ney; iy>kJiu‘ I. b. gh H f; ’ Fs;%yk;5Mz; Lfsp y; 2 . 7 0yl; rk;NgUf; F Ntiy jp Uney; Ntyp > kJiu ap y; Gjp jh f njh lq; fg; gl; Ls; s jfty; njh op y; El; g G+ q; fh f; fs; %yk;mLj; j 5Mz; Lfsp y;&. 3 > 4 0 0Nfh b KjyP Lk; >Neu bah fTk; >kiwKfth fTk;Rkh H2 . 7 0yl; rk;NgUf; F Ntiy th a; g; Gk;fp ilf; Fk;vd Kjy; tHfUzh ep jp njh p tp j; jh H . jp Uney; Ntypkh tl; lk;fq; if nfh z; lh d; >kJiu kh tl; lk; ,ye; ijf; Fsk; Mfp a ,lq; fsp y; mikf; fg; gl; Ls; s jfty;njh op y; El; g G+ q; fh f; fisAk; >nrd; idap y; mikf; fg; gl; Ls; s kh ep y ju Tikaj; ijAk; > jiyikr; nrayfj; jp y; ,Ue; J tP bNah fh d; gu d; rp q; %yk; jp we; Jitj; j Kjy; tH fUzh ep jpNkYk;Ngrp ajh tJ : jkp o; eh l; by; ‘ vy; fh l; ’ep Wtdk;%yk; Kjy; ep iy efu q; fsp y; kl; LNk ep Wtg; gl; L tUk; jfty; njh op y; El; g G+ q; fh f; fis ,u z; lh k; ep iy efu q; fsp Yk;mikj; Jr; nray; gLj; jp l mu R KbT nra; jJ.mjd; gb> kJiu > jp Ur; rp > XR+ H > Nryk; > Nfh it> jp Uney; Ntyp Ngh d; w kh tl; lq; fsp y; xUq; fp ize; j jfty; njh op y; El; gtp ay; tsh fq; fs;cUth f; fg; gl; L tUfp d; wd. kJiu ap y; ,u z; L jfty; njh op y; El; gtp ay; G+ q; fh f; fis mikj; jp l jkp of mu R KbT nra; J ,ye; ijf; Fsk; fp u h kj; jp y; 2 8 . 9 2 Vf; fH ep yj; ijAk; > tlgoQ; rp fp u h kj; jp y; 2 4 5 . 1 7 Vf; fH ep yj; ijAk; vy; fh l; ep Wtdj; Jf; F toq; fp aJ. ,e; j G+ q; fh f; fSf; F2 0 0 8 k; Mz; L Vg; u yp y; mbf; fy;eh l; lg; gl; L ,d; W jp we; J itf; fg; gLfp d; wd. ,ye; ijf; Fsk; jfty; njh op y; El; g rp wg; Gg; ngh Ush jh u kz; lyj; jp y; vy; fh l; ep Wtdk; &. 3 2Nfh b KjyP L nra; Js; sJ. ,jp y; &.1 8Nfh bap y;5 0Map u k;rJumb gu g; gp y; jfty; njh op y; El; gk; kw; Wk; ep H th ff; fl; llq; fSk; &.7 . 4 4 Nfh bap y; ngh J cs; fl; likg; G trjp fSk; cUth f; fg; gl; Ls; sd. ,q; F 2 jfty; njh op y; El; gtp ay;ep Wtdq; fs;mikfp d; wd.
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mjp fh p f; f cjTk; .ngh Us; fis gu tyh fTk;rP u h fTk;kf; fsp lk;nfh z; L nry; yTk;cjTk; . cw; gj; jp iaj; jp l; lkp Ltjp Yk; > ngh Us; fis re; ijf; Ff;nfh z; L nry; tij rP H nra; tjp Yk; Gjp a njh op y; El; gq; fisg; GFj; Jtjh y; cw; gj; jp ngUFk;th a; g; Gs; sJ.,jdh y;cw; gj; jp Row; rp Ak;Ntfkh f elf; fp wJ.ru f; F ,Ug; Gk;fzp rkh ff;FiwAk; > ”vd; wh HmtH . ,e; jp a tp trh ap fs; jh q; fs; cw; gj; jp nra; Ak; ngh Us; fis rP u h fTk; gu tyh fTk; re; ijf; Ff; nfh z; L nry; tjp Ys; s rp f; fy; fsp dh y; jh d; mt; tg; Ngh J czTg; gztP f; fk; caH tjh ff; fUjg; gLfp wJ. mz; ikf; fh ykh f ,e; jf; Fiwgh Lfs; mu rp d; ftdj; ij < H jJ tUfp d; wd vd; Wk;Fwp g; gp l; lh H kd; Nkh fd;rp q; .
