibet not being part of China (religious freedom, minorities independence, the Dali Lama, etc.). I think this is just a spin and misses the point all together. One thing is for certain—whoever owns the Tibetan Plateau, owns the source of water. If it were not for the Tibetan Plateau, there would be no Yangtze, and no Shanghai. As long as China has the Tibetan Plateau (aka “Roof 10

of the World,” “Third Pole,” “Water Tower,” “Land of Snows”), China holds the reigns to the sources of the mighty rivers that originate in the glaciers of the Himalaya Range, the Tibetan Autonomous Region and Qinghai Province. These rivers – the Amu Darya, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, Irrawaddy, Irtysh, Mekong, Salween, Syr Darya, Yangtze, Yellow – with their crucial tributaries, serve a population of over 1.3 billion inhabitants—20% of the world’s population—in all or portions of 18 Asian countries spread across Central, South, Southeast Asia and geographic majority of China. In current form, there is not enough supply for this population demand, hence the extreme importance of owning the Tibetan Plateau. Since China is in fact the steward to so much damn water, China shoulders the responsibility to be the global model for such future water-based adaptive management. My teaching, research and professional pursuits, since Hurricane Katrina in 2005, primarily have been with my and future designers’ activisms in the recovery, rebuilding and most importantly, future viability of the New Orleans deltaic region, predominantly through the lens of water. When compared to the above population statistics of Asia, New Orleans is indeed miniscule (metro area 1.25 million inhabitants). But its situational importance for the economic prowess that is the United States is crucial—not just for its massive oil, gas and fisheries assets, but more importantly New Orleans is the gateway port for these assets and to the Mississippi watershed’s massive agricultural lands, much of which exports food (corn, grain and soy) to you guessed it, China! But, the New Orleans region unfortunately has become ground zero for all things human-made-water disasters—

preface

hurricanes, oil spills, flooding rivers, sinking lands, disappearing wetlands, rising seas and even droughts. However, it is important that New Orleans is not alone. Water is a continental issue and of course water is a global issue. If not already so, I would argue water will become the global crisis. The current state of California’s record drought and water scarcity is certainly proving this. In the face of uncertain issues of climate change, increased floods and droughts, sea-level rise and population explosion, significant attention is being brought to the comparative studies of deltas and their urbanized developments, now coined “Delta Urbanisms”—the economic lifeblood of most nation’s economies. Such obviously can be argued for Shanghai’s critical importance to the global powerhouse economy that is China. Yet, I believe it is crucial to take an even bigger step back and understand deltas and their rapidly growing urbanisms, not just within themselves, but also within their larger distribution contexts—watersheds. And in Shanghai’s case—the Yangtze watershed. But since I am an optimist architect, I truly believe that deltas and their urbanisms must be the models for 21st and 22nd century water-resource-rich regions. Additionally, since I am an educator, I have faith that our youth and next wave of eager students (like Nesbit’s) are central to this effort. But this optimism is not foolhardy idealism. Actually, it is rather pragmatic. In other words, Delta Urbanisms, such as New Orleans and Shanghai, must get their fundamentals straight. These fundamentals begin first with a foundational understanding of the actual ground that is occupied—and that water is the primary component of this foundation. As architects, it is our responsibility to appreciate, understand and

address how the management of water ultimately impacts—and potentially prioritizes—our design decisions. Further, these global fundamentals must reinstate an understanding of the complicated built environments we and all other species share—ones we cannot continue to dominate with hard-line and static interventions, but rather ones we should begin to design with adaptive and dynamic negotiations. To get to this notion of adaptation, architects must become better aware of architecture’s multi-scaled relationships, both spatially and temporally. This is not just for architecture’s sake, but also more importantly for architecture’s multi-scaled integration within landscapes, urbanisms; and, ultimately the larger distribution contexts of watersheds that all architecture and urbanisms inhabit. And by multiscale, I mean in both space and time, physical and dynamic. In other words, the inevitable, and hopefully smarter, next step in the cause and effect networking of human-manipulated environments. Just as New Orleans and its delta need to be understood at the scale of the Mississippi watershed (4th largest in the world), Shanghai and its delta need to be understood at the scale of the Yangtze watershed (12th largest in the world). Both Delta Urbanisms share uncanny similarities due to threats both from the land-side, such as massive up-river dams that trap sediment upstream—sediment that historically replenished the deltas and by nature its current absence exacerbates both of the cities’ issues of subsidence (sinking); and, from the ocean-side, such as sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion and increased storm frequencies. You could say Delta Urbanisms are in fact fascinating “mixing zones” of land and water, of fresh and salt, of protocols and logistics. Architects therefore 11

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must be Mixologists in the negotiation of complex ingredients. Professor Jeff Nesbit and his eager graduate architecture students in Texas Tech’s “Urban Design Studio: Shanghai” I believe are rehearsing “Urban Design-as-Mixology.” The Nesbit studio implicitly addresses the above large-scale river basin issues— explicitly through urban design speculations. The studio seeks out programmatic definitions that are ultimately assessable at much larger water-based understandings. The students may not realize this, but I think it is true, albeit modestly in current form. Part of this water-based understanding certainly is due to Nesbit’s studio site selection along Shanghai’s Huangpu River (which empties into the Yangtze just to the north). All of the projects, by physical nature, had to address the water’s edge, and more successful than others. Speculative examples here re-cast the city’s relationship to the river in complex, ambiguous, and variably productive methods. Projects exemplify an approach to scale by negotiating the complex forces of time by proposing dynamic, mutable landscapes – new urban “DNA’s” of sort. But more importantly, certain projects took necessary ecological steps further, by deploying programs that could be both site specific and large scale in their aspirations, such as projects presented in this volume, “Water Ecology Orbs” and “Productive Landscapes.” In particular, the elegant proposals integrate water ecological infrastructures to feed alternative agriculture and aquaculture practices, while spatially negotiating the urban fabric of the city with the river and thereby designing an integrative cultural landscape along the river’s edge. I found this project particularly provoking for two reasons: its rhetoric and naïveté. 1) The plausibility of sustainable agriculture, aquaculture and water ecologies within a mega-city. And the jury is still out of this one because the calculations often do not add up to a sustainable whole (including my criticism of the lack of estimates and quantifications in the proposal). Maybe more productively, 2) The ambition to tackle big-deal, 12

mega-scale environmental issues that threaten Shanghai’s—and by extension, China’s—future existence (water pollution from multiple sources, agriculture and aquaculture scarcities with future population explosions, diminished sediment supply from the far-upstream dams such as Three Gorges Dam, or the gargantuan North-South Water Transfer Project to siphon waters from the Yangtze to Chinese cities in the north). The student’s spatial, sequential, and programmatic proposal just begins to scratch the surface of such mega-issues. So, optimistically, the urban design proposals from the Nesbit studio counter seemingly insurmountable threats with plausible possibilities (not necessarily solutions), for future architects to negotiate such problems through designing dynamic, time-based, urban design speculations. In other words, an alternate, more conventional urban design reading of the Nesbit studio may cast the project proposals as radical, in a traditional urban design-scale sense. But I would posit at current state they are not radical in a watershed-scale sense. Hence there are modest, and this is just fine. Because I believe the work is the start of where urban design studios need to strive for in the future, especially as megacity delta urbanisms such as Shanghai continue—and will continue—to thrive, despite all the “seemingly insurmountable threats.”

DEREK HOEFERLIN Assistant Professor Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts, Washington University in St. Louis

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Shanghai: Understanding the Megalopolis one bite at a time Joshua Nason Growing up, I would love spending time with my grandfather. He was fun and funny; he was equal parts wise man and wiseguy. Many times the author of odd and interesting sayings, he also employed common colloquialisms when appropriate, including the evening he taught me how to figuratively eat an elephant. “One bite at a time,” he told me. In trying to teach an impetuous young man patience and persistence, the value of hard and consistent work (and other grandfatherly invocations upon his progeny), he was actually teaching me lessons applicable and beneficial to understanding things he’d never live to see. In my fascination with and research of cities, I have often thought of his “One bite at a time” analogy. Truly understanding any city is never easy. Understanding a city as complex as Shanghai completely is quite possibly impossible. However, even if inadequate, we as designers and as researchers must grasp at the straws the city gives us, hoping to gain a sliver of insight into its complexity, its evolution, its uncertainty. And so, we collect information on places, one piece (or bite) at a time hoping to assemble a puzzle leading to a clearer picture of context and potential. After all, if we are truly going to help build a future comprised of places that improve inhabitant’s lives, we need to know what’s going on in and going wrong with our cities. So we plod along collecting information, making assessments, proposing projects and plans, all one hopeful bite at a time. This is one of the admirable qualities of Professor Nesbit’s Shanghai Studio at Texas Tech University. The students each through rigor and intention attempt to take their own research bite of the city and design for it accordingly. Focused on a city that is possibly the prototype for 14

the freneticism of contemporary urban evolution, the students attempt to understand the places and cultural exchanges that result from morphing urban conditions. Such observational urban research tactics help one to make informed, contextually responsive and adaptable design decisions able to be beneficially folded back into the urban fabric. Brett Wheeler’s project, “Conflicting Resolutions,” observes what he terms as “conflicts” emerging from the melting together of the city’s historic and present urban life. As ever-altering housing typologies affront the increasingly commercial and cosmopolitan reality of world cities, sometimes odd juxtapositions of private and public space surface as emblems of past and present colliding. One such conflict emerges as traditions encounter the inevitable commercialization of urban centers. As globalized economies blossom, land costs sky-rocket. This not only makes urban life more expensive it also makes urban living spaces more compact, pushing much ‘interior’ activity to the ‘exterior’ of the city. Brett’s research of living space reveals the tenuous separation of public and private spaces. Through investigating the activation of the building envelopes facilitating these tenuous separations, he taps into a conflicting cultural cross-section through methodologically identifying simultaneity of separation and connection. It is this interstitial zone where the two bordering conditions phenomenological overlap creating a third condition of collision (or “conflict”) duly activated by the externalized clothing lines and air conditioners of residential spaces as well as the ad-laden skins of corporate towers. This observation instigates some essential questions. What

