Final report compilation by Kayla Neoh

Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Architecture / (Architecture) METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWINGS (ARC60305/ARC2323/ARC1215)

Former Istana Negara, Balairung Seri Annex Building Report LECTURER: AR CHIN & MS ALIA

Abstract This

document

abundance and welfare, shows the devotion one country has to achieve the style of living of the British. reports

the

historically

and

The building annex, in lieu, shows the incorporation of

architecturally significant data and information collected

both styles of the British as well as Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own.

during the 5 days of onsite fieldwork for the module METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED

As the main building of Istana Negara was documented

DRAWINGS (ARC60305/ARC2323/ARC1215) in the Old

in 2015, this report focuses on the annex building

Palace, Istana Negara Lama. Originally a doubled storey

constructed in 1980, under supervision of Captain David

mansion of a Chinese millionaire, later the official

Wee, mainly to accommodate the grand Balairung Seri

resident for His Majesty and Her Majesty, this building

(the Throne Hall) for official and customary functions.

functions as The Royal Museum now.

Documentations are done in the form of measured drawings, written and photographic documentation for

Influential past of the country can be seen through the

the purpose of preserving accurate record of significant

approach of design on the premise and the main

historical properties. Analysis on the architecture and

building, internally and externally. Once colonized by the

status of the building as well as its potential to become a

British, the main building, as a canvas painted with

tourist

attraction

are

also

well

explained.

Acknowledgement The staff, for being keen and accommodating in The completion of this assignment could not have been

providing related information;

possible without the guidance of tutors and the cooperation of all the teammates. Their effort and

The instructor, Dr. Nor Hayati Hussain, for giving us this

contribution are sincerely and gratefully appreciated.

golden

Therefore, team Istana Negara would like to express our

understanding

unending gratitude to everyone who had guided us,

measured drawing.

particular to the following,

The tutors, Ar. Chin Tuck Heng and Nurul Alia Ahmad for

Hayati Binti Mohamad Zawawi, the Director of the Istana

their constant support, guidance and persistence through

Negara Museum, for providing us this opportunity to

this journey.

measure

Lastly the lovely team members, for the teamwork and

and

document

the

historically

and

architecturally significance of the annex building in Istana

opportunity in

and

methods

experience of

develop

documentation

and

motivating team spirit through the entirety of this project.

Neagra;

Declaration of Submission We hereby certify all information and works done for the submission of the course that we are taking, Methods of Documentation

and

Measured

Drawings

ARC60303/ARC2323/ARC1215, are original and does not breach any law of copyrights. Written permission and references have been granted by any copyright holders. It is discerned that all works that are submitted for the final assessment are covered by this declaration. It is also asserted that all records and data were carried out during the period of our site visit from January 25th â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 29th,

Daniel Rosien

Bryan Lum

2016 in Istana Negara Jalan Istana.

(Leader of Team Istana)

Conclusively,

have

disclosed

the

necessary

documentation related to this project.

iii

Table of Contents i

Abstract

Acknowledgement

iii

Declaration of Submission

iii

Table of Contents

iv-ix

List of Figures

x-xix

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1

Objectives and Aim

1.2

Methods of Measurement

2-3

1.3

Equipment Used

1.4

Literature Review

1.5

Significance of Study

1.6

Scope

1.7

Limitations

Chapter 2: Historical Background

2.1

Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur

9-12

2.2

Malaysia's Institute of Constitutional Monarchy and Parliamentary Democracy

13-14

2.3

Malaysia's Palaces and Balairung Seri

15-18

2.4

Balairung Seri Annex Building

19-21

Chapter 3: Architectural Development

3.1

Site Context

22-23

3.1.1 Surrounding Buildings

24-28

3.1.2 Existing Buildings in Site Compound

29-31

Landscape

3.2.1 Hardscape

33-35

3.2.2 Softscape

3.2

3.2.2.1 Water

37-40

3.2.2.2 Plants

41-46

3.2.2.3 Light

3.3

Architectural Influences 3.3.1 Corbusian International Style

48-49

3.3.2 Machine Regionalism

3.3.3 Islamic Architecture

51-54

3.3.4 Victorian Style

Design Concept

4.1

Form

56-58

4.2

Space Planning

4.2.1 Entrance and Approach

4.2.2 Islamic Architecture in Space Planning

4.2.3 Connection between Main Building and 4.3

Singgahsana

Materials

5.1

Structural

Annex Building

62-67 68-72

5.2

5.1.1 Reinforced Concrete

73-76

5.1.2 Steel

77-78

5.1.3 Timber

Finishing

80-81

5.2.1 Exterior

83-83

5.2.2 Interior

84-88

Construction Details

6.1

Columns of Balairung Seri

89-92

Roof

93-95

Ornamentations and Details

7.1

Columns

96-97

7.2

Pilasters

7.3

Doors

99-101

7.4

Windows

102-103

vii

7.5

Ceiling

104-105

7.6

Lighting

106-107

7.7

Wooden Carvings

108-110

Comparison Analysis of the Balairung Seri Building in former Istana Negara and current Istana Negara

8.1

Site context

8.2

Architectural Influences

111-112

8.2.1 Exterior

113-114

8.2.2 Interior

115-116

8.3

Details

117-121

Recent Condition of the building

9.1

Structural Observation and Recommendation 9.1.1 Roof

122-124

9.1.2 Wall

125-126

9.1.3 Columns

127

viii

9.2

Finishing Observation and Recommendation 9.2.1 Exterior

128-131

9.2.2 Interior

132-136

9.3

Historic Preservations and Conservations

137-139

9.4

Improvement Suggestions on Design

140-143

Conclusion 10.1

Architectural Role of Balairung Seri in search of National Identity

10.2 Aspiration for the building in future

144-147 148-152

Reference List

153-159

Glossary

160-163

Appendixes A. Documents from National Archive

164-165

B. Documents from Badan Warisan

166-167

C. Photo Book

168-216

D 3D Model

217-221

E. Scaled Drawing

222-248

List of Figures

Figure.2.8.Istana Iskandariah. (Hashim, 1986) Figure 2.9.Istana Alam. (Shafa, 2012)

Figure 1.1Team Istana measuring the interior of balairung Figure2.10.Balsirung Seri of IStana Syarqiyyah. (Bensley, (Lee, 2016)

2015)

Figure 1.2.Equipment used. (Foo, 2016)

Figure 2.11Picture shows the temporary balairong built at Istana Negara, Jalan Istana. (NSTP, 1957)

Figure 2.1 Timeline of Malaysia History. (Lim, 2016) Figure 2.2 Jalur Gemilang as our nation's emblem. (Lim,

Figure2.12. The original colour of Cengal wood is exposed.

2014)

(BERNAMA, 1980)

Figure 2.3. Panaromic View of Kuala Lumpur in 1880

Figure 2.13 Workers doing final touch for the preparation of the Instalation Ceremony of His Majesty Yang di-Pertuan

(Lim, 2009)

Agong VII. (Bernama, 1980)

Figure 2.4. Bird Eye View of Developed Klang Valley. Figure2.14 The throne of His and Hers Majesty. (Department

(Rsmuthi, 2013)

of Information, 1980)

Figure 2.5.The list of Seri Paduka Baginda Yang Di-PErtuan Figure 2.15 The throne located in the small throne hall.

Agong Malaysia. (Unknown, 2014)

(NSTP, 1966) Figure 2.6.Istana Sri Menanti. (Kariya, 2015)

Figure 3.1 The former Istana Negara perched on a hilly terrain. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 2.7. Istana Jugra. (Wangsa Mahkota Selangor, 2010)

Figure 3.2 Aerial view of the site surrounding. The former

Figure 3.11 Police Station of the Former Istana Negara.

Istana Negara was bypassed by two main highway, which are

(Lim, 2016)

the Jalan Istana and Jalan Syed Putra, with Klang River flowing by at the North West. The site is peppered with

Figure 3.12 The main building. (Lim, 2016)

cultural buildings and government department headquarters. Figure 3.13 A combination of hardscape and softscape in

(Google Maps, 2016)

harmony. (Lim, 2016) Figure 3.3 Pejabat Penyimpanan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja). Figure 3.14 The homogenous tiles at the porch. (Lim, 2016)

(Google Maps, 2016)

Figure 3.15 The collonaded porch.(Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.4 Rumah Melaka at Jalan Bellamy. (Google Maps, 2016) Figure

Figure 3.16 Planter box with waterproof 3.5

United

Nations

High

Commissions

membrane.(Balasingam, 2016)

for

Refugees.(Google Maps, 2016)

Figure 3.17Drainage at the front portal. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.6 Jalur Gemilang at the former Istana Negara.

Figure 3.18 Lamp post in cast iron. (Lim, 2016)

(Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.19 Flag pole in front of the portal. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.7 The management office. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.20The royal garden of Muzium Diraja. (Chin, 2016)

Figure 3.8 The shaded car porch.(Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.21 Water is celebrated in most Islamic Architecture, including the Old Istana

Figure 3. 9 The gymnasium. (Lim, 2016)

Negara. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.10 The tennis court. (Lim, 2016) xi

Figure 3.22 Fountain. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.34 The garden adorned by fountain. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.23 The pool with pergolas. (Chin, 2016)

Figure 3.35 The reflection of light casts a picture on the granite floor.(Lim, 2016).

Figure 3.24 Rivulet runs gracefully in the runnel. (Chin, 2016)

FIgure 3. 36 The exterior of Balairung Building. ( Tey, 2016)

Figure 3.25 Lake surrounded by greeneries. (Chin, 2016)

Figure 3.37 The skybridge transverse across the building.

Figure 3.26 The array of plants in the Old Istana Negara.

(Tey, 2016)

(Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.38 The rear elevation of the building. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.27 Iris in blossom. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.39 The pelmet on the Singgahsana depicting the

Figure 3.28 Hibiscus in the vicinity. (Lim, 2016)

Quranic Verses.(LIm, 2016)

Figure 3.29 Montgomery palms flanks the descending path

Figure 3.40 The bedroom is adorned with cottage flora. (Lim,

towards the field. (Lim, 2016)

2016)

Figure 3.30 Box clipped into hedges lines the border. (Lim,

Figure 3.41The reception area of the apartment. (Lim, 2016)

2016)

Figure 3.42 The Singgahsana. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.31Yew. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.43 His Majesty's bathroom. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.32 Hujan-hujan tree. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.44 Hers Majesty bathroom. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.33 Trimmed hedges. (Lim, 2016)

xii

Figure 3.45 Rococo inspired mirror frame. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 4.11The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;cofferedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ceiling. ( Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.46 Victorian style bedroom. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 4.12 Interior view of the sky bridge (Lim, 2016)

Figure 4.1Exterior view of the annex building (Chin, 2016)

Figure 4.13Exterior view from the skybridge (Joshua, 2016)

Figure 4.2Top view of the annex building (Lee, 2016)

Figure 4.14 Simplified Ground Floor Plan. (Foo, 2016)

Figure 4.3Perspective view of North Elevation (Foo, 2016)

Figure 4.15Chandelier and lighting effect in the atrium of Balairong Seri (Foo, 2016)

Figure 4.4Ground Floor Plan of Balairung Seri(Tan, 2016)

Figure 4.16 Panaromic view of double volume Balairung Seri.