Nfh ilfh ykh fl; Lk; Fsp H fh ykh fl; Lk; ve; jf;fh yj; jp Yk;kTR cs; s njh op y; kp du y;th l; lH njh op y; . ,e; j njh op y; ,y; iyNay; kf; fs; cly; eyd; gh jp f; fg; gLk; vd; fp wJ xUrp y Mu h a; r; rp j; Jiw.fh u zk;efu j; J kf; fs; kp du y;th l; liuek; gp jh d;th o; f; if xl; l KbAk; ,jw; F ,aw; if gh jp g; Gjh d; fh u zk; > Mifah y; jw; Ngh J jz; zP H Rj; jp fh p g; Gj; njh op Yf; F ey; y kTR cz; L. ,e; j tifap y; kp du y; th l; lH ep Wtdq; fSf; F etP d th l; lH Ngf; fp q; Nfd; th rp q; >/gp y; yp q; >gh l; by; jah h p g; Gvd gy; NtW gzp fisnra; Ak; . ,ae; jp u jah h p g; G ep Wtdkh d &gp Ngf; nk~ p dp y; ep Wtdj; jp d;jp U. MWKfk;mtH fis eh k;re; jp j; j Ntisap y;$wp aJ>fle; j ,UgJ tUlq; fs; ,e; j Ngf; fp q; ,ae; jp u jah h p g; gp y;
mDgtk; cz; L. kp du y; th l; liu jah h p j; j cld; Ngf; fp q; nra; Ak; kp d; Kjy;gh l; by;jah h p g; G Nfd; th rp q;vd gy; NtW ,ae; jp u q; fis jah h p f; fp Nwh k; . Fiwe; jJ 6 0 0 0 & Kjy;Ie; J yl; rk; tiu ap yh d nkrp dh p iar; nrh e; j njh op w; rh iyap y; jah h p f; fp Nwh k; . ju kh d cNyh fq; fs; cjp h p g; gh fq; fs; nfh z; L ,ae; jp u q; fisj; jah h p j; J rH tP ]; nra; fp Nwh k; . th bf; ifah sH mioj; j cld; Xbr; nrd; W rH tP ]; gzpnra; fp Nwh k; . NkYk; rH tP ]; f; nfd mDgtk; cs; s ,Q; rp dP aH fis gzp f; F mkH j; jp As; Nsh k; . ,e; jp ah tp y; ve; jg; gFjp ap y; kp ~ p d; nfh Lj; jh Yk;nrd; W rH tP ];nra; fp Nwh k; . rH tP ]; jh d; vq; fs; tsH r; rp f; F Kjy; gh ap z; l; vd; gjh y; th bf; ifah sH fNs kw; wtH fSf; F mwp Kfk; nra; fp wh H fs; > MH lHjUfp wh H fs;NkYk;mu Rtq; fpfld; ngw; W njh op y; njh lq; f cs; stH fs; jp l; l mwp f; iff; F cld;mZ fyh k; . eh q; fs;jah h p f; Fk;,ae; jp u q; fs; 1 . th l; lH Ngf; fp q;kp ~ p d; >,jp y;1 0 0 kp . yp . Kjy;xU yp l; lH tiu vsp jh f Ngf; fp q; nra; ayh k; . 2 . ngl; Gnsap q; kp ~ p d; ,jp y; 1 0 0 kp . yp gh l; by;Kjy;2 yp l; lH gh l; by;tiu jah h p f; fyh k; .
Nfh Nfh Nfh yh Fsp H gh dk;jah h p f; f gad; gLk; %yg; ngh Ul; fsp d; tp tu j; ij> gp h p l; ld; ,izajsk;xd; W ntsp ap l; Ls; sJ. fle; j 1 8 8 6 y; > [h d;ngk; gH ld;vDk;kUj; Jt Mu h a; r; rp ah su h y;fz; Lgp f; fg; gl; l Nfh Nfh Nfh yh Fsp h ; gh dk; > jw; Ngh J cyf mstp y;Kjd; ik ,lj; jp y;cs; sJ. vdp Dk; > ,e; j Fsp H gh dk; vt; th W jah h p f; fg; gLfp wJ> mjp y; fyf; fg; gLk; %yg; ngh Ul; fs; vd; ndd; d vd; gJ gw; wp a tp tu q; fs; midj; Jk; > gu k u frp akh fNt gh Jfh f; fg; gLfp d; wd. Nfh Nfh Nfh yh tp d; u frp aj; ij fz; lwp Ak; Kaw; rp ap y;gyH< Lgl; L te; jdH . ,e; ep iyap y; >‘ jp ]; mnkh p f; fd; iyg; . XMH [p ’ vDk; ,izajsj; jp y; > ‘ Nfh Nfh Nfh yh tp d; %yg; ngh Ul; fs; ’vDk;jiyg; gp y;xU Gifg; glk; ntsp ah fp As; sJ. ,e; j Gifg; glk;Vw; fdNt>fle; j1 9 7 9 >gp g; u th p8 k; Njjp ap l; l‘ ml; yh d; lh[H dy;fh d; ]; bbA+ \d’ ;eh sp jop y;ntsp te; Js; sJ. Gifg; glj; jp y; > Gj; jfk;xd; W jp we; j ep iyap y; cs; sJ; me; j Gj; jfj; jp y; > Nfh Nfh Nfh yh jah h p f; fgad; gLk; ngh Ul; fs; kw; Wk; gh H Kyh tp tu q; fs;midj; Jk;gl; bayplg; gLs; sd. %yg; ngh Ul; fsp d;tp tu k; : Nfh Nfh Nfh yh jp u tk;Fwp g; gp l; l msT> rp l; h p f; mkp yk;%d; W mTd; ]; fs; >Nfigd;Nyh ];kw; Wk; rH f; fiu Fwp g; gp lj; jFe; j msT> jz; zP H 2 . 5 Nfyd; >vYkp r; ir rh W3 2mTd; ]; > Nfu h nky;ep wkp ( Fwp g; gp l; l ep wk;tUk;tiu ap y;NrH f; f Ntz; Lk; . ) Nfh Nfh Nfh yh tp d; jdp j; Jtkh d Ritia Vw; gLj; j> ‘ nkH rd; ily; 7 vf; ]; vd; w ngh Us; gad; gLfp wJ. ,e; j ‘ nkH rd; ily; 7 vf; ]’ ; jah h p f; f vz; nza;ngh Ul; fs;tp tu k;
gad; gLk;
f` h y;8mTd; ]; fs; >Mu Q; R Map y; tUkh W:My; 2 0Jsp fs; ; >nykd;Map y;3 0Jsp fs; >[h jp f; fh a; Map y;1 0 Jsp fs; > jdp ah Map y;5 Jsp fs; > rh j; Jf; Fb Map y;1 0 Jsp fs; > ,ytq; fg; gl; il Map y;1 0Jsp fs; . ,tw; wp y;,Ue; J jah h p f; fg; gLk; >‘ nkH rd; ily;7 vf; ]; ’ Ntjp g; ngh Uis nkh j; j mstp y; > 1 rjtP jj; jp w; F fyf; Fk; Ngh J> Nfh Nfh Nfh yh tp d; jdp j; Jtkh d Rit ekf; F fp ilf; fp wJ.
