Enabling Joined-Up Government

13 Introducing Geographic Information Systems For improved planning and service delivery S.M. Khatib Alam Muntazir Mehdi Gul Hafeez Khokhar

July 2008

Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System (FIGIS) N

Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System (FIGIS) N

Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System (FIGIS) N

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

This document is produced as part of the Strengthening Decentralised Local Government in Faisalabad (SDLGF) Project for the purpose of disseminating lessons learnt from the project. The views are not necessarily those of DFID or the City District Government Faisalabad (c) SDLGF July 2008 Parts of this case study may be reproduced for educational use, provided that such material is not printed and sold. The authors expect that, any material which is used will be acknowledged accordingly.

Layout & Designed at: FaizBakht Printers, The Mall, Jhang (Punjab) Pakistan.

13 Introducing Geographic Information Systems For improved planning and service delivery

July 2008

S.M. Khatib Alam Muntazir Mehdi Gul Hafeez Khokhar

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

VISION “Pre-empting Poverty, Promoting Prosperity”

MISSION STATEMENT “We will provide high quality services which compare with the best in the country. We will work with everyone who wants a better future for our District. We will establish an efficient, effective and accountable District Local Government, which is committed to respecting and upholding women, men and children’s basic human rights, responsive towards people’s needs, committed to poverty reduction and capable of meeting the challenges of the 21st Century. Our actions will be driven by the concerns of local people”

ACKNOWLEDGMENT This case study is the culmination of efforts by a number of individuals from Government and the technical assistance team. Firstly it is important to thank all those who have cooperated with the team preparing this case study not only in the last few weeks but over the course of the last fifteen months. They have been critical to the work and demonstrated what is possible to achieve in government when the right set of conditions prevail.

We would also like to thank the communities and elected representatives of the district that assisted the SPU team in implementing this project and its various components. The authors wish to thank Rana Zahid Tauseef, City District Nazim; Maj (Retd.) Azam Suleman Khan, District Coordination Officer; and Dr. Tariq Sardar, EDO Finance & Planning, Nasim Ahmad, EDO Municipal Services; Syed Mumtaz Hussain Shah, EDO Education; Dr Muhammad Javed, EDO Health; Mr Ashiq Hussain Dogar, EDO IT for their valuable contribution in making this project a huge success.

We are further thankful to all CDGF employees (past and present) and CDGF partner departments but we would like to specifically mention by name the following: Muhammad Ramzan, DO Planning; Aamir Sultan Tareen, DO Revenue; Khalid Pervez, DO Road; Ali Imran, DO Spatial planning; Dr Aslam Parvez, DDO Solid Waste Management; Saeed Ahmad, DDO Planning for their efforts in successfully implementing reforms in their departments. We are thankful to Mr. Rashid Majeed, Director Engineering FDA; Ch. Abdul Majeed, Director Water Resources WASA; Dr. Zafar M. Khalid, Director NIBGE; Maj. (Retd.)

Abdul Rehman, Ex-Town Nazim Jaranwala; all Town Nazims; TMOs; TOs I&S; for their kind support.

We are thankful to all DFID project advisors and management that have assisted in this project since its start and we would like to specifically thank Mr. Mosharraf Zaidi, Governance Advisor, DFID Pakistan and Mr. Wajahat Anwar, Deputy Program Manager, Accountability and Empowerment team, DFID Pakistan, for their continuous support and professional technical guidance since their involvement in 2005.

We are thankful to Urban Unit team for their joint efforts with us since the start of the GIS development. We are especially thankful to Dr. Nasir Javed, Project Director, Urban Unit; Ms. Shabnum Najaf, Urban Planning Specialist; Mr. Fawad Saeed, GIS Specialist; Muhammad Riaz Akbar, Jr. Urban Planner and Haroon Rasul Khokhar, I.T. Manager.

We are thankful to Mirza Muhammad Ramzan; Technical Incharge of Field Survey who played instrumental role for managing technical field surveys, obtaining information from secondary sources and provided considerable amount of technical support. We are thankful to Mr. Kashif Abbas; head of the IT team, for his valuable suggestions and technical support throughout the process of developing the GIS. We are thankful to Sumara Khan for proof reading the document and all the SPU team members for their dedication, hard work and the many late hours spent designing, implementing and documenting the work of this project. These include: Nadir Ehsan, Mahmood Akhtar, Imran Yousafzai, Muhammad Shahid Alvi, Muhammad Tariq, Humaira Khan, Ajaz Durrani, Farhan Yousaf, Rana Sohail Aslam, Aamir Imran, Asma Arshed, Abdul Qudus, Sami Ullah, all long and short-term international and national consultants.

FOREWORD There is evidence to suggest that new technologies need to be adopted by District Governments in Pakistan as part of a broader reforms agenda to improve efficiency and effectiveness in the planning and delivery of municipal services, especially to the poor. In order to fully utilise this technology, there needs to be a major cultural shift in the way local governments perceive technology and do business. Governments need to collect, manage and use information in an integrated manner and inclusive manner.

Local Governments in Pakistan face a number of enumerable challenges, the most significant of which is how to provide better services. Our task is made harder by the lack of up-to-date information on where services and facilities are provided and where gaps exist in those services. Secondly, often poor coordination between planning agencies hinders our ability to deliver on our mandate. Our City District Government Faisalabad (CDGF) administration has tried to directly tackle some of these problems by investing in a Geographic Information System (GIS) that aims to coordinate all our district services and their delivery from a planning and monitoring perspective.

We realised from the outset that without geographically based information on services and facilities, integrated planning remains archaic with efforts, often, duplicated and resources wasted. To date, we have experienced many advantages in developing the GIS and we will continue to strengthen this tool to assist, in time, all our departments and external line agencies to ensure integrated planning takes place for the complete district. This will not be an easy task and it certainly will not be completely finished in the next 5 years, but we have made a major start and remain committed to continue and that, perhaps, is a very good sign.

There is no reason why other districts should not follow the example of Faisalabad.

This case study is the thirteenth of a series of case studies, written in close collaboration with the City District Government Faisalabad. Other case studies and documents can be found on our web site: www.faisalabad.gov.pk. We hope that all the documents featured on our website provide a guideline and encourage discussion that improvements in systems and processes within local government is essential and a pre-requisite, if we are to improve our strategic planning and thus improve service delivery.

The Clock Tower, symbol of Faisalabad

I would like to take the opportunity to thank our City District Nazim for his valuable support to the reforms in our district. I would also like to congratulate all the EDOs for working to achieve the successes outlined in this case study. Finally, I would like to thank our major partners in development, the Department for International Development (DFID) UK and their management consultants GHK International Ltd. for assisting Faisalabad City District through the project “Strengthening Decentralized Local Government in Faisalabad�.

Maj. (Rtd.) Azam Suleman Khan District Co-ordination Officer City District Government Faisalabad July 2008

PREFACE GIS is a new initiative for our City District Government. It follows a recent trend among public sector organisations across Pakistan to digitally map services for planning and development.

There are different Government agencies and departments who have developed GIS according to their requirements. In most of the cases, capacity to understand this technology and its potential remains limited in Pakistan.

Faisalabad has embarked upon a technology change through introducing and developing information systems. A number of stand-alone information systems have been developed for various departments as part of broader reforms agenda aimed at bringing improvement in services delivery in the District. These information systems helped improving information flow across various departments and brought many efficiency gains for us. These systems made our working easy and allowed us to not only know what our resource requirements and availability is, but ability to project future requirements. After automating our key processes, we moved a step ahead and felt the need to use modern tools available for planning.

Technology based change acted as a strong driver to a perception that for coordinated planning, information about particular service should be available through one single system namely GIS. We started the process of developing our District's GIS and we have completed the initial stages of its development.

The GIS compiles services according to their geographic location providing us, for the first time, with scaled drawings and maps for each union council with the District. Through our computer based system we are able access and analyse data from different independent information systems. GIS also helped management in better visualisation of the ground realities about the services without physically having to visit the sites, frequently, – thus saving valuable time. We have started using GIS as a strategic tool for planning at the local level and it is bringing a change in the way we do planning and make financial allocations. To date, the main beneficiary of this system has been the planning department of the City District Government. Other beneficiaries have included the town municipal administrations, union councils, the Police, professionals and research organisations. In time, we are planning to extend this tool to other departments of CDGF and external agencies operating in Faisalabad.

Dr. Tariq Sardar Additional Project Director Strengthening Decentralised Local Government in Faisalabad July 2008

Office of the District Co-ordination Officer, Faisalabad

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS FOREWORD PREFACE ACRONYMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1

BACKGROUND Key Concepts and the Context Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System - FIGIS

3 4 5

THE CASE

11

THE DESIGN Ensuring Proper Monitoring Mechanism; Steering and Working Committees Defining Scope of Work

12 12 12

IMPLEMENTATION Office Establishment Staff Hiring and Training Constitution of Teams Acquisition, Mosaicing and Enhancement of Satellite Imagery Setting up Necessary Surveys Equipment and IT Infrastructure Identification of the Administrative Boundaries with the help of Revenue Department Preparing Base Map for Data Collection Reconnaissance Survey Field Surveys Property Numbering Quality Assurance of the Survey Data Integrating Data from Different Sources: The FIGIS Application Implementation Software Preparing Scaled Drawings and Maps Cost of Development of FIGIS Community Participation and Awareness - A Parallel Process

19 19 19 21 21 22

IMPACTS Enabling Joined-up Government Impacts on the working of District Government Departments Impacts on other Agencies and Departments Advantages of Developing the GIS for District Government

33 33 34 38 41

LESSONS AND REFLECTIONS

46

SUSTAINABILITY

51

CONCLUSIONS

54

GLOSSARY

66

22 23 23 24 26 26 26 31 31 31 31

Table of Contents FIGURES Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Figure 5: Figure 6: Figure 7: Figure 8: Figure 9: Figure 10: Figure 11: Figure 12: Figure 13: Figure 14: Figure 15: Figure 16: Figure 17: Figure 18: Figure 19: Figure 20: Figure 21:

The physical components of GIS: Source: GIS dictionary (2001) Towns in the City District Faisalabad Example of raw hand maps used for the development schemes by TMAs The corridor of opportunities in City District Faisalabad Conceptualising the design for the FIGIS Development Area of work for developing the GIS by CDGF and Urban Unit Organogram of the GIS unit Equipment used in the GIS Verification of administrative boundary of Chak 438/GB using scanned shajra map and satellite imagery Sample part of a questionnaire and data collected about the services Linkage of the GIS with other MISs and integration of data collected through different surveys Using GIS application to view the integrated information for upgrading a school Services Layers of FIGIS Use of information from devolved and non-devolved departments for poverty focused allocations in the District Potential gaps in government female education services in UC 72 and 73 of Tandlianwala Town Existing and proposed water supply schemes of WASA Location and area of jurisdiction of Khurianwala Police Station Integrated data for establishing a new health facility Reason for dissatisfaction from building of health facilities Financial allocations for building of health facilities by PDSSP (2007-08) Concept of Province-wide implementation of GIS

4 6 7 8 12 13 20 22

Demographic data of Faisalabad District List of equipment used to collect information from field Cost of development of GIS Problems faced while developing the GIS Problems Faced in Physical Surveys SWOT Analysis of the process of developing GIS

6 22 31 49 49 50

Steps for Development of the GIS Details of data collected Examples of digitised drawings Process Diagrams of Activities Map of roads in Chak Jhumra Town

54 56 59 61 65

23 24 27 28 30 33 35 39 40 42 44 45 53

TABLES Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: ANNEX Annex 1: Annex 2: Annex 3: Annex 4: Annex 5:

Acronyms

ACRONYMS BHU CAD CBO CCBMIS CDGF DCO DBMS DDO DFID DO EDO F&P FDA FIGIS FMIS GIS GPS HRM HRMIS ICTs ISO IT LHV MCH MIS NGOMIS P&D PC-1 RHC SDP SPU THQ TMA TMO TO UC WASA

Basic Health Unit Computer Aided Designing / Drafting Community Based Organisation Citizen Community Board Management Information System City District Government Faisalabad District Co-ordination Officer Database Management System Drawing and Disbursing Officer Department for International Development District Officer Executive District Officer Finance & Planning Faisalabad Development Authority Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System Financial Management Information System Geographic Information System Global Positioning System Human Resource Management Human Resource Management Information System Information and Communication Technologies International Standards Organization Information Technology Lady Health Visitor Mother and Child Health Management Information System Non-Government Organisation Management Information System Planning & Development Planning Commission Proforma for Project Proposals Rural Health Centre Strategic Development Plan Strategic Policy Unit Town Head Quarter Town Municipal Administration Town Municipal Officer Town Officer Union Council Water and Sanitation Agency

Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY District Faisalabad is one of the largest districts in Pakistan. Over the last 4 years, the City District Government Faisalabad (CDGF) has been attempting to improve its internal systems and processes so that better integrated planning can take place and targeted pro-poor investments can take place to improve service delivery. It has taken several steps towards this and the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) is just one of its initiatives.

In the past, CDGF has faced a number of problems and issues in the way services were planned and delivered. Some of the problems are highlighted below: ?

Planning mechanisms were not integrated and inclusive, with a number of line

agencies executing development works in the District, lacking communication and coordination between themselves. ?

There was no strategic direction for infrastructure development and executing line agencies often did not know as to how the work that they were carrying out fitted into the overall development and planning framework of the District. ?

Up-to-date and accurate data was lacking and primary level surveys were rarely carried out. Hence it was very difficult to plan confidently for the future and make any critical decisions. ?

Information on investments in the past was not readily available and it was very difficult to decipher where investments had been made and where they needed to be made in the future. ?

Needs of the people was not easily conveyed to the departments and so departments were unable to ensure that targeted investments took place, where they were needed most. ?

The District departments did not have proper scaled drawings (especially at the union council level) for planning for development projects. ?

There was a culture of ad-hoc planning. ?

Vertical programmes did not easily integrate into the district planning These problems resulted into wastage of resources and duplicity of the development schemes. Resultantly many of the union councils remained without any major investments to improve service delivery.

To begin with CDGF developed a number of management information systems as part of strengthening its systems and processes and to support cooperation and coordination across the District. These systems automated key back office functions of various departments and developed linkages between them. Further, they brought significant improvements in the business processes of CDGF by reducing processing time and errors.

The systems introduced a culture of evidence-based planning in the District and CDGF realised and advocated the need for more strategic tools, especially for infrastructure development. A number of consultations were held between different stakeholders and the tool recommended was the Geographic Information System (GIS). After examining a number of factors, it was felt that: a) although the initial cost (including operation and maintenance cost) of development of GIS may have been unusually high for government (especially in undertaking various surveys), in the medium to long term, GIS would benefit many departments and in time, line agencies operating in Faisalabad and so benefits outweighed

1

Executive Summary the initial costs; b) some of the operation and maintenance costs could, in time, be also shared with other agencies.

Following the identification of the GIS as a right tool, the district government had to have a defined strategy for GIS. The District needed a proper “institutional place to house” GIS, and technical resources to design the GIS, the correct hardware and software to implement GIS, teams to collect, verify and input survey data and also to develop the capacity of its officials to be able to use this system. There was also a need to link up with any federal and provincial government programmes, in particular the World Bank's Punjab Urban Development programme located within the Punjab Urban Unit in Lahore.

The idea of joined-up government also needed to be introduced across the district departments and line agencies to get buy-in from all critical stakeholders in Faisalabad. After reaching these conclusions, the District Government established a GIS unit in its Strategic Policy Unit, hired GIS professionals and defined the scope of District's GIS. The initial government social sector services identified to be part of the GIS included education (including private), health, water and sanitation, parks, graveyards, mosques and district roads. Later on, schemes of the Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA), Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) and the Police were also included. A number of extensive surveys were conducted to collect primary data. Data from available secondary sources was also compiled.

A “GIS application” was developed to integrate the collected data. Other information systems (like Financial Management Information Systems, FMIS, Human Resource Management Information Systems, HRMIS and the Punjab Education Management Information Systems, EMIS) were also linked to this application. The District now had an integrated system that could access various sources of data to help plan future works.

Some of the CDGF departments and some line agencies have started using GIS as a planning tool and a number of District departments have access to data, especially their departments’ financial and human resources data – these being the cross-cutting back office functions. During the 2007-2008 Faisalabad's GIS was used for specifically targeting poverty in the District, using district funds. It has helped in spatial presentation of large amounts of data to help in decision-making. GIS has also been used for integrating data from various external sources such as remote sensing, census data, resource allocations and household surveys etc.

The Provincial Government has shown a great deal of interest in replicating some aspects of the GIS and a PC1 document has already been created and submitted to Government.

2

Background

BACKGROUND The Strategic Policy Unit (SPU) was set up by the City District Government Faisalabad in 2002, as a policy think-tank for the District. Its key aim was to act as a conduit in the District from which all reform Programmes could be initiated. In 2004, the United Kingdom's Department for International Development (DFID) agreed to provide technical assistance to the District using the SPU as the platform from which change would be driven.

The SPU over a four year period has acted as a key resource fostering social capital within the City District Government and often being the focal point for local and international technical assistance and programme development. With a cohort of key technical resources and change management agenda, it has played a key role in facilitating public sector reforms. It has been instrumental in assisting Faisalabad become a modern administration.

Today's world is changing and technology is one component which lies at the centre of this change. Local Governments in Pakistan have an opportunity to use technology as a means for driving based change in order to improve their organisational performance and thus improve service delivery in an efficient, effective and accountable manner. Local Governments need to be aware of new and nascent technologies that are available and be flexible enough to accept them into their own structures to bring about positive change. By realising the potential benefits of technology-based change, the City District Government of Faisalabad embarked on the process of developing a number of information systems, in line with its 2004 Corporate Plan.

The ability to effectively plan is critical to the way in which the City District Government delivers services. One of the key functions of the CDGF is the provision and maintenance of municipal services like education, health, roads etc. Before the outset of the reforms programme, planning systems and processes in Faisalabad were often ad-hoc with limited coordination and cooperation between various line agencies. The problem was further exacerbated by the lack of accurate and up-to-date data available to officials for development planning and project implementation purposes. Information available within many departments was not readily shared since the culture of information-sharing was not prevalent.