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then is the essential nature of the betwixt? Can such a thin connection be programmatic in itself or is it merely emblematic of programs on either edge? Can the interstitial generate new interpretations of public space and community participation with liveliness flowing out from interiors onto facades and thus into public space? Can this in-between-ness lead to new understandings of hybrid architectural designs focused on deliberately melting such differentiations together? While these questions could certainly instigate extended inquiry, the fruitfulness of Brett’s observations are clear. As he so aptly states, “Conflicting types exchange, penetrate, overlap, and embed materials and structures to collage the city continuously which become part of an ever changing Shanghainese culture. The implementation simulates possible collision outcomes in urban form through morphologies of existing living typologies generated by interpretations of Shanghai’s memory. Collisions between different types result in hybrid building structures, passive and active landscapes, and edge manipulation types creating communal and event spaces that were lost in the growth of new living developments.” Another of the studio projects looking at the changing nature of Shanghai’s culture and fabric through observation is Will Pellacani’s “Deterritorialization.” Will’s project also looks at public space, the role of memory and observing an urban collision typology. However, he focuses on the fragmentation of the city’s fabric that occurs due to the collisions of generations and cultures. He identifies sectors of fragmentation emerging from the city as it, as an encompassing entity, negotiates the interweaving of past, present and future. As Shanghai’s new reality

adapts to the convergence of cultural multiplicities as well as the unknown conditions occurring at the edges of colliding memories of cultures past, it is seemingly left in a state of vacillating now-ness. The preeminence of tradition’s imprints on the present can conflict with its current and volatile growth trajectory. What results is a city that simultaneously treasures the very history it challenges – and potentially compromises – on a daily basis. As Mr. Pellacani states, “At multiple scales across Shanghai, continuous transformations occur which create fragmentations through decay, development, and historical artifacts. Throughout the city, traces of past and future situate in close proximity to generate a hyper-differentiated urban model contrary to classical precedent (“grid” or “spine” development). Shanghai’s past – defined in this context – share a common edge with the city’s future aspirations (defined as excavations, construction, and future development). The fragmentations from these specific fractures become an agent toward Shanghai’s deterioration of a cultural memory and the plasticity of a cultural identity. Shanghai’s fragmentation of memory creates a paradox in which the city is embedded within: the same forces supporting future development simultaneously deteriorate the existing urban fabric.” Will’s research compares the districts of the city as samples of deterioration in order to better understand Shanghai’s propensity for change and the resulting conflict with it’s history. He then identifies what he terms, “critical thresholds” within the city that both define the physical relationships between past and present and identify zones of 15

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

deterritorialization. Most interesting is his defining of such zones as, “territories completely severed of social, political, or cultural practices from their native places and populations.” This critical observation of emergent and detached sub cultures is not isolated to Will’s research nor is it solely a Shanghai issue. In fact such change has been bemoaned by many elder city-dwellers the world over, for several generations – such is the consequence of juxtaposing romanticized views of days past and any form of cultural evolution. However, the commonality of such “fragmentation” does nothing to diminish the efficacy of his observation within Shanghai. Nor does it subtract from the frenetic existence of such fragmentation and tension within this megalopolis. It is his identification of “hyperfragmentation” within Shanghai that leads to responsive, applicable design solutions that mediate between the fragments without diminishing their solidarity as identifiable growing sub-sectors of the larger city. As designers and planners, when talking about city life, we are many times discussing experiential microcosms, contextually rooted in both the obvious and invisible, the planned and the circumstantial. The conspiring of such forces differs for each locale and place in time and thus must be observed firsthand – bite by bite. This form of tacit and tactical research contextually informs design, hopefully catalyzing hypotheses and designs into appropriately adaptable spaces that host dynamic patterns of urban life. The role of such observation and research in design processes is crucial in the development of public spaces as places of exchange at the edge of change and tradition. Such a delicate balance is only exacerbated when rooted in the freneticism of contemporary megacities such as Shanghai. Asia, birthplace of the contemporary megalopolis, is home to the world’s most dramatic examples of global urbanization. Specifically, Chinese mass urban influx has proven to produce extreme city-fabric transformations. For context, over half of the nearly one-and-a-half billion Chinese citizens are now city 16

dwellers, with an approximate rate of 18 million people a year relocating to cities. By the year 2030 1 out of 8 people on the earth will live in a Chinese city. Shanghai, now the world’s most populous city, has averaged 10% a year increase over the last two decades and will likely exceed 50 million inhabitants by 2050. Such rapid urbanization is taking place as a result of economic, political, social, and environmental changes. These changes are subsequently producing new and radical transformations in the urban context such as new micro ecologies, fatigued and failing infrastructure, modified economic networks, hyperdensity, and even independent political systems. While economically beneficial, there are drawback to such rapid urbanization. In many ways, Shanghai epitomizes the benefit/detriment duality of such expeditious growth. Designing for such a volatile environment can be daunting and no one unwilling to earn the understanding of the interaction of the microconditions with the macro, the present with the past and future, or the reciprocity of culture and activity with city fabric should endeavor to work in such a context. The risk is too great to turn such cities over to detached and/or ignorant designers. It is imperative that design on the world stage – fully recognizing cities such as Shanghai as the epitome of the world stage for urbanism and architecture – be handled by those sensitive and diligent enough to work contextually in figuratively shifting sand. Such sensitivity can be employed only through appropriate observational urban research tactics that lead to informed, contextually responsive and adaptable design decisions that reciprocate with and benefit the cities into which they are folded. These designs are accomplished through the same means as the research that leads to them – one bite at a time.

JOSHUA NASON Assistant Professor School of Architecture University of Texas Arlington

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urban design studio | shanghai [2]

memory and morphology Jeffrey S Nesbit Based on two primary considerations for urban growth behaviors and patterns, this studio outlines its philosophical foundations by urban memory and self-generative (non-deterministic) morphological processes. Aldo Rossi describes the characteristics and components of the city as it’s collective memory through “genius loci” and “locus” in his book titled Architecture of the City. He continues to explain that the relationships between the locus (urban artifacts) and the genius loci (phenomenal spirit or situation of place) exist and projectively exist through collective memory. Layers of collective memories and urban artifacts reference historical events and present spatial consequences of current individualities within the city. Urban memories implant singular nodal moments in time while the collective identities are distributions of disparate artifacts emerging and transforming as urban contextualized spatial agents. Artifacts of architectural memory provide clues on how the shaping of our future cities can be observed as a combination of historical events imprinting traces on the fluctuating urban topography. Studio Approach This studio attempts to uncover signs of intrinsic collective memory and morphology as latent potentials within our increasingly complex contemporary urban fabric. In addition, the studio operates and aligns itself along an ideological discourse based upon notions of “landscape as metaphor”. Capable of responding to transformative behaviors, much like that of microorganisms, a redetermination of landscape urbanism methods allow for identifying innovative strategies of re-structuring our highly dense urban topography. Progressively evaluating and proposing highly radical speculations into the 18

21st century megalopolis requires new methods and fundamentally a new operational framework. Based upon evidences of public fluctuations, nondeterministic opportunities, and spaces of possibility outline integrated relationships of unexpectedness. In other words, internal and integrated relationships that currently exist in our megalopolises of the PostModern city should be the driving considerations on future projections and proposal guidelines. This studio uses a focused collection of themes to evaluate and respond to the contemporary urban environment. These themes include: Landscape Urbanism, Urban Ecologies, Urban Morphology, Urban Metabolism, Field Networks, Simulation Logics (Codes & Agents). Thinking of the city as a collection of behavioral responses is the foundation of these exploratory studies. Specifically, investigating strategies of landscape urbanism, gathering evidence of city interactions creating these self-generative adaptations, and focus on evaluating where the opportunities for culture and built environment become part of the public realm reveals new learning outcomes from megalopolis growth behavior. Formerly such infrastructures as such wetlands, sewage systems, transportation highways, and civic utilities have been regarded as tertiary, ‘service’ space. The research here begins with the identification of places of urban morphological transformation, as evidence of contemporary methods of re-thinking the usefulness of the public realm on, in, below, or between hard edges of large-scale urban infrastructure. The process of activating this residual space by transforming it into habitable, public space provides more effective use of the available land and advances opportunities of creating more sustainable environments.

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“In the light of Shanghai’s historical experience, the phenomenal commercial success which has fuelled its growth in the 21st century presents a curious paradox: can the very processes by which Shanghai was created and has prospered really be threatening its heritage?” Edward Denison & Guang Yu Ren Building Shanghai (2006), 232

Shanghai Using 21st Century Shanghai as our laboratory for our investigations in urban memory and morphology, we seek to explore the intensive differentiations of urban form. Although Shanghai seems to lack in consistency, upon further investigations, the city presents itself with a collection of layered patterns determined by ad hoc organizational tools and strategies. These findings will be the influence for inverting zones of inactive interference. As compelling as the intensive differentiations of ‘old’ and ‘new’ seem, we now need to embrace these variable difference in developing opportunities of urban connections, rather than abrasive extremities of contrast. The work of megadevelopment and massive investments are obviously substantial though are not the deterministic vision for future Shanghai. Rather, this studio will focus on re-configuring an urban ecology through four primary issues: (1) housing and development, (2) infrastructure (transportation and public water utilities), (3) sophisticated landscape ecologies and (4) activation of public space. The subsequent projects in this volume include urban design research and six urban design speculations. The collection of studies were derived from the Urban Design Studio: Shanghai [2] in the College of Architecture at Texas Tech University in the spring of 2015.

memory (n.) 1. the power or process of reproducing or recalling what has been learned and retained especially through associative mechanisms. 2. the store of things learned and retained from an organism’s activity or experience as evidenced by modification of structure or behavior or by recall and recognition. 3. a capacity for showing effects as the result of past treatment or for returning to a former condition. Memory is the process in which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved. Encoding allows information from the outside world to reach the five senses in the forms of chemical and physical stimuli. In this first stage the information must be changed so that it may be put into the encoding process. Storage is the second memory stage or process. This entails that information is maintained over periods of time. Finally the third process is the retrieval of information that has been stored. morphology (n.) 1a. a branch of biology that deals with the form and structure of animals and plants. 1b. the form and structure of an organism or any of its parts 2. a study and description of word formation (as infection, derivation, and compounding) in language. 3. a study of structure or form. Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its component parts and the process of its development. This can involve the analysis of physical structures at different scales as well as patterns of movement, land use, ownership or control and occupation.

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North Pudong 2010 (left) 2014 (right), Sogou maps

preface

Initial work begins with a collection of â&#x20AC;&#x153;research modulesâ&#x20AC;? in order to gather a sophisticated set of contextual interfaces affecting the current conditions in contemporary Shanghai. Each module addresses a particular research focus to investigate and produce developmental themes. The research modules include:

(1) Economic History - Pudong (2) Air Quality (3) Water Ecology (4) Traditional Chinese Gardens (4) Cross-cultural Pollination (architectures) (6) Housing Typology

research modules

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student projects

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economic history The time-line begins with China’s major historic happenings that marked its future economic sector, following a narrower view of Shanghai’s historic and economic factors, focusing specifically in the rise of Pudong New Area as an international center of economic, finance, trade and shipping. Prior to World War I China’s main economic activities were centered in the primary sector; agriculture. However, during the 1920’s Shanghai experienced a temporary economic boom in the industrial sector and it became a financial and commercial center. This was soon to be over as Shanghai fell under communist control, leaving it under a central economic power.

the creation of various special policies as incentives for foreign and local investment throughout the 1990’s. By the beginning of the 21st century, Pudong had reached a total of U$ 36 billion in foreign investments and its economic activity accounted for 48% of the local gross domestic product in the tertiary sector; service industries. Ultimately, money and politics ensured Pudong underwent one of the major urban transformations in history at a great cost to its urban fabric.