jw; Ngh J Mz; Lf; F 4 0 Map u k;Nfh b tsH r; rp f; Fmbj; jskh fTk; mike; Js; sJ. &gh a; kjp g; gp w; F ep jpep H th fk; Nkw; nfh z; L =u h k;bu h d; ]; Ngh H l;igdh d; ]; : tUk; =u h k; FOkk; > ep jp rh H e; j Kd; ngy; yh k; >rp wp a mstp y;yh h pXl; Lk; eltbf; iffsp y;mjp f ftdk;nrYj; jp eltbf; ifap y; < LgLgtH fSf; F fld; tUfp wJ.1 9 7 4 y;Jtq; fg; gl; l ,e; ep Wtdk; > toq; Fk; Ngh f; F kp fTk; Fiwth f rp l; gz; L kw; Wk;yh h p fs;th q; Ftjw; F ep j- ,Ue; jJ. ,ij fUj; jp y;nfh z; L> ,J p Ajtp toq; Fk; Nritap y; jiyrp we; J Ngh d; wtH fSf; F fld;toq; Fk;tifap y; > 1 9 8 0 y; =u h k; bu h d; ]; Ngh H l igdh d; ]; tp sq; Ffp wJ. Nkw; fz; l Nritfs;jtp u > EfH Nth H ep Wtdk;Jtq; fg; gl; lJ. rh jdq; fs;th q; Ftjw; F fld;toq; FtJ> ngUk; gh Yk; > gioa yh h p fs; MAs;kw; Wk;ngh Jf;fh g; gP l; L tzp fk; > th q; Ftjw; F ep jp Ajtp toq; fg; gLfp wJ. ]; lh f;GNu h f; fp q;vd gy; NtW ep jprh H e; j ,jd;th ap yh f>,d; W tiu gy yl; rk; Jiwfsp Yk; jdf; Nf ch p j; jh d yh h p Xl; LdH fs; gadile; J> yh h p jdp j; jd; ikAld;rp we; J tp sq; Ffp wJ. ch p ikah sH fsh f kh wp As; sdH . ep Wtdj; jp d; jiyik mYtyfk; ,f; FOk ep Wtdq; fs;midj; jp Ykh f> ,e; igap y; cs; sJ. ,jd; ep H th f jw; Ngh J 4 5 Map u j; jp w; Fk; Nkw; gl; Nlh H Kk; ( KftH fs;jdp ) gzp Gh p fp d; wdH . mLj; j ,af; Fdu h f MH . =jHcs; sh H . %d; wh z; Lfsp y; ,e; j vz; zp f; if xU gioa yh h p fSf; F fld;toq; Ftjd; yl; rkh f mjp fh p f; Fk; vd th ap yh f>gy yh h pXl; LdH fs; >ch p ikah vjp H gh H f; fg; gLfp wJ. sH fs;MtJld; >mtH fSf; F njh op yp y; Lgh Lk;Vw; gLfp wJ. NkYk; > ,Nj fh yj; jp y; > FOkk; KO < NkYk; >toq; fg; gLk;flidAk;jp Uk; g ep H tfp f; Fk; nrh j; J kjp g; ig 1 yl; rk; jptp Lfp d; wdH .=u h k;bu h d; ]; Ngh H l Nfh b Ugh ah f caH j; j ,yf; F nrYj; igdh d; ];ep Wtdk;Mz; Lf; F3 0rjtP jk; ep H zap f; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. w mstp y;tsH r; rp fz; L tUfp wJ. =u h k;FOkj; jp d;ep Wtdu h d MH . vd; ep Wtdk; gq; Fr; re; ijap y; jp ah fu h [dp d; njh iyNeh f; Fg; ,e; bayp lg; gl; l ep Wtdk; . gh H itah y; > ,f; FOk ep Wtdq; fsp d; gl; =u h k; rp l; b A+ dp ad; igdh d; ]; : nray; gh Lk; > yh g tsH r; rp Ak; rp wg; gh d n r d ; i d a p y ; j iy ik mYt y f j ; i j n f h z; L mstp y;Nkk; gl; L tUfp wJ.rp wp a kw; Wk; gLk;,e; ep Wtdk; >jw; Ngh J 7 > 0 0 0 Nfh b eLj; ju kf; fsp lk; Nrkp g; G gof; fj; ij nray; & g h a ; mst p w ; f h d e p j p ia e p H t f p j ; J Vw; gLj; Jk; tifap y; =u h k; rp l; gz; L tUfp wJ. ,jd;gq; Ffs;gq; Fr;re; ijap y; 1 9 7 4 y; Jtq; fg; gl; lJ. jw; Ngh J kh jk; gl; bayp lg; gl; Ls; sd. ,e; ep Wtdk; > rp wp a xd; Wf; F 3 0 03 5 0 Nfh b &gh a;mstp w; F> mstp y;nray; gLk;njh op y;ep Wtdq; fs;( 1 0 ,e; ep Wtdj; jp d;th ap yh f ep jp ep H th fk; yl; rk;&gh a; ) >Gjp a kw; Wk;gioa ,U rf; fu Nkw; nfh s; sg; gLfp wJ. th fdq; fs; > fh H fs; th q; f ep jp Ajtp =u h k;rp l;gz; L ep Wtdj; jp w; F jkp ofk; toq; Ffp wJ. ( 1 2 0 fp isfs; ) > Me; jp u h tp Yk;fp isfs; jkp ofj; jp y;cs; s nkh j; j gs; sp fsp y; > 2 0 gs; sp fs; NjH T nra; ag; gl; L> mq; F cs; sd.nkh j; jk;4 5 0 fp isfSld; >MW 1 Fk;Vio kh ztH fSf; F>Mz; LNjh Wk; yl; rk; th bf; ifah sH fSf; F Nrit gbf; N e h l ; L > G j ; j f q ; f s; > g s; s p r P U il f s; > msp f; fg; gl; L tUfp wJ. ,JNt> g s; s p f ; $ l ig a s; v d g y ; N t W cj t p f s; ep Wtdj; jp d; mbg; gil njh op yh fTk; > fg; gLfp d; wd. njh op yh fTk; >kw; w FOk ep Wtdq; fsp d; toq;
‘ Nfh tp y; fsp y; > Njth u k; gh Ltjw; F> gFjp Neu C op aH fis ep akp f; fyh k; Njth u k; > jp Uth rfj; ij midtUk; gh Lk; gb nra; a Ntz; Lk; ’vd>ngh s; sh r; rp kfh yp q; fk;Ngrp dh H . u h kyp q; fH gzpkd; wk; >eh u jfh d rgh Mfp ad ,ize; J elj; Jk; >Njth u %tH ,irf; fiy tp oh nrd; idap y; Jtq; fp aJ. ep fo; r; rp ap y; > tu Ntw; Giu ah w; wp > mUl; nry; tH ngh s; sh r; rp eh . kfh yp q; fk; Ngrp ajh tJ. ,d; W jkp ofj; jp y; > vj; jidNah tp jkh d ,irfs;gh lg; gLfp d; wd.mit mj; jidf; Fk; > mbg; gil Mjh u kh f mike; jJ;Njth u k; >jp Uth rfk; >eh yh ap u jp ta;gp u ge; jk;Ngh d; wit jh d; . ,d; W> jp t; agp u ge; jk;gh l njh p e; jtH fs;ep iwa NgHcs; sdH .