With the passage of time, a culture of strategic thinking and planning was introduced in the District through the Districts 2004 Corporate Plan. Various information systems like Financial Management Information System (FMIS), Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS), Citizen Community Board MIS, Road MIS and Revenue MIS were developed and these information systems brought visible economy and efficiency gains in the District. After streamlining key processes, District officials decided to invest in managing its municipal services in 2006. Lacking spatial planning capacity and technology, corporate managers sought for technical assistance and support from DFID. This led to the design and implementation of one of Faisalabad's most ambitious endeavours under the aegis of its e-government and management information systems programme. After consultation with different stakeholders within Faisalabad, it was decided to develop a GIS. Sustainability of the system was at the forefront of City District Government Planners. While a specialised team was assembled, CDGF officials knew from the outset that real impact could only materialise, once departments, began using the system and there was evidence of integrated planning and provision for infrastructure investment.

3

Background

Key Concepts and the Context What is a Geographical Information System (GIS)?

There have been so many attempts to define GIS that it is difficult to select one definition.

Some of the shorter definitions give an idea of what is a GIS: “A computer system that can hold and use data describing places on the earth surfaces” [Rhind (1989)]1 An other broader definition gives more idea of what GIS can do: “A set of tools for collecting, storing, receiving at will, transforming and displaying spatial data from the real world for a particular set of purposes”. [Burrough (1986)]2 Another definition says: “A GIS is a group of procedures that provide data input, storage and retrieval, mapping and spatial analysis for both spatial and attribute data to support the decision making activities of an organisation” [Grimshaw, 1994]3 GIS is used to conduct environmental review of projects, development review, analysis, and compliance; historic preservation and redevelopment, as well as regional planning for different services and facilities. If information is available in variety of formats in different locations, there is strong reason to integrate it in a way that helps in analysing it as a whole and leverage it to make critical business and planning decisions. GIS can efficiently integrate and relate any data with a spatial component (coordinates), regardless of the source of the data. CDGF developed GIS for strategic planning and decision making tool that integrates information collected from different primary and secondary sources and to introduce information sharing culture within departments. It has helped in enabling environment for a joined-up government where different agencies and departments are working together for the same objective i.e. provision of the better service delivery for the citizens. Figure 1 describes the physical components of GIS. For more information about GIS terminologies please refer to glossary on last pages.

Figure 1:

Physical components of GIS Graphic workstations

Scanner

Interface

Spatial Data DBMS

Plotter

Digitiser

Graphics System

Operating System Attribute Data

Computer

Communications Source: GIS dictionary (2001)

1

Rhind 1989, “Geographical information systems” By Paul Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind 2 Burrough 1986, “An introduction to geographical information systems” By D. Ian Heywood, Sarah Cornelius, Steve Carver 3 Grimshaw 1994, “Bringing geographical information systems into business” By D J Grimshaw Longman, Harlow (1994)

4

Background

Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System - FIGIS Faisalabad's GIS was started with the intention to integrate all existing information systems with the result that a viable tool could emerge that could be used for strategic planning, monitoring and decision making. Based on this, “FIGIS” came into existence. FIGIS is an acronym for “Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System”

What is Joined-up Government?

There is no universally accepted definition of joined-up government and a range of terms, such as horizontal, holistic or integrated government and whole of government have been used to refer to similar efforts. The Management Advisory Committee (MAC), a forum of secretaries and agency heads of the Australian Government, provided the following definition for the Australian Public Service in 2004: "Whole of government denotes public service agencies working across portfolio boundaries to achieve a shared goal and an integrated government response to particular issues.

Approaches can be formal and informal. They can focus on policy development, program management and service delivery.”

Joined up government is generally focused on improving outcomes. Initiatives tend to target a particular client group or geographic area. The scope and application of joined up government is wide and can mean initiatives across different government boundaries and for different government responsibilities.

Why did Faisalabad Need a GIS? District Faisalabad at Glance Faisalabad is a big district that has been divided into eight towns for administrative purposes (Figure 2): 1) Lyallpur Town 4) Madina Town 7) Iqbal Town

2) Jinnah Town 5) Tandlianwala Town 8) Chak Jhumra Town

3) Jaranwala Town 6) Sammundari Town

Each town is further divided into various Union Councils. There are total 289 Union Councils (128 urban and 161 rural) in the District. Number of the Union Councils in each town, number of villages and population is given in Table 1. The District covers an area of 5,856 square kilometres. The southern areas of the District are deemed to be the most impoverished and lacking in basic urban services. The scale of the City District requires strategic planning framework and integrated planning for the provision and maintenance of the essential services.

Lack of Consolidated Information for Development Work According to the Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001, the responsibility for managing education, health, works, agriculture, finance, planning, law, revenue, community development and municipal services rests with the City District Government. Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs) manage water and sanitation services and soling within their respective jurisdictions.

5

Background Figure 2:

Towns in the City District Faisalabad Chak Jhumra Town

Lyallpur Town

City Area (113 UCs) Jaranwala Town Jinnah Town

Iqbal Town

Madina Town

Summandri Town

Tandalianwala Town

Table 1: Sr. No.

Demographic data of Faisalabad District Name of Town

Rural Areas

Population* Villages Population*

UCs

1 Lyallpur Town

1

22

407,093

57

2

Madina Town

1

33

633,666

3

Iqbal Town

2

28

4

Jinnah Town

1

5

Chak Jhumra Town

6

Total Population*

UCs

UCs

310,617

16

38

717,710

40

164,207

8

41

797,873

514,876

58

268,297

15

43

783,173

30

584,711

32

180,989

9

39

765,700

1

2

32,111

67

221,695

13

15

253,806

Jaranwala Town

2

7

136,997

256

917,701

50

57

1,054,698

7

Tandlianwala Town

2

3

62,430

132

453,355

25

28

515,785

8

Sammundari Town

1

3

54,908

178

485,894

25

28

540,802

11

128

2,426,792

820

3,002,755

161

289

5,429,547

Total : UCs : Union Councils ULC : Urban Local Councils 113 UCs in City area * Census 1998 figures

6

Urban Areas ULC

Total Area of the District : 5856 sqkm

Background As per the Local Government system, many agencies are responsible for planning and execution of the development schemes and projects, including the provision of new infrastructure and maintenance of the existing infrastructure. These agencies include Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs), Works and Services department, Local Government and Community Development Department, Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) and Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) etc. Whilst undertaking a detailed situation analysis of the education, health, finance & planning, municipal services, revenue, works & services and other departments, it was noted that correct information about the provision of services was generally lacking. If available, it was scattered in disparate forms and was not regularly updated and maintained for strategic use. Executing line agencies were used to submitting development schemes marked on very rough, not-scaled handmade sketches (Figure 3).

Figure 3:

Example of raw hand maps used for the development schemes by the TMAs

7

Background At the district level, the schemes would normally be submitted to the Finance and Planning (F&P) department prior to approval from the District Development Committee. The Finance & Planning department, often, had no record of the existing infrastructure and were not provided this form the from the respective line agencies and thus were not able to verify as to where schemes and projects were being proposed. They had to physically visit the site, which was time consuming and resource constrained. As a result, many projects were approved without site visits. The planning department lacked access to a consolidated form of information necessary for integrated planning, often resulting in an uneven and un-planned spending of limited financial resources.

CDGF developed a Strategic Development Plan (SDP) in 2006 that focused on infrastructure development for the District. Figure 4 shows the potential opportunities that exist in development over the next 10 years.

Figure 4:

The corridor of opportunities in City District Faisalabad

MOTORW Pindi Bha AY tian

N

IA AT

H I-B TO IND D P OA R

Planned Industrial Area

D

M3

IS TT : S/ TO LAHILL SANG RE LAHO

TO

Existing Industrial Area

T

INIO

CH gar

n Na

Sulta

Chak Jhumra

T

TO T/ SHAHKO LAHORE

TO SHAH KO

Information in departments was scattered and hard to find

Faisalabad City

TO LAHORE

a

wan

Nar

Jaranwala

PA IN

SR

A

TO JHANG

TO LAHORE

RA

TO OJ G

TO GO J

RA

Samundari

Tandlianwala TO OK A

RA

TO RAJA N

A

TO ALIA KAM

Existing built-up areas Initial 5-year thrust (housing) Corridors of opportunity Next 10-year thrusts (housing)

The SDP clearly states that this schematic proposal should be worked out in more detail as part of a full planning exercise. It was also highlighted that any detailed planning strategy needed accurate spatial information and services mapping, which at the time, both the departments and line agencies did not have. This problem was also highlighted during the preparation of the SDP, when it became apparent that most of the departments did not have proper scaled drawings and/or maps. Those maps that were available were based upon outdated Survey of Pakistan map sheets and they were considered not-suitable for accurate and long term planning.

8

Background The absence of a coherent spatial mapping of physical infrastructure often led to inappropriate projects being approved, corruption at certain levels, inflated costs being received and frequent problems in the execution and maintenance of projects. Likewise, inadequate spatial and demographic profiling made it difficult to assess the assets of the District Government, target resources and focus development budgets.

A system was required that could provide accurate scaled-drawings with the entire infrastructure mapped for planning and decision making, enabling the departments’ top management to verify approved schemes without visiting the site frequently.

Motivation for FIGIS The development of FIGIS in Faisalabad was significant since it was one of the first implementation of its kind at a district-wide level in Pakistan.

The Motivation for the programme was two fold: Organic: City District Government developed several stand-alone management information systems to automate and strengthen internal processes, including FMIS, HRMIS, CCBMIS, Road, Revenue and NGO MIS. With a growing number of ICT systems, as well as a growing awareness of their utility in simplifying the operations of the concerned office, there was a natural demand to integrate the systems “horizontally� as a unified planning tool. Through the reforms process, the District had collected a substantial amount of primary and secondary data that could influence service delivery. CDGF decided that these information systems needed to be accessible through a common interface, FIGIS for the purpose of comparative analysis across several different service delivery sectors.

Synthetic: The efficacy of GIS as a tool for planning, analysis and policy formulation is wellknown. There are numerous case studies worldwide reporting on the usefulness of GIS as a policy making tool in a both local and global setting. There was already understanding at the City District Government level that a GIS could enhance planning, monitoring and inclusiveness of key resource parameters in Government. Prior to the development of GIS, the City District Government lacked spatial information on where the services were available within the District. Information was scattered within different departments, was un-organised and was inaccessible to different stakeholders and sometimes to the concerned department itself.

The CDGF GIS was developed with a view to initially considerably improve spending in impoverished areas and balance the resource allocation across the Union Councils of the District.

National and Provincial Context In Pakistan, there are not many examples of a working GIS at the national or provincial levels especially with the intent of improving municipal services. Although some Government departments have started projects on GIS, they appear to be at the very early stages of development and their data is not readily available to other departments that may require it. A few limited examples can be seen in Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad. In most of the cases, the GIS development ends up with printed maps as being the sole output and even these are not updated that frequently.

9

Background

The Urban Unit The Urban Unit (Planning & Development Department, Government of the Punjab) was established to target the economic growth in urban areas of the province. The Urban Unit identified the Geographic Information System and remote sensing as a right tool that can serve city planners and developers to address challenges of urban sprawl, transport, solid waste management, water supply & sanitation and municipal finance in an integrated manner. It was realised by the provincial government that to meet the challenges of continuous expansion of population in the urban areas, there is a dire need for information systems that can support the City Governments in better planning, development, management, analysis, maintenance and operation of existing and future service areas and GIS provides that solution.

The Urban Unit is working to develop GIS for city areas of five large Districts in Punjab including Faisalabad. The CDGF worked in close collaboration with the Urban Unit and signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with them. According to this MoU, CDGF is working in the rural areas only (including urban areas of the rural towns) and the city areas would be covered by the Urban Unit.

As per the signed agreement, CDGF acquired the satellite imagery of the complete district and handed over its city part to the Urban Unit to develop the GIS. The Urban Unit were required to mark all the required services in the city area and once this was accomplished, they would give this GIS data back to the CDGF. The CDGF has been in continuous communication with staff of the Urban Unit and has been frequently visiting them. The Urban Unit has also visited the CDGF's GIS unit and both institutions have reached a common conclusion to use the same techniques and structure for data collection and management.

This has enabled synergy between these institutions rather than both working in isolation.

Since the benefits of working with the Urban Unit have been many, this has helped in avoiding duplication of effort by both institutions and has developed a good link between the provincial government and the city district government.

Discussion with Project Director Urban Unit on GIS development

10

The Case

THE CASE During the initial phases of the Faisalabad reforms programme, a number of evidence-based strategic operational plans were developed for various departments and it was at this point, CDGF realised themselves that their planning process was ad-hoc. Data was incomplete and where data was available, it was in a format that could not be used for decision-making purposes. Data was scattered through-out various departments and there was a little or no integrated district-wide planning. After the successful implementation and usage of information systems like the HRMIS and FMIS developed under the Faisalabad Reforms Programme, it was realised that GIS could be a viable tool that could integrate the planning mechanisms within the District. Thus a Faisalabad Integrated Geographical Information Systems (FIGIS) came into existence.

FIGIS is interesting for three reasons: 1. It is one of the first district-wide GIS implementation in Pakistan; 2. The development of the GIS has had several implications on the processes of the City District Government Faisalabad; 3. FIGIS had been implemented with a view to ensuring sustainability and so off-the-shelf tools were used and all human resources were recruited locally from Faisalabad.

Within these three broad areas, this case study will focus on: What is a GIS How its development for Faisalabad was conceived How it was designed and implemented.

How FIGIS is linked to the already developed information systems How FIGIS has enabled a process which ultimately will lead to a Joined-up Government concept in the District.

The impacts of the GIS development in the District including its use in strategic planning and the steps for replication in other districts.

Though FIGIS is at the initial stages of implementation, it is already playing a key role in streamlining planning mechanisms and is helping to identify development needs of the District to ensure that funds are specifically targeted to those areas that need it first. It is envisaged that the case study will help future replicators of similar kind of initiatives right across Pakistan.

Working committee meeting

11

The Design

THE DESIGN After agreeing the concept of FIGIS, the design process commenced. The designing of the system was a carefully planned process with considerable consultation taking place with a wide range of relevant stakeholders. Figure 5 describes concept of the FIGIS development.

Conceptualising the design for the FIGIS Development

OUTPUTS

PROCESSES

INPUTS

Figure 5:

Data from Primary Sources (Survey Data)

Data from Secondary Sources (Department Records)

Monitoring Mechanisms defined

Define Scope of Work

Requirement analysis of the District Government Departments and non-devolved agencies

Selection of Project Area

Prepare base map

Teams development

Field Information Collection

Quality Check of the Information

Compilation of the information received

Linking of the information

Hardcopy Scaled Drawings and maps:

Services Maps at UC and village /colony / mohallah level

UC Level maps

Spatial analysis maps

Maps based on services related to a particular department or

Interactive FIGIS Application that integrates data from primary and secondary sources

agency

The basic concept for the design of FIGIS was that information of the services being provided by local government would be made available through a single interface. Information already available with all relevant departments was to be collected, verified and then linked with the GIS.

Ensuring Proper Monitoring Mechanisms: Steering and Working Committees To develop an initial understanding of FIGIS and then to continuously monitor, provide guidance and champion FIGIS, key officials from the City District Government, line agencies and the CDGF SPU were selected to constitute a Steering Committee and a Working Committee.

Survey Data

HRMIS

Revenue MIS

GIS

FMIS

PMIU Data

Roads CCB Other Data MIS MIS and MISs GIS can integrate information from different sources

12

Defining the Scope of Works To define the scope of work for the FIGIS, a consultative process was adopted. Area of work and level of information to be collected about services and facilities was defined after conducting a number of meetings and brainstorming sessions between the Working and Steering Committees and all other relevant stakeholders. It was decided that for developing the system, data would be collected not only for the District Government departments, but, as importantly, for some non-devolved departments working in the City District. Over a period of time, it was envisaged that all devolved and non-devolved departments in Faisalabad would be included.

The Design

Geographical Area of work for FIGIS By a formal agreement between CDGF and the Punjab Urban Unit, data for FIGIS was planned to cover 176 union councils which were mainly in the rural areas. The data for the remainder 113 Union Councils, which were mainly in the municipal urban areas, was to be collected by the Punjab Urban Unit. Figure 6 shows the area of the data to be collected by CDGF for FIGIS and the data to be collected by the Urban Unit, Planning and Development Department Government of the Punjab.

Figure 6:

Area of work for developing the GIS by the CDGF and Punjab Urban Unit

City Area 113 UCs (Urban Unit’s Work Area)

CHAK JHUMRA TOWN

LYALLPUR TOWN

JINNAH TOWN JARANWALA TOWN

IQBAL TOWN

MADINA TOWN

SUMMANDRI TOWN

TANDALIAN WALA TOWN

Project Area for CDGF GIS (176 UCs)

13

The Design Scope of work for Departments of City District Government Faisalabad The scope of the works was defined through extensive consultation with all relevant stakeholders and by keeping in view the data and information required for strategic planning and decision making. Although, key departments and services were included in the scope of the GIS, this was initially, limited so that early results could be shown and strategic planning process started for the 2008/2009 City District budget.

Education Department The Education services are amongst the most important being provided by the City District Governments. Sustainable development requires continuous improvement in the provision of education services. Education services span the whole district, with almost 3,000 schools in the District. Data on schools was scattered throughout the district and it was very difficult for the department to store and manipulate up-to-date data on every school. Actual requirements of the individual schools were often not communicated to the department that resulted into poor maintenance and uneven distribution of the resources. The education department needed a system providing it the opportunity to view complete information on location of the schools, condition of the infrastructure, expenditure incurred on it, requirements of schools in terms of missing facilities and human resources. It was also important ot connect to and manipulate the data collected by the Punjab Education Sector Reforms Program (PESRP).

Health Department The provision of quality health services is also one of the most important areas that CDGF is working towards improving, through the various health outlets, scattered across the District.

A complete set of data on the location and condition of the health outlets and the quality of services being provided by these outlets was not available with the health department, mainly due to the lack of appropriate resources. As a minimum, the department wanted to have data on location, conditions and resource requirements for each facility to plan and maintain.

The department also wanted to develop a Health MIS and it has commences some preliminary works with the assistance of the IT Department of the City District. They also wanted to link up to FIGIS in the future. This would enable the health department to get data on requirements of the medicines and other parameters with respect to its service delivery outlets. Data for Private clinics and hospitals of all types also needed to be collected if a proper district planning was to take place.