Shanghai’s economic regained its strength exponentially starting in the 1990’s when Shanghai was designated pivot of an economic reform. Thus the central government approved the extension of Shanghai and development of a new zone called Pudong New Area. Furthermore, the government promoted the growth of Shanghai’s economy with

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wwii

communism imperialism

ism un m om rc ed yz de al un ar ai yp gh om an sh on ec 50 iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a 19 gh ns an sio sh s es er nc 48 n. nd co 19 pa Ja rre ign su re by n fo ed pa f pi u ja d o cc s. en in 45 eo ru 19 er n w ti ns lef io re r ss e we wa nc ai c co gh . ciďŹ n g an ct pa orei sh inta 41 f of ft 19 rts le ai pa ere gh ed w an ll ns sh tro sio of on es e -c c n ed ttl ese co ain ba in n dr ch reig ts, o 37 f 19 en d tm be es om nv i ib n ha . eig sis r rd ng o i da cr f ha ic up -s tan d II rs om rie on l d . lve ww ec ae na si 32 ai f t chi the 19 gh y o of ns o an er t sh cov l ou and re eta ab m ina ch 30

% secondary sector [industry+construction]

urban design studio | shanghai [2] agriculture sector industry and construction sector service sector

agriculture sector 4% industry and construction sector 77.4% 18.6%

service sector

3% 67% 30%

pudong open door policy

china insurance building peoples bank of china bank of shanghai tower hang sang bank tower hua nang union tower

international ﬁnancial center ritz cariben bank of china tower bank of communication

super brand mall oriental pearl tower citigroup tower

shanghai international convention center

ter en . sm l c ism fti ia ft le str le of du ry e in na m n tio ho e a olu as am ev ai bec or r f gh ai an gh ter sh an en sh d c an

subway line [lujiazui station]

a dn d d tate spe r n s 90 sh o 19 of kwa nt a its pr n ac me in om io ns ic b est rm y fr v o te ex om in ref om le con eign of con ib e ss ’s e for nce i’s po hai of bse gha s e 85 ng ess d a an r ici l 19 sha akn , an sh fo po l er e or ted nt 84 w ct n cia ce se eve 19 pe d s pr an nd er nt ya ce lic ial po str or du do in en rm an . op fo e m re m tis 79 ic eca lef 19 om ai b ary on gh on ec an uti sh vol re 78

min shang bank tower hua xia bank plaza now shanghai international tower world ﬁnancial tower china merchants tower china development bank tower shanghai stock exchange building standard chartered tower pufa tower shanghai world ﬁnancial center park hyatt shanghai shanghai tower jin mao tower/grand hyatt shanghai skyline mansion

research modules agriculture sector industry and construction sector service sector

1.7% 47.6% 50.7%

g new area p u d o n g ’s o p e n d o o r p o l i c y

AURORA

op ai

te iva s pr rise n t i erp en ent pm d lo ne g. ss eve -ow rin d e e

’s ng do pu s: ict of e str di ris ic us m uo ng no in nt do eco co pu ct ith istin 13 20 p sw d ge o 4 gd er int t m ed ric id st iv di d ui g is nh on na ud P

ris

ws slo om bo g t in en ild m bu st ve 3 in 0 n 20 ig re fo e 2 ur 0 ct 20 ite ch ar n e tio ag an uc rit pl r he st an on rb 98 rc 19 iu de ha ai un ng gh ha an ng h s do d s re e in y t pu e en id lin om 95 m ns ro on 19 st o t c e c e ve st m g’s in ﬁr st n fir don ig re fo 93

19 pu

yangtze river

pudong’s gdp

yangpu bridge

shanghai’s gdp [3.8%] nanpu bridge

airport

china’s gdp [12%]

lujiazui trade and ﬁnance zone downtown ﬁnancial area

waigaoqiao free trade zone

0.6%

jinqiao export processing zone

37.2%

largest free trade zone in china industrial area

zhangjiang hi-tech park zone special area for technology oriented business

62.2%

agriculture sector industry sector service sector

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

air quality air quality

Pollution is a by product of industry, rapid urbanizasuccess continues to flourish, it’s ecologic condition tion, and (for all intents and purposes) success. As steadily worsens. The ramifications of this apathetic shanghai continues to grow exponentially, so too does environmental echo throughout many facpollution is a by product of industry, rapid urbanization, and (for alltreatment intents and purposes) success. it’s poor airas quality. The severity of this contaminaets of Shanghai’s being; the quality of the city’s shanghai continues to grow exponentially, so too does it’s poor air quality. the severity of this air eftion can becontamination observed on acan daily the on culture hasbasis; thefects economic growth, their political action,byenvironmental be basis; observed a daily culture has augmented routines sporting augmentedsurgical their routines by sportingsunny surgical masks,and coping conditions, even life expectancy. While the solution remasks, fabricating skylines, with an omnipresent haze. paradoxically, fabricating as sunny skylines, and coping withcontinues an omni-to flourish, mains unclear, condition the antagonists areworsens. transparent; shanghai’s economic success it’s ecologic steadily the shangpresent haze. Paradoxically, as Shanghai’s economic hai has experienced economic success and prosperity ramifications of this apathetic environmental treatment echo throughout many facets of shanghai’s to an ecologic being; the quality of the city’s air effects economic growth, politicalfault. action, environmental conditions, even life expectancy. while the solution remains unclear, the antagonists are transparent; shanghai has experienced economic success and prosperity to an ecologic fault.

political

social

the airborne pollution prevention and control action plan is a strategic counter to china’s pollution problem. goals of the action plan are : -raising people’s livelihood -promoting ecology -protecting the environment -improving social security, education, and employment

in an attempt to slow and stabilize the rapidly deteriorating climate, the chinese government has increased monitoring and enforcing emission standards. chinese emission standards reform: existing

new

so2

200/400

100

nox

100/200

100

30 0.03

mercury dust masks and respirators have also become an integral addition to the daily routine.

economical

emission reform seeks to cut pm2.5 levels by by 2017.

25%

china is the world’s number one consumer of coal. coal consumption in china : consumption year

2001 2006 2011 2020 past

billion tons

1.5 2.6 3.8 4.6 projected

in 2012, china contributed

8.3

nearly billion tons of energy related carbon dioxide emissions. shanghai has 9 local coal refineries and power plants contributing to the poor aqi.

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shanghai monthly averages pm2.5 concentration (shanghai) average pm2.5 concentration (los angeles)

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

jan

feb

mar

apr

may

jun

jul

aug

sep

oct

nov

dec

pollution sources

shanghai percentages major power stations 1. shidongkou station 2. waigaoqiao station 3. baosteel station 4. wujing station 5. caojing station 6. yangshupu station 7. minghang station

other misc. industry

13%

10% 10%

power plants

38% 5%

7% 6%

fossil fuel consumption road dust wood burning waste disposal non-road equipment

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

research modules

8,572 pre-mature deaths in 2012. the life expectancy in northern china is 5 years less than that of southern china. life expectancy in china : 1980 1990 2000 2010

male

female

64.4 66.9 69.9 72.5

66.7 69.7 73.0 76.8

china’s number 2 leading cause of death is lung disease. pm2.5 is the dangerous concentration of particulate matter 2.5 micrometers in diameter or less.

pm2.5 levels are rated between 0-300+ (300 being the most hazardous)

dramatic urbanization leads to alterations of local climate, namely creating a significant heat island effect in shanghai. thick smog accumulates with fluctuating levels of humidity and temperature. ecological consequences of rapid urban development have encroached on vital cropland. elevated pollution levels are responsible for

100+hazy days

per year in shanghai

china’s poor air quality is responsible for $1.8 billion (usd) in economic losses as china’s gdp (gross domestic product) continues to balloon, due in part to rising coal refining, the air quality continues to deteriorate.

economic success

poor air conditions lead to

economical

quality of life

political

social

china’s gdp continues to grow at a rate of nearly 10% each year. 37

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

research modules

social

political

economical

china has an estimated 232 million cars on the road, contributing to the hazardous co2 levels in the city.

xingtai is china’s most polluted city; however shanghai’s ecologic condition continues to degenerate.

the investment required to implement the airborne pollution prevention and control action plan is estimated to be

cars on the road:

(usd). china is the leader in coal consumption, which directly (and negatively) effects elevated the communist party of china particulate matter in the air. central committee says that gdp growth will no longer be the most important factor. while china may not make

284.2 billion

per 1000 people

china united states

188 809

while the ratio of drivers seems to be relatively low, the density and total quantity of vehicles has a significant and detrimental effect on the air quality.

the list for most polluted overall, it is the 12th most concentrated location for the world’s pollution.

“global pollution concentration” NASA ecoimages, 2006

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

water ecologies As Shanghai survives as the Financial Capital of the world, one of the main contributors to this success is the geography of the city. Because of its proximity to the Chinese Sea, Shanghai is a major port city. The city relies on the shipping trade of goods, therefore boosting the economy. Due to the exponential growth of Shanghai in the 1980’s, the water available to Shanghai decrease immensely and is now heavily polluted. This has lead to government involvement in recent decades. Historically, Shanghai consisted of a lush marshland that now known as Pudong, which is home to the Central Business District or CBD. This area was filled in and engineered, destroying the natural marsh, in order to accommodate the towers of the CBD. Due to the natural terrain of the area, Pudong is consistently sinking, causing many and increasingly dangerous conditions. Because of the developed poor condition of Shanghai’s water ecology, the government of China has developed and, some, sought out to help improve the current state. Many plans have been proposed and/or enacted in

water availability

order to rehabilitate the city, bringing vast overhaul of the city’s infrastructure and systems. Although the city’s current state is deemed as poor, water continues to be an important element in the productivity of the city and its growth. Agricultural and industrial business further the positive development of the city, enhancing the city altogether. The water resources in the city are an important factor, being a useful tool in the growth and development of Shanghai, yet the abuse has a negative environmental impact.

21%

unrateable

70% of the shanghai population’s tap water is supplied by the hangpu river

43% of Shanghai’s water supply is not safe for any human contact

23% level 4

53% level 5 or below

of Shanghai’s water supply is above a level 3 grade

Water Ratings level 1 : very good, simple treatment required level 2 : slightly polluted, treatment needed level 3 : swimming pools & fish farming level 4 : industrial use & artificial scenery (no human contact) level 5 : agriculture *Note: much of the Shanghai water supply is polluted past the point of rate ability.

research modules

Main Cause of Shanghai Water Pollution: Liquid Waste

5.4 million

cubic meters of liquid waste are produced in shanghai daily

1.4

million cubic meters of residential liquid waste are produced in Shanghai daily 58 % is directly released into the Huangpu River contributes to 2/3 of Shanghai’s environmental issues

}

million cubic meters of industrial liquid waste are produced in Shanghai daily 58 % is directly released into the Huangpu River contributes to 2/3 of Shanghai’s environmental issues

>5%

of Shanghai’s liquid waste undergoes primary treatment

Reduction of Pollutants Through Water Treatment Plants . pollutants reduced by ~50%: Chroma, CODMN, Nitrate, UV254 . not removed effectively: TOC, Ammonia .main pollutants:

Organics & Ammonia (not removable by conventional water purifiers)

23,000

river, creeks, and streams available to the shanghai area

The presence of organics and ammonia causes a decrease in the biological stability of treated water. These unrecoverable pollutants furthermore result in a growth of unwanted bacteria on pipe walls, causing many of the city’s pipe lines to erode and decay.

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

Methods/ Procedures 1980s 1985 1987

industrial development:

80%

of Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and streams are polluted, wells and springs dry up, lakes turn to dust

1990s

1991

1995

Eighth Five Year Plan: to reduce shrinkage caused by pumping polluted surface water into underground aquifers

2000

By 2000, Shanghai will be using 7 million cubic meters daily. 70% will come from the Huangpu River.