“ cyfg;ngh Ush jh u rkr; rP u w; w ep iyf; Fk; > rH tNjr re; ijap y;ep yTk;Vw; wj;jh o; TfSf; Fk; ,e; jp ah ngh Wg; Ngw; f Kbah J> ” vd> ,e; jp ah ep jp aikr; rHgp u zh g;KfH [p$wp As; sh H . gp u h d; ];jiyefH gh h p rp y; >[p 2 0 eh Lfsp d; ep jp aikr; rH fs; - kh eh L ,u z; L eh l; fsh f ele; jJ.,Wjpeh sh d New; W>mikr; rH gp u zh g; KfH [pNgrp ajh tJ: cyf ngh Ush jh u rkr; rP u w; w ep iyf; Fk; > rH tNjr re; ijap y;ep yTk;Vw; wj;jh o; TfSf; Fk; ,e; jp ah fh u zk; ,y; iy. rH tNjr re; ijap y; > cw; gj; jp g; ngh Ul; fsp d; tp iy> mgh p kp jkh f $Ltjw; Fk;,e; jp ahngh Wg; gh f Kbah J. ngh Ush jh utsH r; rp ap y;Kd; Ndw; wg;gh ijap y; cs; s ,e; jp ah > gUtfh y fh u zp fsh y;vsp jp y; gh jp f; fg; gLfp wJ.mjdh y; >czTg;ngh Ul; fsp d; tp iyfs;mjp fh p f; fp d; wd. gUtep iy kh w; wk;fh u zkh f>,e; jp ah tp y; czTg; gztP f; fKk; mjp fh p j; Js; sJ. czTg; gztP f; f mjp fh p g; G>kf; fsp d;Efh ; T Kiwap Yk; kh w; wj; ijf;nfh z; L te; Js; sJ.czTg; gztP f; fk;mjp fh p g; gjh y; >ngh Jth d gztP f; fKk; mjp fh p j; J> gu e; j mstp yh d ngh Ush jh u
M d h y ;> Njth u g; gh ly; fs; vl; lhap uK k; K O i kahf njhp e; jtHfs; ,Ug; ghHfsh v d ;g J NjfNk re; NjfNk. jkp ofj; jp y; fh ku h [H fh yk; Jtq; fp > ,d; W tiufy; tp ap y;ngh p a Kd; Ndw; wk;Vw; gh L Vu h skh d fy; Y} h p fs; >fy; tpep iyaq; fs; cs; sd. ,tw; wp y;vy; yh k; >kw; w tp oh f; fSld; Njth u j; jp w; Fk; > ,j; jifa tp oh vLf; f Ntz; Lk; . Nfh tp y; fsp y; > Njth u k; gh Ltjw; F> gFjp Neu C op aH fis ep akp f; fyh k; . Njth u k; > jp Uth rfj; ij midtUk;gh Lk; gb nra; a Ntz; Lk; . ,t; th W ngh s; sh r; rpkfh yp q; fk;Ngrp dh H .
Nkyh z; ikf; F rth y;tp Ltjh f mikfp wJ. rH tNj mstp y; > czTg;ngh Ul; fsp d; tp iy caH e; J nfh z; Nl ,Ug; gjh y; > ,e; jp ah tp y; gztP f; fj; ij fl; Lg; gLj; JtJ ngUk;rp u kkh f cs; sJ. cyf ngh Ush jh u k; > ke; j ep iyap y;,Ue; J kP z; Lk;te; jh Yk; >mJ vsp jp y;cilaf;$ba tifap NyNa cs; sJ. rH tNjr re; ijap y;ep yTk;Vw; wj; jh o; Tfsh y; kP z; Lk; gh jp f; fg; glf; $ba ep iyap NyNa cs; sJ. cw; gj; jp kw; Wk; czTg; ngh Us; tp iyNaw; wk; > mjp fh p j; J tUk; Ntiyap y; yh j; jp z; lh l; lk; > rp y eh Lfsp y; ep yTk; cah p a gztP f; fk; Ngh d; witNa ,jw; F fh u zk; . I Nuhg; ght py ; Fwp g; gh f maH yh e; J kw; Wk; fp h P ]; eh Lfs; rkP gj; jp y;re; jp j; j fld;gp u r; idfsh y; >cyf ngh Ush jh u kP l; gh dJ kP z; Lk; rP H FiyAk; ep iyf; F js; sg; gl; lJ. ,t; th W gp u zh g;KfH [pNgrp dh H .