Finance & Planning Department One of the key responsibilities of the Finance & Planning department of the District is to help in the planning of new services especially related to municipal infrastructure as well as maintenance of existing services. To begin with, the Planning department needed comprehensive information on the provision of existing services as well as the condition of the existing municipal infrastructure within the district.

Through the recent implementation of the Department's own Customised Financial Management Information System (FMIS), the planning team were able to quickly determine all financial functions like expenditure patterns, fund allocations and targeting etc. The next strategic step for the department was to link the FMIS to FIGIS.

14

The Design The Enterprise and Investment Promotion department is a sub-department of the Finance & Planning department and this is also responsible for the registration of maddrassas and mosques. The Government requires, amongst other information, up-to-date data on the number of mosques and maddrassas, enrolment figures etc., for planning purposes. This data was also to be integrated with FIGIS. Human Resource Management Department The District needed a complete set of data on the requirements of individual service outlets in terms of human resources and capacity deficiency. CDGF had already developed a Human Resource Management Information System, (HRMIS) giving a complete detail of the employees of the District Government. It was envisaged that the Linkage of HRMIS with FIGIS would enable the District to determine the extent of the problems that existed with service delivery at each of the municipal service outlets in 289 union councils. In order to improve the service delivery, tools like bio-metric attendance systems, linked to the HRMIS, would also be linked to FIGIS. Community Development Department To get data, on where there are active non-government development partners of CDGF within the District, it was decided to link the community development department's already developed CCBMIS with the FIGIS. CCBMIS contains a complete profile of the various Citizen Community Boards (CCBs) registered in Faisalabad. It was envisaged that its linkage would enable the CDGF to view areas where CCBs are undertaking development projects and ensure that other works carried ou tin the same area would complement each other and prevent duplication of works Municipal Services Department One of the functions of the Municipal Services department is to collect commercialisation fee from the signboards located in the city. As a separate activity, a survey of signboards located in city Faisalabad was undertaken to assess the revenue potential from this source. An MIS was developed containing information on the location and size of the boards. This information would be useful in assessing the revenue potential in the District. It was decided to link this database with FIGIS. As per the jurisdictions of the City District Governments, solid waste management services rest with the Municipal Services department. Due to being an industrial city, the District had major problems in the collection and final disposal of the solid waste. The District did not have proper information on the solid waste collection points (transfer stations, filth depots etc.,) and so it was decided to collect and mark these on FIGIS for planning of disposal points and developing solid waste vehicle routes by the department.

Revenue Department CDGF needed accurate data on their revenue potential within the District. As part of these efforts, a revenue management information systems (RMIS) is under development and this is planned to be linked with FIGIS in the future.

The Union Council (UC) which is the smallest administrative unit in the Local Government system required exact boundaries for effective planning of resources. The revenue department is responsible for marking the exact boundaries of these union councils. The

15

The Design revenue department did not have boundaries on all the chaks / moza boundaries on a single map – in fact many of the existing UC boundaries were found to be inaccurate. It was thus decided to accurately locate these UCs and chaks / moza boundaries on the FIGIS by using records available with the revenue department and verifying in the field.

Works & Services Department The Works & Services department is responsible for the execution of the development projects and maintenance of infrastructure in the District.

Works and services department is also responsible for the rehabilitation of roads which are one of the most important assets available within CDGF and as such a large amount of financial resources are utilised each year, either on the construction of new roads or maintenance of existing roads. A number of different government departments are responsible for the execution of road project with the road network comprising sections that fall under national, provincial, district and tehsil/town jurisdictions.

According to the Punjab Local Government Ordinance 2001, City District Governments are responsible for the construction, repair, rehabilitation and maintenance of district roads (carriageway and shoulders) and their associated bridges, culverts, drainage and other associated structures. Tehsil / Town administrations are responsible for roads other than those provided by the City District Government.

Existing records show that some 3,000 km of road network is available in Faisalabad District and as such these would require considerable amount of funds for annual repairs. Equally, existing records show that despite the large lengths involved, very few of these roads are properly maintained, repaired or rehabilitated. The reason that has been cited is the lack of proper data on where repairs are necessary. Furthermore, the Works & Services department did not have proper records of roads constructed by other executing agencies e.g. Faisalabad Development Authority, Pakistan Public Works Department, Assistant Director Local Government and Provincial Highway Department etc. Therefore, CDGF decided to collect data on the complete network of roads as part of developing the District's GIS. Scope of the GIS for other Agencies and Departments Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs) and Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) Water and Sanitation The responsibility for the provision and maintenance of water and sanitation services lies with TMAs and PHED (in rural areas) and WASA (in the city area). Clean sweet drinking water is not only a basic need and a pre-condition for a healthy life; it is also a human right. Many technical reports state that the quality of water supplies in many cities of Pakistan are deteriorating gradually for many reasons but one is that most water mains were laid well over 40 years ago. It is often cited that the lack of operation and maintenance has been primarily due to the limited financial resources available coupled with the confusion that exists (mainly on responsibility and ownership) amongst various agencies providing the same water supply services. The condition of ground water is not satisfactory in Faisalabad. Ground water is rapidly depleting because of extensive water pumping in comparison to poor recharge. Lack of property rights over water usage and regulation to assign these rights are one of the main reasons for this. In City District Faisalabad, water supply investigations have shown that 58%

16

The Design of urban and 25% of rural population have access to piped water supply. From those who do receive a piped water supply, there are many who are not satisfied with the quality of water being supplied and so they often, resort to purchasing water from alternative sources for drinking purposes. According to one estimate, 100,000 water cans, each of 50 litres capacity, are supplied in Faisalabad by vendors every day. This demonstrates the low level of coverage and public confidence on piped water supply. There is no evidence that water supplied by vendors is fit for human consumption. On the other hand, many claim that communities do not have sufficient awareness on water sampling and testing issues.

Farmers, however have to get water tested for irrigation purposes.

Similarly, there are problems in providing and maintaining sanitation services. Proper information on coverage, quality and condition of water and sanitation services is not available in both the rural and urban areas, which then results in poor maintenance plans being developed. According to the records in the TMAs, more than 30% registered consumers of water and sanitation services do not have house and street numbering. In most of the cases where houses are numbered, numbering schemes are improper. TMAs required the complete data of consumers for the recovery of consumer fees from users of these services. The house number was regarded as the most basic attribute in this regard. So a survey for proper house and street numbering was to be undertaken especially in those areas where piped water supply was functional.

Keeping in view the aforementioned, CDGF included collection of the following data as part of developing its FIGIS: a) Water supply network, pipe specification and condition of pipes, water production quantity and pressure; b) Total number of beneficiaries and tariff details (through survey); c) Quality tests of groundwater and piped water supply; d) House and street numbering where the piped water supply is functional; e) For the sewerage and drainage services, it was decided to mark drainage network, sewerage network and location of pumping stations on FIGIS. Collection of data on sites of solid waste collection points was included in scope of the FIGIS. It was believed that this information on water and sanitation services would also be of help to PHED. Support to Other Functions of TMAs TMAs have to submit their development schemes to the Finance & Planning department for approval. However, they were often not able to present this on proper scaled drawings - weak technical capacity was cited as the reason. It was discovered that the TMAs did not have complete data on where facilities and services were located nor on their present condition.

This, according to them, resulted in improper allocation of resources. TMAs advised that they needed a system that provided them with a complete picture of the services and their current condition and these needed to be provided on proper scaled drawings.

Parks and graveyards are also under the jurisdiction of the TMAs. It was also requested that the growing needs of the ever increasing population, meant that data also needed to be collected for Parks and graveyards and linked to the FIGIS.

17

The Design Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) was created under the Punjab Development of Cities Act, 1976 succeeding Lyallpur Improvement Trust (1956). FDA consists of:

Urban Development Wing

Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA)

Since FDA and WASA operate mainly in the city area of Faisalabad, a memorandum of understanding has been signed between CDGF and the Punjab Urban Unit with the latter agreeing to collect data and assist in the development of the FIGIS. However, as a first step, the City District Government wanted to have information on the accurate location of particularly katchi abadis and slum areas and where little or no funding had taken place over the last few years. This would allow CDGF to plan ahead for allocating resources. Hence this data collection was also included in the scope of works for FIGIS. Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) WASA provides and maintains water supply, sewerage and drainage services in the urban areas of Faisalabad City. Since WASA is a non-devolved department, CDGF does not have complete data on network of its services. The Punjab Urban Unit is developing the GIS component in coordination with the CDGF for these areas.

Nevertheless, as an urgent requirement for the CDGF, details of ongoing and future schemes of WASA were required to link with FIGIS. It was further decided to undertake Water Quality Tests (WQT) in rural and urban areas including in WASA areas. Although, WASA has a water testing laboratory, it undertakes water tests mainly at terminal reservoirs on random sampling or in those areas where it receives complaints. It was envisaged that WASA could use the results from the WQT to take immediate steps for improving water supply services.

Police Department During consultations with many of the non-devolved departments, the police department, (a non-devolved department), requested the CDGF to mark location and details of the jurisdiction boundaries of its police stations and chowkis. They did not have accurate scaled drawings showing locations of police stations – this was felt as being essential to since the department wanted to re-adjust boundaries of police stations. This information would help the Police department as it would allow them to view the population and other statistics of the area also.

The Punjab Highways Department The Punjab Highways Department constructs and maintains the provincial highways within the city district. CDGF and especially the Works & Services department is often unaware of schemes and projects by the Provincial Highways department and so this tends to limit their capacity to allocate resources properly. It was necessary to mark on-going and future road development projects of the department for further planning and maintenance of these roads.

For this reason, this information was included in the scope work.

18

Implementation

IMPLEMENTATION Once the agreement for having an overall goal, a set of objectives, design style for FIGIS development and implementation were obtained, a number of options were then discussed, evaluated and finalised.

The City District Government established a GIS unit in the office and location of the District Coordination Officer. GIS specialists and team members were hired and small sub-unit teams were constituted according to the scope of work. A detailed strategy and modality was developed to collect various kinds of data (both primary and secondary). This included the development of various pro-forma sheets as well as the monitoring mechanisms for this huge task.

The following section highlights the implementation process of developing the GIS and Annex 1 presents a summary of the same.

Office Establishment The FIGIS unit was strategically established and located in the office of the DCO under the umbrella of District's on-going reforms programme. The establishment of the unit in this office worked as a hub for communication to the departments. All necessary equipment, hardware and software were quickly purchased. A large number of government team members were inducted and trained very quickly to facilitate a number of survey activities. This process was quite remarkably completed within a period of only 7 months.

Staff Hiring and Training The management team of the FIGIS was hired fired and rest of the team members were hired after defining the terms of reference and scope of work. Although, preference was given to hire local professionals with GIS experience, this proved to be very difficult since it became apparent that there were very few people in Pakistan with practical experience of implementing GIS and writing software programs to interface with the GIS packages. A large number of people were interviewed and tested. In the end a few experts (with relevant but limited experience), analysts, digitisers (CAD operators), programmers, data entry operators and surveyors were hired together with a number of local Faisalabad-based “fresh graduates� whose expertise could be developed by on-the-job training. All the team members were given extensive on-the-job training for the relevant tasks.

Marking of services using data collected from physical surveys

19

Implementation Figure 7:

Organogram of the GIS unit DCO (Project Director)

EDO F&P (Additional Project Director)

Overall Project Manager Head GIS IT Specialist

GIS Programmers x2

GIS Specialist

GIS Analysts x 2

Digitisers (CAD Operators) x 15

Database manager / Programmer Data Entry Operators x 14

Water Quality Team (4 teams)

Teams for field data collection Services Information Collection (7 teams) Activity Incharge x 2 Team incharge x 7 Assistant x 14 House Numbering (2 teams) Activity Incharge x 2 Team incharge x 4 Assistants x 8 House Parcel Verification (1 team) Activity Incharge x 1 Assistants x 10 Water & Sanitation Household Survey (16 teams)

Area Incharge x 2 Assistants (Male and female) x 16

Road Survey (2 teams)

NIBGE Representative Area Incharge x 4 Team Incharge x 8 Local Activist x 16

Sub-Engineers Roads x 4 Activity Incharge x 2 Assistant x 2

Government Departments

Water Pressure Test

Education Health Revenue Works and Services Information Technology Community Development Finance & Planning Enterprise and Investment Promotion Human Resource Development Literacy Law Agriculture Municipal Services Environment & Public Health Engg.

FDA WASA Police Provincial Highways

Activity Incharge x 1 Technical Surveyor x 2 Tubewells Information Collection Activity Incharge x 1 Technical Surveyor x 1 Awareness Workshops (1 team) Activity Manager Assistants x 4

Monitoring Committees Steering Committee City District Nazim (Chairman) DCO (Executive Member) DFID Overall team Leader (Executive Member) EDO Finance and Planning EDO Municipal Services EDO Information Technology EDO Agriculture EDO Community Development EDO Education EDO Health EDO Law EDO Literacy EDO Revenue EDO Works and Services

20

Institutional Specialist

Working Committee Project Director EDO Finance and Planning (Chairperson) EDO Information Technology DO Planning DO Spatial Planning DO Human Resource Management DO Solid Waste Management DO Health DO Roads DO Buildings EDO Education GIS Head (SPU) GIS Coordinator (SPU) IT Manager(SPU) Technical Survey Manager (SPU)

Communication with Government Department

Government department’s staff to verify data and other information

Survey Incharge

Implementation

Constitution of Teams A number of teams were constituted to develop the FIGIS. The whole process of developing the FIGIS was under the guidance of District Coordination Officer and EDO F&P. Managing teams of the FIGIS comprised the Head of the GIS unit to oversee all activities; an IT expert to oversee the IT related activities; a GIS coordinator to coordinate between different Government departments and a technical survey head to oversee all activities of different surveys. Other teams consisted of GIS experts, analysts, GIS associates and digitisers (CAD operators). Programmers and database operators were also part of this team. For all surveys activities, different “survey teams” were established that comprised approximately, 200 government staff. Field supervisors headed these teams. Social organisers, technical surveyors, representatives from the Government departments accompanied these teams.

Figure 7 describes the organogram of the GIS unit.

Acquisition, Mosaicing and Enhancement of Satellite Imagery Satellite imagery can be thought of a “photograph of the Earth” or other planets that are taken from artificial satellites. It is digital data obtained from sensors carried in satellites. It includes collecting data both in the visible and non-visible portions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

As a matter of fact, the first satellite photographs of Earth were made on August 14, 1959 by the US satellite Explorer 6.

Advantages: Satellite images have many applications in agriculture, geology, forestry, biodiversity conservation, regional planning, education, intelligence and warfare. Images can be in visible colours and in other spectra. There are also elevation maps, usually made by radar imaging. Interpretation and analysis of satellite imagery is conducted using software packages like ERDAS Imagine or ER Mapper.

There are two different types of resolution when discussing satellite imagery: radiometric and geometric: Radiometric resolution refers to the effective bit-depth of the sensor (number of greyscale levels) and is typically expressed as 8-bit (0-255), 11-bit (0-2047), 12-bit (0-4095) or 16-bit (065,535).

Geometric resolution refers to the satellite sensor's ability to effectively image a portion of the earth's surface in a single pixel and is typically expressed in terms of Ground Sample Distance (GSD). GSD is a term containing the overall optical and systemic noise sources and is useful for comparing how well one sensor can "see" an object on the ground within a single pixel. For example, the GSD of Quickbird is approximately 0.6m, which means the smallest unit that maps to a single pixel within an image is approximately 0.6m x 0.6m.

Satellite imagery can be combined with vector or raster data in a GIS provided that the imagery has been spatially rectified so that it will properly align with other data sets. To help develop the FIGIS, 0.6 m Quickbird licensed satellite image of the district was purchased. Of the total 5,856 square kilometre area, about 95% of the satellite imagery of Faisalabad District was available in the library (archive) of the vendor. The rest of 5% imagery was ordered for fresh acquisition that was received after 6 months. Imagery was mosaiced, rectified to get a single complete image of the District. In a number of areas, the satellite images were overlapping. In these cases, the imagery with latest date and with lesser cloud cover was selected. A number of image enhancement techniques were also applied to get maximum visibility.

21

Implementation

Setting Up of Necessary Survey Equipment and IT Infrastructure Necessary equipment, high-end systems and software was used by FIGIS team members for the development of the GIS. A high-speed network system was established and was connected to a number of server systems. The survey teams were equipped with latest surveying equipment to collect data and information from the field. Table 2 presents list of equipment used by the survey teams and Figure 8 shows these equipments.

Table 2: Sr. No.

List of equipment used to collect information from field

Equipment

Usage

1

Flow measurement meter

Used for measurement of water flow in pipes

2

Water pressure gauge

Used for measurement of water pressure in pipes

3

Metal detector

Used to detect metal pipe / house connection etc.

4

Water table measurement tape

Used to calculate depth of water table in the borehole, well, underground water tank etc.

5

Automatic leveling instrument

Used for land levelling and pipe levelling

6

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Used to capture coordinates of location / site

7

Digital camera

Used to capture digital photo of site

8

Potential hydrogen (pH) meter

Used to measure the amount of hydrogen mixed in water

9

Total dissolved solids (TDS) meter

Used to measure TDS concentrations in water

10

Temperature meter

Used to record water temperature

11

Sterilised bottle

Used to collect samples for lab test

Figure 8:

Equipment used in the GIS Automatic Leveling Instrument

Sterilised Bottles

Flow Measurement Meter

Measuring Staff Metal Detector

GPS Digital Camera

TDS Meter pH Meter Tripod Temperature Meter

Watertable Measuring Tape Water Pressure Guage

Identification of the Administrative Boundaries with the help of Revenue Department Ideally, planning at the district level requires identification of exact boundaries of the Union Councils, villages, slums and katchi abadis. Before the development of the FIGIS, there were a number of outdated maps available with various departments that were found to be

22

Implementation inaccurate, incomplete, and often different when the same map was found in different departments. To mark the exact administrative boundaries, patwaris (revenue department staff) were used and they worked very closely with the team to mark boundaries in each of their chak/mauza in their patwar circle referring to their shajra maps and the FIGIS satellite imagery. Boundaries of the political constituencies and the Patwar Circles were also shown.

The accuracy of the boundaries was further verified by rectifying the shajra maps and comparing with the FIGIS satellite image. Figure 9 shows an example of a verified map of a chak using the satellite image and shajra maps.