Figure 4.5Photo showing press room cutting through double

(Joshua, 2016)

volume throne hall (Lee, 2016)

Figure 4.17 Simplified first floor plan ( Foo, 2016)

Figure 4.6Palm tree lined driveway (Lim, 2016)

Figure 4.19 Gender segregated washroom (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 4.7Connectivity between the main building and the annex building. ( Lim, 2016)

Figure 4.20 Victorian Style Interior (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 4.8The colonnade corridor. ( Foo, 2016)

Figure 4.21 Simplified Lower Ground Floor Plan. (Foo, 2016)

Figure 4.9The Entrance of grand Balairung Seri. ( Tan, 2016)

Figure 4.22Side view of the grand Singgahsana. (Foo, 2016)

Figure 4.10 Repetition of ogival window and floral motifs. (

Figure 4.23 The throne. (Foo, 2016)

Foo, 2016)

xiii

Figure 4.24 The Seat, known as takhta. (Leong, 2016)

Figure 5.9Diagram on concrete reinforced with steel rebar

Figure 4. 25 The pelmet with gilded inscription. (Leong, 2016)

(Lee, 2016)

Figure 4.26 and 4.27 The background carvings. (Leong,

Figure 5.10Arches made with the usage of reinforced

2016)

concrete(Lim, 2016)

Figure 4.27Closer shot on the carvings. (Leong, 2016)

Figure 5.11Steels are welded together (Lee, 2016)

Figure 5.1Exterior faรงade view of the Balairung Seri (Lee,

Figure 5.12Steel trusses and timber are seen supporting the

2016)

structure (Lee, 2016)

Figure 5.2Exterior wall (Lee, 2016)

Figure 5.13Rotten interior timber column and a badly damaged wall at the edge of the meeting room (Lee, 2016)

Figure 5.3Roof slab (Lee, 2016)

Figure 5.14. Finishing diagram at Ground level. Most of the

Figure 5.4Interior ceiling and beams (Lee, 2016)

finishing are focused on public area. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 5.5Columns at the porch (Lee, 2016)

Figure 5.15. Finishing diagram at First level. Most of the

Figure 5.6Concrete Foundation (Lee, 2016)

finishing are focused on the suites (Lim, 2016)

Figure 5.8Walls spray painted to give a rough finishing

Figure 5.16Rendered plaster on top of the concrete (Tey,

emphasizes the horizontal contrast between the smooth

2016)

surface(Tey, 2016)

Figure 5.17 The steps (Lim, 2016)

xiv

Figure 5.18 Floor of the colonnade (Lim, 2016)

Figure 6.3 The Doric Columns supporting the porch. (Eng, 2016)

Figure 5.19 Roof of the colonnade (Lim, 2016)

Figure 6.4 Engaged column exposed in faĂ§ade. (Eng, 2016)

Figure 5.20 Old balairung in dark wood panelling (Lim, 2016)

Figure 6.5 Column part terminologies. (Tey, 2016)

Figure 5.21 Roof of the colonnade (Lee, 2016) Figure 5.22 Private room (Tey, 2016)

Figure 6.6 Parts of Tuscan column (Tey, 2016)

Figure 5.23 Detailing on ceiling (Kong, 2016)

Figure 6.7Drawing showing relationship of structural and decorative column in the throne (Neoh, 2016)

Figure 5.24The plasterboards inside of the throne Figure 6.8 Bird eye view of annex building roof. (Lee, 2016)

(Lim, 2016)

Figure 6.9 Expanded metal walkway between two building.

Figure 5.25 Plush carpet (Lim, 2016)

(Lee, 2016) Figure 5.26 Parquet flooring in the sky brige (Lim, 2016) Figure 6.10 Illustration showing concrete gutter section and Figure 5.27 Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bathroom (Lim, 2016)

fixing on metal sheet (Foo, 2016)

Figure 5.28 Mirror finished cabinet doors (Lim, 2016)

Figure 6.11 Concrete gutter. (Foo, 2016)

Figure 6.1 members in a column (Tey, 2016)

Figure 6.12 Section of concrete tile roof.(Neoh, 2016)

Figure 6.2 Difference between structural and decorative

Figure 6.13 Concrete tile roof & concrete gutter.(Lee, 2016)

column (Tey, 2016)

Figure 7.1Single and double columns (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.12Simple wooden double doors, leading to the Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bedroom (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.2 Placement of columns (Tey, 2016) Figure 7.13Pointed arch window inside Balairong Seri (Lee, Figure 7.3Columns in Balairung(Lee, 2016)

2016)

Figure 7.4Throne area inside the Balairung (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.14Floral ornamentation in Balairung Seri (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.5Pilaster in meeting room (Lim, 2016)

Figure 7.15 Coffered ceiling at Balairung Seri. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 7.6Pilaster in Balairung Seri (Lim, 2016)

Figure 7.16Covered skirting arranged in and orderly manner (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.7 Entrance of to the King and Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suite from the skybridge (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.17 Plasterboard ceiling with coving surrounding (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.8Entrance to the main Istana Negara building (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 7.18Chandelier of the Balairung Seri. (Lee, 2016)

Figure 7.9 Entrance to the Holding room of the Balairung Seri

Figure 7.19 Chandelier in the sky bridge (Lim, 2016

(Lee, 2016) Figure 7.20 Chandelier at the bedroom with motifs of Figure 7.10Wooden carvings and floral motif which are

blooming roses (Lim, 2016)

painted gold as ornamentation (Lee, 2016) Figure 7.21 A panoramic view of the throne along with the Figure 7.11Wooden double doors with floral carving, leading

heavily adorned wall (Lee, 2016)

to the Meeting Room (Tey, 2016)

xvi

Figure 7.22A closed up image of the wooden carved panels

Negara (Bernama, 2012)

below the coffered windows (Lim, 2016) Figure 8.10 The coffered ceiling. (Lim, 2016) Figure 7.23 Wooden patterns carving on the top of the Figure 8.11 The New Balairung Seri's ceiling. (Lim, 2016)

coffered windows (Lee, 2016)

Figure 8.12 The carpet in the former Balairung Seri.

Figure 8.1. Aerial View of Old Istana. (Google Maps, 2016)

(StatcFlick, n.d.) Figure 8.2. Aerial View of New Istana.(Google Maps, 2016) Figure 8.13 The minimalistic carpet in the New Balairung Seri. Figure 8.3. Aerial View of Old Istana. (Google Maps, 2016)

(Fadzil, 2011)

Figure 8.4. Aerial View of New Istana.(Google Maps, 2016)

gure 8.14 The chandelier in Former Balairung Seri. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 8.5. Exterior of the main building with the East wing on the right.(Lim, 2016)

Figure 8.15 The obor-obor inspired chandelier. (JKR, 2011)

Figure 8.6..Exterior of the New Istana Negara.( My Sumber,

Figure 8.16 The bunga raya inspired panels. (Lim, 2016)

n.d.) Figure 8.17 The tebuk tembus bersilat timber panel. (JKR, Figure 8.7. The grand gateway view. (Bretuk, n,d,)

2011)

Figure 8.8. Interior of the Balairong Seri at the Old Istana

Figure 8.18 The old Istana Negara Balairung Seri. (Bernama,

Negara.(LIm, 2016)

2012)

Figure 8.9 Interior of the Balairung Seri at the New Istana

Figure 8.19 The former Singgahsana (Lim, 2016)

xvii

Figure 9.1 Growth of wild on the roof tiles. (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.14 Interior wall of Personal Dining Room in Queen Suite (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.2 Rusted Roof could easily cause leakage. (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.15 Paint cracks at the suites. (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.3 Damp patches (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.16 Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bathroom (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.4 Algae on the wall of sky bridge. (Yeoh,, 2016)

Figure 9.17 Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bathroom (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.5 Algae on the ceiling of the porch (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.18 Wood decay (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.6 The exterior wall with algae growth. ( Yeoh, 2016)

Figure9.19Short section cut of Balairung Seri. (Neoh, 2016)

Figure 9.7 Column at the south elevation. (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 9.20Floor Plan of dressing room and water closet at first floor. (Tan, 2016)

Figure 9.8 Water leakage in ceiling. (Yeoh, 2016) Figure9.21Gap between the staircase and the wall (Foo, Figure 9.9 Damagedwindow frame. (Yeoh, 2016)

2016)

Figure 9.10 Exterior ceramic tiles. (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure9.22Grille staircase in the exterior. (Foo, 2016)

Figure 9.11 Peeling off paint. (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure.9.23The asymmetrical plan of the throne hall. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 9.12 The interior of Balairung Seri with plush carpet. (Yeoh, 2016)

Figure 10.1. Chandigarh Capitol by Le Corbusier. (Canadian Centre of Architecture, 1956)

Figure 9.13 The panels with embroidered fabric. (Yeoh, 2016)

xviii

Figure 10.2A map of Kuala Lumpurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major tourist attractions

Figure 10.4. Table of comparison among Royal Gardens.(

(Mari mari, 2014)

Rosien, 2016)

Figure 10.3Picnic in Keningston Garden (Caroline, 2013)

Figure 10.5Banquet set up in the garden (Debbie, 2015)

xix

Objectives and Aims The objective of this study is to document the significance of the building which is the Royal Museum Balairung Seri Annex Building to analyze the relationship between the architecture of the building as well as its settlement. A week of site inspection was given to our group in order to carry out compilation of data that was to be incorporated into drawings. These drawings which consist of floor plans, sections, elevations and site plan were then used as a reference for the scaled model of the Royal Museum. In addition to that, a report is also required to document our findings. Thus, all important findings and data of the building should be collocated. Pictures of the overall building which includes the exterior and interior views are also included in the report.

Methods of Measurement

allows for a measure of great length and can be easily

In order to complete the research and documentation of

measuring the building floor plans, columns and details

the

been

while the digital laser device was used in measuring the

implemented. Our team of 27 students were grouped into

height of the building and ceilings as it is more

four sub groups which were tasked to do several parts of

convenient to use in measuring longer distance of

the building in order to progress quick and smoothly.

measurement.

Each sub-group is handled by a team leader who is in

In order to obtain the plan of the roof, a drone was used.

charge of leading and keeping their team up to date with

The drone helps to capture a clear view of the roof and

the progress.

also the surrounding as well as the elevations of the

Royal

Museum,

various

ways

carried in a pocket or toolkit. It is mostly used for

have

building. As some of the walls were slanted and 90 degree angled, a spirit level was used. There are several measuring methods used, one was a hands on experience where we would measure on site using several equipment. On the contrary, the second method was to refer from previous reports on the building which in our case, was to refer our seniors work. Pictures were also taken for the purpose of references. Measuring tapes were mainly used in measuring the building as it is a common measuring tool. Its design

Considering the ornaments were small and very detailed, a profile gauge was used to measure the detailing part. But due to the low accuracy and precise measurement, we used a different method as it is presumed to be more accurate. The method was to take a picture of the specific detailed ornaments and trace it in Autocad. After tracing the ornaments, the tracing part was later scaled down to tally with the main measurements.