,e; jp ah tp d;Maj; jMil Vw; Wkjpelg; G ep jp ah z; by; &. 4 9 > 5 0 0 Nfh bah f ( 1 1 gp y; yp ad;lh yH ) caUk;vd; W Maj; j Mil Vw; Wkjp Nkk; gh l; Lf; fTd; rp y; ( V,gp rp )jiytHgp Nu ky;cjh dp$wp dh H . Nfh itap y; nra; jp ah sH fsp lk; tp ah of; fp oik mtH$wp aJ:gUj; jpE} y; tp iy caH T fh u zkh f ngUk; neUf; fbiar; re; jp j; j Maj; jMil Jiw fle; j brk; gH Kjy;rh jfkh d #oiy mile; Js; sJ.E} y;tp iyNaw; wk;fh u zkh f 2 0 1 0 Nk Kjy; etk; gH tiu Vw; Wkjp ap y;tP o; r; rpfh zg; gl; lJ. ,e; ep iyap y; gUj; jp E} y; Vw; Wkjp f; F kj; jp a mu R fl; Lg; gh L nfh z; L te; Js; sJ. cs; eh l; Lj;Njitf; F ep iyah d E} y; tp ep Nah fj; ij cWjpnra; Ak; tifap y;7 2 Nfh b fp Nyh Tf; F Nky;E} y; Vw; Wkjpnra; aj;jil tp jp f; fg; gl; Ls; sJ. ,ijaLj; J Ntfkh f caH e; j E} y; tp iyAk;xu sT fl; Lf; Fs;te; Js; sJ. Vw; Wkjp ap y; Gjp a rh jid; : ,J tiu ,y; yh j msTf; F fle; j brk; gh p y;1 0 0 Nfh b lh yUf; F Maj; j Mil Vw; Wkjp ah fp As; sJ. ,J etk; gH kh jj; ijf;fh l; bYk;4 0rjtP jk;mjp fkh Fk; .brk; gUld; Kbe; j elg; Gep jp ah z; bd; 3 tJ fh yh z; L ,Wjp ap y;Maj; j Mil Vw; Wkjp2 4 3 Nfh b lh yH fsh f cs; sJ. ,J Ke; ija Mz; by; ,Nj fh yfl; lj; jp y; 2 3 9Nfh b lh yu h f ,Ue; jJ. elg; G ,Wjp ap y;Maj; j Mil Vw; Wkjp 1 > 1 0 0 Nfh b lh yu h f ,Uf; Fk; vd vjp H gh H f; fg; gLfp wJ. Vw; Wkjp th a; g; G NkYk; mjp fh p f; Fk; : Maj; j Mil Vw; Wkjp ap y; rP dh Kd; dp iyap y; ,Uf; fp wJ.cyfp d; Maj; j Mil Vw; Wkjp ap y; 4 0 rjtP jk; rP dh tp yp Ue; J nry; fp wJ. ,Ug; gp Dk; njh op yh sH fs; gw; wh f; Fiw cs; sp l; l gy; NtW fh u zq; fsh y; Vw; Wkjp Fiwtjw; F th a; g; Gfs;mjp fh p j; Js; sd.
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“ cq; fs;kidtp ia ( tp isah l; lh f) kyH fsh y; $l mbf; fh jP H fs; ; >Vd;njh p Akh ? mjp fk; fh ag; gLtJ cq; fs; kidtp ah ? kyu h ? ” vd; W> jh tu tp ay; Ngu h rp h p ah ; xUth ; $wp As; sh H . “ th ba gap H jidf;fz; lNgh njy; yh k;th bNdd; ” vd; W ts; syh H gh bAs; sh H .mtH fisg; Ngh yNt>ngh p arh kpmtH fSk; … xU ku k; ntl; lg; gLk; Ngh J. mijf; fz; L fz; fyq; Ffp d; wh H . ngh p arh kp > ky; yp ‘ i` nlf; ’ vd; w nrq; fy;#isr;rp k; dp jah h p g; G ep Wtdj; jp d; Nkyh z; ik ,af; Feh ; Mth H . nky; yp a cs; sk; nfh z; l ngh p arh kp >tUj; jj; Jld;$WtJ vd; d njh p Akh ? “ vh p ngh Us; Njitf; fh f> NtNu h L ntl; br;rh a; f; fg; gLk; ku q; fisg;gh H f; Fk;Ngh njy; yh k; > kdp j cap H fs;ntl; lg; gl; Lf;fp lg; gijg;Ngh y czH fp Nwd; . Njrj; ijj; Jz; lh LgtH fs; kl; Lk;jP tp u th jp fs;my; y> ,aw; ifia mop g; gtd; $lj; jP tp u th jp jh d; ! ” vd; W $Wfp d; wh H .ngh p arh kp jh d;tsH e; j tp jk; gw; wp Ak; >jd;ep Wtdj; ij tsH j; j tp jk; gw; wp Ak; >mq; F>jh d;Gjp jh f tbtikj; j rp k; dpgw; wp Ak;tp sf; fkh ff;$Wfp d; wh H . eh d; tp trh af; FLk; gj; jp y; gp we; jtd; . ,sep iy tp yq; fp ay; ( B. sc) gl; lk; ngw; wtd; . Kjyp y;eh d;nra; j njh op y; gQ; rh iyap y; . ,e; j nerTj; njh op yp y; yh gk; Fiwth ff; fp ilj; jJ. mLj; J kJgh df;fil rKjh aj; ijr;rP u op f; Fk; njh op y; vd czh ; e; J> mij cjwp j; js; sp Ndd; . gp wF> fl; Lkh dg; gzp ap y; < Lgl; Nld; .eh d;Kjyp y;fl; baJ vq; fs; nrh e; jg; gs; sp f; $le; jh d; . ,Jjh d; vd; Kjy;rh jid. fl; Lkh dg;gzp fSf; Fr; nrq; fy; vt; tsT mtrp ak; vd; gJ vy; yh H f; Fk;njh p Ak; . mijj;jah h p f; fr; #is Ntz; Lk; . #isap y; ,Ue; J ntsp tUk; Gif…Rw; Wr; # oiy kh RgLj; Jfp wJ. cly; eyg; gh jp g; ig cUth f; Ffp wJ.