Figure 9:

Verification of administrative boundary of Chak 438/GB using scanned shajra map and satellite imagery

Verified by:

Shajra: Latha (Field Book) is popularly named as Shajra. Patwari (revenue staff keep a copy of the Shajra on Cloth called 'Latha'. It gives survey numbers and dimension of a field, now-a-days usually prepared on the scale 40 Karam to one Inch. It is prepared at the time of settlement or consolidation. Original copy is retained in Town record room and is updated every five years. Patwari's copy is kept up-to-date through field inspection and incorporation of all transfers attested from time to time.

Preparing Base Maps for Data Collection Base maps were developed by digitising the satellite imagery through GIS software called “ArcMap” these were used to mark location and boundaries of the various municipal services.

“On-screen digitising” method was used and the digitised information was printed on large raw GIS maps, which were then handed over to the survey teams for data collection.

Digitising of Satellite Imagery is a process of digitising which involves the creation of vector layers using digitisation tools. It is method of converting raster data (satellite imagery) into vector data (point, lines, polygons) usually by visual interpretation using different GIS software.

Reconnaissance Surveys A reconnaissance survey is a preliminary inspection of an area to obtain geographic, hydrographic, or similar data prior to a detailed survey. Boundaries of Chaks and UCs were overlaid on the satellite imagery to produce satellite imagery maps to assist in the reconnaissance survey. This survey was conducted before the “services information collection survey”, the idea being to collect data on access roads, localities and also measure the time required to visit each Union Council. The teams visited Union Council office, held meetings with its staff and had a quick tour of different areas in the union council to get this data.

Questioning on Water and Sanitation availability to the communities

23

Implementation

Field Surveys To collect data on location, existing condition and other information of various municipal services, a number of surveys were conducted. The teams were given the most up-to-date available data on departmental files, which unfortunately, was not as much as that was envisaged. Additionally, union council profiles, village profiles and old maps were also provided to the teams.

Services Information Collection Survey The survey was conducted in 176 union councils, which were mainly located in rural areas of the district, although there was some urban area of the rural Towns. A total of 150 UCs were surveyed. While sub-villages and scattered populations with more than 40 houses were also surveyed. Survey was planned union council wise. Through these surveys, locations of services were marked on maps. Other information like code of facility, GPS coordinates, condition of infrastructure etc. was also collected on pre-tested information collection sheets (Figure 10). Photographs of each facility and service were also taken from different angles.

Photographs of access roads to these facilities were also taken.

Figure 10: Sample part of a questionnaire and data collected about the services

The following is a brief description of the information collected for various services: ?

For government education facilities: name of schools, EMIS code and location using GPS, condition of the infrastructure were collected for all primary, middle and high schools and noted on information collection sheets. Photographs of gate, boundary wall, veranda and sides were taken. ?

For private schools: name, registration number, location and photographs were collected. ?

For all public health services: dispensaries, mother and child health centres, rural health centres, basic health unit and town headquarter hospitals (THQs) - name, location, condition and photographs of the infrastructure were recorded. ?

For private health services: registration number and location of the private dispensaries, clinics (allopathic, homeopathic), hospitals and, hakeems and quacks was also collected along with photographs of the building. ?

Location of mosques, parks and graveyards was noted and photographs were taken.

Name and contact details of the persons available there were also collected. ?

The information of roads inside localities (metalled, soling or katcha) along with their Collection of GPS location of services

24

Implementation funding agency, condition etc. was collected. Each segment of road was marked on drawing. Photographs at each corner of the road covering all angles were captured and photographs number were marked on the drawings also.

For water and sanitation services, the following information was collected: Sewerage: Name of the agencies for funding, constructing and maintenance as well as the condition of the sewerage network was noted. Sewerage network was marked on the GIS map using information available from secondary sources that was verified in the field.

Water Supply: Network of water supply, location of tube wells and overhead reservoirs were marked on the maps for water supply services. Pictures of these locations were also taken.

In the areas where piped water supply was functional, water production was tested through Ultrasonic Flow Meter that can measure pure water, wash water, sewage, process liquids, oils, and other light homogeneous liquids. To assess the water production and electricity consumption, the following data was also collected through field surveys; ?

Pipe specification: PVC, Ductile, AC, GI ?

Diameter of pipe: 3 inches, 4 inches,6 inches and 8 inches ?

Electricity consumption meter reading in the start and end and total units consumed ?

Record of water passing through pipe in gallons/minute

Water production test being conducted

Drainage: The same data as that for the sewerage services was collected for drainage services. Name of the program and scheme under which the drainage system was constructed,; names of the agencies for funding, executing and maintenance was collected.

Locations of main and tertiary drains, GPS point, condition of the infrastructure and photographs were also taken. The complete network of drains was marked on the GIS map.

In most of the villages and some of colonies and mohallas, drains end at waste water ponds.

So these waste water ponds (which are very visible on the satellite imagery) were also marked on maps with photographs taken from different angles.

Solid Waste: Temporary and permanent collection points and landfill sites and their coordinates were marked on GIS maps. Photographs were also taken.

Water and Sanitation Household Survey A comprehensive household survey was conducted in the urban areas of 176 rural union councils where water supply was functional. Out of the total 820 villages, water supply network existed in 120 villages and were functional in 85 villages.

Using a comprehensive questionnaire, a household survey was conducted to assess the usage level of water supply and to identify problem areas where there was low recovery of consumer fees. Houses had already been numbered in these areas. Data collected through these surveys provided an opportunity to analyse the usage of the piped and ground water and paying capacity of the consumers. Survey data also provided evidence as to whether water that was being provided was in accordance to the requirement of the consumers.

Water Quality Survey To assess the quality of groundwater and piped-water, samples were collected from different

25

Implementation sources and were tested at the Government National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE) Laboratories to check which areas in Faisalabad had safe drinking piped and/or ground water. Water quality tests were undertaken in all 289 Union Councils. In total, 6,000 water samples were collected of which 1,100 were collected from City Faisalabad and 4,900 from the rural areas.

Water quality was tested against various chemical parameters like power of hydrogen (pH), electrical conductivity (Ec), total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg); and bacteriological parameters of E-Coli and total coli-forms.

Property Numbering After a number of meetings with key Government Departments like the Town Municipal Administrations and Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA), the methodology of the property and house numbering was devised. Property numbering (or unit numbering) exercise was conducted in areas with functional water supply. Numbers were put on parcel maps after assigning to properties and houses. Location of the properties was verified and corrected on maps and drawings and this information was updated in the system.

Property Numbering

Quality Assurance of the Survey Data The integrity of the collected data was essential for accuracy and consistency, especially, since considerable data was collected from different sources to develop the system.

Therefore, all data received was handed over to a Quality Assurance team in the GIS cell to check for integrity and accuracy. Data collected from field surveys was verified and crossreferenced with the data collected from secondary sources (Annex 2) before it was updated in the system. In case of errors and discrepancies, survey teams were required to correct the data. Sometimes, surveys were repeated in certain areas to correct the data.

Integrating Data from Different Sources: The FIGIS Application For the purpose of developing the FIGIS, all existing data available with various departments either in hard or soft format was collected.

26

Implementation The next important step was to link this complete data on a single platform. The FIGIS Application integrates this primary and secondary data and creates linkages between data collected from field (through surveys), data from previously developed information systems i.e. Financial Management Information System (FMIS), Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS), Education Management Information System (EMIS), Revenue Management Information System (RMIS), Road Management Information System, and Citizen Community Board Management Information System (CCBMIS). The integrated geographical view is very useful for long and short term planning in the District.

Figure 11 shows this linkage of FIGIS with other data sources and departments.

Figure 11:

Linkage of FIGIS with other MISs and integration of data collected through different surveys

Existing MISs

FMIS

l Education Department l Health Department l Enterprise and Investment Promotion Department l Finance and Planning Department l Human Resource Development l Community Development Department l Revenue Department l Works and Services Department l Municipal Services Department

HRMIS

Revenue MIS

CCBMIS

City District Government Departments

Education (PMIU)

Roads MIS

Other MISs

Field Survey Data l Services Information Collection Survey l Roads Survey l Administrative Boundaries Marking l Water & Sanitation Household Survey l Water Quality Test Survey l Perception Survey l Commercialization Survey l Poverty Profiling Survey

FIGIS

Other Departments and Agencies l Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) l Water & Sanitation Agency (WASA) l Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs) l Police Department

Punjab Government Departments l Public Health Engineering Department l Provincial Highways Department

Other agencies that might wish to link to FIGIS l FESCO (WAPDA) l Sui GAS (SNGPL) l Agriculture / Livestock l Forestry

GIS application has been developed using ArcGIS Server software and .NET software for supporting programming systems and provides a single interface for different sources of data. This application also provides links with the data of digitised maps. The application has the flexibility to introduce additional service layers and additional data can also be added to existing layers.

Field surveys for collection of information on public health services

27

Implementation Figure 12: Using GIS application to view the integrated information for upgrading a school

1

2

Find Facility

Find: Education Service Minimum Criteria: Level

: Primary

Area

: 30

Enrolment

: 120

Class IV

: 20

Class V

: 20 Start Search

Enter criteria to find primary school that could be upgraded to middle school

District View

EMIS

3

& & & & & & & & & & & & & & && & & & & && & & & & & & & && & & & & & && & & & &&&& & && & & &&& & & & & & & && && &&&& &&&& & & & & & & & & && &&&&& & & & & & & & & & && &&& & & & & && & && & & && & & && &&&&&&& & && & && & & & & & & & & && & & & & & && && & & && &&& & & & & & & & & && & & && && & & && & & & & & & & & & & & && & && & && & & & & & & && & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & && & & & & & && & & & & && & & & & & & & & & & & & && & & && & & && & & & && & & & & &&& && & & & & & & && & & & & & && & && & & & & &&& && & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & && & & & && & && & & & & && & && & && & & &

School

33150014 33150015 33150018 33150024 33150033 33150039 33150040 33150043 33150049 33150057 33150059 33150061 33150066 33150069 33150076 33150079

Markaz Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra 1 Chak Jhumra Chak Jhumra Chak Jhumra Chak Jhumra

Name of School Enrollment Class-4 Class-5 GPS 125 RB 173 28 32 GPS 126 RB I 131 25 26 22 GPS 132 RB II 134 23 GPS 141 RB I 198 33 23 GPS 148 RB 205 44 34 GPS 157 RB I 264 43 54 GPS 157 RB Mission 298 53 58 GPS 159 RB II 229 39 31 42 GPS 163 RB 205 30 GPS 188 RB II 291 37 52 GPS 189 RB II 215 25 35 22 GPS 293 RB II 131 25 GPS BURU MANDI 267 39 54 27 27 GPS 106 JB 280 21 27 GPS 130 RB 170 GPS 133 RB 189 26 30

4 Government Boys Primary School

By selecting a school, detailed information of the school is displayed

The FIGIS Application extracts and enlists the schools that can be upgraded Source

Field Survey conducted by GIS Teams

Information available

Good Bad Repairable Dangerous Photographs of infrastructure

PMIU

Location on map EMIS code School Gender School Status District Markaz Funding Source

33150024 Male Functional FAISALABAD CHAK JHUMRA 1 WSD

School Name School Level Location Tehsil Union Council

GPS 141 RB I Primary 2 CHAK JHUMARA 6

Boys

FMIS HRMIS

Revised Budget

0

Girls

66 30 33

Class 1 16 Class 3 30 Class 5 23

Total Primary : 198

Area of School Covered Area

9 kanals and 8 marlas

Area in sq.ft

675

Uncovered Area

9 kanals and 5 marlas

Enrollment Information

Description

1.930000 0.000000 Basic Pay (Other Staff) 0.310000 0.000000 House Rent Allowance 0.110000 0.000000 Conveyance Allowance 0.290000 0.000000 Dearness Allowance Special Additional Allowance 0.140000 0.000000 0.150000 0.000000 Medical Allowance 0.280000 0.000000 Adhoc Relief 0.280000 0.000000 Special Relief Allowance Non-Development Budget (2007-2008)

Year

Project No. Project Description FD010391

FD010747

CONSTN OF 1ADD CLASS ROOM AT GBPS CHAK NO 141/RB 2004 - BUILDING - 7 CONSTRUCTION OF 1- ADD. CALSS ROOM AT GBPS CHAK NO.141/RB FAISALABAD. 2004-BUILDING-10089

Infrastructure Month Original Budget Current Budget

2004-2005 Apr-05

254,000

254,000

2004-2005 May-05

254,000

254,000

2004-2005 Jun-05

254,000

254,000

2004-2005 Mar-05

254,000

254,000

Detail of Development Schemes

Employee Name

NIC No.

Payroll No.

Basic Scale

Designation

Muhammad Khan

33101-9663747-3

30017902

10

PTC

Akbar Ali

33101-3753046-9

30031504

9

PTC

Mir Ahamad

33101-1698001-9

30011790

10

PTC

Number of Teaching Staff

28

198

Kachi Class 2 Class 4

General Information Estimated Budget

Condition of infrastructure

Full Name Father Name N.I.C No. Pay Roll No. Date of Birth Retirement Date Gender

Muhammad Khan Muhammad Rafiq 33101-9663747-3 30017902 3/12/1950 3/11/2010 MALE Detail of a staff member

Implementation FIGIS application has been designed as a browser based and provides instant access to information about different services and data from different sources can be combined on a single interface i.e. the GIS. This application allows for spatial analysis which will support decision-making processes at the planning level and can also help make strategic recommendations for the District Government.

An example of one particular usage within CDGF of the FIGIS Application is shown in Figure 12. The Education department of District Government can use FIGIS application to make decisions as to which government schools in the District need to be upgraded from Primary to Middle standard. The application can extract schools, upon applying a query, that are according to a certain criteria e.g. number of students in the school. The database will pick such schools and can present a complete data of that school e.g. what resources have been concentrated there both in terms of financial and human; what are the number of students; condition of the infrastructure and statistics for the population of the area etc., thus enabling the department to make critical decisions.

“Duplication in development schemes would now be avoided�

Town Officer Infrastructure & Services

In the FIGIS application, all of the geographic information has been stored in a geo-database.

The geo-database tables represent service layers that are available to the user.

For FIGIS, there are a number of layers based on the information of the services, for which the data was collected from primary and secondary sources (Figure 13). Since the FIGIS was implemented after other MISs were developed and deployed, the architecture reflects this loose coupling at the data layer; the FIGIS Application data layer must interface with external MIS databases rather than using a centralised information repository. The link to the external databases is live, so when the data of external database is changed, the change is automatically propagated in the FIGIS Application.

Architecturally, the FIGIS Application is divided into two layers: I. II.

GIS Interface Layer GIS Data Layer

The GIS Interface layer uses the web map services published through ArcGIS Server to get details of map to display; map services are built using ArcView map documents. This layer interfaces with the user and gets information of the events initiated by the user to overlay the spatial information. The GIS Interface layer requests the GIS Data Layer to populate the data from its associated databases. In order to provide a horizontally integrated spatial view, the GIS data layer interfaces with the Geo-Database created using ArcSDE and relational databases of existing MISs, it decides which modules to invoke to get the required information. The modules within the GIS Data Layer get the required data from two sets of database: I. II.

Local Databases Department Databases

Local databases are those maintained in the FIGIS application computers and are housed at the servers running the FIGIS. These are developed and maintained by the development team of the FIGIS. Department databases are those developed as a part of the district's policy to embrace technology changes to remain with the outside world and to automate and expedite the systems and processes of its departments. The modules on the FIGIS data layer populate all data to the master of the layer (master page) and the data is returned to the requesting interface layer of the GIS. On-screen digitising in progress

29

Implementation Figure 13:

Services Layers of FIGIS

Layers to be added*

Social Surveys Citizens' Perception Survey Water Quality Survey Water & Sanitation Household Survey Poverty Profiling Household Survey Projects / Schemes (Completed, On-going, Proposed) TMA Highways Water & Sanitation PHED WASA FDA Other Services Parks Graveyards Religious Places (Mosques, Church, etc.)

Madrassas Private Services Health Services Doctor Hakeem Homeopath Quake Education Facilities Private Schools Municipal Services Health Education Facility Water & Sanitation and SWM Services Property Parcels Communication Services District Road TMA Road Provincial Highway Motorway Traffic Railways Canals and Distributories

RB 6/

18

RB 7/

29 RB 6/

18

RB 7/

29

Administrative Boundaries Chak Mohallah Colony Union Council Town District Patwar Circles Political (MPA/MNA) Katchi Abadis / Slums Housing Schemes; Police Stations jurisdictions Satellite Imagery

* The system is capable to let add number of layers. The departments like FESCO (WAPDA), Forestry, Irrigation, that have not added their services layers can do it in future. The departments have added their services layer may need to add more of their services and update the existing services.

30

Implementation

Implementation Software The initial process of digitising the satellite imagery, printing maps for survey teams, updating maps with services information, and preparing final digitised scaled drawings was undertaken using the ArcMap (ArcInfo) Software from ESRI, which is an off-the-shelf licensed Geographic Information System package. For the FIGIS Application, the GIS component was developed using ArcGIS server components and VB.NET framework version 2.0 was used to develop a browser-based interface.

The interface shows interactive on-screen maps and a query system that communicates with databases of existing information systems to display information pertaining to the services.

Preparing Scaled Drawings and Maps FIGIS is helping to produce digitised scaled drawings of the villages. When data of all villages in the Union Council gets completed, together with its roads network and administrative boundaries, a drawing of complete UC is attained. Sample of a UC drawing and a village drawing is shown is in Annex 3.

Cost of Development of FIGIS Usually, GIS systems are expensive to develop and operate in comparison to other generic computer-based systems. But the CDGF has developed its GIS in-house, by keeping different aspects of sustainability in mind. Costs of developing GIS are in Table 3.

Table 3:

Cost of development of GIS

Sr. No.

Cost (Rs.)

Description

1

Hardware

14,500,000

2

Software (Windows, MS Office)

6,000,000

3

Generic Software (Visio studio 2005, Crystal Report)

5,500,000

4

GIS Software (Arc View, Arc MIS Server)

6,000,000

5

Training Cost

2,400,000

6

Data Collection & Data Entry Cost

7

Satellite Image Cost

28,600,000 7,000,000 Total:

70,000,000

Community Participation and Awareness - A Parallel Process Along with the active participation of the Government departments, communities have also been involved throughout the process of development of the FIGIS. Workshops and brainstorming sessions were conducted as a parallel process in which usability of the FIGIS was discussed. Town and union council nazims, union council members and secretaries, TMOs, TOs, technical staff from the TMAs, and CCB officials were part of these workshops.