Figure 1.1Team Istana measuring the interior of balairung (Lee, 2016)

Equipment Used

Figure 1.2. Equipment used. (Foo, 2016)

Literature Review

However, information mainly focuses on the main

Currently standing as the Royal Museum, Istana Lama

about the annex building, renovated for the grand

also known as the metaphor of time in Malaysia.

Balairung Seri (the Throne Hall) for official and cultural

Originally a doubled storey mansion of a Chinese

ceremony. Besides, we were unable to contact the

millionaire Chan Wing, this building used as officersâ&#x20AC;&#x;

Public Works Department (Jabatan Kerja Raya) who had

mess during Japanese Occupation, and owned by British

carried out the construction, thus further research can be

Royale Air Force during the war. Later, it becomes the

done from there in the future.

building and there is not much information that explains

temporary Palace for the Sultan of Selangor and lastly, the official resident for His Majesty Seri Paduka Baginda Yang

Di-Pertuan

Agong

and

Her

Majesty

Seri

PadukaBaginda Raja Permaisur iAgong.

Related data and information are collected mainly from online material, National Archive, National Library, pamphlet, Badan Warisan and some other related architecture books. Basic drawings for main building, architecture style, and cultural aspects are discussed.

Significance of Study Other than understanding the architecturally important quality from the Istana Lama (The Royal Museum), this project also aims to preserve the historically significant information of this building in relation to Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x;s history. As a Malaysian, it is important to understand the growth of our country and witness the development as well as achievement of it. By documenting this building in depth, it allows more people to be exposed to the royal lifestyle in Malaysia, from the daily lifestyle to the official and customary functions. This project is documented in the form of sketching, drawings, video, and reports, aiming to uncover the stories behind the old palace, especially the Islamic Culture in the Palace.

Scope

The purpose of these observations was to document the significance and the condition of the building and to allow improvements and maintenance of the building.

Focused on the building annex of the Royal Palace on Jalan Istana, a study was carried out. Served once as a palace for the royals, now a museum for the public to view, the royal palace is a place where high values of cultural and history can be seen and learnt. The documents of the current state of the Royal Palace Balairung Seri are not the only focuses in the study but also the history of the function of the structure and the development of the building within years. Furthermore, a comparison was made with the latest Royal Palace which is located at Jalan Duta, where the Yang di-Pertua Agong now lives since the year 2011. This is to show the contrast in development and changes in architectural style.

Limitations

Besides that, it was also very rare to find documents

The royal palace, now a royal museum has a wide range

changes.

of limitation to areas as it is a place for public visiting.

Lastly, the inspection for the documentation does not

Although restricted to enter the certain areas, one can

include an assessment of geological, geotechnical, or

only view the rooms behind rails. Therefore, it was an

hydrological conditions, or environmental hazards. It also

upmost honor to be allowed access to areas that was

does not include areas, which were inaccessible, not

constricted to the visitors. Although we were reminded to

readily accessible or obstructed at the time of inspection.

regarding the Balairung Seri before it underwent

enter the areas carefully in order to avoid visitors supervening our actions. Documentation and media sources on the building annex were quite limited as most of the information was about the main building. Documenting the structure itself was a difficult

challenge

the

verbal

and

non-verbal

information that we have gathered were mainly focusing on the usage of the building (for example, the coronations of the Sultans) rather than the architecture of the structure.

2.1 Malaysia and Kuala Lumpur

Figure 2.1 Timeline of Malaysia History. (Lim, 2016)

Today,

celebrating

our

nation's

years

independence, we as Malaysians would like to pose a question to ourselves: Have we found the national identity that our forefathers had been searching for, and if so, do we behold and cherish that very special identity of being Malaysian? From an architectural perspective, we would like to start this journey from the old Istana Negara, the old National Palace, the symbol of sovereignty and dignity of this land to find the answer.

Figure 2.2 Jalur Gemilang as our nation's emblem. (Lim, 2014)

Kuala Lumpur & Riches

the soul which brought vibrancy and life to this sleeping land of riches.

Formerly as a tin mining valley, it soon became the lure of the mid-19th century, hence captured the attention of a group of miners to migrate to the valley in between 2 rivers which is Klang River and Gombak River. The city covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mile). In the 19th century, Klang Valley was threatened and devastated with diseases, epidemics, fires and floods. Later on, this situation came to an end when Malaysia was colonized by the British. Yap Ah Loy stayed through this situation and helped out in the renovation as well as improvement of Klang Valley. In 12-month time, the

Figure 2.3. Panoramic View of Kuala Lumpur in 1880 (Lim, 2009)

population of Klang Valley has vigorously increased by 30%. In March 1880, Klang Valley was then renamed as Kuala Lumpur. The meaning of Kuala Lumpur is â&#x20AC;&#x153;muddy confluenceâ&#x20AC;?. Since then, the tie between tin and the land can never be untangled, as undeniably, it is this humble mineral that became

In this era, a foresighted Chinese teenager, Chan Wing fled Canton and arrived in Kuala Lumpur, started his quest for a better living. He ventured in bank and tin mining industry and successfully earned buckets of gold from his mining company, Hong Fatt Tin Mine. As any millionaire, he sought for recognition of wealth, most significantly

and

easily

through

the

language

architecture, by building a mansion fit for a king. When Kuala Lumpur proved no longer a secure place for him during World War II, he fled, left his mansion occupied by the Japanese and the British. Finally, the mansion was revived after Malaysia obtained

Figure 2.4. Bird Eye View of Developed Klang Valley. (Rsmuthi,

independence in 1957, being converted to the Palace for

2013)

the Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya, truly a mansion, fit for a king. Nowadays, the land is situated at the heart of Kuala Lumpur, the capital of Federation of Malaya, a fast-paced developing city which has 1.6 million people lived in. Silently, this plot of land observed and recorded the history, waiting to be discovered.

2.2 Malaysia's Institute of Constitutional Monarchy and Parliamentary Democracy

as granted by the law, and does not hold absolute power.

On the federal level, the head of state, the Yang diPertuan Agong, sits at the apex of the Malaysian society. He is a symbolic representation of a nationâ&#x20AC;&#x;s authority. Based on the Westminster parliamentary system, the

Our nation's Institute of Constitutional Monarchy and

Malaysian political system does grant the Yang di-

Parliamentary Democracy is one of its kind among other

Pertuan Agong some limited powers, including the power

nations. To preserve the Sultanate Monarchy which had

to grant or refuse a dissolution of the parliament, and

lasted since the Malacca Sultanate in the 1400s under

appointing a prime minister.

the reign of Parameswara, also known as Sultan Iskandar Shah and strike a balance among the people's

Besides,

rights in political affairs, this distinct system is being

His

symbolic

roles

include

being

the

Commander-in-Chief of the Malaysian Armed Forces

employed.

and carrying out diplomatic exchanges with other states. Just like it was during the British colonial period, the

Constitutional Monarchy (Raja Berpelembagaaan)

Yang di-Pertuan Agong is also the head of Islam in his A constitutional monarchy is a system in which the

own state as well as the four monarch-less states of

monarchâ&#x20AC;&#x;s power is limited by the constitution of the

Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak as well as the

state. In other words, the monarch wields only the power

Federal Territories.

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong

The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five year term from among the 9 Malay state rulers. After the Yang diPertuan Agongâ&#x20AC;&#x;s term of office, the conference of rulers will then elect another to replace him. The position of Yang di-Pertuan Agong is rotated among the 9 rulers, with a cycle that begins with the election of the Yamtuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan (Negeri Sembilan does not have a Sultan) to the office of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, followed by:

1. The Sultan of Selangor , 2. The Raja of Perlis, 3. The Sultan of Terengganu, 4. The Sultan of Kedah, 5. The Sultan of Kelantan, 6. The Sultan of Pahang, 7. The Sultan of Johor before ending at

Figure 2.5.The list of Seri Paduka Baginda Yang Di-PErtuan Agong

8. The Sultan of Perak,

Malaysia. (Unknown, 2014)

2.3 Malaysia's Palaces &

of Rulers, taking of oath of Secrecy by the Prime Minister

Balairung Seri

banquets. (Biannual, 1999)

Since the reign of Malacca Sultanate in Malaya, palaces

From the following comparison, we can see the gradual

had been built for the royal families of various

transformation of the architectural language depicted by

architectural influences based on the preference of the

the Istana and Balairung Seri, largely influenced by the

Sultan of every state. Palace is the emblem of

epoch, from the traditional Minangkabau vernacular, to

sovereignty and authority, where the nation's pride lies.

an influence of Moghul and Romanesque, to the

and his Deputy, the royal birthday celebrations and State

integration of colonial and Saracenic, largely influenced by the Western palaces with manicured gardens, lastly a Balairung Seri generally serves as the heart of the

revivalism back to the roots of Islamic architecture in a

palace, where the Singgahsana, the throne is located. It

modernist approach.

serves as a royal sanctum for

official and customary

occasions, such as the ceremonial affairs for the taking of the Royal Pledge during the Installation of the Yang Di-Pertuan Agong, the taking of oath by Ministers, the presentation of Federal Orders, Decorations and Medals during the Investiture ceremony, dinners for Conference

Figure 2.7. Istana Jugra. (Wangsa Mahkota Selangor, 2010)

Figure 2.6. Istana Sri Menanti. (Kariya, 2015)

Istana Sri Menanti

Istana Jugra

Built in 1902, palace is an emblem of Minangkabau

Built in 1905, western influences started to assimilate

architecture, that emphasize family, nature and arts,

with the local architecture, colonial inspirations are

Constructed entirely using vernacular tenon and mortise

clearly exhibited. The expression of Roman and Moghul

joints of hardwood with 99 structural columns of

elements can be seen. In space planning, the Balairung

hardwood symbolized the 99 hulubalangs that served the

Seri is located at the south east end of the building,

state (Arkib Negara, n.d.). Unlike other Singgahsana that

receiving its honoured guests in a symmetrical square

show grandness and overpowering, this design revealed

plan, depicting order and balance for a state's ruler,

an intimately poise and pensive nature.

drawing inspiration from the west.

Figure 2.8.Istana Iskandariah. (Hashim, 1986)

Figure 2.9.Istana Alam. (Shafa, 2012)

Istana Iskandariah

Istana Alam Shah

Completed in 1933, the palace is the emblem of Indo-

Rebuilt in 1950s, the central golden onion dome

Saracenic architecture, which is the amalgam of Islamic

dominates the palace with two high pitched, blue tiled

architecture and Indian materials developed by British

wings. Similar as the old Istana Negara, a Balairong Seri

architects in India during the colonial era. (Jeyaraj, n.d.)

lined with red carpet can accommodate 1000 people was

Facing the East with pointed arched and onion-shaped

built for coronation and other important ceremonies. The

domes, the symmetrical complex accommodates a Balai

Istana has a renovated Balai Santapan Diraja with a

Nobat, Balairung Seri and Singgahsana in a linear

capacity of 1000 patrons. As the Old Istana Negara, the

percussion.

vicinity is a man-made garden of French Renaissance.

with

skylight

dome

directly

illuminating

the

Singgahsana from above. Unlike the Old Istana's Balairung, with a grand percussion, straight towards the Singgahsana, the Balairung in Istana Syarqiyyah's percussion can be truncated into three quadrants using movable partition panels, for holding different occasions, a distinct hierarchy symbolization.