Upper Huangpu Diversion Project: Upper Huangpu Preservation Project: improve quality of Suzhou Creek, series of pipelines and canals from in turn improving Huangpu River Linjiang to 5 downstream water beyond Lonhuangang water is class treatment plants 2 Shanghai Sewage Project:

allows for treatment of relatively Dianshan Lake consists of the best good water water available Linjiang Site: water is withdrawn near sources of pump stations that transport un- the Huangpu River treated water from upper Huangpu to downstream treatment plants relocate main water intake station to headquarters of Huangpu River build a new larger water intake station and water treatment plant at Daqiao Daqiao: upstream from industries within class 2 and 3 water intake 5 million cubic meters of water daily 42

to be completed by 1995

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2003

2007

5 year plan:

50 billion

yuan to build a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ring of waterâ&#x20AC;?

will connect Huangpu river, Dianpu River, Dianshan Lake, and Suzhou Creek Dianshan Lake: expanded by 5 times. water-towns restored at Yangtze Delta

2012

2014

2019

57.3% 2 trillion

yuan of ground spent on the Shanghai water water is supply to improve it by 30-50% heavily polluted. a total of yuan will be used to set up Consists of sludge treatment plants 24 million tons of an additional COD and yuan per year will be 2.45million used annually to operate the tons of am- plants monia and nitrogen

60 billion

lion 10 bil-

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

Marshland

Sea level

Original Landscape

Marshlands are areas where the seal level and elevation levels are relatively the same. Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s marshland existed in what is know today as Pudong.

The marshlands were vast and luscious, yet is now developed with the rising towers of the CBD. In marshlands, sea levels and elevation levels are relatively the similar. The land would not accommodate a built industry.

Infill Marshlands were filled in, in order to accommodate the development plans of Pudong.

Sinkage Shanghai is currently sinking ~10 mm per year. Due to the natural terrain of Pudong, The marshlands do not effectively accommodate for the extensive city growth, causing sinkage as a result.

research modules

Productivity Shipping Industry

Shipping contributes to most of Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economic status. This industry relies on Shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waterways, mainly the Huangpu River, to accommodate for the vast imports and exports of goods.

Agriculture

Rice fields are an important aspect of Chinese culture. Rice is the main grain produced in China. The growth of rice is dependent on the ecosystem of water, demanding a good source of water for production.

Aquaculture

Fish farms are highly dependent on a clean water supply to support the growth and reproduction of fish. Linked the the geography, fish farming and other aquacultures have been an key produce in China.

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

chinese gardens In 221 B.C. Ying Zheng, conquered his rivals and unified China into an empire, which he ruled until 210 B.C.. He heard the legend of a peak called Mount Penglai in which eight immortals lived. He sent his emissaries to find the islands and bring back the elixir of immortal life, without success. At his palace he created a garden with a replica of Mount Penglai, symbolizing his search for paradise. After his death, his empire fell in 206 B.C. and his capital city and garden were destroyed, but the legend continued to inspire Chinese gardens. The gardens became an area where people could be close to nature within a city. Even though they were man-made, the intention was for it to look like it had been all natural. Unlike French gardens, where everything is symmetrical and has a clear order, traditional Chinese gardens, to the untrained eye seem less designed. The gardens were built in order to be able to rest and be at peace with nature. Harmony and balance were a big principles of these gardens. In order to achieve this, feng shui principles were applied. Feng means wind and shui means water. These are the two elements which need are needed in order for living things to survive. The balance of these two elements in an area results in harmony.

They are organized according to the feng shui baguas. This is a method used to analyzed the energy of a space and balance it out. There are 5 feng shui elements and they are all present in every space. Each of these elements is represented by a color and each one means a different aspect of a personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life such as career, money, family,etc. These all have an energy and the proper combination of these energies will bring you positive outcomes. There are different ways in which the feng shui baguas can be applied to the gardens. Depending on the structures located in the Chinese gardens, sometimes they might be the main space and the gardens might just be an area of that space. Or sometimes the gardens are the main space the structures are just part of them. Even though the baguas in the gardens are not always clear, it is clear that the five elements of feng shui are always present in them. Traditional Chinese gardens have become popular tourist destinations. They have been adapted to suit the tourists needs. The question now is are they still places in which people can go in order to rest from the rush of everyday life or have they become affected by modern day life?

research modules

source: http://www.weeklywilson.com/2008/03/21/an-american-in-paris-by-pamelavaux-le-vicomte/

classical gardens: structure is focal point

source: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Versailles,+France/@48.803868,2.1191785,5626m/dat a=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m2!3m1!1s0x47e67db475f420bd:0x869e00ad0d844aba

classical gardens: symmetrical

source: http://www.weeklywilson.com/2008/03/21/an-american-in-paris-by-pamela-vaux-levicomte/

classical gardens: on axis

source: http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/3wangshy.htm

chinese gardens: garden is focal point

source: https://www.google.com/maps/place/Classical+Gardens+of+Suzhou/@31.3267,120.6256,912m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m2 !3m1!1s0x35b3a6cdd651bc77:0x6ad6f7d08199c2e2

chinese gardens: asymmetrical

source: http://www.clubsnap.com/forums/showthread.php?t=955506&page=9

chinese gardens: no axis

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

The five elements of feng shui One of the basic principles of feng shui is the principle of five elements which are represented with colors and each element represents an energy: wood green, brown money fire red, bright yellow, orange, purple, pink fame earth light yellow, light brown health metal white, gray creativity, helpful people water blue black career The proper use of these elements will bring harmony and balance to your life. source: http://fengshui.about.com/od/glossaryofterms/g/bagua.htm

Application of feng shui bagua

The way in which this theory is applied is through the use of the eight house feng shui technique. The area is divide into a grid that has nine squares. Eight of them each in a cardinal direction and the ninth one in the center. The area with the most movement (normally the entrance) is labeled with the numbers six, one and eight. The number six goes on the left side, number eight on the right and one between six and eight. Using a bagua chart, the rest of the areas are numbered and each number corresponds to an element. source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/40/32/ff/4032fffb0ca8a968c7ec097e8 080b8ae.jpg

Each sector in a garden can be represented by the colors that represent each element or by the element itself: wood: plants, flowers and trees fire: lights, lanterns, fire pit earth: stones metal: wind chimes, arbor, planter water: fountain, ponds, birdbath

Feng shui bagua in gardens The feng shui elements can be found in traditional chinese gardens. There are different ways to apply the feng shui bagua in chinese gardens, making it sometimes difficult to clearly see the feng shui bagua in them. 48

source: http://ellenwhitehurst.com/index.php/bagua-introduction.html

research modules

Wood: plants

Fire: lanterns

Earth: stones

Metal: frames

Water: pond

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

research modules

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

cross-cultural pollination The once singular Chinese dominate city, Shanghai, today has evolved into one of the most cultural diverse cities in the world. Shanghai displays predominantly Baroque, Gothic, Neo-Classical , Renaissance, and Romanesque Revivals along with Beaux - Arts styles and numerous amounts of Art Deco. Foreign nations such as England, France, and America began explorations in pursuit of wealth and religious propagation during the 1840â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. Shanghai seemed to leave its doors open for people in need. During the times of Jewish oppression, beginning in the 1840â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and continuing to the 1940â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, nearly 31,000 Jews emigrated to Shanghai. This was the largest Jewish community in the far east. English settlers neglected the Traditional Chinese architectural methods and built homes with Classical Greek aesthetic.

The French expressed similar architectural styles however the difference was articulated with Gothic cathedrals which emphasized the significance of religion. Overtime foreign expansion migrated westward into China and eastward along the Huangpu River which left little space for Chinese expansion. In response the Chinese began growing into the foreign concessions. Adaptation between the Chinese and other concession created unique architectural conditions. This cross cultural pollination created a morphology by embedding the specific spatial symbolism and living typologies of Traditional Chinese architecture within the foreign facade designs. These hybrid conditions become overlaps of urban memory that evolved Shanghai into an architecturally dense and diverse city.

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chartered bank building

china merchants bank

shaghai foreign exchange trade centre

shaghai municipal trade union council

the russle & co. building

shanghai customs house

shanghai pudong development bank

the china merchants company building

the great northern telegraph company building

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

the chartered bank of india, australia, and china

the glen line building

The Bund

the ewo building

the yangtsze insurance association building

the yokohama specie bank

the bank of china

the peace hotel

the palace hotel

the chartered bank of india, austrailia and china

north china daily news

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North China News Building

cross cultural pollinization of building facades along the bund 55

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

Wenmaio Confucian Temple Traditional Chinese influence

Yuyaun Gardens Traditional Chinese influence 56

Yuyuan Bazar Traditional Chinese influence

Anting New Town

research modules

The Central Mint of China English architectural influence

Shanghai American School

Street corner in a Jewish Ghetto

Russian Orthodox Mission Church 57

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

Traditional Japanese Home

Structure is divided into three bays. Large floating roof structure resting on a solid base.

variation 0a.1

hybrid extraction of classical elements 58

0a variation 0a.2 Extracting classical elements from facades and empliment them in hybrid conditions

research modules

hybrid condition contrasting traditional chinese and foreign architectural styles. utilization of three bays.

emplimentation of 0a.1

hybrid condition contrasting traditional chinese and foreign architectural styles. utilization of veranda in chinese architecture. replace image

emplimentation of 0a.2 59

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

housing typology Since the conception of shikumen housing in 1853, its typology has undergone various transformations in an attempt to meet the demands of Shanghai’s constant population increase. The shikumen’s expandable and conservative floor plan has been exploited by landowners and tenants who wish to maximize its economic profit. It is within these economic motives where the shikumen’s various transformations take place. Shikumen housing began as a single unit prototype for quick and temporary shelter for refugees fleeing from the Taiping Rebellion. However, the continuous increase in population after the rebellion created a shift from temporary to permanent shelter, which quickly led to collective communities of shikumen housing, called lilongs. As permanent lilong communities were developed within Shanghai, tenants immediately transformed shikumen layout’s to maximize occupant limits. Formally, a bay system was introduced to double and triple a shikumen’s

area, allowing a greater occupant capacity. Contained within each bay transformation is each tenant’s informal transformation to the shikumen layout; the subdivision of larger rooms allowed an occupant limit to increase as much as 50%. Each formal and informal transformation within Shanghai’s housing typology demonstrates a culture’s continuous search to maximize economic gain. Even today as lilongs are threatened by the arrival of high-rise apartment living, preservation projects transform dilapidated lilong communities into highend shopping districts.