Benefits of developing the FIGIS, satellite maps and services maps were shared with communities to give then an idea as to how the FIGIS would help the city district government in planning and maintenance of the services. Other general benefits of usage of the FIGIS were also discussed.

31

Implementation Community members actively participated in these meetings, gave their comments on their requirements, and indicated what they expected from the City District Government in terms of services and from use of this system.

A number of key issues were raised by the community members. Some of these are summarised below: ?

The availability of clean drinking water for the general public. People were concerned and voiced that where piped water supply was available, it was contaminated. ?

The non-availability of health facilities in most of the UCs was also a major issue for the general public. They wanted that FIGIS should assist them in providing evidence to the government departments on their concerns. ?

Insufficient number of teachers in government schools and on the condition of the existing school infrastructure. Insufficient buildings as compared to the number of students were also a problem. People wanted Government to collect complete updated data on the dangerous condition of school buildings and demanded that immediate steps were taken for the maintenance of schools. ?

Condition of roads in the City District and their repair that is apparently not being undertaken and as a result, serious road accidents was taking place. ?

Bad maintenance of the services and low motivation of staff from government departments due to low salaries and non-availability of facilities was a problem. They demanded from government to maintain essential infrastructure so that these resources are not wasted. ?

The need for an integrated district-wide planning process was amongst the most important ones.

32

Impacts

IMPACTS This section highlights impacts of developing and using the Geographic Information System by the City District Government Faisalabad, specifically focusing on areas where development of the FIGIS has resulted into new processes in the City District Government, other departments and agencies.

Enabling Joined-up Government Through the FIGIS, different government institutions, departments and agencies are accessing and using the same data. CDGF has termed this as “joined-up government”. Data from different departments has been linked to a single interface - the FIGIS - brings information to numerous stakeholders and CDGF have termed this as “joined-up geography” and a drive to “joined-up Government” in the District. FIGIS has helped to create better, effective and efficient service provision through creating an enabling environment for the departments to work together and sharing their information. As an example, the process for using data from different departments, for making poverty-focused investments is described in Figure 14.

Use of information from devolved and non-devolved departments for poverty focused allocations in the District T

Type of information available

e&

Plan

ning

ices Municip al Serv

Field s u GIS ap rveys for GIS plicatio n Health indicato rs

IS M e nu

ue en Re v

Num b facilit er and typ ie facilit s availab es of hea lth ies le, facilit available staff and ies in facilit , level of h health dista ies availa ealth healt nce to ne ble, h fac ility (i arest fac nc availa ility is not ase b analy le locall y), sis and o of indoor utd patie oor nts

Healt Health h Field indicators s Health urveys for G IS M a HRMIS nageme nt Info Health rmatio n Sys Censu indicators tem GIS a s 1998 pplica tion Data Source

at Fin a from a (PIF ncial the P Offic RA) t Repor roject hro t e ugh ing an to Imp Dis d Au rove tric t Ac diting Fina cou nc nt

, ools f sch hool, ber o sc Num of each ble in a l leve ies avail quired facilit ls, time rels in the s o o scho ive scho , facilitie nt e s to arr ing area ols, stud ent o c in adjo le in sch the adja tion, la b u in a p il o o a ti g p av goin f the her ra teac details o schools ducation e , e s th e a f f th are stics o o is s stati , analy ators ren indic child r GIS

Police

IS

Other departments / agencies

Det ails o dev allocat f finan cia elop ions und m and l e erta n ken t sche m in th e pa es FM st D IS

for GIS urveys Field s cords re Police

Poverty focused investment of limited resources by the CDGF

of d er ute ted mb xec cu Nu t e exe Bs c oje ng C pr bei er C d d an un

BM

CC ity t un en m m opm Co vel De

City District Government departments

crime where Areas are high rates

Staff in ble availa blic all pu s ie facilit

IS HRM

rce esou t an R Hum agemen Man

LEGEND

Areas w sanita here wate missin tion service r and g , limited road acc s are ess ; pa lights rks and str is eet are and h missing indica ealth tors a poor re

s

w ere d s wh n Area upply a etwork s e n ble. a erag sew ot avail water n is sity of es s n Inte n disea bor

ay

Ar ar eas e k w an atc her d hi e t slu ab he m ad re s is

G

w s gh ey rd rv co Hi su re n s s tio ad ay lica Ro ghw pp a Hi ss S I ce s G ac ad d ro ite n m ai Li o m t

r fo ys ve ds r su or d c el re Fi DA F

ve

IS

FD

MAs Field s for w urveys in ater c lu d & sa TMA nitati ing hous re eh on se GIS cords rvice old surv a ey s Healt pplication h Ma Inform nage m Healt ation Sy ent stem h ind icato rs

Deta solid il on w collec aste and d tion is posa serv l on th ices. deta e dise ils a s e s to so lid wa due ste

A

IS for G eys surv ords ent ld Fie A rec gem a WASlth Man System Hea mation ators r Info lth indic 8 Hea sus 199 Cen ater

Re

A WAS

re T v y di coll enu pe ffe ec e of re te be nt d in so fro g ur m ce s

Figure 14:

DDO Planning discussing development schemes with TO I&S Chak Jhumra Town

fo eys surv Field data s cord PMIU IS t's re HRM us 1998 partmen s e n d e n C on catio Edu pplicati a n GIS catio

Edu

33

Impacts Through a web browser, the FIGIS enables disparate datasets to be viewed, combined and analysed, thus providing a more efficient and effective means for better strategic and operational district-wide plans. Client-side geographical data viewing and analysis facilities are available in the system.

Impacts on the working of District Government Departments Presently, FIGIS is still under development and needs more enhancements as well as requires more data. However, even in its present stage, its usage shows its benefits for tackling service delivery improvements in the City District. Already, CDGF has benefitted and indeed it wants to develop the system further.

Collection of water samples for water quality tests

“Our record is now safe with government.

Boundaries of our adjacent maps are being automatically verified; properly allocation areas based on the measurement of area now possible; now khasra level mapping should be done to make more use of GIS�

Revenue Staff

Education Department Data was collected for the government schools, as well as that collated through the Punjab Education Sector Reform Program (PESRP) and both these are linked to the FIGIS. This has enabled the Education department to retrieve a complete set of information to do with a particular school, anywhere in the district. Typically, this could include the condition of school infrastructure, financial allocations to the schools, its human resources, number of students (disaggregated to male and female), attendance of teachers etc., etc. Additionally, for the private schools, data on name of school, location, registration number etc., has also been collected.

It is now also possible to communicate the needs of the individual school through FIGIS. This was not easily possible in the past. The department is able to use this information and prioritise those schools that may be in need of urgent repair or re-allocation of human resources. It is also possible to identify deprived areas where there may be a deficiency in terms of schools and/or difficult locations for children to get to relative to their homes. In the past, traditional criteria have been used to identify such areas. This has often been based on circular radius, diameter or distance.

Through spatial presentation of the exact location and area of existing schools, FIGIS offers the opportunity to use other criteria like time and safety, distance from village and populated area, distance to nearest school, statistics of population of the area, and children not going to school, access roads etc.

As an example, Figure 15 shows government school for girls in Union councils 72 and 73 of Tandlianwala town. The purple circles show the location of these schools, red circles show villages/sub-villages with population less than 500 and green circle shows population equal or greater than 500.

Creating a 1 km buffer around schools shows where school numbers are insufficient. The distance calculations show that Jhok Bhattian and Moza Thatta Ismail are more than 2 kms away from the nearest girl's primary school. Thus the Education department may well need to consider providing school in these areas.

Health Department By using the data on location and the condition of the health services marked on the FIGIS, a first step preliminary assessment of the situation of the health services in the whole district is possible. It is also possible to quickly assess where health services are insufficient and/or

34

Impacts missing. Furthermore, analysis of the needs of the health facilities in terms of finances and human resources, access to health units, population of the adjoining areas, condition of water and sanitation services (linking to health of the communities) can also be undertaken.

CDGF's Health Management Information System is still under development. This is planned to be linked to the FIGIS. Hence this would allow further detailed analysis using parameters like availability of medicines, kind of medicine and number of indoor and outdoor patients etc etc.

Figure 15: Potential gaps in government female education services in UC 72 and 73 of Tandlianwala Town

“Information sharing culture would be developed among departments and communities” Engineering Staff of Town Officer Infrastructure &Services

LEGEND Govt. Girls Primary School 1 KM Buffer from school Union Council

Village Population Less than 500 Equal or Greater than 500

Finance and Planning Department

“For the first time in our life, we have seen scaled maps of our areas”

The planning wing of the Finance & Planning department uses the FIGIS Application to verify schemes and projects submitted by TMAs and other agencies. Duplication of schemes in the same areas is easily detected and can be avoided. Executing agencies are using digitised scaled drawings (that shows existing infrastructure) to mark development schemes instead of hand made, out of scale rough block level drawings. If a service is already available, all new schemes are checked more closely to prevent duplication.

A Councilor

Integrated and consolidated information about services that is available within FIGIS is helping in identifying areas that need attention and investment on a priority basis. Linking the Financial Management Information System (FMIS) with the FIGIS has helped to identify expenditure that has taken place from the budgets allocated by the District, Town and Union Councils. The location of mosques and madrassas has also been marked on FIGIS. This is proving to be useful for the Enterprise and Investment Promotion Wing of the department to deal with security and administrative issues.

35

Impacts Human Resource Management Department

“Faisalabad has done the marvellous work other districts are dreaming of.�

A Visitor

Human Resource Management Information System (HRMIS) that contains data of all the CDGF employees has been linked with the FIGIS. Now the HRM department, as well as the individual departments are better placed to identify and verify human resource needs with respect to each service. The department is able to manage its human resources more effectively and efficiently.

Community Development Department Community development department is able to quickly retrieve information of the CCBs based on their geographic location. FIGIS is able to identify where CCBs have done development projects and where there are development partners in the District.

Municipal Services Department Introduction of Accurate Spatial Planning Municipal Services department of the District Government deals with spatial planning.

However, the department has limited capacity to do this exercise justice and so the department was keen to ensure that FIGIS was developed to assist them in doing their jobs more efficiently. FIGIS is being used for Master Planning in an integrated, coordinated and systematic manner to ensure orderly growth and development of physical infrastructure such as highways, railways, industrial zones, conservation of forest reserves and provision of electricity, telephone, Sui gas, etc. Annex 5 shows highways and district road in Chak Jhumra Town.

FIGIS is producing scaled digitised drawings with verified revenue boundaries of chak / mohallah / union council that have been taken as the first key step for proper and accurate spatial planning in the City District.

Commercialisation Fee and Advertisement Signboards Municipal services department's signboard management information systems have been linked to the FIGIS. The linked information shows detail of the signboard along with pictures that could help the department to analyse the revenue from this data source. The department is also able to plan and allow placement of new signboards. The system is also linked with the commercialisation module of the Revenue Management Information System. This module contains information on actual collection and exact potential of fees from the commercial properties, enables the department to view this information based on the geographic location of the properties and is helping to improve the short-comings in revenue generation.

Solid Waste Management Services In City District Governments, Municipal Services Department is responsible for water and sanitation services. These responsibilities are shared by WASA in the city areas and TMAs in the rural area. Municipal Services department manage the solid waste services in the city areas of Faisalabad. The department needs information on the collection sites of the solid waste. Identification of proper land fill sites require a lot of efforts that often go wasted when it is explored that the identified location is not Government owned or is not suitable environmentally.

36

Impacts Transferring the waste is another issue that needs to be addressed in a cost-effective manner. In the urban municipal areas, solid waste needs to be shifted outside these urban areas as there is limited space for disposal of waste in the municipal areas and recycling has, to date, not been effective. Transferring of waste, further, requires shortest route for transportation. FIGIS has been able to identify the shortest route to transfer the solid waste as well as identification of state land and private land.

Revenue Department Revenue department is responsible for demarcating accurate boundaries of villages and Union Councils. Patwaris rely upon the traditional system of keeping land record on cloth maps. The department had limited records of accurate boundaries. Revenue department wanted to ensure that it had accurate administrative boundaries of mozas/chaks (villages and groups of populations) and these needed to be marked on proper scaled drawings. This would help the revenue department to remove ambiguities in boundaries of the union councils. These administrative boundaries are providing basic geographic information that is helpful for any stakeholder for different purposes like making financial allocations.

FIGIS has also a link with the Revenue Management Information System that contains information on assets of the CDGF and enables the department to view details of the state owned assets geographically. This information is helpful in deciding departments to plan for proper utilisation of state land.

In the future, the Urban Immovable Property Tax (UIPT) information would also be linked with the FIGIS. The revenue department would be able to identify those property owners that had not deposited the UIPT. Spatial analysis maps are also to be developed for the revenue department on the pattern of collection of UIPT. FIGIS will also help to verify the area of properties, reported through the survey or from other sources.

Revenue department staff (patwaris) helping in identifying revenue boundaries of chaks

37

Impacts Works and Services Department Through FIGIS the Works and Services department has access to integrated information on the requirements of repair and maintenance of different public facilities i.e. schools, health units, roads and commercial properties etc. FIGIS also enables the department to devise road plans for traffic routes.

Impacts on other Agencies and Departments Town Municipal Administrations and Public Health Engineering Department Water and Sanitation Services In the Rural Areas, Water and Sanitation services are the responsibility of PHED (for provision) and TMAs (for maintenance). FIGIS is helpful for the provision and maintenance of the water and sanitation services required both in rural and urban areas. Engineers require information on the areas of sweet water zone and location of the areas where water is brackish and saline and FIGIS provides this information spatially. TMAs and PHED can now identify areas where they need to improve the provision and quality of water and sanitation services. FIGIS also provides a complete network of water supply that has been spatially mapped.

Analysis of the potential of revenue and problems in revenue collection is also possible through data available on the number of users of water supply in the rural areas. Water quality tests for more than 6,000 water samples covering all union councils in the district have also been undertaken and these have been mapped out spatially on FIGIS. This has helped in indentifying the causes and patterns of water born diseases. These results are being compared with data from secondary sources and are useful for all agencies supplying water to improve provision and quality of water supply.

FIGIS also provides data on the network, condition and coverage of the sewerage and drainage services that is helping to avoid duplication of physical development work and ontime and proper maintenance of sewerage and drainage services. FIGIS provides data on the type of drains (primary or tertiary) with location, diameter of the pipe in sewerage and identification of the defective areas that has made possible, estimation of the repair work to be more accurate.

Information on the provision, coverage areas and collection points of solid waste services on maps is enabling the TMAs to analyse the severity of problem and needs of the areas in this regard, with the ultimate view of improving them.

Maintenance of Parks and Graveyards FIGIS provides data on the location and area of the parks that is helpful for the TMAs to allocate resources for their provision and maintenance.

FIGIS also provides data on the location and area of the graveyards. Analysis of population of the adjoining areas and capacity of the graveyards is also possible now. Data bank generated through the FIGIS has provided TMAs and other agencies, with a huge amount of information, they did not have previously. These agencies will now use it for better planning.

38

Impacts Control of Encroachments Encroachments with exact location and dimension have been marked on maps by overlaying present maps on the original revenue maps, providing evidence for the TMAs to remove them.

Faisalabad Development Authority (FDA) Land use mapping and land administration is possible through FIGIS. Faisalabad Development Authority has marked its housing schemes, slums and katchi abadis on maps that is very essential to have and provides an opportunity to view development needs of the impoverished areas. The City District Government is developing mechanisms to allocate resources on the needs of these areas.

Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Upon the advice of the GIS unit of the CDGF, the Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Faisalabad has started developing a GIS maps showing infrastructure that has already been laid. It is imperative that “as built” drawings are used rather than “as designed”. Furthermore, where “as built” drawings are not available, then in-situ site investigations must be carried out

by WASA to ensure correctness. Figure 16 shows the existing and proposed water supply schemes. WASA has also benefited from FIGIS since data is available showing analysis of water quality tests for the areas under its jurisdiction to improve water quality.

Figure 16:

WASA staff marking their development schemes on satellite imagery

Existing and proposed water supply schemes of WASA

LEGEND Tubewell Completed Existing For Future On Going

39

Impacts Police Department The Police department is considering re-distribution of boundaries of the police stations and chowkis based on the spatial maps produced through the FIGIS. The Police have used the FIGIS maps quite extensively.

Figure 17 shows location and area of jurisdiction of Khurianwala Police Station.

Figure 17: in

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tJ

hu

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Ro

BUDHALA KHURD

la Sa

Police department staff identifying boundaries and locations of police stations

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Ch

Location and area of jurisdiction of Khurianwala Police Station

ad

ala R hianw

Police Station Khurrianwala

oad

HUNDAL PUR

GORBAJPUR

Khurianwala

BUDHALA KALAN

HUNDAL PUR

Shahkot, Sheikhupura Road

RASOOL PUR

SIRIN

GORBAJPUR RAM NAGAR LOHKA KHURD LATHIANWALA

RURKA KALAN

a

al

nw

ra

Ja

LOHKA KALAN

R

JANDIALA KHURD

d

oa

SIAL WALA

MOHAL WALA

CHAUDHRY WALA

PAHINDIAN WALA

MAHIWALA MUJAWARAN WALA

Fa

isa

lab ad

By

Pa

ss

KARTAR GARH

BUDHEWALA

ALI PUR

LEGEND Police Station Village MOHAMMAD WALA

Jaran wala L ahore Road

Provincial Highway District Road Police Station Boundary Mouza Boundary

40

Impacts

Advantages of Developing the GIS for District Government Urban Planning The organisations responsible for urban planning have limited resources to manage and control the physical development. Urban areas are expanding rapidly and have serious problems of land records and urban services. Usage of the GIS helps in identifying technical problems and identification of integrated urban planning issues and options for solutions. The information that the urban planners need such as roads, subdivisions, layout, encroached lands, water and sewerage pipelines, electric poles and other geographic features of interest are now beginning to be viewed and maps are beginning to be developed through the FIGIS. These maps are scaled so the planner can accurately use for a number of features including forecasting costing for different options. They are able to view past trends and consider scenario planning.