Figure2.10.Balsirung Seri of IStana Syarqiyyah. (Bensley, 2015)

Istana Syarqiyyah Adorned as "Jewel of the East", the design of the palace is of a blend of Islamic and vernacular revivalism, inspired by the Alhambra in Spain, embodied in this palace

castellated

traditional

timber

structure,

evocative of Babylon's Hanging Garden. The Balairung in

this palace

architecture

with

greatly influenced arched

blue

marble

Moorish

colonnades

whereby the gilded Singgahsana stands out prominently,

2.4 Balairung Seri Annex Building

and meeting rooms, whereas the first floor contains Their Majesty's suite.

A temporary Balairong was built in the year of 1957 after the mansion was made into the palace to hold the coronation of SPB Yang di-Pertuan Agong Tunku Abdul Rahman. The construction of the temporary throne hall cost RM170000 and it was later demolished at the end of the same year. Later in the year of 1980, a massive renovation was carried out at the palace to add in an annex building

Figure 2.11Picture shows the temporary balairong built at Istana Negara, Jalan Istana. (NSTP, 1957)

which is the current existing throne hall and the construction was led by senior architect, Kapten David

One of the most astonishing feats undertaken by the

Wee from the Public Work Department with the purpose

renovation team was the completion of works and

of holding the coronations of Agong and official and

intricate carvings for the Throne Room. It took seven

customary ceremonies. Local designers as well as

months to complete the work, including the carvings

designers from France were hired to design the interior

which would normally have taken three years, according

of the building. The ground floor accommodates the

to Captain David Wee. All carvings was carried out by

double volume Balairong Seri (Throne Hall), waiting halls

expert craftsmen from Kota Bahru, Kelantan, by 60

workers led by Mr Abdul Latif. Inspired by the national

this hall before it was made a museum by the local

flower, the Hibiscus, all panels are hand crafted to meet

government, the last coronation held here was in 2007.

the highest standard of Malay traditional carvings. All the gilded panels lined the grand percussion of the Throne Hall, heightening the grandiose of the building. The beauty of the Throne Room is enlightened with the 17 crystalline

chandeliers

imported

from

Austria.

(Masterpiece, 1999) From the old photos exhibited at the throne hall, it can be seen that the original color of the interior walls was actually dark brown while the wall patterns can be seen in grid design, further renovations which involved repainting the walls and discarding the grid design was

Figure2.12. The original colour of Cengal wood is exposed.

estimated to be around the year of 2002-2007, the exact

(BERNAMA, 1980)

dates and years of the renovation remain unknown at this moment. The reason of using white, yellow and gold in the latter was to emphasize and strengthen the majesty of the royal family. Coronation of 13 Agongs had been held in

Clockwise: Figure 2.13. Workers doing final touch for the preparation of the Installation Ceremony of His Majesty Yang diPertuan Agong VII. (Bernama, 1980) Figure2.14. The throne of His and Hers Majesty. (Department of Information, 1980) Figure 2.15. The throne located in the small throne hall. (NSTP, 1966)

3.1 Site Context Located at Jalan Istana, the heart of Kuala Lumpur, with a coverage of 11.34 hectars, the Old Istana Negara perched on Bukit Petaling surrounded with towering trees, overlooking the iconic buildings of Kuala Lumpur (figure 3.1). The hustle and bustle of the city is soon muted by the natural buffer of lush flora and foliage. Figure 3.1. The former Istana Negara perched on a hilly terrain. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.2. Aerial view of the site surrounding. The former Istana Negara was bypassed by two main highway, which are the Jalan Istana and Jalan Syed Putra, with Klang River flowing by at the North West. The site is peppered with cultural buildings and government department headquarters. (Google Maps, 2016)

3.1.1Surrounding Buildings Keepers

the

Ruler's

Seal

Office

(Pejabat

Penyimpanan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja) Established in 1948 according to the summon of Perjanjian Persekutuan Tanah Melayu towards the independence of Malaya, the office takes the role of managing all official and customary affairs of the Sultans and Yang di-Pertua Agong, such as convening the Conference of the Rulers, management and declaration of annual Ramadhan, Hari Raya Puasa and Hari Raya

Figure 3.3. Pejabat Penyimpanan Mohor Besar Raja-Raja). (Google

Qurban, arrangement for the Rulers' transportations to

Maps, 2016)

meetings and conferences and holding of the Ruler's Seal (Majlis Raja-Raja, 2010), which is the symbol of sovereignty of the Conference of the Rulers.

Public Works Department Bukit Petaling (Jabatan Kerja Raya Bukit Petaling) Bearing the responsibility of planning, design and construction of public and government endorsed works, including the construction and renovations of the former Istana Negara Balairung building, the branch of public works department is situated at Jalan Bukit Petaling.

Rumah Melaka A British colonial house once used as a guest house for

Figure 3.4. Rumah Melaka at Jalan Bellamy. (Google Maps, 2016)

honored guests from the Royals.

United Nations High Commissions for Refugees As part of the United Nations, Malaysia joined the forces of the international partnership in protecting, aiding and facilitating refugees that seek asylum in our country in terms of healthcare, educational and financial welfare. The operations started in Malaysia in 1975, when Vietnamese refugees fled their home to Malaysia, and since, with the cooperation with other nations, had helped 240,000 of them to relocate to other developed countries. (UNHCR, 2011) Today, the organization still functions as a beacon, lending a hand to the refugees and hope to make a difference in their life. Red Crescent Malaysia National Headquarters (Bulan

Figure 3.5. United Nations High Commissions for Refugees.

Sabit Merah Malaysia)

(Google Maps, 2016)

Since 1950s, the organization had carried out voluntary, humanitarian philanthropic works for the people of Malaysia. The national headquarters is located at the North East of former Istana Negara.

Kuen Cheng High School

Alice Smith International School

Established since 1908, the Chinese Independent High

In year 1946 at the end of World War II, British Mrs. Alice

School stood as a testimony of the Chinese to uphold

Smith started her very first school at her home in Kuala

their integrity in education and the inheritance of Chinese

Lumpur, with the vision to "ensure that expatriate

heritage through years of grappling with wars, legislative

children returning to education in their home country or

obstacles and financial problems. Originally as a girls'

moving to a school in another country could do so as

school, it was located at No.31 Kampung Attap and was

seamlessly as possible." In 1950, Mrs. Smith left Malaya

forced to close down during World War II. In 1956, it was

for Australia and in 1952, the school relocated to Jalan

relocated to the current site and insisted in Kuen

Bellamy. With the same passion as Mrs. Smith

Cheng's "Independent Chinese Education" that had

possessed, the school had been operating for over 60

stood the test of time for more than half a century,

years, inspiring and nurturing the young in Kuala

nurturing elites in various fields. In 2008, the school

Lumpur. (Alice Smith School, n.d.)

reorganized to become a co-ex school. (Kuen Cheng, n.d.) .

Surrounding Buildings in relation to the Former Istana Negara It short, the surrounding buildings can be classified into three attributes, cultural, educational and humanitarian. The Keeper's of the Seal Office, Rumah Melaka and the Public Works Department branch carries significant roles in our country's monarchy culture. The United Nations High Commissions for Refugees and Red Crescent Malaysia National Headquarter holds pivotal role in humanitarian works. Whereas Kuen Cheng High School and Alice Smith International School are the pioneers in our country's educational system. When these attributes are placed side by side, we can conclude that the vicinity tells a discreet message in our nationhood, whereby the heart of the nation, which is symbolized by the Istana Negara, is centered around these very essentials in establishing a holistic country, which are education for the people, preservation of cultural heritage and the contribution towards the society.

Figure 3.6. Towering buildings surrounding former Istana Negara. (Lim, 2016)

3.1.2 Buildings in Site Compound Management Office Housing the administrative office for the Museum curator and staff. The building speaks of a similar architectural style as the Balairung Seri, with arch louvered windows

Figure 3.7. The management office. (Lim, 2016)

and Brutalist massing in a reduced geometry, painted in cream.

Car Porch With 102 shaded bays for the staff, the car porch is surrounded by vegetations.

Figure 3.8. The shaded car porch. (Lim, 2016)

Gymnasium Located behind the tennis court, equipped for games, exercises and sports activities. Built with a corrugated zinc roof, the gymnasium offers a conducive environment for exercise, shaded from the hot sun.

Figure 3. 9. The gymnasium. (Lim, 2016)

Tennis Court A standard tennis court is located behind the car porch. The court is guarded with wire fences and with lamp posts illuminating the court at night.

Figure 3.10. The tennis court. (Lim, 2016)

Police Station Located at the south of the Balairung Seri Annex Building, it provides all time protection for the royalties against threats, with in-house constables, officers and policemen.

Main Building Figure 3.11. Police Station of the Former Istana Negara. (Lim, 2016)

Influenced by the Palladian and British Colonial style, the symmetrical main building houses the apartments for the royal family, banquet rooms, minister rooms, family rooms, small throne room, dentist clinic, guest rooms etc. Originally a mansion for Chinese millionaire, Mr Chan Wing it was eventually converted into a military mass for the Japanese Army during World War II, followed by an air

force

control

base

for

the

British

Military

Administration. Thereafter, the mansion was finally transformed as the first National Palace for the Yang diPertua Agong of Malaysia. Figure 3.12. The main building. (Lim, 2016)

3.2 Landscape

The landscape of the former National Palace consists of Hardscape and Softscape. Hardscapes are the manmade structure, whereas softscapes are natural elements.

Figure 3.13 A combination of hardscape and softscape in harmony. (Lim, 2016)

3.2.1 Hardscape Walkway (paved road) The walkway leading to the entrance of the Balairung Seri and around the building consists of square porcelain tiles in earth gray tone. The tiles of the walkway are arranged in a geometric pattern at the gateway and the main porch, whereas those in front of the Balairung Seri Figure 3.14. The homogenous tiles at the porch. (Lim, 2016)

are homogenous. Colonnade Porch A shaded roof structure supported by rows of mirrored Doric columns, fluted and devoid of ornamentations. Arches are deployed to distribute the load equally through the structural columns from the capital to the base.

Figure 3.15. The colonnaded porch. (Lim, 2016)

Planter Box The planter box is affixed outside the Balairung Seri to portray local grown flowers and plants. The placement of these

planter boxes are

convenient

for

cleaning

purposes and are able to receive efficient sunlight although being affixed near to the walkwayâ&#x20AC;&#x;s roof shade. A waterproof membrane is implemented behind the planter box that connects to the Balairung Seri to avoid any leakage inside the building.

Figure 3.16. Planter box with waterproof membrane. (Balasingam, 2016)

Drainage Drainage by definition is an artificial man-made passage for excess water to flow. The drainage of the Balairung Seri can be seen around the building itself making drainage during rainy days easier as it prevents the occurrence of flooding. The drainage found along the Balairung Seri varies from closed drains to partially covered drains.