chinese

wwi

french american british opium wars

international settlement

civil war in china

taiping rebellion

nationalism

peoples republic of china

n ta

es ed

ish

ci in h 8t y2 ar n io nu at ja er 32 op 19 n ti or d rp de ai un ao fo qi a in ng ch ho of 23 19 nd rty bu pa e ist th un on m m ilt co bu g 21 in 19 ild bu n io un d an a as d ina tle ch 16 an of 19 sm lic di b ls pu al f re ywno cit io d at ol lar 12 dec

tru

ilt

tt ke

foreign interests build shikumens to house the refuges from the old city

r ope wa g n jin wi an sh f n iti o br eaty ed tr

a hu

u nt

cit

n ilt tio lu bu vo n re tio ta 11 ys 19 a ilw ra ai m gh ra an ct sh tri 9 ec 0 el 19 of n io ct du tro in ity ric 8 ct 0 le 19 e of n n io io ct at du er tro op in ns gi 82 be 18 ay ilw ra g in os wo d 76 ce 18 du tro in ws ha ks ric t en 74 18 em ttl se n ica er cil ai am un gh co 62 an al 18 sh cip y of ni u e cit d ttl im ol ba ha e g th 61 an es 18 sh pi of cu n oc tio ty ea ie cr oc ss 54 rd 18 wo ls al sm n of sio 53 ts es 18 kir nc ts co ou h e nc th fre n .o st 49 18 te rs en ne em eig ttl or se ty rf i fo sh c ai iti ld gh br he o an t sh ns 45

old shikumen

apartmen

new shikumen 80% of the population lived in a shikumen

garden li

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life in the lanes

ww ii

war of resistance

communism

cultural revolution

po ex rld wo 10 20 e ed id or pr st ai re gh e pl an m sh te 9 o 0 ia 20 m ng ua gh en ch a az 6 pl i 0 rs al ha rte 20 ge ion ang i ua rid at sh ha adq i b ern ay ng e ha int ew sha er i h ng ao gat nt tow gha r bo im d o s an e p l m w n 5 s ra ge rou f sh to g n 0 lo ityg k o orld 20 c an w g l in b w te r ld nee l ho we bui ng ntr nta l to g ko ce rie r cia pin ng do g o nte an hip ho ax jan ce fin s s 2 mjin undcom ean r 0 b bo oc we er 20 l to w na e to io nc a at na in rn fi ch te ld f in wor nk o ba 0 0 20 r n io we es at to tur er ao fu op m hai aza or jin ang o pl sf h en 98 s tipp 19 op ro et m ai gh an ilt sh bu er 95 ow 19 lt ar pe al nt ie or 94 t l 19 ui t rb en we pm to lo ng ve ja de jin n ig re 88 fo 19 o st en op ai gh an sh 84 es 19 di ng do ze ao ns m gi be 76 n io 19 ut ol ev lr ra ltu d” cu ar 66 rw 19 fo ap le at re “g e les th op pe 58 n e ig th 19 pa ed m ar l ca ec a ai g d in gh on ch ds an ed of en shao z blic n u 49 m ep sio r 19 es nc co h nc ds fre en n 47 tio 19 pa d cu en oc ns se sio ne es pa nc ja co n 45 19 ica er am d an se sh iti ou br eh ar ai w 43 19 gh ang an nh sh si of of e ce ttl en ba efer d t en id 19

housing typology timeline

18,000 families moved 270 factories relocated cleared 2.6 sq. kilometers along the river.

one city, nine towns initiative leading to “virtual ghost towns” on the edges of shanghai

each resident of shanghai had less than 5 sq. meters of space

old lane houses new lane houses temporary huts garden houses apartments

1.5 sq. meters of housing stolen 100 religious sites commandeered 40501 families evicted

ilong

high rise apartments

communist-blocks

nt lilong

urban design studio | shanghai [2] drawings by Taylor Patton, Urban Design Studio: Shanghai 2014

old shikumen

two stories front courtyard service courtyard five meter high brick wall passive cooling inward-looking character lanes promote community courtyards assure privacy

garden lilong two jians wide three stories tall grandness of space better ventilation and lighting

communist housing repetition of block housing

new shikumen reduced courtyard by 2-3 reduced height of rooms lower brick wall exterior windows enlarged operable courtyard windows smaller bays highest density

apartment lilong four to five stories full bathroom heating system electricity fireplaces loss of socially cohesive atmosphere

high-rise apartments complete loss of community

research modules

1-bay

2-bays

3-bays

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

public/private transformation

program transformation

ventilation + occupant transformation

public private

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aggressive tower ( ) expansion into existing lilong (

) communities

source: https://landlab.wordpress.com/2009/03/20/longtang/

Over the past ten years over 2,700 new towers have been built in Shanghai. The rapid growth of tower structures has stimulated an aggressive expansion into existing lilong communities. At its current rate of development, towers will completely supplant lilong neighborhoods within the next 20 years. In the constant battle for territory lilong communities are

rapidly losing hold of their ground to towers, offices, and mid to high-rise apartment living. In this sense, the struggle for land becomes synonymous with the struggle between housing typologies within Shanghai.

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

entry/exit

interior

shikumen

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lilong (WWI-WWII)

600

people per acre source: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Rise and Fall,â&#x20AC;? Building Shanghai

commie-blocks (1960s-1980s)

1,950

people per acre based on an estimated average of 9 blocks per acre, each with 3 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment room.

high-rise apartments (post WWII- )

7,200

people per acre based on an estimated average of 10 units per acre, each with 30 floors, 8 apartment rooms per floor, and 3 people per apartment room.

- 100 people per acre

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

Shanghai is organized and dissected by the major Huangpu River slicing through the vast density of the formal characteristics of the city. Historically, the primary urban activities have operated within the Puxi district just west of the central Huangpu River bend, or more famously known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Bundâ&#x20AC;?. Directly along the west edge of The Bund resides a series of colonial, foreign archi-types, such as French, English, and even German based facades. The extremely popular Riverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s edge allows for extensive and dramatic views crossing the river. Directly across are the extremely dense and very tall building masses flashing global financial capitalism at it greatest awe-inspiring thematic river-front. As once a vast marshland, the relatively recent development in Pudong has greatly positioned Shanghai on the front stage of global economies of importing/exporting,

banking, and commercial investments. The site of inquiry speculates the re-formulation along the 2,000 m long north Pudong riverfront which has previously housed the highly successful shipping and manufacturing industries Today, the lengthy edge situated between the Pudong CBD (Central Business District) and the ever-expanding post-industrial marshy landscapes of the extensive development cultivates speculative implementations into a radically new future in Shanghai. As precedent, the Huangpu River edge provides a variety of situational responsive activities and urban design outcomes such as the Bund public plaza, Houtan Park, 2010 Expo Site, the new arts district along the Power Station, and of course the large-scale global economies with the extremely high priced residential real estate to the south.

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site of inquiry 69

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

student projects

Hyper-populations

scale, proportion, quantities configurations

Data

site edges and patterns urban accessibility

Contextual Elasticity

culture activities

Conditional Research

studio methodology diagram

Urban Performativity Operable Topography Cultural Integrity

Environment Ecology Event

[ SPECULATIVE PROPOSAL ]

patterns capacity & tendency emergences

[ PROTOTYPING ]

Not-to-scale Modeling

[ IMPLEMENTATION ]

[ ONTOLOGY ] [ FOCUS CRITIQUE ]

logics methods components

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

conflicting resolutions urban collage through self-generation Brett Wheeler In the mid-19th century foreign migration began due to Shanghai’s location along the Huangpu River. Foreign settlements amalgamated around the “old city” eventually leaving Shanghainese limited room to populate. Cross cultural pollination between conflicting conditions of urban morphologies has generated Shanghai into an ever-changing collage. This interpretation derived by evidences demonstrated in multiple collision types, originated with traditional shikumen living environments on both an architectural and urban scale. These highly condensed environments create unique communal spaces in section by shikumen homes separated by a lane, roughly four meters wide, and connected by clothing rods tied to each facade. Events activated in the space vary from not only domestic activities but, passive, active and leisurely activities of communal engagement. New living developments today carve away the existing neighborhoods creating zones of conflicting urban typologies. Although different in scale and design the collisions formulate selfgenerative hybridizations between building types. Communal event space, described previously, between shikumen dwellings becomes manifested into an ever-changing façade of living. Facades become self-generative canvases expressing cultures experienced between shikumen lanes. Clothing racks extending three meters from the façade surface, air conditioning units, vegetation, food, retail and etc. all become interchangeable agents that collectively collage new living developments. Facades become indicators alluding to the conflicting urban typologies. Even though communal environments are carved away fringes of urban conflicts create negotiations of communal intended pockets, however, are left desolate. 78

Conflicting types exchange, penetrate, overlap, and embed materials and structures to collage the city continuously which become part of an everchanging Shanghainese culture. The implementation simulates possible collision outcomes in urban form through morphologies of existing living typologies generated by interpretations of Shanghai’s memory. Collisions between different types result in hybrid building structures, passive and active landscapes, and edge manipulation types creating communal and event spaces that were lost in the growth of new living developments. The collisions range in scale from the master plan, demonstrating conflicts between implemented and existing zones, to the detail of conflicting architectural forces. Through self-generation of the implemented conflicting resolutions continue Shanghai’s urban collage.

student projects

sample_01_arial

mid - rise apartment

but to define

type_A | sample_01_perspective

communist housing

both building are side by side

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

sample_01_perspective

apartment lilong

garden lilong

sample_02_arial

sample_02_perspective

apartment lilong old shukimen

sample_03_arial

sample_03_perspective

apartment lilong

high - rise apartment

the dry cloth longer become but a self generative to define a hybridized faca

B a b

a b

sample_04_arial

sectio

sample_04_perspective

sectio

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planters

facade

clothing rack air conditioning unit

ĺŻ&#x201C; ĺ&#x2026;Ź

clothing signage

callout_0a

section_a-a

space

facade

planters clothing rack air conditioning unit clothing

section_b-b

callout_0b (reversed)

Adaptation of Space as a Facade

n lilong

partment

the dry clothing racks no longer become boundaries but a self generative applications to define a hybridized facade typology

section_a-a facade

space

planters clothing rack air conditioning unit clothing

callout_0a

Adaptation of Space as a Facade

apartment lilong clothing rack clothing

section_a-a

old shukimen

planters

callout_0a space

planters clothing rack air conditioning unit clothing

section_b-b

the dry clothing racks no longer become boundaries but a self generative applications to define a hybridized facade typology

callout_0b

adaptation : forming new courtyard space canopy introduced creating new facade of event

adaptation on ground floor

Adaptation of Space as a Facade

0a planters clothing rack air conditioning unit clothing

callout_0a (reversed)

section_a-a 0b planters clothing rack air conditioning unit clothing

section_b-b

callout_0a

Adaptation of Space as a Facade

urban design studio | shanghai [2] sequence 2 2a

slice_a

slice_b

slice_c populated analog

slice_a slice_a

slice_b slice_b

slice_c

systems | digital analog

carve | subtraction of type A creates space for communal interaction in housing typologies

insertion | type A collides with type B structures type A | based on an estimated average of 2 floors, 2 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

type A | based on an estimated average of 2 floors, 2 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

type B | based on an estimated average of 1 floor, 4 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

hybrid type | A + B

type B | based on an estimated average of 1 floor, 4 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

hybrid type | AB - A

carve | erasures of type B from type C perform as break spaces for employees during the day and event spaces by night

tissues | link communist housing types to continue a traditional communal lifestyle

type C | based on an estimated average of 4 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

hybrid type | C + A

hybrid type | C - A

tissues | adding type A to type C links communist housing communities to continue a traditional communal lifestyle pocket condition |

carve | erasures of type A & B from type C create public spaces to continue a traditional communal lifestyle type C | based on an estimated average of 4 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

subtracting type A from type C creates space for communal interaction within the communist housing typology type C | based on an estimated average of 4 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

hybrid type | C - A - B

hybrid type | C + - A

type C | based on an estimated average of 4 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

subtracting type A from type C creates space for communal interaction within

student projects

the communist housing typology

type C | based on an estimated average of 4 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

hybrid type | C + - A

hybrid type | C - A - B

pocket condition | subtracting type B from type C creates space for communal interaction within the communist housing typology

carve | public space in communist housing community

type C | based on an estimated average of 4 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

tissues | adding type A to type C links communist housing communities to continue a traditional communal lifestyle carve | erasures of type B from type C create public spaces to continue a traditional communal lifestyle

hybrid type | C - B

type C | based on an estimated average of 4 floors, 36 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

penetration| type C is intersected by infrustructural pathways

hybrid type | CA - B

hybrid type | C - I

insertion | type A extends over the site and performs as mixed use event spaces

carve| erasures of type A from type D perform as break spaces for employees during the day and event spaces by night

type A | based on an estimated average of 2 floors, 2 apartment rooms per floor, and 2 people per apartment.