Faisalabad District's urban area faces a number of problems in terms of environment, transportation, traffic, and demarcation of the industrial, residential and agriculture land. It requires considerable coordinated efforts of various departments. For example, urban renewal is a useful method for up-gradation of under developed areas. Stress analysis techniques can be applied using spatial analysis capabilities of the system for identification of highly and medium stress areas requiring immediate attention. Identification of dangerous buildings is an important part of this whole procedure, as these not only affect original owners but also neighbouring buildings.

In a written agreement between the City District Government Faisalabad and the Punjab Urban Unit, the latter is responsible for developing the GIS for the city area of Faisalabad - the major urban area - that would be linked with the FIGIS. To date, FIGIS contains data of the urban areas other than city Faisalabad. CDGF believe that it is important to develop small urban and semi-urban areas of the District so that citizens visiting these areas do not move to large urban areas.

Integrated Planning Although to date, the FIGIS has limited data and is under continuous development and improvement, it is already being used for integrated planning. For example the road layers are being used by the Road Department for construction and improvement, whilst the District Officer Spatial Planning is using these layers to identify and mark location of signboards and the Street Light Branch of TMA are using this for street light planning. The District Officer Solid Waste uses the same road layers for identification of routes for disposal of solid waste and the TMA and WASA use these same layers for marking their underground services.

Prior to FIGIS, the departments used to often undertake development work in isolation and as a result, it was common to find that underground services like sewerage and water supply were being laid after the roads had been constructed. This lack of integrated planning resulted in wastage of resources and time, and considerable disruption to citizens because of re-construction of services.

Now that the departments have started to link their data of completed, on-going and future schemes with FIGIS, the latter has become an essential tool to help the city district government to fix priorities of works. Departments now work in coordination for the efficient and effective provision of services to the communities. Figure 18 presents the use of

41

Impacts integrated data available in the system for establishing a new health facility in the District.

Data of a number of departments, available in the system from both the devolved and nondevolved departments is used for making critical planning decisions.

Figure 18:

Planning for new Basic Health Service

Integrated data for establishing a new health facility

Health Department

?

General Diseases information of the area ?

Outdoor Patients of existing government Health Services ?

Catchment area of Proposed Health Facility ?

Distance from existing Private Health Services

Revenue Department

?

Availability of state land ?

Kachi abadies / slum area

Works & services

?

Distance from existing government Health Services ?

Distance from main residential area ?

Distance from Railway station if exist ?

Distance of Proposed location from main road ?

Natural Surface Level, Soil Condition, Street & Road level

Finance & Planning

?

Proposal with the provincial Government Criteria ?

Availability of Financial resources required salary and non Salary ?

Cross verification with Provincial Annual Program

HRM

?

Existing human resources ?

Required human resources

Community Development Department

?

NGOs and CBO working on Health services ?

Number of Political Groups % ?

Number of Social Group with % ?

Population details of the proposed area and catchment areas

Environment Department

?

Environmental assessment of proposed location ?

Check the location of Industries / factories

Municipal Services

?

Water Supply, Sewerage and Drainage and locations of SWM

Collection points / Disposal points ?

Fire Services station in emergency

Pro-poor Planning and Resource Allocation for Targeting Poverty and Improving Service Delivery FIGIS is being used to support planners and decision-makers in assessing and understanding the situations regarding areas of deprivation in the district and has further strengthened the processes of evidence-based planning that has been the key driver of change within CDGF over the last 4 years. FIGIS is helping in targeting areas of bad service delivery and areas of deprivation through targeted pro-poor investments.

Through FIGIS and its link with EMIS, FMIS, HRMIS and Health MIS, data is translated into easily understandable and usable information for decision-making. Although, all of these information systems are continuously being developed and further improved, CDGF is using the information to identify those deprived Union Councils, where funds need to be specifically targeted, human resources need to be allocated, awareness campaigns need to be undertaken and other support provided. It is hoped that together with an improved service delivery, poverty will also begin to be targeted. Data from other sources like remote sensing, population censuses and financial allocation are also beginning to been integrated through FIGIS. Data from a household survey conducted in eight union councils to assess service delivery and poverty levels has also been spatially mapped and this has allowed comparisons to be made on levels of income with educational level and access to services.

42

Impacts Data from a detailed Citizen's Perception Survey for service delivery by CDGF has also been linked to the FIGIS. All of these data sources are beginning to be linked and it is envisaged that they will, in time, provide information to CDGF for identifying poverty indicators (ranked by their uncertainty coefficients) and also develop poverty maps. FIGIS is useful because: ?

Integrated view of data is possible from different sources ?

Spatial presentation of poverty provides quick visual information to target poverty, especially, in terms of development projects that might require funding ?

Spatial presentation of results makes the analysis of the results easy for government staff and elected members.

In time, it is envisaged that CDGF would like to link the Faisalabad data derived from the Multiple Integrated Cluster Survey (MICS) to FIGIS. FIGIS provide CDGF with evidence to identify any imbalances of funding patterns in the District, and maps generated from FIGIS are being used for making investments in the areas that are amongst the poorest. CDGF has also used the spatial representation of data of the citizen perception of the services being delivered by CDGF to check against actual provision of resources (in terms of funds, people, material and equipment) by CDGF and then to correct any errors or omissions. As an example, for the health department, this has been shown in Figure 19 and Figure 20.

Figure 19 presents the perception of the people about buildings of the health facilities and Figure 20 presents financial allocations made by the District Government from the funds provided by Punjab Devolved Social Services Programme (PDSSP) for buildings of health facilities.

Standardisation of Data Collection Processes Development of FGIS has led the CDGF to formalise the procedures and processes for data collection as well as how to update the same. Different stakeholders reached an agreement on the parameters and granularity of FIGIS and worked together to develop questionnaires and instruction manuals to collect field data in accordance with agreed layers in the system.

This broke traditional barriers that existed in departments and brought them together for a common purpose.

How FIGIS may help other Agencies to Conduct Surveys Different federal and provincial agencies (e.g. Bureau of Statistics, Planning & Development Department etc.,) carry out a number of surveys in districts including in Faisalabad. An interesting initial finding of a quick assessment undertaken on these surveys identified that although a number of organisations conduct different field surveys and household surveys, it was difficult to link these data since formal structured house numbering did not exist. In some instances, a property had more than one property number, which further complicated matters since different organisations used different property numbers. During the preparation of FIGIS, considerable consultation took place on establishing one formal property number system.

Hence in a large pilot number of Union Councils, property and street numbering was recorded and a permanent number plate has been mounted on each property. Now, in these Union Councils, different organizations, all use the same property numbering. It is now possible for

43

Impacts multiple forms of data to do with a particular property to be linked together. It is envisaged that Scaled GIS maps produced by FIGIS and the survey data being collected in Faisalabad will also provide a base to plan the sample of data collection, survey sites and travel routes etc that would tremendously reduce survey costs and would also be helpful in accurate data collection.

Possible Future Impacts of Development of the GIS Though the CDGF has started integrated planning using GIS, much still remains to be done and it is estimated that the complete integration of data will take at least 4 to 5 years, if the pace of work continues in the present manner.

Figure 19:

Reason for dissatisfaction from building of health facilities

Legend Not raised as a major issue Dissatisfied Fairly dissatisfied Very dissatisfied Extremely dissatisfied Totally dissatisfied Perception that there is no Government health facility

44

Impacts Representation of large amounts of data shown on a map, union council wise, has been easy to understand and interpret for both the Government officials and local councillors. It is envisaged that in the future, local level planning by Union Councils would also be undertaken based on digitised scaled drawings produced by FIGIS. Online verification of data is to be examined and piloted so as to reduce the time and hence costs for approval of projects. Data collected on property and street numbering would be included to index the spatial maps in the system. It is envisaged that this would provide a more complete record of service users and should help in improving the billing system. Future usage of the system depends upon the number of layers added to it. It could be used for traffic and transport management, land registration and administration, forest, environmental and in a number of other departments.

Figure 20:

Financial allocations for building of health facilities by PDSSP (2007-08) DO Planning is using FIGIS Application for Roads data verification

Legend Budget amount in Rupees 0 - 100000 100001 - 500000 500001 - 1500000 1500001 - 1530000 No Investment

45

Lessons and Reflections

LESSONS AND REFLECTIONS Introduction of technology-based change in the CDGF was initiated through the reforms programme that was being undertaken with the support of the “Strengthening Decentralised Local Government in Faisalabad” project funded by the UK's Department for International Development (DFID). The Local Government departments of the CDGF were motivated to identify potentials of working with technologies. As part of identifying and working with strategic planning tools, development of the FIGIS was initiated by CDGF. This also served to untie a number of standalone Management Information Systems that were being created. It was important to emphasise, quite early on the development process, that the GIS was a strategic planning tool, which would certainly contribute towards effective evidence-based decision-making, however, it was not the answer to every operational problem.

For developing FIGIS, the CDGF preferred using local resources. Instead of outsourcing it to external software companies specialising in GIS development (very few in Pakistan), CDGF wanted to use local Faisalabad based resources and to develop their capacity. Key GIS professionals with considerable experience were employed to provide direction and oversee the local resources. In this way, it was envisaged that a supply of local trained professionals would be available to sustain and update the system beyond the next few years as well being a very cost-effective way of undertaking this type of assignment.

CDGF was aware of the fact that using local inexperienced people would take longer to establish the GIS than purchasing and customising an off-the-shelf solution. However, the former strategy worked out a cheaper and more flexible way of customising the GIS for the needs of the district. The time spent in actual technical development, time to deploy the system was influenced mostly by the process of collecting, consolidating and mapping key spatial planning parameters and processes.

Visit by NIPA team to the CDGF’s GIS unit

46

Lessons and Reflections It should be noted that the development of the system was not done in isolation. In fact the local government staff especially from the various departments was fully involved and were indeed, important partners. In this way, the capacity of the government departments was built throughout the process and ownership was high. The planning department of the District took a lead in the whole process, as the system would finally rest with the planning wing of the Finance & Planning department. The local government departments have been quite involved during the development cycle with their staff accompanying the survey teams in the field as well as having a good understanding of using the system.

Usage of FIGIS as a spatial planning tool has led to new processes in CDGF for collecting and maintaining updated statistics on key parameters. CDGF had been introduced to the idea of using new technologies to automate the process of data collection e.g. using sensors and GPS equipment to measure and spatially tag the quality of water was rare in the past but it has been done very successfully during development of FIGIS. As FIGIS was initiated after development of several different CDGF management information systems (MISs) and after having conducted a number of surveys (e.g. Citizen Perception Survey for Service Delivery, household survey for poverty profiling, education survey etc.), the development team was faced with the difficult challenges to integrate these with the ArcView GIS platform and its geo database.

For future reference, the development time and effort in scaling the GIS to other parts of the country could be reduced if other supporting IT systems are designed with a view to integration with GIS. Planning for a GIS early in the project could both reduce the time and resources required to develop the GIS later.

It is clear that a sustained use of FIGIS as a planning tool for CDGF will be contingent upon three key factors: ?

Incubation of a culture in the Government to use technology in decision-making as well as a continuous buy-in from key stakeholders will be critical to collect key spatial planning parameters; ?

Continuous training of CDGF staff and other local government department staff to use and update the system; ?

Defining the processes to collect, update and expand spatial data used in the system.

In order to up-scale FIGIS, it will be important to continuously demonstrate the role of GIS in enabling an environment of openness and inclusiveness in terms of spending the district resources. With the availability of spatial GIS maps, members of the District Council could easily view, scrutinize and in turn, influence the spending priorities of the District Government. Qualitative and quantitative evidence of this will need to be continuously collected over a few years of operation of FIGIS and documented. This will assist other districts in Pakistan, if they wish to adopt a similar approach.

CDGF will need to continue to calibrate FIGIS with up-to-date data. This would allow the system to be more accurate and would allow the Government to use it as a permanent strategic and operational planning tool.

FIGIS has created synergy between devolved and non-devolved departments and enabled a joined-up Government in the District. The District Government is closely working with nondevolved departments and other public organisations and all are working towards a common

47

Lessons and Reflections purpose of improving service delivery for the citizens. The process however needs to further improve so that all departments are working at the same “concept-frequency� and financial and human resource commitment from the local government remains strong in the future.

Since FIGIS was developed in just a two year period, it will take time to embed it fully in the working of the District Government.

The problems faced during development of the system are given in Table 4 and he problems faced by the teams while carrying out field surveys are given in Table 5. Possible ways to overcome these problems are also provided.

A SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) of FIGIS is shown in Table 6.

48

Lessons and Reflections Table 4: Sr. No.

Problems faced while developing the GIS Mitigation - How problems were solved (or recommended solution)

Issue

1 Limited information available on certain populated areas to start or plan the survey

For all 176 rural UCs of the District, reconnaissance surveys were conducted before starting the actual surveys. For this, a satellite image map of the Union council was given to the survey team. The surveyors then visited every populated area in the UC and marked its location on the printed map of the UC.

2 No trained GIS Experts and Programmers willing to work in Faisalabad for limited time period

Local staff with relatively less experience was hired and trained

3 There is mainly two types of data used for GIS: Vector (like digitized data) and raster (like satellite imagery, photos etc.). The raster relatively takes more space than vector. It was almost impossible to put the data on every computer for user's access.

A central system consisting of three high-end servers was established. A high speed network was also established. All the users accessed data through this central system. This also helped in taking regular back up of the data.

4 The metalled roads within the District were already assigned IDs by the Roads department based on funding agency. Initially it was thought that same IDs could be used. But while using these IDs, it was revealed that more than one IDs were given to the same roads that made roads identification a real problem.

The roads were given new IDs with new system of assigning ID to a particular road as agreed by Roads and Planning departments.

5 Time period of about 11 months for the survey of 176 UCs, putting it into the databases and its linkage with other system was very short

A large number of survey teams were hired and constituted according to their activities. For digitizing and data entry, a separate team to work in evening was hired. Special mechanisms were established for on-time entry of data.

6 The cost of the project could further be reduced by using the open source technology

Time to develop GIS was short and it was perceived that the open source requires more research than non-open source software. So open source option was discarded.

Table 5: Sr. No.

Problems Faced in Physical Surveys Problems

How problems were solved (or recommended solution)

1 Data available with the departments was in raw or poor format.

The teams were given rigorous trainings on how to collect the field survey data and how to use different GIS equipment. The field teams not only verified the existing data but also collected new information about the services.

2 Local communities were reluctant to provide information for surveys.

Brainstorming sessions and meetings were held with the community members and leaders of the local community on how this information could help them for improving quality of their life. Teams were given letters from the DCO to provide evidence in the field to communities.

3 Many villages had no proper access roads. The only paths available were katcha tracks on which the vehicle could not run.

The teams had to travel on foot in these areas.

They kept track of their travel in local travel units (murabbas).

4 Due to cultural barriers, male staff was not able to talk to females in the community.

Female staff was hired and trained to get the required information.

5 The survey teams often faced difficulty in getting information from the private institutions.

The teams got this information through proving their identity

49

Lessons and Reflections Table 6:

SWOT Analysis of the process of developing GIS

Strengths

?

Strong leadership from team of the SDLGF project ?

Clear perception of the objectives of developing the GIS ?

Strong team work, that made the development possible in such short period of time ?

Location of the GIS unit within DCO office that resulted in strong commitment and ownerships of the government ?

Government staff involved in all activities for verification of information

Weaknesses

?

Lack of local expertise in GIS and IT sectors ? problems in getting information from some Government departments due to culture of hiding information ?

Training Government officials to use GIS

Opportunities

?

All information systems are accessible through a single interface i.e. the GIS, providing opportunities for joined-up government ?

GIS application and maps are user friendly and easy to understand ?

GIS allows more service layers to be added with less hassle ?

GIS can be replicated in other districts

Threats

?

GIS needs continuous update and collection of information from the field. If it is not done, the GIS will become obsolete. ?

Delay in approval of the funds from the Provincial Government that are required for the running of the system ?

A full time team is required to manage and update the GIS ?

Management of data from a large number of sources on a single point needs strong management and leadership skills ?

All the independent information systems that are linked to GIS need to be updated and upgraded on regular basis

Based on the SWOT analysis, following are some recommendations: Enhancing the Strengths: The leading team to support the system development and updation should continue their ? effort and hold the steering and working committee meeting in future on regular basis.

Strong leadership is required for the successful implementation of the system. ?

Goals and objective of the system development should be refined time to time Measures to overcome weaknesses: ?

Hiring and training of the staff from adjacent districts to overcome lack of GIS experts ?

Proper communication to the department through an institutional specialist who gathered the requirements of the departments by conducting a number of meetings with them and briefed them about the usefulness of the GIS for them ?

Training of Government staff on the use of the System is ongoing. The staff initially considered it addition to the responsibilities but they were told that the system usage would reduce their time and efforts after development and would also provide accurate information How to avail the opportunities: ?

The information collected should be used frequently to better understand facts about services ?

Maximum sharing of the GIS drawings, maps and application to stakeholders for planning. Sharing of the general maps with communities through internet is also helpful ?

Remaining departments' data should be linked with the system Threats; how to reduce or mitigate them: ?

CDGF needs to deploy permanent office team and staff at each department as well as the field staff for updating data. ?

Information in the linked MISs should also be updated regularly to get latest details about services.

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Sustainability

SUSTAINABILITY It is clear that FIGIS as a tool to assist in joined-up working between departments, agencies, voluntary organisations and the private sector is beginning to show results ((albeit, presently, in it's very early stage) in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, inclusivity and accountability in Faisalabad City District. However, if this is to develop further in the future in Faisalabad or other districts in Pakistan, it is essential that all participants work towards: Goals - working towards clearly defined, mutually valued, shared goals: It is important that time is spent on agreeing objectives and ensuring that these are clear and shared otherwise partners may work towards different, incompatible goals and fail to achieve desired outcomes.

Leadership - District leadership continuing to direct the team and the initiative towards the goal. Joined-up initiatives can be difficult to keep on track because of the additional complexity arising from the number of players involved. Good leadership is important as part of the "glue" to hold the initiative together. This must start at the District level from the District's top management. It must filter to the various department heads and indeed must be propagated constantly by them to the rest of staff in their respective departments. A good communications programme is essential to ensure that there is “buy-in� at all levels.