vdNt> Gif ,y; yh ky; > kh R fl; Lg; gLj; jg; gl; l xU nrq; fy; #isia cUth f; Fk;Kaw; rp ap y;< Lgl; Nld; .vdf; F Mu h a; r; rpvd; gJ kp fTk;gp bf; Fk; .gp bj; j xd; iw gp bj; j xd; wp d; %yk; > fz; L gp bj; Jtp l; Nld; . mJjh d; vd; dh y; cUth ffg; gl; l cau kh d rp k; dp .Mkh k; > “ cau kh d rp nkz; lh y; Md rp k; dp NaL $ba #is” vd; w Gjp a njh op y; El; gj; ijr; nrq; fy; jah h p g; gp y; GFj; jp Ndd; .1 5 0 Mz; LfSf; F Kd; G. ,q; fp yh e; ijr; Nrh ; e; j Gy; ]; vd; gtH fz; Lgp bj; j Gifg; Ngh f; fp ia> Neh p y; nrd; W fz; L te; Njd; . vd; Mu h a; r; rp %yk; > mjp y; cs; s Fiwfisf; fz; Lgp bj; Njd; . mtw; iw eP f; fp tp l; L> NkYk; nrk; ikg; gLj; jp > vq; fs; rp k; dp Gifg; Ngh f; fp ia tbtikj; Njd; . nrq; fy; #isia… kf; fs; th o; tp lj; jp w; F mg; gh w; gl; l ,lq; fsp Yk; > kf; fs;th Ok; Fbap Ug; Gg; gFjp fsp Yk; mikj; Njd; . Kjyp y;‘ Fbap Uf; Fk;gFjp ap yh ? ’ vd; W vjp H g; G te; jJ.Giftu tp y; iy vd; gijf; fz; lJk; vjp H g; G vq; Nfh Ngh a; tp l; lJ! < Nu h l; by; jiyikafk; . gy Kf; fp a
ngh p a efu q; fsp y; vq; fs; fp isfs; . vq; fs; #isiag; gh H itap l kh Rf; fl; Lg; gh l; L mjp fh h p fs; te; jdh ; . kh Rf; fl; Lg; gh l; L th h p aj; jp d;tp jp g; gb>kp jf; Fk; Jfs; fs; 5 0 0 kp y; yp fp u h k; msTf; F mjp fg; glh ky;,Uf; f Ntz; Lk; > Mdh y; vq; fs; #isap y; 1 2 0 kp y; yp fp u h k; msTf; Fj; Jfs; fs; ,Ue; jd. gh H itap l; l mjp fh h p fs;tp ag; gile; jdH > vd; idg;gh u h l; bdH . ,e; jj;jftiy… nrd; idap y; fp z; bap y; cs; s jkp of kh Rf; fl; Lg; gh l; L mYtyfj; jp w; F mwp f; if %yk;njh p ag; gLj; jp dH .mijg; gbj; j mjp fh h p fs; … fUj; ju q; F xd; wp w; F Vw; gh L nra; jdH . mjp y;vq; fs;#is gw; wp > nrq; fy; cw; gj; jp ah sH rq; f cWg; gp dH2 5 0NgUf; F>tp sf; fk;msp f; fr; nrh d; dh H fs; . ,e; j ep fo; r; rp … Nkh jp u f; ifah y;vd;tp u Yf; Fg;Ngh lg; gl; l Nkh jp u kh ff;fUJfp d; Nwd; .vq; fs;
Mdh y;,d; W fld;ngwh ky;Ngh dh y; ,op T vd; w vz; z k;NkNyh q; fpep w; fp wJ. Kd; ngy; yh k;irf; fp s; >Nkh l; lh Hirf; fp s; Ngh d; w ngh Ul; fisj; jh d; jtizKiwap y;vsp a kf; fs;th q; Fth H fs; .,d; W jtizKiwap y; fh H ,d; Dk; tp iy caH e; j ngh Ul; fis vy; yh k; th q; fp mtH fs; th o; f; ifap y; Kd; NdWfp d; wh H fs; . kf; fs; th q; fp a ngh Ul; fSf; F vy; yh k; gzj; ij ngw mtH fs; ,y; yj; jp w; F nry; y Ntz; ba mtrp akp y; iy mjw; F Kd; djh fNt ( P ost date C h equ e)vd; W nkh j; j fh Nrh iyfisAk;ngw; Wf;nfh s; fp wh H fs; . my; yJ tq; fp vOj; J%ykh f kh jk; Fwp g; gp l; l Njjp ap y; Fwp g; gp l; ltH fsp d; fzf; fp y; gzk; NrH j; Jf; nfh s; syh k; vd; W fbjj; jp d; %ykh f ep u e; ju kh f vOjp f; nfh Lj; Jtp Lth H fs; . ,jdh y; Fwp g; gp l; l Njjp ap y; me; jf; fld; jP H e; Jtp Lfp d; wJ. mJNgh yNt ,d; W tp Q; Qh d tsH r; rp ap y; ve; j eh l; by; ,Ue; jh Yk; fzp dp %ykh fTk; ,izajsk;top ah f gzj; ijg;ngw; Wf; nfh s; tjw; F VJth f ,Uf; fp d; wJ. ,jdh y; jtizKiwap y; ngh Ul; fs; th q; Fk; kf; fSf; F gzj; ijr; rh p ah d Neu j; jp y; nrYj; jp tp l VJth ap Uf; fp wJ NkYk;NtW ngh Ul; fis th q; f Ntz; Lk; vd; w vz; z Kk;NkNyh q; Ffp wJ. md; W 1 6 &gh a; f; F Nki[ fbfh u j; ij jtizKiwap y;tp w; w eh q; fs;,d; W gy ,yl; r&gh a; ngWkh dKs; s ngh Ul; fisAk; gyNfh b kjp g; G ngWk; ep yq; fisAk;jtizKiwap y;nfh Lj; J
tUfp d; Nwh k; .me; j jtizKiw jp l; lk; rp wg; gh f caH e; Jep w; fp wJ vd; gJ ,jd; %ykh f ed; F tp sq; Fk; . jtiz Kiwap d; gp jh kfd; mUik mz; zh r; rp tp . [p . gd; dP H jh ]; mtH fis vz; z pkdjh u th o; j; Jfp d; Nwd; . mUik mz; zh r; rp mtH fs; fh h p aj; jp Ny fz; zh ap Ue; J>nra; Ak;njh op Ny nja; tk; vd; Wk;me; j njh op yh y;rKjh a kf; fs; gad; ngw Ntz; Lk; vd; w Neh f; fj; Njh L 1 9 5 0 Mk;Mz; bNy Jtq; fp dh H . ,d; W mtH fs; nrh d; dJNgh y; mUik mz; zh r; rp mtH fis cs; sj; jp Ny itj; J mtH fis cu kh f ep idj; J mwj; Njh L nra; j jtizKiw jp l; lk; ,d; W midtUk;Ngh w; Wk; gbah f