Figure 3.17 Drainage at the front portal. (Lim, 2016)

Lamp Post Gilded cast iron lamp posts peppered around the vicinity of the palace to illuminate the night gracefully.

Figure 3.18 Lamp post in cast iron. (Lim, 2016)

Flag Pole Located at the front of the central axis of the main building, our nation's Jalur Gemilang billows in pride on the 12m flagpole, a constant reminder of the sovereignty of the country.

Figure 3.19 Flag pole in front of the portal. (Lim, 2016)

3.2.2 Softscape As a palace for our country, Islamic Architecture values are integrated. The building was designed to be situated amidst a garden, emblematic of the Paradise in Islamic cultures. In Islam, the spiritual and physical experience of garden with life is inseparable. The symbolism of an Islamic garden represents a universal theme - that of the understanding of nature and the universe (Roche, 2015), which is clearly integrated in an ecological outlook of the built environment, whereby nature and man correlates harmoniously. Here, man coexists with the environment, giving

away

and

receiving

return.

From this Figure 3.20 The royal garden of Muzium Diraja. (Chin, 2016)

partnership, man is bound to attain peace, while floral and foliages thrives and flourishes, unbridled and verdant.

3.2.2.1 Water

(Hilmi 2014), which enriches the building's visual experience. This draws people closer to God through

In Islam, water is seen as life-giving, sustaining, and

quiet meditation and to echo the Qur'anic phrase of

purifying as the Qu'ran states, "From water every living

"gardens underneath which rivers flow". (Hilmi, 2014).

creature was created." (James, 2009). It represents the gracious gift of Allah to mankind, which comes in the number of 4, representing the 4 earthly rivers: the Nile, Euphrates, Sayhan and Jayhan, the streams from the Garden of Eden, which is paradise. According to Prophet Muhammad's recordings of his miraculous journey to the heaven, he mentioned four rivers flowing with milk, honey, wine and water. (Hilmi, 2014). From these accounts we can conclude that the number four has the inherent symbolism reflecting the natural world and water is also a symbol of life and prosperity, as without water, man's existence would be a short-lived affair. Thus, water is cherished, honored and channeled as a

Figure 3.21 Water is celebrated in most Islamic Architecture, including the Old Istana Negara. (Lim, 2016)

language of architecture in the garden and there is a total of four types of water features introduced here. In architectural context, water gracefully depicts reflection, refraction and transformation of light throughout the day

Fountain Two identical Arabesque fountains welcome the patrons with cascades of pristine water, whereby the soothing gushes of water calms the spirit and the sprinkles of water freshens the air. It cleanses the souls of patrons before entering the complex.

Figure 3.22 Fountain. (Lim, 2016)

Pool A swimming pool offers splashes of cool refreshing water for the royal family during a hot summer. The pool is lined with pergolas to achieve the Islamic teaching of Haya, which means modesty, whereby it acts as a filter to provide certain degree of privacy for the royals without obstructing the views towards the surrounding. Figure 3.23 The pool with pergolas. (Chin, 2016)

Runnel Run alongside the stairway towards the pool, water trickles down the runnel, symbolizing the longevity of life. The water runnel is aligned to the Qibla line, facing the holy land of Mecca, as the Balairung Seri, the throne hall.

Figure 3.24 Rivulet runs gracefully in the runnel. (Chin, 2016)

Lake Embraced by lush floral and foliage, an oasis among the heart of the city of Kuala Lumpur, the lake is a sanctuary for the Royal Family. The towering trees surrounding the lake are the natural sunshades that cast delicate shadows of the foliage in this hot tropical climate while the royalties can enjoy the serenity of the place. During early days, Koi and carps were rared in the lake. Koi is a symbol of auspicious in Chinese belief, so it is evident that due to the multiracial background of our country,

Figure 3.25 Lake surrounded by greeneries. (Chin, 2016)

cultural assimilation seeps deep in the root of our people.

3.2.2.2Plants Muslims appreciate nature as a source of joy, inspiration and enlightenment. Tree is a symbol of wisdom, roots in meditation and bears fruit of spirit. "Tree of life" is seen as the connecting link between the three world levels of ancient Orient: The Paradise (sky), World of human (earth) and the World Below (underworld), (Munday, 2004) with its branches and foliage soaring towards the sky, trunk on the ground and roots deeply engraved in the soil. Wide arrays of tropical flora lght up the garden with vibrant colours and wafts of fragrance which give a sense of serenity amidst the hot weather. Also a tradition in Islamic garden, whereby most Islamic Arabic countries situated in hot arid desert zone, blooms offer a refreshing ambient of hope and life. In this context, the vegetation serves as a screen that buffers the hustle and bustle of the city against the serenity of the region, as a home for the King, a Garden of Eden amidst the throbbing city of Figure 3.26 The array of plants in the Old Istana Negara. (Lim, 2016)

Kuala Lumpur.

Iris

Hibiscus The national flower of Malaysia, a symbol of

A perennial flora, elegant and vibrant in its tinge of

independence and nationhood. Its influences can be

saffron. It is perhaps the most favored flower after roses

seen at the carvings of the throne and the gilded panels

and tulips. Originated from the humble foothill of Turkey,

of the Balairung Seri. In Hindu religion, it is used as an

it reached the hands of the most powerful man of the

offering to Lord Ganesha and the Goddess Kali

vicinity, the King and later the love for Iris spread across

(Unknown, 2015). Here, it was trimmed into spherical

the European continents and throughout the world. In the

bobs, a subtle shift from the strong emancipation of

Ottomans era, Iris is a crowned jewel, admired by the

human control over nature, into gentler nuance of

royalties, as a symbol of supremacy and status. In

guidance and care

Turkish Islamic Culture, Irises are usually associated with funeral tradition. Muslims plant white Irises at the grave of the deceased as a symbol of remembrance and love. Besides, It is also a royal emblem of power and position of the Bourbon Kings of France, including Louis XIV. (Allen, n.d.). In art, Irises appear in many instances, such as paintings by the impressionist such as Cezanne, Claude Monet and Van Gogh.

Figure 3.27. Iris in blossom. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.28 Hibiscus in the vicinity. (Lim, 2016)

Montgomery Palm Honored with its slender upright nature, the species is widely planted in the vicinity, coherent with the verticality of the Former Istana Building. Unlike other palms species such as the traveler's palm and the royal palm with large bushy, feathery leaves, its leaves are considerably small, tapered gently as it reaches the tip, evocative of the elegance of austerity that Islamic teaching urges. Figure 3.29 Montgomery palms flanks the descending path towards the field. (Lim, 2016)

Box hedge The box is a stalwart in Western garden, due to its versatile nature of pruning into various forms. Especially in a Renaissance garden where order, symmetry and structure

are

emphasized.

Delicately

clipped

into

hedges, the uniformity of the hedges is not of oppression or dominion, but of order, formality and calmness Figure 3.30 Box clipped into hedges lines the border. (Lim, 2016)

Yew A symbol of hope, as the tree constantly and faithfully points towards the heaven. Due to its long life, it is often referred to longevity. (Peters, 2011)

Hujan-hujan (Samania Saman Leguminosae) . A lush foliated tree, reached up to stories high, provides ample sunshades for the vicinity.

Figure 3.31 Yew. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.32. Hujan-hujan tree. (Lim, 2016)

Top: Figure 3.33. Trimmed hedges. (Lim, 2016) Bottom: Figure 3.34. The garden adorned by fountain. (Lim, 2016)

3.2.2.3 Light

installed. From this practice, we can conclude that instead of opposing what nature casts upon, vernacular

In Islam, light represents the presence of God, thus is

architecture works within their boundaries and get the

always honored and revered. The Qur'an states "God is

most out of it. The result is a beautiful scenery,

the light of the heavens and the earth." Form, space and

shimmering in hues of cream and gold under the

order can only be defined when light is present, just as

choreography of light.

life can only be enlightened when God is present. In modern architecture, light is always celebrated. I.M. Pei once stated "In order to make space and form come alive, you need light." Corbusier also manifested that "Architecture

the

learned

game,

correct

and

magnificent, of forms assembled in the light." (James, 2009). In this hot tropical climate with year long summer, light is carefully portrayed. Natural daylight casts a clear definition of the building's mass and form, of an upright structure, austere and poised, fit for regalia. With the presence of daylight, water features such as lake and fountains cast ever changing reflections of light which Figure 3.35. The reflection of light casts a picture on the granite

brings out the silent beauty of water. In order to filter out

floor. (Lim, 2016).

the strong direct beams of daylight harnessed to light up the interior of the King's suite, awnings and louvers are

3.3 Architectural Influences

Istana Negara stays true to Palladian and British Colonial, but as it progresses to the Balairung Seri wing, there is a strong sense of Modernism applied. The

3.3.1 Corbusian International Style

difference between the styles is starkly obvious and the

The last and most recent architectural style that has

architectural elements between the two historical styles

influenced the Istana Negara is Modernism. Over the

and the modern one is vast. From the Sky bridge to the

years as Malaysia moves into the 21st century, our

entire wing of the Balairung Seri, the exterior façade is of

architecture has been shaped to follow the advancement

modernistic influence with just a hint of British Colonial in

of technology, and like many historical sites of Malaysia,

the use of verandas and interior spaces. The external

additions and extensions have been made to the

walls also do not have any decorative elements like the

historical sites, adopting a more modern approach

main palace wing and majority of the windows remain

compared to traditional. Whether this is due to

flush against the walls, creating crisp shapes and giving

convenience or intentional it is unclear, but it does show

the Balairung Seri wing a very simple, clean look with

us the changes made over time. Modernism is a style

minimal decorations.

that

The

The floor plan itself has a very simple, geometrically pure

masters, such as Le Corbusier, impacted the era greatly

shape, a feature which is key in Modern architecture.

as it opened a whole new door to the industry. The style

Though

is significantly different from any other as it is much more

„modernistic‟ because of its lavishly decorated space, the

simplified, less physically decorated and pure in

geometrical form of the plan itself is quite linear, and

revolutionalized

the

architectural

world.

geometrical language. The main palace wing of the

the

interior

spaces

can‟t

considered

mainly consists of a combination of rectangles and squares, keeping the room shape functional.

Figure 3.37 The skybridge transverse across the building. (Tey, FIgure 3. 36 The exterior of Balairung Building. ( Tey, 2016)

2016)

3.3.2 Machine Regionalism A branch of development from the international style, as Malaysian Architecture Critic, Mr. Rashid put with, this language can be depicted as the regional response towards climatic issue, just as the way a machine adapts itself smartly for the user. In the Balairung Seri building, this signature is clearly shown by the usage of arched overhanging louvers around the perimeter of the fenestration, to allow daylight penetration while reducing heat gain. Besides, the use of "egg-crate" louvers filters the

glare

direct

sunlight

while

allowing

the

choreography of light to take stage at the considerably Figure 3.38 The rear elevation of the building. (Lim, 2016)

plain exterior according to the shifting time.