Progress measurement - evaluating progress towards achieving the desired goal and taking remedial action when necessary. Joined up initiatives are no different from other activities in that their progress must be monitored and remedial action taken when performance is less than satisfactory. The coordination group (working and steering committees) would need to continue overlooking the process of development and usage of FIGIS. Resources - ensuring that sufficient and appropriate resources are available. Without sufficient resources including appropriate skills and a form of incentivisation, a joint working initiative will not be capable of being sustained in the longer term; and value for money and propriety may be put at risk. A minimum of 5 to 8 years programme must be properly resourced (in terms of people, equipment, and money) right at the outset to ensure that sufficient time is provided to begin to show results.

Capacity Development - Capacity development of the Government on how to use the system needs to continue for another 3 to 5 years.

Working well together - to achieve a shared responsibility. If organisations in Faisalabad do not establish good working relationships, based on mutual support and trust, acknowledging their differences and sharing information openly, ensuring that data is updated periodically, then joint working will fail and improvements in public services will not be achieved.

As the usage and development of the GIS is at preliminary stage, more external agencies might get involved in its utilisation and development. For example, more service layers might get included in the GIS like agriculture services and land use information etc.

Enhancing capacity - The government staff must not stick to their classical way of working and rather should adopt innovations to perform their responsibilities. Training on the system usage must be a part of their regular activities; the training of technologies related to the

51

Sustainability system will further broaden their grip on the understanding of the system and will help in improving the system with new ideas and also will assist in better utilisation of the system.

They must develop complete know-how about the components of system related to their functions to take maximum advantage, the system can provide.

Systems and procedures for updating data on compulsory basis - The CDGF needs to develop strategy for the updation of the field data. The data from the linked MISs is being updated by the departments. It might require a separate team for the collection of the field data whenever it is updated.

What if there is no Local Government?

In view of current debate going on at the provincial level, it seems that decentralisation is going to be limited. Whatever the case would be, the system would be helpful for integrated planning in the District irrespective of the fact that local governments remain or not. The Government services in the District would remain the same, whether District Government monitors them or the provincial departments monitors them. In this scenario, it is strongly recommended that the Provincial Government continues to support CDGF. What if the Users of the system are transferred?

As transfers are part of the Government set up in Pakistan, there is need for provision of training for new staff posted in the planning office and for more “master-trainers” to be established at the district level. A short period of say 3 months is advised as an “overlap” between the out-going team member and the in-coming team member.

Replication of the GIS in Other Districts City District Government Faisalabad has seen potential benefits of developing FIGIS and using technology for improving planning and service delivery mechanisms. Replication of these experiences in other parts of the country, especially Punjab would be beneficial. The CDGF is ready to share its experiences with all local governments in Punjab and has already been sharing its experiences with corporate managers and politicians of other districts. They have been briefed on how the system was developed and how it is being utilised for planning.

Never-the-less, the Punjab Government needs to have the capacity to undertake the initiative at a central level and it should have a central unit that coordinates the development of GIS in all districts. Although, the Urban Unit is doing this task to some extent, it is focussing only in the urban areas. The rural areas also need to be brought into the system, in order to get a “fuller” picture.

Development of GIS would have many benefits for the provincial government. The provincial government deploys resources to the district governments and it can use the GIS to properly distribute the limited resources according to the requirements of the area. A requirement analysis of the provincial government can be undertaken for this purpose. It is recommended that the development of the GIS is undertaken within the district rather than at the provincial level. The provincial government will be able to access information, online (Figure 21).

52

Sustainability Possible benefits of a Punjab-wide GIS: These include: Monitoring: The Punjab GIS would help monitoring with respect to a number of parameters e.g. allocation of financial resources on different projects and condition of the services could be assessed at the central level without visiting the sites too frequently (which does not happen, in reality anyway due to resource constraints!).

Reporting: The central GIS could automatically receive data from districts and compile reports in prescribed format, reducing delays.

Effectiveness and Efficiency: Due to live communication and evidence available, less time would be required whilst making decisions.

Information Sharing: Information of the central GIS would be available to different departments of the provincial government that would support the joined-up government.

Figure 21:

Concept of Province-wide implementation of GIS

Provincial level GIS contains summarised information from each district within the province

Punjab

GIS at each district level is developed Multan Faisalabad

Lahore (Central GIS)

Gujranwala

......All 35 districts

Rawalpindi

Informations collected from local level to develop district’s GIS Note: Central unit could possibly be at the already established provincial Urban Unit, but the scope of the unit must be extended to cover rural areas as well.

53

Conclusions

CONCLUSIONS The use of information technology in the daily business of the governments is improving and getting importance in Pakistan. Experience of CDGF has demonstrated that how the use of information technology can change the way Government delivers its services.

After successful deployment of a number of Management Information Systems for its departments, City District Government Faisalabad has developed a GIS as one of the key efforts to provide quick access to reliable information on the location and condition of its infrastructure and services. Faisalabad's Integrated GIS (FIGIS) is being used as a tool for integrated planning in the District thus having an impact on the way financial allocations are made. However, the process of complete deployment of the system is yet incomplete.

Further development and usage of FIGIS is linked to the desire of this local government to change. CDGF aspires to improve its spending for the poor to underpin its vision of “preempting poverty; promoting prosperity� and it explored many ways of doing this. These efforts include development of information systems that brought many efficiency gains. After getting the systems working and processes improved, idea of spatially mapping services initiated. In fact, these information systems also used spatial presentation of the data. The District Government felt the need to develop a system that provides information on services with respect to their geographic location that motivated for the development of the GIS in the City District.

54

Conclusions The Faisalabad's GIS has some advantages and key success factors. It has been developed with complete ownership of district departments, not the case in the GISs that often fail due to this reason. The end users' demands and information needs were analysed carefully and catered for. Though initiative was taken by the administration of the City District Government, it also thought of the needs of non-devolved departments. The District Government also wanted to use information from these departments for planning purposes.

Development of the system was innovative in terms of complete stakeholders involvement in all phases. Scope of the FIGIS was identified through consultation and ownership of all departments. Working and Steering committees regularly monitored the progress.

Government staff from concerned departments was associated with the survey teams for their technical knowledge. Their capacity was built along the process and they made useful suggestions to improve the system.

Though FIGIS has not been developed completely, it has started benefitting the Government a lot still in its present shape through enabling integrated planning. District Government departments are using the system for their own benefits and it has enabled joined-up Government in the City District.

The CDGF is able to get consolidated information on the complete profile of various services like education, health, roads and water and sanitation. Link of the data from the non-devolved departments has improved the access of the district government over this data that was not possible earlier. The District administration is now making efforts hands in hands with nondevolved departments while planning new service provision and bringing improvements in the existing planning mechanisms and services. All government agencies working in the District have come forward with each other to benefit the citizens of Faisalabad.

FIGIS is being used for targeting poverty in the District. It has become the most powerful tool for managing information with reference to a geographical location. Spatial analysis of different kind of data is helping the Government to assess poverty level in the District and it is using this information for pro poor targeting of such areas and is prioritising investments for impoverished areas. Equitable resource allocation is being done and Government departments and political administration is not duplicating the development efforts in same areas that is helping to alleviate poverty and is preventing wastage of funds. New planning is being done based on the scaled drawings and maps. The governance is working better now.

The FIGIS needs frequent data updates otherwise it will be outdated. The District Government needs to make it imperative for all stakeholders to update their procedures according to the requirements of GIS so that new information is available to update it. All stakeholder departments need to take interest to make improvements and to provide updated information so that GIS depicts recent and historical information. Stakeholders still need to include a number of layers in the FIGIS to get other necessary information e.g. housing, electricity and agriculture etc.

Effort of developing the GIS should not be limited to CDGF only. The system could be replicated in other districts also. The Provincial Government could develop a central Provincial GIS to use it as a planning tool for the province.

Faisalabad highlights what could be done through technological innovation. It is important to understand that this programme needs commitment from the government to continue and commitment to provide quality public services.

55

Annex 1 Annex 1:

Steps for Development of the GIS Photo of the activity

Activity

Map / Diagram

Satellite imagery Acquisition of 0.6 m High Resolution Satellite Imagery, its mosaicing, rectification and enhancement after brainstorming with satellite imagery vendors and departments

Defining Scope of work Deciding and refining scope of work after brainstorming with working and steering committees, stakeholder departments and discussions with local community members

?

Education ?

Health ?

Water & Sanitation ?

Roads ?

Other Surveys

Identifying administrative boundaries Identification of administrative boundaries of villages and union councils with the help of maps and staff of the revenue department

2 1 3 7

4

5

Reconnaissance survey Reconnaissance survey of the target Union Councils by using satellite imagery of the Union Council

On-screen digitizing On-screen digitizing of the satellite imagery and preparation raw GIS maps for field survey

163 162

262 261

263 264

265 251

180

267 179

169 170 171

172 178 177 176175 173 247 174 183 184 248 185 198 186 187 188 197 196

Collection of information on various services Collection of information for health, education and water and sanitation services at the village level and data collection for the roads on various questionnaires

56

189

132 131

138 139 140 130128 126125 129 127 124 141 36 123 115 116 35 117 118119 120 114 113 38 39 121 112 56 122 111 110 109 55 108 49

161

182 181

266

250249

168

101 102

54 103

53

52

Annex 1 Photo of the activity

Activity

Map / Diagram 163 162

262

Property and house numbering Property numbering in areas where pipedwater supply is functional

263 264

261

168

265 251

138 139 140 130128 126125 129 127 124 141 36 123 115 116 35 117 118119 120 114 113 38 39 121 112 56 122 111 110 109 55 108 49

169

182 170

181

266

180

267

171

179

250249

172 178 177 176175 173 247 174 183 184 248 185 198 186 187 188 197 189

196

132 131

161

101 102

54 103

53

52

Water & sanitation household survey The areas where piped water supply schemes were functional, a household survey was conducted

Quality assurance Quality assurance of the collected data (from all sources) and inputting the spatial and nonspatial information into the databases

Re-verification of field information Re-verification of the wrong or missing field information

181

Preparation of digitised scaled drawings ?

Development of digitized scaled drawings for Union Councils and TMAs. ?

Development of services maps for Government Departments.

These drawings and maps are being used for marking new schemes

136

130

116 182

135

129

128 Jamia Masjid 117

186 126

183

185

134 127

184

54

118 Ruqia Public School

125

55

124 123

52

122

177

119

178

53

121

162

51 120

165

155

163

49 50

156 166

48 157

164

158

154

137 Govt. Girls 167 EMIS=33150164

35

153 Jamia Masjid Gulzare-Madina

138

36 37

34

140

38

33 139 168

152

22

141 142 143

Development of GIS application A GIS application has been developed linking the data collected through field, from departments and from the already existing information systems.

57

21

23 24

20

32

Annex 2 Annex 2: Details of data collected Table A2-1 Details of data collected through primary and secondary sources Data collected from Secondary Sources Department Detail of data

Local

Information on Citizen Community

Government &

Boards (CCBs)

Community

General information on CCBs,

Registration Number

Details of the members

CCB Project detail

Development

Details of the Primary data collected and verification / updation of Secondary data under GIS field surveys

Format of the collected data (Soft copy online MISs / Hard Copy) City District

Secondary Information verified or updated

New Information

Not verified in the field

No new information collected

Government Citizen Community Board Management Information System through linkage with GIS application

CDGF UC Profiles

City District

Completed information of

No new information collected

Through the UC profiles complied by

Governments Union

the public and private education & health

the CDGF, following information for

Council Profiles

UCs was collected:

database (Year 2005 )

institutions and Water &

General information on UC

and linked with GIS

Sanitation, Parks,

Demographic data

application

Mosques / Madrassas /

Name of Government and Private

Non-Muslim worship places

Schools

was verified through filed

Name of Government Hospitals,

surveys

BHU, RHCs and MCH Centre, Private Hospital/ Clinics Details of Water & Sanitation

services, parks services and mosques.

Education

Punjab Monitoring and Implementation Unit (PMIU) data

The data was

obtained in Excel files and was used

General information on Govt

Schools

during GIS field survey

Enrolment details

Infrastructure details

Information on facilities in the

Name of Government School

Boys/Girls and Level

EMIS Code

Area Name

GPS Coordinates

Pictures at different angles

Condition of infrastructure

Location of schools marked on GIS

Name of Government

School Boys/Girls and Level

EMIS Code

Area Name

map

school School council details

Private Schools

List of Private

Name of school

schools was obtained

Registration code

Area name

Union Council Number

used during GIS field

in hard copy and was survey

Name of Private school

Registration code

Area name

GPS coordinates

Pictures

Location of schools marked on

Name of Private School

Boys/Girls and Level

Registration code

Location of schools

GIS

map Enterprise &

No information was available

-

investment promotion

Name of Mosques / Madrassas / Non Muslim worship places

GPS Coordinates

Pictures

Location of Mosques / Madrassas /

Non-Muslim worship places marked

No information to verify

on GIS map Finance and planning

Non-Development Budget

Development Expenditure

Non-development Expenditure

Financial

Management Information System (FMIS), linked with GIS application

58

No new information collected

Not verified in the field

Annex 2

Details of the Primary data collected and verification / updation of Secondary data under GIS field surveys

Data collected from Secondary Sources Department Detail of data Surveys and

Citizen Perception Survey

studies

Results on satisfaction levels of

the people from the public services

Format of the collected data (Soft copy online MISs / Hard Copy) Citizen Perception

Secondary Information verified or updated

New Information

No new information collected

Not verified in the field

Survey database (Year 2007) and its linkage with GIS application Poverty assessment household survey of 8 pilot union councils: House numbering and mapping

General Information

Demographic data

Income and consumption

Type of business

Causes of un employment

Education and literacy level

Health services

Water , Sanitation, Solid waste

Birth and death information

Parcel mapping Parcel verification

in all areas of the

project Health

List of Government Hospitals, BHUs, RHCs and MCH Centres Name of health institution

Type of institution

List of institutions

List of institutions

GPS Coordinates

Pictures

Condition of infrastructure

Location of institution

Marked on GIS map

Name of institution

Type of institution

GPS coordinates

Condition of infrastructure

Pictures

Location of the services marked

-

was obtainmed in hard copy and was sed during GIS field survey

Name of the area

List of Private Hospitals, Dispensaries and Clinics Name of institution

Type of institution

was obtainmed in hard copy and was sed during GIS field survey

Area name

Name of institution

Type of institution

Area name

Name of institution

Type of institution

Area name

on GIS map Human Resources

Human Resource Management Information Systems (HRMIS) Personal bio data and services

record of district Government staff

Human Resources

Municipal Services

Revenue Management Information System (Revenue MIS) Signboards / billboards

General information of signboards

Revenue Management

-

Management Information System (HRMIS) -

-

Information System (Revenue MIS)

/ billboards Name of location

Type of property (commercial,

non-commercial) Size of boards and other details

Commercialisation of private

properties General information

Name of the owners

Size of property

Works & Services

Road ID General information on road Road type Route Total length

Road management

information system Maps showing Road

completed by Zila council and District road department

Road ID

Start and end GPS locations

Road and berm width

Condition of road

Photographs at different angles

Road name

Route from and to

Total length

59

Annex 2

Details of the Primary data collected and verification / updation of Secondary data under GIS field surveys

Data collected from Secondary Sources Department Detail of data Revenue

Revenue record (Latha maps/

Format of the collected data (Soft copy online MISs / Hard Copy) -

New Information

Secondary Information verified or updated Random verification of

-

Shajra maps) provided for scanning

revenue boundaries and kachiabadies

and to mark revenue boundaries on GIS map by patwaries Details of the katchi abadies

Town Municipal

No information available

-

Parks

No information to verify

GPS coordinates

Pictures at different angles

Mark Location on GIS map

Administration (TMA)

Graveyards GPS coordinates

Pictures at different angles

Mark Location on GIS map

List of water supply

and sanitation Name of schemes

schemes provided by Locations

Water source of schemes PHED and PCWSSP

in hard copies. The Name of the maintaining agency i.e.

A) Public Health Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes

Water Supply and Sanitation Schemes

Engineering

Name of schemes

Location of the schemes

Water sources of schemes

GPS Coordinates of Water Supply and

Sanitation infrastructures, tube well,

water works and pumping station

Pictures from different angles

Identification of water supply and

sewerage networks through pits

Pipes specification and dia information

Identified installed water filter plants

Department (PHED) B) Punjab Community rural

CBO/Government

Water Supply & Sanitation Project (PCWSSP)

information was used during GIS field survey.

Water quantity testing Production of Tube well / water works

Pressure testing in the water networks

Water filter plants installed by

Government

Drinking water quality Assessed drinking water quality of

ground water and piped water (in all 289 Union Councils) though water sampling

and testing in lab GPS Coordinates of each water sample

Picture of each water sample

Sample location marked on GIS map

Results of the quality of water linked

with GIS application Property Numbering and Water & Sanitation Household Survey (in areas where pipe water supply is functional) Property numbering

Demographic information

Main source of drinking water

Expenditure on drinking water

Water connection registered or not

Type of toilet facility using

How is the waste water disposed off

How the solid waste is disposed off

Expenditure on solid waste

Name of institution

Type of institution

GPS Coordinates

Condition of infrastructure

Pictures & location marked on GIS map

60

Name of schemes

Locations

Water source of

schemes Name of the maintaining

agency i.e.

CBO/Government Area Name

Annex 3 Annex 3:

Examples of digitised drawings

Figure A3-1:

Digitised Scaled Drawings of Union Council 1 (Chak Jhumra Town) 324000

327000

330000 3516000

321000

Village 16/JB (Panakay) Remote Population 02 1

03 04

05

10 11

06

09 07 14

12 13

08

08 15

Village 45/JB,Rah Mounana (Moujran Wala-2)

3513000

Village 45/JB,Rah Mounana (Moujran Wala-1)

Village 17/JB (Balam Abad)

Village 16/JB,Deh Shumai (Panakay)

3510000

Village 17/JB,Balam Abad (Lodhian)

Dera Allah Dad

Village 19JB,Burewali (Brali Lakkan)

Kot Shahbel

Village 18/JB,Deh Janubi (Hamwounkai )

Tibbi Nagran Village 19/JB,Burewali (Kadhookey)

3507000

Golay Ke

LEGEND

Village 21/JB, Ranike

Tubewell

Bus Terminal

Drain Railway Station

Canal

Health Facility (Govt)

Water Distributory Motorway

Health Facility (Pvt)

Railway Track

Graveyard

Metalled Road

Soling

Religious Place

Park

Vacant Area

Overhead Water Tank

Katchi Abadi

Water Filteration Plant

Residential Area

Waste Water Pond

Remote Population

3504000

Janaz Gah

Katcha Road

City District Government Faisalabad Municipal Services Information System Union Council 01

Other Govt. / Non Govt. Building

Solidwaste Collection Point

Scale 1:20,000 0

Union Council Boundary

500

1,000

Strategic Policy Unit DCO Office Faisalabad

2,000

Meters

!