njh lH e; J tsH e; J tUfp d; wJ. jtiz Kiw jp l; lj; jp d; top ah f mile; j Kd; Ndw; wj; ij eh d; vz; zp g; gh H f; f Kbah j msT may; eh Lfsp Yk; tsH e; Js; sJ.eh q; fs;%d; W rNfh ju H fs; gd; dP H jh ]; > eh d; ( tp . [p . re; Njh \k; ) > tp . [p . nry; tu h [; NrH e; J cUth f; fp a ep Wtdk;,e; j tp [p gp ep Wtdk; . mjp y; %j; j mz; zh r; rp tp . [p . gd; dP H jh ]; mtH fs;cyfj; jp w; Nf ciog; Gf; F xU
vLj; Jf; fh l; lh f tp sq; fp atH fs; . mtH fis xU “ rp e; jid rp w; gp ” vd; W nrh y; YtJ kp fg;ngh Uj; jkh f ,Uf; Fk; > jp l; lq; fis ,aw; WtJk; > mitfSf; F nray; tbtk;nfh Lg; gJk;eh q; fs;mtH fsp lk; gbj; Jf; nfh z; l ntw; wp ap d; u frp aq; fsh Fk; . jtizKiw jp l; lj; ij cUth f; Fk; ngh OJ ,J vg; gbnay; yh k; rp wf; f Ntz; Lk; > ,j; jp l; lj; jp dh y; ah nu y; yh k; gadila Ntz; Lk; ? rp W tp ah gh h p fs; > kh jr; rk; gsk; ngWk; eLj; ju tH j; jfj; jp dH . rp W njh op y; Gh p Nth H > rh iyNah u f; filf; fh u H fs;Vd;eh p f; FwtH fs;cl; gl ‘ vy; yh H f; Fk; vy; yh KNk’ vd; w cah p a
,d; iwa jiyKiwfSf; F eh d; $WtJ md; W tq; fp fisj;Njbg; Ngh Ndh k; . ,d; W ek; ikj; Njb tq; fp fs;,jd; %yk; ViofSf; Fk; tP L kidg; ngw; Wf;nfh Lj; j ngUik tp [p gp ia tUtJ
NrUk; .NkYk;nrd; idap d;Kfth p ah fj; jp fOk; tp . [p . gp . jq; ff; flw; fiu ( Nfh y; ld;gP r; ) ,d; W cyf tu yh w; wp y; ,J xU GJik. ,g; gb midj; Jj; njh op y; Jiwfsp Yk; tp . [p . gp rp we; J tp sq; ff; fh u zk; > NeH ik> cz; ik> ciog; G> mw; gzp g; G Ngh d; w gy; NtW Fzq; fsh y; ciog; gh y; caH e; j ep Wtdk; .mJTk; mz; zh r; rp >gd; dP H jh ]; > rNfh ju Hnry; tu h [;,tH fsp d;ciog; Gk; tp . [p . gp . ap d;gd; FOk ez; gH fsp d;3 5 0 0 NgH fsp d; xj; Jiog; Gk; > kiwKfkh f gzp ah w; Wk; 1 5 0 0 NgH fSk; cyf kf; fsp d; ey; Mju Tk; jh d; >Mf ciog; Ng caH T jUk;vd; w jh u f ke; jp u j; Njh L cq; fNsh L tp ilngWfp Nwd; . ,d; iwa jiyKiwfSf; F eh d;$WtJ md; W tq; fp fisj; Njbg; Ngh Ndh k; . ,d; W ek; ikj; Njb tq; fp fs; tUtJ tq; fp f; fld; ngw; W njh op y;njh lq; fpnjh op yjp gHMf th o; j; Jfs; vd; wh H . ed; wp $wptp ilngw; Nwh k; .
gh dkh fTk; > u h Z t tP u H fSf; F rf; fp jUk; gh dkh fTk; cs; sJ.,e; j gh dj; ij eh q; fs;,e; jp ah tp d;gh u k; gh p a ,aw; if kUj; Jt Kiwg; gb clYf; F ed; ik gaf; Fk; tifap y; 2 0 %yp iffis nfh z; L jah h p j; Js; Nsk; . ,e; j rp u Q; rP tp gh dj; ij mUe; Jtjp d; %yk;ek;clYf; F jp drh pkp f Kf; fp a Njitah d rf; jp iaAk; >cap h ;rj; ijAk; nfh Lj; J ek;clyp y;cs; s Ru g; gp fs; ed; F Ngiy nra; a cjTfp wJ.czT ek;clYf; F vil kw; Wk;nfh Og; igf; Fiwj; J ,u j; j Xl; lj; ij rP u h f; Ffp wJ. RUf; fkh f $wp dh y; midj; J Neh a; fisAk;vjp H f; Fk -,u j; j Xl; lj; ijr;rP u h f; f cjTfp wJ. -Njh y; typ > fOj; Jtyp > %l; Ltyp eP H fl; L> ,u j; j mOj; jk; Ngh d; w Neh a; fis fl; Lg; gLj; j cjTfp wJ. -Neh a;vjp H g; G rf; jp ia cz; lh f; Ffp wJ. -[{ u z rf; jp ia mjp fh p f; f cjTfp wJ. -rspnjh y; iy eP q; f cjTfp wJ. -[yNjh \k; fh a; r; ry; tu h ky; jLf; f cjTfp wJ. -Rth r Nfh sh iw eP f; f cjTfp wJ. -M]; Jkh it Fzkh f; f cjTfp wJ. -mh p g; G>myH [p ia eP f; f cjTfwJ. -kyr; rp f; fy; >%yk;Fzkh f; f cjTfp wJ. -rH f; fiuNeh ia fl; Lg; gLj; j cjTfp wJ. -Gw; W Neh ia fl; Lg; gLj; j cjTfp wJ. -,u j; jj; jp y;cs; s nfh Og; ig fiwf; f cjTfp wJ.
-Njh yp y; cs; s RUf; fk; > nts; is jOk; G Ngh d; w Njh y;Neh a; fis jLf; f cjTfp wJ. -0 % gf; f tp isTfs; . -1 0 0 % ,aw; ifah dJ.