3.3.3 Islamic Architecture

repeated all around. The ceiling of the room also has repetitive elements such as the domes which is also an

Dikr

example of Islamic architecture.

Which means remembrance, instill the user to constantly contemplate the words of Allah. The incorporation of Quranic verses in Arabic into the designs as shown in Fig.3.39, is something quite noticeable in the throne rooms of both palaces. In Islam, it is believed that calligraphy is the highest form of art as it is the writing of the divine script and is considered the purest form of religious expression (Hilmi, 2014). As God is given first place in Islam, Islamic architecture should portray the remembrance of Allah. Therefore this remembrance of God is achieved through the repetition of Islamic elements as a constant reminder of God's presence and Figure 3.39 The pelmet on the Singgahsana depicting the Quranic

teachings. Through this, a sense of unity is created in

Verses. (LIm, 2016)

these rhythmic elements revealing the eternal and infinite nature of Godâ&#x20AC;&#x;s essence. An example of this as seen on the interior elevations of the throne room at the old palace, where the pointed arch on the windows is

Ikhlas Bears the message of looking towards the heaven as an expression of submission and conformity to God. The complex is devoid of human and animal motifs as the teaching of Quran in order to avoid idolatry.

The

Balairung Seri is adorned with Bunga Raya, the national flower of our country. Their Majesty's suites are ornamented with frescos, plasters and paintings of roses, irises, grapes, flora of all kinds. The appreciation towards

Figure 3.40 The bedroom is adorned with cottage flora. (Lim, 2016)

mother nature is a praised ettique in Quran, as this signifies the humility of mankind under the awe divinity of the Creator. Besides, the design of the garden, resembling the idea of paradise is also inspired by the teaching. With foliages and flora of wide array, vibrantly reminds the family of the grace of Allah that bestowed upon us, gracefully and abundantly.

Figure 3.41 The reception area of the apartment. (Lim, 2016)

Haya

whereas the only access for the guests is the main entrance door.

Which is the concept of humility, descency and modesty is also highlighted in the building. For instance, the exterior design and the main entrance is not in a frivolously grand scale. The Balairung Seri has a mezzanine that transverse across the double volume hall, which somehow truncated the grand percussion. But as we entered the atrium, the procession slowly unraveled in crescendo, which peaks at the Singgahsana after reaching the inner sanctum. This reflects the concept of Haya, which grandiose is not in par with the phenomenal

Figure 3.42 The Singgahsana. (Lim, 2016)

richness, but lies within the soul of the place. In Haya, privacy of occupants should be protected via

Also, Their Majesty's apartment is also in a modest scale,

creating indirect visual access between guests and

well planned and organized according to the concept of

family area, by having a transition or double circulation

"dual-compartmentalisation," whereby the segregation

between the public and private zone. This is clearly

between male and female is highlighted for a specific

shown in the Balairung Seri's circulation, whereby the

lifestyle. For instance, the washroom of His Majesty is

royalty can access the hall through the curtained corridor

separated from Her Majesty's bathroom in concern of the aurah preservation.

Figure 3.44 Hers Majesty bathroom. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.43 His Majesty's bathroom. (Lim, 2016)

3.3.4 Victorian Style An eclectic play of opulence and ornamentations, the style celebrates the mix and match between architectural influences from several eras, such as the Romanesque, the Byzantine, the Renaissance and the Arts and Crafts movement . This style is adopted at their Majesty's suite. with plastered ceilings of Classical Revival, Rococo inspired whiplash adorned mirror frames, Arts and Crafts influenced wallpaper and furniture. It is believed that the style is always regarded as the status quo of the rich.

Figure 3.45 Rococo inspired mirror frame. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 3.46 Victorian style bedroom. (Lim, 2016)

4.1 Form The annex building of Istana Negara is a tripled-storey building connected to the main building, Muzium Diraja (the Royal Museum). Constructed by reinforced concrete as a primary structure, the building has a relatively simple and solid massing as compared to the main building. The combination of the Islamic architecture and the modernistic expressionism expressed in the building reveal the urge of our nation to catch up the pace with other well developed countries.According to the Islamic architecture, the most striking feature of all Islamic

Figure 4.1Exterior view of the annex building (Chin, 2016)

architecture is the focus on the interior space as opposed to the outside or faรงade. (Imam Reza, 2016)

Exterior From the bird's eye view, this building stands as a combination of two simple rectangular massing with a flat roof, orientated with its main entrance facing the east, towards the west wing of the main building. As Islamic architecture

promotes

simplicity

exterior,

only

repetitive arched windows and arched colonnades are used. Arches inherited from Roman and Byzantine

Figure 4.2Top view of the annex building (Lee, 2016)

architecture is very common in Islamic architecture and widely used in religious buildings. Structurally the arch responds to the horizontal and vertical thrust perfectly highlighting the importance of balance in Islamic culture. (Muslim Heritage, n.d) However, the arches in this building are mainly for decorative purposes. In short, the exterior of the building only reveals the International style and Islamic influence but does not tell much of a story behind the building; conversely, the interior of the annex building reveals a more luxurious design approach.

Figure 4.3Perspective view of North Elevation (Foo, 2016)

Interior Islamic architecture concept has been proven once again in the interior of the grand Balairung Seri (the Throne Hall) which stressed on the highly decorated and ornamented detailing, contributing on the aesthetic impact. The lighting plays an important role in making the interior extravagant and lavish as it is also a symbol of divine unity. In the interior, the press room divides the double volume

Figure 4.4Ground Floor Plan of Balairung Seri(Tan,

Balairung Seri into two parts, cutting off the grandiose

2016)

flow towards the center of the main throne hall. However, unlike the main building, the annex building is not symmetrical. From the plan view, although the throne hall is accommodated in the middle of the annex building, the northern and southern wings share a different proportion. (Refer to fig 4.4)

Figure 4.5Photo showing press room cutting through double volume throne hall (Lee, 2016)

4.2 Space Planning Nestled on a hill in the capital city of Kuala Lumpur at Jalan Istana, the palace complex includes the Royal component, Formal component, and Administration component, with an area coverage of 11.34 hectares. From the main entrance of this complex, a long palm tree Figure 4.6Palm tree lined driveway (Lim, 2016)

lined driveway made of square tiles will lead one to the main part of the building, Royal Museum Gallery, and later the annex building located in the west wing where the grand Balairung Seri (the Throne Hall) is located. There are two ways to entering the annex building, from the colonnade corridor in the exterior, or from the sky bridge in the first floor that connects the main building together with the apartment of His Majesty and Her Majesty.

Figure 4.7Connectivity between the main building and the annex building. ( Lim, 2016)

4.2.1 Entrance & Approach Prior to passing into the interior of the annex building, an oblique approach applied to enhance the effect of perspective on the front faรงade. Rows of columns act as the metaphor of imperial guardian welcoming the patron. The transition of space is enhanced by the visual contrast between the sheltered colonnade corridor with ornate ceiling and the grandiose throne hall. Figure 4.8The colonnade corridor. (Foo, 2016)

Upon reaching the entrance, the axis focuses on the Singgahsana (the throne), giving an unobstructed view towards it to emphasize its prominence. With special royal yellow curtains as a backdrop - symbol of beholding the supremacy, the majestic of royal family is strengthened, enthralling one while entering.

Figure 4.9The Entrance of grand Balairung Seri. (Tan, 2016)

4.2 Islamic Architecture in Space Planning Essence of Islamic architecture is an achievement of delicate

balance

between functional

and

spiritual

elements (Hilmi, 2014).The grid organization allows the orderly rows of columns to punctuate the spatial volume and allow a measurable rhythm to be established. The throne hall is the core of this annex building. Columns in this enclosed system divide the 5 rows of ceiling into a „coffered‟ pattern, creating a sense of harmony. This

Figure 4.10Repetition of ogival window and floral motifs. (Foo, 2016)

expresses a characteristic of Architecture for Iqtisad, Notion of “Heart”, Harmony. Islamic Teachings also emphasize the remembrance of God (Allah) through rhythmic precision of Islamic Motifs. In addition to that, the concept of Architecture for Dikr is expressed through the repetitive units of windows with pointed arches as well as the motifs below, which is inspired by the national flower of Malaysia, the Hibiscus.

Figure 4.11The ‘coffered’ ceiling. (Lim, 2016)

4.3 Connection between Main Building and Annex Building

Although the staircase next to the waiting hall could lead one up to the King‟s and Queen‟s suite, the sky bridge Figure 4.12 Interior view of the sky bridge (Lim, 2016)

still serves a very crucial function in which it connects the annex building to the main building, offering a perfect view towards the surrounding landscape. In the first floor, it

shows

the

Pass-Through-Space

path

space

relationships. The rooms on the first floor are divided by a series of corridors leading into the pantry, Dining Room of His Majesty and Her Majesty, mirrored finished laundry room, Queen‟s Powder room, Study and Family Room, and finally the Queen‟s Bedroom. Figure 4.13Exterior view from the skybridge (Joshua, 2016)

Ground Floor In the ground floor, to accommodate multiple functions and relationship with the user, the spaces are linked by a dominant room, the grand Balairung Seri (the Throne Hall). The throne hall is defined by quality of light as well as changes in ceiling height rather than only wall panels. In Malay culture, light marks the presence of God and symbolize goodness, while yellow symbolizes royalty, accomplishment and virtue. Ornate ceiling pelmets with hues

gold

hung

above

the

double

volume

Singgahsana are decorated with chandeliers imported from Austria, creating a divine unity, giving a more royal self-experience.

Figure 4.14 Simplified Ground Floor Plan. (Foo, 2016)

On the north wing adjacent to the dominant room are meeting room, resting room of sultans and governors, Figure 4.15Chandelier and lighting effect in the atrium of

dressing room, living room, and toilet. Whereas the

Balairung Seri (Foo, 2016)

service rooms such as mechanical & electrical room, kitchen, storage room are concentrated on the north.

Figure 4.16 Panaromic view of double volume Balairung Seri. (Joshua, 2016)

First Floor Private spaces are mainly accommodated in the first floor, the Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x;s and Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x;s suite, and semi-private space such as press room and storage room. When coronation or investiture of the honored being hosted, the reporters of different radio station invited will be assigned to different division along the corridor of the press room which are separated by partition. This corridor also direct the workers to the storage room, toilet, as well as the kitchen in the ground floor, basically Figure 4.17 Simplified first floor plan ( Foo, 2016)

all the service room in southern wing.

First Floor : King's and Queen's Suite In response to the climate in Malaysia, the Queen‟s bedroom are located at north-west direction. In addition, the west façade are well shaded by the canopy of tree, thereby minimizing the solar heat gained. These rooms are heavily influenced by Victorian style, representing the luxurious and lavish royal lifestyle. Hung above the ceiling in the Queen‟s bedroom are the chandelier and painting of floral and foliage as well as motifs devoid of Figure 4.19 Gender segregated washroom (Yeoh, 2016)

animals or human figure, showing the incorporation of Victorian style with Islamic culture. Islamic teaching emphasizes gender segregation in sacred and private space. Thus, the bedroom as well as washroom for the King and Queen are separated, showing their respect to each other. In addition to that, to address privacy, the orientation of door is refrained from facing one another.