Educational Institute (Govt) ! !

!

! !

!

!

!

! !

! !

!

! !

!

Madrassa

!

! !

!

Educational Institute (Pvt)

!

TW

Chak Boundary

!

( !

REFRENCE DRAWINGS

REV NO.

DATE

DESCRIPTION

By

CHD.

APPR.

DESN. DWN. FILE CHK. SUBM.

RECOMMENDED SURVEY DATE

19/06/07

VER/CHK DRAWING DATE

09/02/08

DRAWING NO.

0100114

61

APPROVED REV.

Annex 3 Figure A3-2:

Digitised Scaled Drawings of village 16/JB (in Union Council 1 in Chak Jhumra) 324000

324250

02

03 04 05 10

11 06 09 07

224 1412 13

08

08

3511000

15

223 Waste Water Pond 225 219 231

220 218

226

229

221

230

207

222

217

82

227

Solid Waste Collection Point

94

208 216 Jamia Markazi Masjid Farooq 228

215

96 209

95

93

214 98

97

244

299

245

213

212

246 300

211

85

232

80 91

204

241 242

81

84

210

247 243

301

83

92

86 205

233

74

89

206

203

234

Waste Water Pond

90 79

240

88

194

87

302

238

239

202 235

237

78

113

201

77

114

303

195 236

115

200

111

196 258

76

99

110

199

112

100

Gulzar Clinic 101 102

109 198

259

70

1

72

108 260

73

197

103

104

248 257

107

59

106

69

191

193

60

105 Madrassa Al Quran

192

249

256

297

75

71

179

68 61

190

131

67

180

132

65

254

133 189

253 252

181

182

290 291

292

264

262

279 280 295

266

123

58 40

53

121

162

51

170

277

275

274

268

171

165

155

163

49 50

156 269

166

271 270

Govt. Boys Primary School 169 EMIS=33150085

43

120

273 272

42

119

178

284

276

41

52

122

177 172

267

48 157

164

47 46

158

154

44

137 45

35

153 Jamia Masjid Gulzare-Madina

Govt. Girls Primary 167 School EMIS=33150164

138

36 37

34

140

38

33

39

139

25 22

141

152

168

142 21

143 151 149

150

144

32

23 24

26

20 19

18 27

17

145 148

28

147 146

16

161

31 15

160

29

14 30

159

7

LEGEND ( Tubewell !

4

57

55

124

176 173

285 283

56

54

118 Ruqia Public School

125

175

263

265

Masjid 281 282

278

184

2

3

Jamia Masjid 117

134 127

261 174

286

126

183

185

293 294

62

128

186

187 288

63

135

129

289

287

64

116

188

251

296

66 136

130

3510750

250

255

298

6 5

13

TW

Solid Waste Collection Point

Solidwaste Collection Point

Main Drain Tertiary Drain

Educational Institute (Govt)

Sewerage

Educational Institute (Pvt)

Water Supply

Madrassa

12 EMIS=33150086

!

!

8

11

Govt. Masjid Maktab School

Watercourse Bus Terminal Drain

3510500

!

10

Railway Station

Canal

9

Health Facility (Govt)

Water Distributory Motorway

Health Facility (Pvt)

Railway Track

Graveyard

Metalled Road

Janaz Gah

Katcha Road

Religious Place

Soling

Vacant Area

Park

Katchi Abadi

City District Government Faisalabad Municipal Services Information System Union Council 01 Scale 1:1,000 0

Overhead Water Tank

Residential Area

Water Filteration Plant

Remote Population

Waste Water Pond

25

50 Meters

Other Govt. / Non Govt. Building REFRENCE DRAWINGS

62

Strategic Policy Unit DCO Office Faisalabad

100

REV NO.

DATE

DESCRIPTION

By

CHD.

APPR.

DESN. DWN. FILE CHK. SUBM.

RECOMMENDED

VER/CHK

APPROVED

SURVEY DATE

DRAWING DATE

DRAWING NO.

19/06/07

25/10/07

0100101

REV.

Annex 4 Annex 4:

Process Diagrams of Activities

Figure A 4-1

Activities at GIS Cell

Need to develop the GIS for the District identifies

Management structure finalizes to undertake assignment with Steering Committee and Working Committee

Defining the scope of GIS after consultation with stakeholder departments

Acquisition of satellite imagery

Hiring of the staff

Formation of teams

Identification of revenue boundaries of villages and Cs using satellite imagery and revenue record

On-screen digitisation of villages and urban areas of rural towns

Preparation of raw GIS maps for the field survey teams

Field surveys, and marking of the services on maps

Receiving the updated maps from field teams after survey

Quality assurance of the received data

Rectification of the inconsistent data (if any)

Updating raw digitisation with field information and data entry of the collected data

Compiling data based on village, mohallas, colonies and UCs

Handing over the compiled data to GIS programmers team to insert into the Geo-database

Preparation of Digitized Scaled drawings from the compiled data

Training of the Govt.

Officials on use of drawings and maps for planning and decision making

Handing over Drawings to UCs, TMAs and Government Departments for their usage

Figure A4-2:

Field survey activities for collection of information for various services

Defining scope for field activities and graduality of the information to be collected

Hiring staff for various kinds of surveys and constitution of various teams

Discussion and brainstorming with ocal community memeberd on usage of GIS for them

Handing over of the satellite imagery maps by UCs to technical team heads & a reconnaissance survey of the Union Council

Visit the UC office to find out locations of services and different routed to villages for conducting surveys

Visit to identified locations to verify this information and its marking on satellite image map

Handing over of raw GIS maps to the survey teams

Defining appropriate routes for survey

Visit to villages, mohallahs and locations

55

Collection of required information

Survey of the complete Union Council is completed

Training of the teams

Submission of collected data to the GIS Cell

63

Annex 4 Figure A4-3:

Water quality sampling and survey

District Government identifies the need for conducting water quality testing survey

Discussion and approval of the scope and working procedures in Steering and Working Committees

Selection of NIBGE to undertake water quality tests

Terms of partnership signed between CDGF and NIBGE

Recruitment of staff for surveys Orientation / trainings of staff for field survey

Development of questionnaire on water sampling

Allocation of reference number and code to each area and location

Pre-testing of the questionnaire and training of the field staff in the field

Marking of the location of collection sight, recording GPS , taking picture and questionnaire filling

Technical support from NIBGE in the field

Data entry of the collected data and qater quality test at NIBGE

Entering the water sample report and analysis results into the application

Supervision by the water quality analyst

Development of spatial maps against different parameters of water quality

Figure A4-4:

Meetings with various organisations to take technical advise

One week training of the field staff on water sampling techniques at NIBGE

Field work of the survey

NIBGE submits water analysis reports to GIS unit

Development of GIS application

Overview and study of existing information systems to find out possible linkable attributes

Preparation of queries for existing information systems

Development of initial design of the GIS application

Study of the possible objects to be used in ArcGIS Server

Design and development of the Geo-database and plain databases for the GIS application

Display map on the GIS application using geo-database

Adding layers of the services on the GIS application

Linking existing information systems and surveys data with GIS application

Defining security database and creation of an administration panel for security database

Final testing of the GIS application

Training of the Government officials on using the GIS application

Giving access to Government departments over the GIS application

64

Annex 5 Map of roads in Chak Jhumra Town

100

10

10

Sh

10

01 13

0

100

1110

ah ko tB

10

w Ro

113 1

11 2

0

1001101

10 4

0 12 05

10 0

112 0

10 02

100

02 0

05

9004 00

0

1001080

100

0

10010 50

0

02 03

3 51 2 24

100

51

100

40 8

0

1005124

10

3

1002040

51 2

20 1

100 20 30

1005122

10

1

0 100

1004080 40 8

100407

0

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10021 20 0 51 0 100

1002

11 0 100

0 10 7

0 51 0 100

0 10 6 10

0

0 9 00

10

00

0

10 7

2

3

1 00

20 3

1

0 10 04 10

100

30 1

0

900

00

09

0

10

05

08

30

00

0

12

0

Jhumra City

100

0 13

0 50 2 100

0 50 3 13

0

10060 10 900

10060 10

0

0

40 2

40 1

05

501

0

100 10

05 90

15

0

14

0

900514

LEGEND 100

100

0 50 4

100

100

0

0 07 05 10 0 07 05 10

0 00

50 5

10

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90 04

0

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10040 10

05

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wa la Sahin ed ure S irm o ad R wala

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Ja K h C h r a ur ia a k nw n J al w a hu m a ra R la oa d 90 05 0 05

0 01 07 90

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Fa C h is ala a Sa k Jh ba d ng u la m ra Ro ad

9007000

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01

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07

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0

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0 00

10

100403

0

er

20 3

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10

0

51

2 00

100

1 00

100

0

3 12 05 10 11 0

21 0

05

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04

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2

10051 01 100 20 50

07

ko

40 0

100

10

ah

900

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10

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Annex 5:

Motorway Highway Road

60 0 0

District Road Railway Track Union Council Boundary Town Boundary

65

Glossary

GLOSSARY Cartography

The art and science of expressing graphically, usually through maps, the natural and social features of the earth. In its widest sense, the representation and communication of spatial information in the form of maps. Some has argued that it is not just construction of maps but also a discipline concerned with scientific development and improvement of techniques to be used in this communication of spatially related data.

Cloud Cover

Refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds when observed from a particular location

Coordinates

Pairs of numbers expressing horizontal distances along orthogonal axes; alternatively, triplets of numbers measuring horizontal and vertical distances

Digital image

A two-dimensional array of regularly spaced picture elements (pixels) constituting a picture

GIS

An integrated collection of computer software and data used to view and manage information about geographic places, analyze spatial relationships, and model spatial processes. A GIS provides a framework for gathering and organizing spatial data and related information so that it can be displayed and analysed

Latitude

Angular distance measured on a meridian north or south from the equator

Longitude

Angular distance between the plane of a meridian east or west from the plane of the meridian of Greenwich

Map

A representation on a flat surface, usually of paper, of features of part of earth's surface, drawn at a specific scale. It involves certain degree of generalization and exaggeration, of selective emphasis and stylized representation according to the scale and details involved.

Map Types

Maps differ in the amount and kind of information they give, and the graphic devices used to convey the information. Some of the types of maps in common use are the following: General Reference Maps are maps, usually of relatively large areas, that show major land and water areas, and such features as cities and political boundaries. Atlas maps are generally of this kind.

Topographic Maps prepared from original surveys and aerial photographs, show all important natural and man-made features in relatively small areas, usually in considerable detail. Military and most maps published by the U.S. Geological Survey are of this kind.

Planimetric Maps unlike topographic maps, make no attempt to show varying elevations. They are drawn as though the earth were a plane (flat) surface.

Charts are maps used in sea and air navigation. They are specially designed for plotting a course.

Thematic, Or Topical, Maps provide information on a single subject. Usually the mere outline of the area under consideration is shown. Against this simplified background the special information is made to stand out by various methods. For example, colors or patterns may be used to show the distribution of rainfall, soil types, or election results. Dots may represent places where a firm has retail sale outlets, the location of historical sites, or the like. Variations of quantityof rainfall, population, or crop yields, for examplemay be shown as variations in color or tones of gray; or isopleths (“equal value� lines), such as the isobars on weather maps.

Cartograms are maplike diagrams. They present statistics in a pictorial way. A cartogram might show, for example, the countries of the world in their proper map position, but with each country distorted to a size proportionate to its population. On such a cartogram, Italy would be more than twice the size of Canada.

Off-nadir angle

Any point not directly beneath a scanner's detectors, but rather off at an angle

Pixel

Two-dimensional picture element that is the smallest non-divisible element of a digital image

Point

A zero-dimensional object that specifies geometric location. One coordinate pair or triplet specifies the location. Area point, entity point, and label point are special implementations of the general case

Raster

Raster data takes an evenly spaced grid (like a piece of graph paper) and places a value in each square, or cell. Raster data is best suited for continuous data such as slope, rainfall, or the amount of light reflecting off the ground (as in a photograph).

Aerial photographs and satellite images are examples of raster images used in mapping.

Raster Object

One or more images and/or grids, each grid or image representing a layer, such that corresponding grid cells and/or pixels between layers are congruent and registered

Resolution

The minimum difference between two independently measured or computed values which can be distinguished by the measurement or analytical method being considered or used

Spatial data / Geo-spatial data

Information that identifies the geographic location and characteristics of natural or constructed features and boundaries on the earth. This information may be derived from, among other things, remote sensing, mapping, and surveying technologies.

Vector

Composed of directed lines

Sources: www.esri.com www.fgdc.gov www.wikipedi.org

66

Bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Paul A. Longley, Michael F. Goodchild, David J. Maguire, David W. Rhind (2004) Geographic Information Systems and Science

Papers Akinyemi Felicia Olufunmilayo (2001) A GIS Database Design for Urban Poverty Management Bevelander, Marjan (2001), The application of GIS in Major Urban Planning Projects in the Netherlands Sudhira, H. S., Ramchandra T. V., Bala Subrahmanya M. H, (1994) Integrated Spatial Planning for Managing Urban Sprawl

Reports City District Government Faisalabad (2006) Summary, Strategic Development Plan, Strategic Policy Unit, Faisalabad City District Government Faisalabad (2008) Performance Report No:6, Strategic Policy Unit, Faisalabad District Based Multiple Cluster Survey 2003-04, Planning and Development Department, Government of Punjab

Internet Sources MSN Encarta (encarta.msn.com) Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org)

67

OUR OTHER PUBLICATIONS 2

1

Managing Change

Human Resource Management

for Improving Service Delivery

for Good Governance

Learning to embrace the challenge of good governance

Building local government capacity for effective service delivery

S.M. Khatib Alam Karin Tang Mahmood Akhtar

March 2008

S. M. Khatib Alam David Alan Watson Muhammad Shahid Alvi

March 2008

SelfActualization Esteem (self and others) Social Needs Safety and Security

Basic Physiological Needs

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

4

3 Financial Management

5

Union Council Profiling

for Good Governance

& Service Mapping

From Deficit to Surplus

For Pro-poor Planning & Investment

S.M. Khatib Alam Imran Yousafzai

S.M. Khatib Alam Janet Gardener Muhammad Tariq

March 2008

March 2008

Communications for Good Governance Building local government capacity for effective service delivery S.M. Khatib Alam Nadir Ehsan Humaira Khan

March 2008

150

100

Rs. Millions

50

0

-50

-100

-150

FY 2004-05

FY 2005-06

FY 2006-07

FY 2007-08 Projected

FY 2008-09 Projected

FY 2009-10 Projected

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

6

7

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

8

9

Citizen Voice in Local Governance

Citizen Engagement

Promising Change

Measuring Change

The Citizen Perception Survey

in Local Governance

Six Case Studies on Whole School Development

the education research component

S.M. Khatib Alam Sumara Khan Mehreen Hosain

S.M. Khatib Alam Muhammad Tariq Mehreen Hosain

March 2008

March 2008

March 2008

Dr. Fareeha Zafar

March 2008

Dr. Fareeha Zafar

TS ES ER INT ER ITY ETH UN OG MM ING T R E O T TH GC AC OGE TIN GT OR IDIN PP ION DEC SU LTAT U S CON

M INFOR

10

G SHARIN ATION City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

12

11

13

Teacher Training

Public Private Partnership

in Whole School Development

in Education: from Policy to Implementation

in Local Government

Change and Transformation as a Reflective Process

Value Addition and Best Practices

Changing the dynamics of governance through ICTs

Beala Jamil

S.M. Khatib Alam Nadir Ehsan Kashif Abbas

March 2008

Brigid Smith

March 2008

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

Management Information Systems

March 2008

Introducing Geographic Information Systems For improved planning and service delivery S.M. Khatib Alam Muntazir Mehdi Gul Hafeez Khokhar

July 2008

Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System (FIGIS)

Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System (FIGIS)

Faisalabad Integrated Geographic Information System (FIGIS)

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

City District Government Faisalabad, Pakistan

All case studies including other reports can be downloaded from the web site: http://www.faisalabad.gov.pk

ABOUT THE AUTHORS S.M. Khatib Alam - Project Manager and Overall Team Leader Khatib Alam is an international management consultant with considerable experience of leading large and diverse teams on multi-disciplinary, complex and challenging projects around the world. He has a particular expertise in strategic management, organisational change management, institutional strengthening, urban development and corporate social investment. Since 2004, he has been the Overall International Team Leader on the innovative DFID funded SDLGF project.

Muntazir Mehdi - Geographic Information Technology Specialist Muntazir Mehdi has more than 15 years of professional experience in GIS and IT projects from leading engineering consulting companies of Pakistan. Since January 2007, he is the working as the Head of GIS Sector on SDLGF project and has been responsible for the development and implementation of a comprehensive GIS and a complex GIS based information system. This system has been developed perhaps for the first time at such large scale in Pakistan.

Gul Hafeez Khokhar - Infrastructure Development Specialist Gul Hafeez Khokhar has extensive experience of 23 years of working in the public and private sectors. He has worked in the areas of integrated infrastructure development and local government reforms. He has recently worked on the SDLGF project as GIS Coordinator. His responsibilities is included to coordinate with government departments to develop their capacity to manage socio economic and technical field surveys and to raise awareness regarding GIS.

City District Government Faisalabad DCO Office, Near Iqbal Stadium Faisalabad, Pakistan Tel: +92 (0) 41 9200205 Fax: +92 (0) 41 9200206 E-mail: email@faisalabad.gov.pk Internet: http://www.faisalabad.gov.pk

Strategic Policy Unit 2nd Floor, DCO Office Near Iqbal Stadium, Faisalabad Pakistan Tel: +92 (0) 41 9201256 Fax: +92 (0) 41 9201257 E-mail: email@spu.com.pk Internet: http://www.spu.com.pk

Management Consultants GHK International Ltd. 526 Fulham Road, London, SW6 5NR United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0) 20 74718000 Fax: +44 (0) 20 7736 0784 E-mail: email@ghkint.com Internet: http://www.ghkint.com Internet: http://www.ghkpak.com