type D | based on an estimated average of 10 units per acre, each with on average of 20 floors, 8 apartment rooms per floor and 3 people per apartment space.

hybrid type | A + D

type D | based on an estimated average of 10 units per acre, each with on average of 20 floors, 8 leased office spaces per floor, and 30 people per space.

hybrid type | A - D

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

carve | subtraction of type A creates space for communal interaction in housing typologies

type D | based on an estimated average of 10 units per acre, each with on average of 20 floors, 8 apartment rooms per floor and 3 people per apartment space.

public event space line of offset straus| type D carves away type A to create landscapes from building straus and public space underneath

hybrid type | B - D

hybrid type | D - A

type D | based on an estimated average of 10 units per acre, each with on average of 20 floors, 8 apartment rooms per floor and 3 people per apartment space

straus| type D carves away type C to create landscapes from building straus and public space underneath

public event space line of offset

straus| type D carves away type B to create landscapes from building straus and public space underneath

line of offset public communal space

84 hybrid type | D - B

hybrid type | D - C

student projects

subtraction| type D is subtracted from zone collision B

insertion| (revise type name) type S intersects and adapts to the facade and structure of type D type D | based on an estimated average of 10 units per acre, each with on average of 20 floors, 8 leased office spaces per floor, and 30 people per space.

hybrid type | SD

hybrid type | S - D

skyscraper

continuation | facade skin systems of type D are continued throughout skyscraper skin systems

skyscraper

discontinuation | immediate transition between skin systems of skyscraper and type D

type D

hybrid type | |DS|

hybrid type | D | S

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

HuangPu R

natural

自然生態

passive landscape 被動景觀

DNA_A cruise ship port 游輪港口 cruise ship port 游輪港口

AB-A

active landscape 被動景觀 yacht harbor 遊艇港 D-B

R+A

active landscape 被動景觀 R-A

low rise conflicting zone 低層衝突區

S-D B-A

marina 瑪麗娜

passive landscape 被動景觀

A+B Binjiang Avenue

濱江大道

D+A

D-A |SD| D-A office towers

C-AB

辦公大樓

sh Tong

東方路

C+A-B

low rise conflicting zon

低層衝突區

low rise conflicting zone 低層衝突區

an Yu

Dongfang Roa

街

銅山

C -B

D-C

福山路

Fushan Road 浦東大道

路

Pudong Avenue

深

低層衝突區

d源

low rise conflicting zone

昌邑路

a Ro

Changyi Road

eet

an Str

S|D

student projects

River 黃浦江畔 DNA_B

C+A

DNA

existing edge

ecology/ active landscape

C-I

/ 被動景觀

oad oR

街

銅山

qia amu

ng zo nflicti ise co 突區衝 high-r id & 、高上升 m , w lo 低、中

ji Ling

CA - A D-A

she

Min

低

Pud

路

民生

entia

resid

ong

d Roa

rise low

宅層住

ents

partm se ap id -期ri上升公寓

C-A

&m low

D+E

中

n Taoli 林路

桃 Road

oad kai R

Hua

路

華凱

D-C

ng Pudo

ue Aven

& low

大道

浦東

o ng z flicti con 區 rise 升衝突 mid 中期上低和

生路

100

d民 Roa

she

Min

n 300

nu Ave

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

deterritorialization

the memory of Shanghai’s past and future fragmentation William Pellacani At multiple scales across Shanghai, continuous transformations occur which create fragmentations through decay, development, and historical artifacts. Throughout the city, traces of past and future situate in close proximity to generate a hyper-differentiated urban model contrary to classical precedent (“grid” or “spine” development). Shanghai’s past – defined in this context – share a common edge with the city’s future aspirations (defined as excavations, construction, and future development). The fragmentations from these specific fractures become an agent toward Shanghai’s deterioration of a cultural memory and the plasticity of a cultural identity. Shanghai’s fragmentation of memory creates a paradox in which the city is embedded within: the same forces supporting future development simultaneously deteriorate the existing urban fabric. Borrowing from Manuel Delanda’s text, Philosophy and Simulation: The Emergence of Synthetic Reason, tendencies, properties, and capacities are appropriated into an urban context as a method of analyzing Shanghai’s transformations. Data collected from city samples generate a rate of deterioration throughout Shanghai’s districts, providing an interpretation of the city’s tendencies of transformation. The resulting fragmentation remaining after such transformations contains properties of what Delanda qualifies as Intensive Differentiation, or the point at which critical thresholds are reached. These critical thresholds – defined in this context as deterritorialized zones – are territories completely severed of social, political, or cultural practices from their native places and populations. Specific examples of such territories include Shanghai’s Xintiandi and Nanjing Road, which both identify as retrofitted historic typologies 92

used for high-end retail. Within each example past memories are preserved through typology, but its use and context is supplanted with future motivations. This tendency, to preserve past memories with future aspirations, exemplifies the paradox of Shanghai’s fragmentation of memory and define the city as a “space of possibility”. Shanghai’s future aspirations are manifested through the implementation of The Shanghai Urban Master Plan, which states a specific motivation to “build Shanghai into four centers (namely the economic center, the international finance center, the international shipping center and, especially the international trade center) and [generate] an international metropolis of socialist modernization by 2020, and striving to develop into a “global city” with capabilities of allocating worldwide resources and strong international competitiveness and influence” (quoted from the Guiding Opinions on Compiling the General Urban Plan for a New Round of Overall Development in Shanghai). Such a strong aspiration to increase an international presence heightens Shanghai’s fragmentations with immediate contrasts between past and future memory. As Shanghai continues to aspire toward a heightened international presence its cultural memory is deteriorated through fragmentations while simultaneously being regenerated through deterritorialization, creating a cultural identity contingent on both development and deterioration.

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

This proposal enhances Shanghai’s current development through associations of past and future memory. By extracting the data collected from fragmentation samples located within the city, a process of implementation is generated that borrows from Shanghai’s behavioral morphology and the appropriation of Delanda’s philosophy. The amplification of urban transformation tendencies is developed by placing sampled city fragmentation within development fractures – creating hyperfragmentation within a site of inquiry. Amalgamations of past, current, and future within this state of hyper-fragmentation allows the exploitation of Shanghai’s multiplicity across various typologies and events, providing a continuous exchange of past and future memory. Consequently, the result of such hyper-fragmentation generates a new set of deterritorialized zones that are utilized to display areas of high-contrast present throughout Shanghai. The placement of future and past development within Shanghai’s hyper-fragmentations provides an interpretation of the city’s behavioral morphology. Overall, this proposal creates a consistent exchange between fragmentations of memory and enhances the tendencies of a city embedded within a unique paradox.

2000

2005

2010

2014

additions / removal

2000

2005

2010

2014

housing / industry

2000

2005

2010

2014

fragmentation

2000

2005 x

2010

2014 x

x y

student projects

huangpu

shanghai

pudong

shanghai

zhabei

hongkou

e d

patterns of fragmentation

shanghai

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

31o16’21” N / 121o32’54” E

city samples

31o15’52” N / 121o32’17” E

city samples

31o17’01” N / 121o24’48” E

city samples

new void

(generated from city sample mismatch)

existing void

(present within city samples)

development fracture demarcation

hyper-fragmentation

shanghai

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

student projects

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

fragmented piers //

foliage accumulation

marina // boat dock

finance tower // +250m

yacht club // luxury resort

low-rise residential //

community

boardwalk //

manicured surface

investment tower //

+400m

banking tower // +300m

high-rise residential // living

low-rise residential //

community

siness+commerce //

pping

dongfang lu

ecology wildscape

decayed territory // accumulation of debris

leisure park // manicured surface

low-rise residential // community

东方路

i lu

gy chan

changyi lu

昌邑路

fushan

100 |1:2000

marshland //

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R E V I R U P G N A U H

fragmented piers //

foliage accumulation

marshland // ecology wildscape

fragmented piers //

park extension

huangpu river //

boat tour

fragmented piers //

boat dock

tourist center // boat tours

chang

yi lu

leisure park // manicured surface

路路桃林

昌邑

high-rise residenti living

decayed territory // accumulation of debris

low-rise residential // community

low-rise residential //

i lu chang y

community

marshland // ecology wildscape

low-rise residential //

community

pudon

邑路

昌

u en l nsh

yua taolin

101

路源深

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

102

student projects

103

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

inverted hinterlands

speculative populations of urban productivity Luna Vital Shanghai’s distribution and expansion of land use has been directly linked to economic growth of the city. Efficiency has been consistently increasing at the turn of the 21st century and currently, China is faced with the challenge to feed 22% of the world’s population with approximately 7% of the world’s farmland. Meanwhile, according to Shuqing Zhao in the article Ecological Consequences of Rapid Urban Expansion: Shanghai, China: “the city is essentially trading off urban development within the Pudong District for the expansion of agricultural land on Chongming Island.” A major component in the urban growth involves a conversion of rural agricultural land into urban land use. Consequently, there are fewer farmlands in China than in almost any other country. Inevitably, Shanghai’s economy and population will continue to grow and land availability will no longer be capable of feeding a rapid increasing population. The insertion of agriculture processes back into Pudong aims to set forth projective ecologies in an attempt to cultivate innovative urban/rural productivity. Land is distributed and used as a site for urban economic growth in the city whereas in the rural it is used as an instrument of production. As a result, agricultural production has been pushed into the hinterlands. As an example, this project samples Chongming Island’s wide range of productive environments and urbanization process forming around these. The methods for generation of these in a city where economy is the primary leading growth factor, and includes adaptation processes resulting in several speculative programmatic and public events. Establishing four methods: generation, attachment, integration and recombination these patterns are inserted into Pudong. First, the generation factor allows an extraction of samples from a palette 104

of productive sites across Chongming Island and similar patterns of growth flexible enough to enable projective urban and agricultural growth. Second, the attachment phase allows these patterns to attach to the “host” site and begin a process of physical adaptations through the integration phase. Consequently, the recombination phase allows the mutated outcomes to generate events based upon the context of the city, enabling these patterns to survive and adapt in other environments. Lastly, the projective outcomes are patterns of productive environments and processing stages that aim to help remedy current environmental, social and economic issues as a result of exponential urban growth. The insertion of agriculture processes back into Pudong aims to set forth projective ecologies in an attempt to cultivate innovative urban/rural productivity as a symbiotic relationship with the constant urban and population growth.

student projects

105

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

The zones established through the previous mentioned methods include aquaculture zones, agricultural zones and distribution, educational zones, and water ecologies. Within these zones, smaller programmatic events are proposed as a stages for productive environments. For instance, aquaculture zones include fish farms, shipping docks, auction markets, fish markets where the product is locally sold to the public and a shared distribution center where processing of harvested species take place. In agricultural zones, there are 3 crop types consisting of wetland, dry-farming land and cash crops. Wetland fields generate paddy rice, China’s main production source after aquaculture consisting doesgrain productivity insert itself into of 2/5 ofhow total output. Dry-farming land distribution of land use within the city? includes seasonal fruits, soy beans, wheat, corn, tuber crops, and vegetables. Last, cash crops are located around residential zones as community gardens harvested and managed by local residents. These crops include tea, cotton, sugarcane, and rapeseed. Furthermore, local markets, food tracks, shipping docks and agriculture distribution centers generate the stage for food distribution locally, nationally and internationally. In educational zones there are research & laboratory centers showcasing current practices, interpretive centers showcasing major components in Shanghai’s history of evolution and transformations leading to the current practice and environments.