Figure 4.20 Victorian style interior. (Yeoh, 2016)

Lower Ground Floor

circulation at the press room and perhaps, that is the only imperfection in this planning.

Right below the Singgahsana there is the lower ground floor that accommodate a utility room and restroom for both gender. Looking towards the exterior of the building are beautiful landscapes including lake and greeneries that obey the Islamic teachings, creating a calming and peaceful effect to the atmosphere. According to the senior architect Captain David Wee, he thinks that the residential and official areas must be linked rather than knit together. (Masterpiece, 1999) Thereby, the space planning of this building is a result to that, divided into

Figure 4.21 Simplified Lower Ground Floor Plan. (Foo, 2016)

few section: south wing as machinery of the royal household, the centre and north wing in the ground floor as administrative and official areas, whereas north wing in the first floor as residential area. The circulations pattern in this building also designed in such a way that it helps to define the privacy for different rooms, avoiding access of public to the residential area of His Majesty and Her Majesty. However, there is a wasted double

4.3 Singgahsana Singgahsana, the Throne is the symbol of supremacy and of a Government where the king rules with honor and sovereignty. It is elaborately designed to represent a structure befitting the official use of His Majesty in carrying out his royal duties. This is the fourth version of the throne, renovated during the reign of Almarhum Sultan Azlan Muhibbuddin Shah and used by the four subsequent Yang di-Pertuan Agong. Singgahsana is Figure 4.22Side view of the grand Singgahsana. (Foo, 2016)

made up of 4 parts, the throne, Dais structure, roof and background. In addition to that, the steps combined together symbolizing the highest status of the National Throne in the country. It is designed by the architect of Jabatan Kerja Raya, Kapt. (L) David Wee and Encik Shahar bin Karim after studying the design of other Singgahsana in Malaysia. The throne is decorated with carved motifs that combine the arabesque features and sprinkled hibiscus motifs, filled with the stately charm of sovereignty, replete with traditional amenities.

Figure 4.23 The throne. (Foo, 2016)

Takhta

The Malaysian society looks upon the Singgahasana as a symbol of royalty and honour because it is where Their Majesty are seated. Lined with fine velvet and coated in gold hued copper, it exemplified the status of regalia in grandiose. The carvings embracing the cushion bears the symbol of paddy stalks, which signifies abundance. The backrest is embroidered with the coats of arms of the nation, with another etched on the top, to signifies the constant upholds of the nation's dignity.

Figure 4.24 The Seat, known as takhta. (Leong, 2016)

Pelmet As a nation with multi-racial society, rich in cultural traits

the words " the power to do govern" are placed right in

and traditional Islamic handicraft, the motifs of siku

the middle and forms the center of whole verse. A

kelawar

Peninsular

sentence of Al-Quran is carved on the top of the

Singgahsana

Singgahsana to symbolize Islam as the national religion

symbolize the inspiration of multi-racial people of the

in Malaysia, Yang di-Pertuan Agong as Ketua Agama

country and our desire to achieve national unity, peace

Persekutuan.

Malaysia,

and

hibiscus,

Sabah

and

originated

from

Sarawak

and prosperity, are the result of the harmonious acculturation from different states thereby highlighting the national identity and projecting the prosperity, harmony and rich multi-racial society. The throne is covered with 2 pelmets (bumbung), the first carries inscriptions of glorious names of Allah. The second carries the inscription of a Quranic verse, which means, " Allah who holds the power of sovereignty, it is You who gives the power to govern to whom You wish

Figure 4. 25. The pelmet with gilded inscription.

and its is You withdraw the power to govern from who

(Leong, 2016)

You wish." ~ Surah Ali-Imran verse 26. The verse is so inscribed that

Background carvings

and human beings to constantly remember and respect their creator, Allah S.A.W.

The motif of Singgahsana symbolizing the nationality of Peninsular Malaysia with Sabah and Sarawak. The initial ideas of the carvings on Singgahsana was from Pengerusi

Jawatankuasa

Pertabalan,

YB Tan

Sri

Muhammad Ghazali Shafie. However, Jabatan Kerja Raya, Kementerian Kebudayaan Belia dan Sukan and Institute Teknologi MARA worked together to produce the final arrangement of motif. Inspired by our national flower, the motifs carved by Pakatan Juru Ukir Tradisional are coated in gold color bringing the feeling of royal supremacy to the Singgahsana. Islam states that it is the responsibility of every individual to treat all creation with respect, and God deserved the most respect and dignity among all. Respect begins with loving and obeying the commandments of God and from this respect flow all the manners and high standards of morality that are inherent in Islam. (The Religion of Figure 4.26 and 4.27 The background carvings. (Leong, 2016)

Islam, 2014) In response to this, the throne dais is designed as an upright structure to remind all creations

Pillars The 7 pillars represents the whole world, consist of 7 layers of sky and earth. Whereas the row of 5 pillars that stand behind the throne represents the 5 principles of National

Ideology

(Rukun

Negara).

With

these

meaningful design concept applied on the throne, besides preserving the interesting Islamic cultural in our country, it also reminds every Malaysian to be proud of our own identity and together stride towards a developed country. Figure 4.28 Closer shot on the carvings. (Leong, 2016)

5.1 Structural

Known as the pioneering material in the late 19th century, further escalated during the International style period, thanks to Corbusier, as Perret (n.d.) stated, "

5.1.1 Reinforced Concrete (RC)

concrete frame as an agent for resolving the age-old

Concrete is a mixture of cement, sand and gravel or

conflict between the structural authenticity of the Gothic

other aggregate and water. Concrete is easily formed to

and the Humanist values of classical form " (Figure 5.1)

a wide variable of shapes and sizes. Although concrete

Thus, concrete is being incorporated to the architecture

has high compression strength, it is weak in terms of

to express a touch on modernism.

tensile strength, therefore it is a brittle material. Because of the lack in tension strength, steels are required to be used in conjunction of concrete for strengthening and reinforcing

the

tensile

strength

concrete.

The

combination of the material, concrete and steel rebar are better known as "Reinforced Concrete".

Advantages of Reinforced Concrete : - Great compressive and tension strength

Figure 5.1 Exterior faรงade view of the Balairung Seri (Lee, 2016)

- Better fire resistance than steel

Structural Concrete Elements

Walls Walls (Figure 5.2) are vertical structure erected to set a boundary from the outside.

Figure 5.2Exterior wall (Lee, 2016)

Slab Slabs (Figure 5.3) are thick horizontal structure found in building floors and roof. The slab carries gravity and lateral loads.

Figure 5.3Roof slab (Lee, 2016)

Beams Long horizontal structure (Figure 5.4) found supporting a level or roof. Beams transfer loads from the slab to the columns.

Figure 5.4Interior ceiling and beams (Lee, 2016)

Columns Columns (Figure 5.5) are vertical structures that transfers loads from above to the foundation. Here, the columns are fluted, due to the preference in the era, whereby fluted columns had substituted Tuscan columns, where stretches of flutes exemplifies its verticality, suggesting formality. Figure 5.5Columns at the porch (Lee, 2016)

Footings Footings (Figure 5.6) are the foundation of the building. It transfers the load from above and distributes it to the ground.

Figure 5.6Concrete Foundation (Lee, 2016)

In (Figure 5.7), verticality is emphasized with the usage of columns throughout the building. View of the east elevation consists of slender vertical columns, tapering the flow from lower ground floor towards the roof.. Figure 5.7View of the east elevation consisting of tall vertical columns (Lee, 2016)

(Joshua, 2016)

In (Figure 5.8) Walls are texture sprayed to give a rough finishing which can withstand weathering better than smooth surface and also to disperse sunlight smoothly to reduce glare. (Tey, 2016) Figure 5.8Walls spray painted to give a rough finishing emphasizes the horizontal contrast between the smooth surface (Tey, 2016)

5.1.2 Steel In the 19th century, steel is popularized at the intervention to replace the brittle iron, allowing human to build higher inventing the skyscrapers. Steel is a type of alloy made up of the composition of carbon and iron. The element, carbon gives a unique strength and other properties that are suitable for structural material in the building industry. In the case of the Balairung Seri, steel rebar

are

used

conjunction

with

concrete

Figure 5.9Diagram on concrete reinforced with steel rebar

(Lee, 2016)

compensate for the weak tensile strength of the concrete by increasing the tensile resistance. These are shown in (Figure 5.9) and (Figure 5.10).

Advantages of Reinforcement Steel (Rebar) : - Good strength, resist shear, tension and compression forces - Works well with concrete Figure 5.10Arches made with the usage of reinforced concrete

- High modulus of elasticity , high degree of stiffness

(Lim, 2016)

Steel Trusses Prefabricated steel trusses are found in the roof of the Balairung Seri porch. The steel trusses are prefabricated Figure 5.11 Steels are welded together (Lee, 2016)

then transported to site and bolted. This is shown in (Figure 5.11).In the porch roof, timber is used as rafters in conjunction with the prefabricated steel trusses. This method will ensure a lightweight and strong roof. This is shown in (Figure 5.12).

Figure 5.12 Steel trusses and timber are seen supporting the structure (Lee, 2016)

5.1.3 Timber Unlike steel and concrete, timber is not made of homogenous structural properties. It does not behave equally in all directions when forces are applied. It is cost saving and less time consuming to build with the implementation of prefabrication. In the Balairung Seri, no timber columns were found to be the structural support for the building except for the timber rafters found in the porch roof. Initially, timber was thought to be used as structural columns for supporting the levels in the interior between levels. However in (Figure 6.13), proved that the timber columns within the room are mainly used for decorating the interior and do not provide any structural support for the ceilings. Advantages of Timber : Figure 5.13 Rotten interior timber column and a badly damaged wall at the edge of the meeting room (Lee, 2016)

- Stronger than other construction materials in terms of strength to weight ratio - Economical, durable, lightweight and easy to work with

5.2 Finishing

Figure 5.14. Finishing diagram at Ground level. Most of the finishing are focused on public area. (Lim, 2016)

Figure 5.15. Finishing diagram at First level. Most of the finishing are focused on the suites (Lim, 2016)

5.2.1 Exterior

room are covered with polished granite slabs of Âž Inch thickness.

It is evident that a great attention to detail and quality was paid to the finishing of the palaceâ&#x20AC;&#x;s rooms. The most elaborate finishing can be found in the main throne hall as well as in the rooms of the royal apartment. The working areas and spaces relating to servicing such as the banquet kitchen are not decorated and finished with their

function

mind

rather

than

aesthetic

considerations. Figure 5.16Rendered plaster on top of the concrete (Tey, 2016)

Plaster rendering The facade is rendered in plaster on top of the concrete (Figure 5.14) and brick elements. A slight difference in the applied rendering technique results in a repetitive pattern of rough and smooth finishes, which breaks the monotony of the relatively plane elevations. Polished Granite The two steps (Figure 5.15) leading from the colonnade

Figure 5.17 The steps (Lim, 2016)

floor level into the main throne hall and into the holding

Granite tiles The floor of the colonnade (Figure 5.16) as well as the planter boxes adjacent to the palace buildings are tiled in small, homogenous square tiles of 10cm x 10cm, which is a continuation from the tiled floor in front of the main palace building. The tiled surface ends at the southern end of the colonnade. From that point onwards, a tarred

Figure 5.18 Floor of the colonnade (Lim, 2016)

road surface continues. Concrete roof tiles The roof of the colonnade (Figure 5.17) is covered with standard size painted concrete roof tiles.