-#h p a fjp H fs;Neu bah f glky;itf; f Ntz; Lk; . -,aw; ifah d #o; ep iyap y;gh Jfh g; gh f Fsp H e; j ,lj; jp y;itf; f Ntz; Lk; . -if glh ky;cgNah fp f; f Ntz; Lk; . -gp h p l; [p y; itf; f Ntz; ba mtrp ak; ,y; iy. -Fiwe; j 2 0 kp . yp . mstp y;cl; nfh s; s njh lq; f Ntz; Lk; . -fz; zh b lk; sHgad; gLj; j Ntz; Lk; . -fh iyap y; ntWk; tap w; wp y; mUe; j Ntz; Lk; . -miu kzp Neu k; fop j; Nj czT cl; nfh s; s Ntz; Lk; . -B> fh gp Ngh d; wit fh iyap y;kl; Lk; mUe; jf; $lh J. -jp dKk;5 my; yJ 6 yp l; lH jz; zP H -Fly;th j Neh a; fs;kiwa cjTfp wJ. mUe; j Ntz; Lk; . -rp e; jidj; jp wd;mjp fkh f; f cjTfp wJ. -gh dk; mUe; jp aTld; eilgap w; rpmy; yJ -my; rHtap w; W typkiwa cjTfp wJ. clw; gap w; rpnra; tJ ey; yJ. -,ja Nfh sh iw fl; Lg; gLj; j cjTfp wJ. gads; s ,e; j rp u Q; rP tp%yp if gh dj; ij -rp fnu l; > kJ mUe; Jk;gof; fk;kiwa mUe; Jtjp d; %yk; cly; eyk; cjTfp wJ> ngUtJld; >if ep iwa rk; gh jp f; Fk; > -Fly; < u y; rP WeP u fj; ijg; gh Jfh f; f th a; g; Gk;cs; sjh y;midtUk;njh lH G cjTfp wJ. nfh z; L gad;ngwyh k; . Mz; ik rf; jp ia mjp fh p j; J kyl; L jd; ikia Ngh f; f cjTfp wJ. -jiyKb>efk;tYtila cjTfp wJ. -jOk; G> kU Ngh d; wit kiwa cjTfp wJ.
ngz; fs; vy; yh j; Jiwap Yk; rp we; j ep u ; th fj; jp wik gilj; jtu ; fs; mjw; F vLj; Jf; fh l; lh f ,g; Ngh J eh k; gh u ; f; f Ngh tJ “ rNtu h xl; ly;nray;mjp fh u p eP dhnu l; b” rNtu h tp y; ele; j tp gj; jp w; F gp wF> FLk; gj; jp dNu Mr; ru p ag; gLk; mstp w; F ep u ; th fj; jp y;rp y fLikah d KbTfis vLj; Njd; . gy Mz; Lfs; gzp ah w; wp atu ; fis $l eP f; fNtz; bap Ue; jJ.Mdh y; >rNtu h tp w; F tUk;tp Ue; jp du ; fsp d;gh Jfh g; G vd; gJ vt; tsT Kf; fp ak; vd; gij midj; J kl; l C op au ; fSk; Gu p e; Jnfh z; ldu ; > ,d; Dk; ; njh lu ; e; J mwp TWj; jp f; nfh z; Nlap Uf; fp Nwh k; > fle; j 4 Mz; Lfsp y; rNtu hep Wtdk; >tu ; j; jfj; jp y; Gjp a vy; iyfis njh l; bUf; fp wJ> ‘nrayh f; ff;$ba jp l; lq; fis kl; LNk tFj; J rk; ge; jg; gl; ltu ; fSld;mtw; iw Mz; L Jtf; fj; jp NyNa gfp u ; e; J nfh z; Ltp l; lh y;jp l; lkp l; lijr;rh jp g; gJ fbdkp y; iy Xl; lyp d; ep u ; th fj; jp d; xt; nth U gp u p TlDk;me; j Mz; L ,yf; F vd; d vd; gJ me; jg;gFjpC op au ; fSld; ntsp g; gilah f gfp H e; J nfh s; sg; gLfp wJ. ep Wtdj; jp d; ,e; j ntsp g; gilah d mZ FKiwah y; C op aH fsp d; ek; gp f; ifia eh q; fs; ngw; wp Ug; gJk; ntw; wp f; F xU fh u zk; .xt; nth U kh jKk; ,yf; if mile; j C op au ; fSf; F C f; fj; njh if> me; jg; gp u p T mjp fh u p fSf; F NtW Xl; lyp y; gh u ; l; b ju g; gLfp wJ. NtW Xl; lyp y;jUtjw; Ff; fh u zk; >Gjp a #o; ep iyap d;mDgtk; .rf Jiwap du p d; ,ilNa fp ilf; Fk; nfsu tk; Mfp atw; iw czu ; e; J nfh s; sj; jh d; . vq; fsJ ,e; j Kiwap dh y; njh op w; rq; fj; Jld; kp f ey; y cwit J NkYk; NgzKbfp wJ”
jp wikah d ep u ; th fk; > rp we; j th bf; ifah sH Nrit vd Xl; ly; Jiwap y;xU jdp ap lj; ij ngw; wp Uf; Fk; rNtu h ep Wtdk; > r%fj; jp w; F jq; fs; gq; fsp g; gh f; rp y tp \aq; fisAk; nra; fp wh H fs; . ,d; W mNefkh f vy; yh ngh p a Xl; ly; fSk; tp Ue; Njh k; giy Kiwah d gh lq; fSld; nrh y; yp j; jUk; mfh njkp fis ep Wtp > tH j; jf h P jp ap y; elj; Jfp d; wd> ,th ; fs; mjp yp Ue; J kh Wgl; L 8 k;tFg; gp y;gs; sp g;gbg; ig tp l; ltH fSf; F th o; T jUk;xU top ah f Xl; ly; fsp d;gzp ia jkp op y;nrh y; yp j; jUk; XH mfh njkp ia elj; Jfp d; wdH . jd; dh H tj; njh z; L ep Wtdq; fs; NjH e; njLj; J mDg; Gk; mtH fSf; F ,ytrr; rP Uil> czT> cjtp g; gzj; Jld; 1 2 th u q; fsp y; czT> gh dq; fs; gh p kh WtJ> miwfisg; gu h ku p g; gJ gw; wp a gbg; Gk; > rNtu h tp y; nray;Kiwg;gap w; rp Ak;msp f; fp wh H fs; . gap w; rp f; F gp d;mtH fs;rNtu h tp y; jh d; gzp Gh p a Ntz; Lk;vd; gJ fl; lh akp y; iy> ve; j Xl; ly;Ntiyf; Fk;Ngh fyh k; .,J Ngh y r%f Nritiaf; $l ,tH fs; kw; wtH fsp lkp Ue; J kh Wgl; L nra; fp wh H fs; . ,g; gb gy; NtW gzp fisAk;jd; dfj; Nj nra; J rh jidgilf; fp wh HeP dh nu l; b.
ViH kf; fS f; F cjt[ k;mwk;mwf; fl; lis md; id Ky; iy mwf; fl; lis
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