Also a botanical garden aims to continue the growth of species in extinction and plants. In addition, the eco-farming demonstration base and market’s goal is to prevent contamination of crops by air and soil pollution by locally cultivating and selling seasonal products. Finally, the water ecologies includes a natural water filtration river; cleansing water from the highly polluted Huangpu River and using it for irrigation processes across the area. In addition, a sewage water treatment facility collects water from the city and releases clean water to local markets and educational zones across the area.

how has ﬁnancial investment as the fuel of economic growth prevented land productivity and efficiency?

where are physical and social tensions visible within pudong as result of the exponential economic and urban development land growth?

agricultural land

urban economic land

agricultural migration pudong + shanghai

6000BC qingpu district songjiang district jinshan district

chongming island

pudong new area

nanhui district

1840 marshland land eco-agriculture land

1985

2009

2012 urban development land vacation center natural protection land eco-agriculture land

106

2025?

student projects

change of land use types

pudongâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gdp shanghaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gdp [3.8%]

urbanization has accelerated at an unprecedented rate, leading to a considerable reduciton in the area of farmland and green land

chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gdp [12%]

agriculture sector 0.6% industry sector 37.2% service sector 62.2%

250

16 8

1980

onomic land

building land

water body

2010

insert itself into distribution of land use t itself into distributionhowof does landproductivity use within the city? in the city?

al land

grassland

-50

forest land

building land

water body

forest land

cultivated land

-16

cultivated land

-8

grassland

150

pudong economic

pudong economic districts

yangtze river

yangpu bridge

yangpu bridge nanpu bridge

nanpu bridge

airport

lujiazui trade and

downtown

waigaoqiao fre

largest free trade

lujiazui trade and finance zone

jinqiao export pro

downtown financial area

waigaoqiao free trade zone

agricultural land

largest free trade zone in china

urban economic land

jinqiao export processing zone

zhangjiang hi-te

special area for technology orie

produc

industrial area

urban agricultur

zhangjiang hi-tech park zone special area for technology oriented business

productive ecologies urban agriculture in-fill zones

107

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

patterns of productive environments | chongming island

generation

attachment + integration

recombination + productive outcomes

c2 c4

108

b3 b1

packaging auction

agriculture

aquaculture

student projects

local market harvest

agricultural fields fish farm

processing local market

sold

loadingpackaging

auction

rice

restaurants + markets

city

a3 distribution

restaurants + markets

harvest

sold

packaging

processing

city distribution

urban farms wheat | corn | tuber

dry land

huangpu river

rice

water city ecologies sewage water treatment huangpu river

eco-farming demonstration center urban farms

irrigation

research + interpretive centers

irrigation

natural water filtration

eco-farming demonstration center

city

restaurants + markets

irrigation

natural water filtration wet land

c5 local market

national + international shipping

water ecologies

wheat | corn | tuber

agricultural fields

national + international shipping a2

loading city distribution

packaging

wet land

national + international shipping

processing

dry land agriculture

sold

irrigation

sewage water treatment

research + interpretive centers

event types + productive surfaces

aquaculture

wheat

cotton

aquaculture

distribution centers

local farmers market

wheat

sugarcane

agricultural fields

local farmers market

botanical botanical gardens gardens interpretive center interpretive center research center research center cotton

natural water filtration fruits

fruits

cotton

natural water filtration

productive surfaces attachment zones tea leaves

tea leaves

rape seed

productive surfaces attachment zones

water aquatic rehabilitation nutrient plants park water soldier, reed, water lilies, water poppies, bulrushes, rushes

water rehabilitation park

rape seed

paddy rice

aquatic nutrient plants water soldier, reed, water lilies, water poppies, bulrushes, rushes

event types + productive surfaces

109

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

processing stages aquaculture china accounts for 2/3 of the worlds reported aquaculture production worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest exporter of fish products.

national

+ interna tion

al shippi ng

sin

ces

local

pro

marke

sold

auction

in kag

pac

fish farm

ding

loa

resta

ura

nts

+m ark

ibuti

ets

city

distr

species: common carp

silver salmon

roach fish

bay anchovy

rainbow trout

silver carp

grass carp

agriculture

water intake & screening water settling & precipitation clarifiers power generation plant aeration tanks trickling filters sedimentation tanks pump stations + grit removal

city ta r in

wate ke

110

clean water impoundment

sand filter for final polishing

water quality stabilization and control

land remediation

aeration and biological purification

nutrient removal

pathogen removal and bio-purification

subsurface filtration

heavy metal removal and bio-purification

terraces for aeration and bio-purification

water ecologies

pro

tive

duc

srf.

eat]

[wh

see

]

way

walk

atio

biliz

sta

tall [pre grasse ven s te ros ion

ian

estr

ts hip

boa

ter

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n fa cilitie

catio

edu

lic p laza

pub

ped

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pub

tion

ibu

are

din

k lo a fish distr

trac

auc tion

l fi sh ma rke t

loca

gd ock

ces sing

gd ock

]

eat

ess ing

r. fi eld

[ag

din

r[ pro

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er]

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c pro

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fish loa

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agr

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dp ubli

vate

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fill

ce [ra p

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path

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sur fa

. in -

agr

duc tive

s ket

san d [fin filter al poli shin

r im pou

nw ate

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ens

ter

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lg ard

nica

bota

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rpre

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arc

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lm a

loca

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path

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nsin

ctu

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stru

path

opy

can

estr ian

dp ed

ers

farm

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ship

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loa

ga re

gin

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vate

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dna 01 | distribution center

dna 03 | educational facility

dna 04| farmers market

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urban design studio | shanghai [2]

projective growth 2010

2040?

yangtze river

commercial industry residential civic utilities open space

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port and warehouse boundary of pudong development zone

yangtze river

commercial + productive attachments industry + rehabilitation parks residential + community gardens civic utilities + education facilities urban agricultural in-fill port and warehouse + processing zones boundary of pudong development zone

student projects

projective growth 2010

2040?

yangtze river

ive growth commercial

commercial + productive attachments

industry

industry + rehabilitation parks

residential

2040?

yangtze river

residential + community gardens

civic utilities

civic utilities + education facilities

open space

urban agricultural in-fill

port and warehouse

port and warehouse + processing zones

boundary of pudong development zone

commercial industry residential civic utilities open space port and warehouse boundary of pudong development zone

boundary of pudong development zone

projective growth 2010

yangtze river

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port an

boundary of pudong deve

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urban islands

negotiation of density & edge Gaby Blake Urban islands are changes in the urban pattern and in the population density created by the rapid urban growth of Shanghai. They exist in close proximity creating a physical and experiential contrast. These islands are created by different formal characteristics; hard edges, void and pattern change. Hard edges are areas that have existed before the city of Shanghai and they were conserved once the modern building of Shanghai was built. As an example traditional Chinese gardens increased tourist attractions creating a high population density within their defined perimeter. The walls serve as the urban island boundary not only because of the distribution within it, but also because of the radical population density change. The activities within these walls become different to that of the outside. Inside, everything is directed toward tourists, while outside quotidian life continues for the residents of Shanghai. The most popular garden in Shanghai is the Yuyuan Garden. Within the confined boundary the population density increases radically while the exterior remains undisturbed by it. Voids are not only physical but also experiential. In order to accommodate for the new development in Shanghai, buildings have been torn down, creating another type of urban island. The demolished site becomes a population void where activity is rare. Some of these voids remain undisturbed, while others become residential towers. The new high rise residential towers create urban islands by diminishing the population density within the property compared to the one on the streets of Shanghai. Traditional communities such as the shikumen and lilongs promote activities to happen outside of the homes and involving the neighbors. The high rise residential towers due the opposite by promoting the activities 116

to happen individually within the homes. Residential towers and traditional homes exist next to each other creating an easily perceived differentiation in population density. Before Shanghai became the city we know of today, marshlands occupied its place. Their main function was to protect and improving water quality, provide fish and wildlife habitats, store floodwaters, and maintain surface water flow during dry periods. They also act as a transition between water habitat and land habitat. The site is currently a void which is divided into three vertical strips. The strip closest to the city is a void which acts as a buffer to the rest of the site. The middle strip is a street which is not used often for circulating and the strip closest to the river is another void. Due to the lack of activity within the site it is all a population void. This proposal is to let the void invert itself by creating a marshland within it. The city would act as a high population density area just like the Chinese Gardens do, while the marshlands would be lacking in density creating a void. The urban islands that are created within the new residential towers can be mimicked in their amount of density and become a negotiation between the city and the marshlands. Through the combination of the urban islands, healthy ecologies can be achieved.

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urban design studio | shanghai [2] Construction Lot A

b b

a a

section a

section b

Construction Lot B

b b

a a

section a

section b

Park B

b b

section a

section b

section c

Yuyuan Garden

a a

section a

section b

Jade Buddha Temple

section a

void

hard edges

pattern change

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section c

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01. AREAS city viewing

The strip is divided into areas in which the activities between the city and the marshland are going to take place.

river viewing

existing buildings

theatre/ concert venue

existing building

fishing

existing shipping crane

02. MANIPULATION Depending on the activity, some areas get vertically closer to the city while others get closer to the marshland.

city viewing

03. IMPLEMENTATION The surface is manipulated.

04. FINAL DESIGN After the surface is manipulated, the places that remain between them become steps to allow for seating, and access.

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urban design studio | shanghai [2] existing building

DB_ diving beetle

GH_ green heron

concerts/ plays

E_ earthworms

R_rabbit

pathogen removal and bio-purification

GBH_ great blue heron

O_oysters

edge 2: rocks

Huangpu River RG_reed grass

PW_pickerel weed

CONCERTS/ PLAYS_ DNA 2 shopping/ dinning (proposed building)

G_grasshoper

RWB_red winged blackbird

marshland research center (existing building) D_dragonfly

MW_ marsh wren

heavy metal removal and land bio-purification

B_ butterfly

edge 3: concrete BK_belted kingfisher

Huangpu River

MH_ marsh hibiscus

MM_marsh mallow

EXISTING BUILDING_ DNA 1

F_fish

S_ snail

existing buildings

N_nutria

PT_painted turtle

M_muskrat

L_lizard

fishing

C_crab

aeration and biological purification

F_frog

edge 1: bulkhead

Huangpu River

BB_button bush

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FISHING_ DNA 3

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FISHING

CONCERT

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Yuanshen Ro

SITE PLAN down

walking

1:2500 D

city viewing

down

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edge 1: bulkheads

edge 2: rocks

DNA 1

leisure

city viewing

yacht club (existing) shopping/ dinning (proposed)

heavy metal removal and bio-purification

marshalnd research center (existing building)

marshalnd learning center (existing building)

subsurface filtration

terraces for aeration and bio-purification

water settling and precipitation

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

ning / din ping shop osed) p o r (p B

ing dinn

down

/ ping shop osed) (prop

ve. ng A Pudo F

down

edge 3: concrete

edge 2: rocks

proposed stage B

proposed stage A

DNA 3

DNA 2

NLC

water quality stabilization and control

aeration and biological purification

nutrient removal

pathogen removal and bio-purification

walk

city/ river viewing (existing shipping crane)

fishing

memory education (existing building)

concerts/ plays

student projects

down

ing

B B

g shen Min

Rd.

n oli Ta

d. an R Rush

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dissolving edges a new ecological facade Christy Purcella As the city of Shanghai becomes increasingly concerned with the health of their water ecologies, the city has proposed many projects to help expand awareness and action against these issues. Looking back on the history of Shanghai, water ecologies have been a significant part of how the city became such an economic power house of the world. Agriculture, aquaculture, and specifically the vast shipping industry have boosted Shanghai into this position. This productivity through water usage has promoted the hasty development of the Central Business District, or CBD, in Pudong. However, this development is in contrast to the geography of Pudong, as it is originally a wetlands. Since the late 1980’s and early 1990’s the wetland of Pudong have completely disintegrated, disregarding the significant history of how Pudong became such an economic power. Historically, Shanghai existed as a port city for the import and export of goods. Because of this industry, Shanghai has centered itself around the Huangpu River, resulting in the river bisecting the city. Now the city is inverted itself onto the river, revealing the facade of the city. The facade of the city engages the many activities along the river. Many of these activates include, water ecology revitalization, the 2010 World Expo site, a up and coming art district with the use of the Power Station of Art, re gentrification of traditional shukumen’s into upscale dinning and retail at Cool Docks, high end luxury living with private yacht marina’s, the CBD, a public plaza called the Bund, an International Cruise Terminal, multiple wharf ’s, and ferry terminals consistently throughout.

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The activities along the river engaged into a edge study through wax models. Hot liquid wax was poured into cool water, creating nondeterministic outcomes. With the range in variety, the wax models informed edge typologies, hence informing surface typologies as well. These edge types are then applied to the site. The proposal is an integration of natural ecologies throughout the site that provide the city to allow the people of Shanghai to become engaged with the acknowledgement of the water ecologies. This aligns with the current agenda of the city. Currently, the city has sectioned the river into three parts, the Southern Expansion Project, the Central Development, and the Northern Expansion Project. These projects focus on the rehabilitation of the river’s edge by promoting healthy ecologies. Through that agenda, the proposal addresses the river’s edge by dissolving it. by Dissolving the edge, the people of the city are interacting with the river. Because of this interaction, the proposal consists of water filtration plants, providing safe water for the public, that is then integrated into public pools for public leisure. The filtration plant consists of research facilities and public exhibitions that promote knowledge to the public. The research facilities utilize hydroponic biodome, for research with a controlled environment compared to the polluted environment Shanghai currently endures. Through dissolving the edge, the relationship between the city and its people is strengthen through knowledge, and this knowledge creates a new ecological facade for the city.

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urban design studio | shanghai [2] 1868

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1909

1889

1944

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urban design studio | shanghai [2]

drylands

useable water

deck drylands

digital ecological projections

river tour dock

tourist information center

dna 01 grasslands

digital ecological projections

grasslands

useable water

wetlands

huangpu river

grasslands

digital ecological projections

hydroponic biodome

botonical garden

dna 02

grasslands

earth

ecology variation

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grasslands

huangpu river

information center

student projects outdoor aqquatics center

ﬁltration center end

grasslands

huangpu river

ﬁltration center beginning

dnaﬁltration 03

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fushan road d dongfang roa

hydroponic biodome

water ecologies research center digital ecological projections

arboretum

digital ecological projections dock

grasslands

rongcheng road

grasslands

dock

digital ecological projections

grasslands

digital ecological projections wetlands

botonical garden

hydroponic biodome

wetlands

dock

wetlands

drylands

wetlands

torist informations center

drylands

digital ecological projections

wetlands

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digital ecological projections

urban design studio | shanghai [2]

dna_01

dna_

changyi road

pudong ave

drylands

digital ecological projections wetlands

digital ecological projections

water ﬁltration center

grasslands

drylands

digital ecological projections

wetlands

drylands

digital ecological projections

water ﬁltration center

drylands

wetlands

outdoor aqquatics center

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nsh

yua

d roa

n taoli

road ve

i roa

a huak

biodome water ﬁltration center

grasslands

water ﬁltration center

digital ecological projections

grasslands

public recreational pool facility

indoor aqquatics center

drylands

grasslands

wetlands

water ﬁltration center

aquarium

water ﬁltration center digital ecological projections

grasslands

digital ecological projections

ng a pudo

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urban design studio | shanghai [2]

infrastructural morphology imprinting mobility on the urban landscape John Charbonneau Shanghai is a city of movement. With a population over 24 million, Shanghai’s transportation infrastructure has become a central component in the city’s prosperity. Since the early 1920’s, Shanghai’s culture of transportation has remained in a state of rapid evolution, increasing in volume and in speed. Movement through the city is comprised of 4 primary elements; pedestrian, roadway, waterway, railway. This accumulation of infrastructure represent the fundamentals of urban mobility through Shanghai; each of which operate simultaneously to systematically move people, goods, and information. Consequentially, these transportation modes have dissolved the datum of the city by provoking a sectional pallet on which transportation modes are choreographed and performed. Because of this, the ground plane is no longer the singular, self-contained artery of the city. Although many of these systems operate efficiently, there exists a conflict between Shanghai’s infrastructural performance and its inhabitants. Evidences of a cultural confrontation seem to intensify with the pervasive expansion of economic and industrial entities. This can be observed in the bicycle’s recent backslide. Once a dominant force of movement throughout Shanghai, the bicycle is now at odds with vehicular traffic. According to a 2008 report by the Earth Policy Institute: “China’s bike fleet declined by 35 percent, from 670 million to 435 million, while private car ownership more than doubled, from 4.2 million to 8.9 million.” Forced to share constricted roadways and frenzied traffic conditions, the treatment of the culture of 134

bicycling in Shanghai has yet to evolve along with the rest of the city’s heightened transportation infrastructure. Adversely, roadways and pedestrian walkways have continued to evolve and expand in a symbiotic relationship to the city. This kind of successful negotiation is accomplished by elevating modes of transport to allow for a varying levels of intersect and overlap. In this way, the ground plane of the city becomes dissolved and this sectional treatment of infrastructure makes way for ah-hoc, programmable interstitial space. This project is a study of employing the language of Shanghai’s infrastructural attitude to the aforementioned elements of transportation. Speculatively, the work attempts to heighten the performative quality of movement in Shanghai. In this way, the work intensifies the relationship between mobility and publicness while retaining a sensitivity to cultural queues and programmatic outcomes. Synonymous to cinema’s ever-changing depiction of future cities and hyper-infrastructure, Shanghai’s growth will undoubtedly be saturated by this intensified infrastructural zeitgeist.

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urban design studio | shanghai [2]

The method with which these ideals manifest is through the study of linear fields. By connecting a field of points using non-linear curves, qualities of overlap, intersection, attraction, and repulsion emerge as quantifiable data that starts to inform tendencies within the system. Simultaneously, these systems studies reveal morphological probabilities of opposing forces through hyper-populated design schemes. Implementation of this system onto the site of inquiry takes place in multiple design phases. Firstly, the system employs logics onto the site and the surrounding context; this step provides considerations for edge conditions, thoroughfares, and existing transportation infrastructure. The consequential spaces become performative by attempting manage the relationship of public and mobility by negotiating manipulations of non-linear transportation routes. Infinite generations of this cultivated evolution may be implemented throughout broader methods in Shanghai. Thus, this speculative proposal is not a final consideration, rather, it is a prototypical instance of urban mobility and distribution.

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“Quantity is a precondition to fineness. Repetition in multiple models is necessary to make selections. Repetition within a single model is necessary to register differentiation. Difference, or the possibility for sidderence, is produced as an answer to program.” - Atlas Of Novel Tectonics, Reiser + Umemoto

SOURCE //

// CONNECTIVE MEMBER //

SOURCE //

NUMBER OF POINTS // POINT CHARACTERISTICS // THROUGH CURVES // ITERATION STAGE //

SOURCE //

// CONNECTIVE MEMBER //

SOURCE //

// CONNECTIVE MEMBER //

SOURCE //

NUMBER OF POINTS // POINT CHARACTERISTICS //

// IMPOSING FORCE //

THROUGH CURVES // ITERATION STAGE //

20 ATTRACT 240 5

16 ATTRACT 240 4

// AUGMENTED FIELD BEHAVIOR //

SOURCE //

// CONNECTIVE MEMBER //

// IMPOSING FORCE //

NUMBER OF POINTS // POINT CHARACTERISTICS // THROUGH CURVES // ITERATION STAGE //

NUMBER OF POINTS // POINT CHARACTERISTICS //

2 ATTRACT | ATTRACT

POINT LOCATION // POINT RANGE //

(15, 65) | (65,15) 5|7

NUMBER OF POINTS // POINT CHARACTERISTICS // THROUGH CURVES // ITERATION STAGE //

10 ATTRACT 240 3

8 ATTRACT 240 2

0 ATTRACT 240 1

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urban design studio | shanghai [2]

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ELEVATED SURFACE

BICYCLE PARKING

TAXI DROP-OFF/ PICK-UP

FERRY TERMINAL

FERRY SLIP

VIEWING DECK

CURTAIN WALL

GLASS ROOF

DEPRESSED SURFACE

RETAINING WALL

VEGETATION

student projects

ELEVATED SURFACE

VIEWING DECK

SURFACE PERFORATIONS

VEGETATION

MULTI-MODAL HUB

CURTAIN WALL

GLASS ROOF

DEPRESSED SURFACE

MAG-LEV PLATFORM

SECURITY CHECK-POINT

MAG-LEV TRAIN

dna_01

MULTI MODAL TRANSPORTATION HUB 01

ELEVATED SURFACE

PERFORMANCE HALL

STEAMED DUMPLINGS

RECREATION CENTER

VEGETATION

VIEWING DECK

CURTAIN WALL

GLASS ROOF

INDOOR CLIMBING WALL

INDOOR SPORTS FIELD

OUTDOOR LEISURE AREA

RICKSHAW WAITING AREA

BICYCLE PARKING

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Thank you to all the parties who made the studio and China trip another exciting and productive semester! in Shanghai: Zhou Minghao, Tongji University Xu Shibei, Tongji University Li Wei, Tongji University Andy Lin, 5+ Design David Shia, 5+ Design Tony Schonhardt, Neri + Hu Effie Yu, Neri + Hu in Texas: Rachel Jarnagin, Office of International Affairs Elizabeth McDaniel, Office of International Affairs Victoria Qin, Office of International Affairs Andrew Vernooy, College of Architecture, Dean Dustin White, College of Architecture, Director of Shop Final Reviewers: John Clegg, Page David Driskill, Texas Tech University Derek Hoeferlin, Washington University St. Louis Josh Nason, University of Texas Arlington Maria Perbellini, Texas Tech University

*Special thanks to Yoon Park for support in Suzhou and our studio popcorn supply!

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