Figure 5.19 Roof of the colonnade (Lim, 2016)

5.2.2 Interior Timber Panels As can be seen in the photographs, the main throne hall is elaborately decorated using fine materials and workmanship. Most noticeable are the wooden panels and carvings decorating the length and width of the throne hall. From older documents it appears that the main panelling was made from a darker wood (Figure Figure 5.20 Old balairung in dark wood panelling (Lim, 2016)

5.18) possibly suggesting the use of local tropical hardwood. However whether the panels are made of solid timber or real wood veneer could not be established since they had been painted with white lacquer. The carvings placed on top of the main panels (Figure 5.19) are made of gilded hardwood and since they were made by craftsmen from Kelantan it is likely that the wood is also from a local source and of good quality. No joinery is visible in the carvings and trimmings, further suggesting that they were made from single pieces of

Figure 5.21 Roof of the colonnade (Lee, 2016)

timber.

Timber panel with embroidered fabric The walls of the private rooms (Figure 5.25) are covered in elaborate paneling. In a damaged area of the meeting room paneling it could be observed that the paneling is installed on a timber frame that is fastened into the main

Figure 5.22 Private room (Tey, 2016)

wall. The elements of the paneling consist of block boards, real wood veneer as well as solid hardwood trimmings. The main panel surface (Figure 5.26) are lightly cushioned and covered with Viennese, woven material with a high thread count and elaborate patterns.

Figure 5.23 Detailing on ceiling (Kong, 2016)

Plaster Ceiling The elaborate detailing is continued on the ceilings (Figure 5.20), which are given a coffered appearance by cladding the ventilation ducts that traverse the throne hall in regular intervals in plasterboards and installing a plasterboard ceiling at the upper of the ducts level. The plasterboards (Figure 5.21) appear to be of good, thick quality as no sagging and misaligned joinery can be seen. The plasterboards are further decorated with

Figure 5.24The plasterboards inside of the throne

gilded moldings. It could not be established whether

(Lim, 2016)

these were made of stucco, plaster, solid timber trimmings or any other material.

Carpet The entire floor of the throne hall is carpeted. The plush carpet (Figure 5.22) was imported and custom designed to fit the room. Figure 5.25 Plush carpet (Lim, 2016)

Parquet Flooring

Parquet flooring was installed in the sky bridge (Figure 5.27), the corridors (Figure 5.28) of the private quarters as well as the bedroom, personal dining room, powder room and study room. Detailed intarsia are inlayed into the parquet floors in some areas, with arabesco motifs.

Figure 5.26 Parquet flooring in the sky brige (Lim, 2016)

Marble The bathroom walls (Figure 5.30) and floors in the private quarters are tiled with marble tiles, which were laid with a very thin grouting line. All fixtures such as soap dish holders, taps, and rails were gilded. Figure 5.28 Mirror finished cabinet doors (Lim, 2016)

Mirror Many of the cupboard doors (Figure 5.29) are paneled with mirrors to create an infinity view. In Malay tradition, it is believed that mirror can prevent ominous affairs

Figure 5.27 Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bathroom (Lim, 2016)

6.1 Columns Columns are defined as rigid and relatively slender structural members designed to support compressive loads. This freestanding monument can be used as a decorative component as well as supportive structure in a building. A column basically made up of 3 parts, the capital, shaft and base. In the year of 1980s, concrete and reinforcement are known as the modern building material thus widely used.

Figure 6.1 members in a

Figure 6.2 Difference between

column (Tey, 2016)

structural and decorative column (Tey, 2016)

Structural : Doric Columns Along the corridor, not all the columns are structural. Figure shows the structural Doris columns that is standing alone. Among the columns that come in pairs, some are only for decorative purpose. Engaged Columns

Figure 6.3 The Doric Columns supporting the porch. (Eng, 2016)

Engaged columns are columns embedded in the wall but leaving partially of it projected from the wall. In 1980s, reinforced concrete are widely used in construction. Engaged concrete in this case could be seen from the faรงade, giving a measurable rhythm to the building.

Figure 6.4 Engaged column exposed in faรงade. (Eng, 2016)

The construction of the Doric columns can either be precasted or cast-in-situ, but to speed up the construction time, the columns are most probably pre-casted. First, the mold of the fluted columns are prepared, usually applied with a coat of bitumen for easy detach after the cast is done. Then, a core is placed at the center. Concrete are then poured into the cast and left to cure. Columns are usually casted in segmented drums for easy transport. After the drums are completely cured, the core is detached and the drums are assembled accordingly, cleaned and mortared to sealed off the gaps between the drums if preferred and applied with a coat of paint.

Figure 6.5 Column part terminologies. (Tey, 2016)

Decorative Tuscan Column The columns found in the Grand Atrium of the Balairung Seri are known as Tuscan column influenced by Roman architecture. Tuscan is one of the oldest and most simple architectural form practices in ancient Italy. It is well-

Figure 6.7Drawing showing relationship of structural and

known for its plain design without any carvings or

decorative column in the throne (Neoh, 2016)

ornamentation. The construction of these columns are ready made by polyurethane, ready to be finished by paints. It is hollow and light, easy to be installed.

Figure 6.6 Parts of Tuscan column (Tey, 2016)

6.2 Roof There are two types of roof in Balairung Seri which include corrugated metal pitched roof and pyramidal concrete tile roof. The parapet of the main building and the annex building is connected by the sky bridge and

Figure 6.8 Bird eye view of annex building roof. (Lee, 2016)

one can access through the expanded metal as shown in figure. On top of the annex building are two corrugated steel pitched roof, gable and shed roof. Two sloping gradient joint by the ridge cap form the gable roof at the east, extends over the concrete wall to give overhangs.

Figure 6.9 Expanded metal walkway between the roofs of Main and annex building. (Lee, 2016)

In general, the inner frame are known as ladder frame, consists rafter to allow fixing of standard corrugated metal sheet. Beneath the metal roof is the concrete gutter. The run of the rafter is taken from the inside face of the top plate on the higher wall to the outside face of the plate on the lower wall. When figuring the overhang at the higher wall, itâ&#x20AC;&#x;s included the thickness of the stud

Figure 6.10 Illustration showing concrete gutter section and fixing on metal sheet (Foo, 2016)

wall and the rise it the vertical distance from the top of the lower plate to the top of the higher plate.

Figure 6.11 Concrete gutter. (Foo, 2016)

Lie above the corridor are the concrete tile roof with valley gutter. A finishing trim called a barge board is nailed to the last rafter. This barge board is sufficiently wider than the rafters to cover the entire end rafter including the tilting fillet. A soffit is then fixed to the underside to match the soffit under the eaves. The fascia Figure 6.12 Section of concrete tile roof.(Neoh, 2016)

can be mitered to the barge board at the foot while the top of the barge board at the apex of the roof is mitered to the matching barge board on the other side.

Figure 6.13 Concrete tile roof & concrete gutter.(Lee, 2016)

7.1 Columns Columns are basically cylindrical structures that supports the imposed load of a building. The columns at the Balairung Seri are Doric and Ionic. The columns can be seen easily along the pathway towards the entrance of the Balairung Seri (Figure 7.1). The walkway outside the main entrance is shaded and supporting the structure are 28 Doric columns that consist of both single and paired columns. The placements of the columns are

Figure 7.1Single and double columns (Lee, 2016)

shown in (Figure 7.2). The placement of the Doric columns are mirrored when seen from plan. Even on both sides, the columns give the structure balance and a sense of symmetry. The columns are also placed in a singular motion providing a sense of direction for users to follow leading to the main entrance.

Figure 7.2 Placement of columns (Tey, 2016)

In the Balairung Seri, the columns are long, cylindrical and thick in diameter. Together with the ornaments and arches in the Balairung Seri (Figure 7.3), the cylindrical columns add to the sense of royalty and greatness as Figure 7.3Columns in Balairung(Lee, 2016)

size defines how profile the place is during its period of time. The columns are repeated from the entrance to the throne area (Figure 7.4) inside of the Balairung Seri and this portrays a sense of stability and strength of the building.

Figure 7.4Throne area inside the Balairung (Lee, 2016)

7.2 Pilasters The pilasters found in the meeting room (Figure 7.5) of the Balairung Seri is Ionic. The pilaster is repeated throughout the room and can be seen bent in certain corners of the room especially near the restroom entrances. The Ionic pilaster adds to the sense of unity of the meeting room. Figure 7.5Pilaster in meeting room (Lim, 2016)

The pilasters in the Balairung Seri (Figure 7.6) was designed based on functionality. Due to the immense weight of the building and the size of the columns, the pilasters are designed to spread the weight evenly throughout to avoid any unstable factors. Also, this adds to the sense of strength the building intend to portray in conjunction with the presence of royalty.

Figure 7.6Pilaster in Balairung Seri (Lim, 2016)

7.3 Doors The doors within this royal building have significant designs that resemble those from the Victorian era and as for most doors to be exact are of Palladian style. Certain characteristics that make up the Palladian-styled doors are elliptical fanlights or in some cases also adorned with sidelights, both covered with clear or

Figure 7.7 Entrance of to the King and Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suite from the sky bridge (Lee, 2016)

stained glass panels. These types of doors are located mainly at the main entrances or doorways and are found in Palladian-styled villas.(Figure 7.7) shows the door King and Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x;s suite while (Figure 7.8) shows the entrance door to the main Istana Negara building.

Figure 7.8Entrance to the main Istana Negara building (Yeoh, 2016)

These doors show clear symmetries as being the characteristic of Palladian architecture. The only slight modifications to the doors that are similar to those of the Palladian style is the absence of the pediment of a typical Palladian-styled door. The doors within the Balairung Seri (Throne Hall) have been altered slightly by vernacular and cultural designs, hence leading to a Figure 7.9 Entrance to the Holding room of the Balairung Seri (Lee, 2016)

varied door with similar characteristics to the Palladian doors. Most doors which have the pediment removed still maintain the pilasters at the both sides of the door. (Figure 7.9) shows a smaller type of wooden pilaster without the pediment on the top. Apart from the absence of the pediment is the cultural and Islamic influence which have replaced the Victorian human motifs with the floral motifs. The usage of floral motifs (Figure 7.10) is due to the influence of Islamic art.

Figure 7.10Wooden carvings and floral motif which are painted gold as ornamentation (Lee, 2016)

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Most of the doors within the Balairung Seri and the Royal bedrooms are 3-paneled doors, ranging from equal sized panels to panels with the ratio of 8:1:3. Most doors located within the Royal living areas are simple and clean whereas doors which lead to the Balairung Seri and the meeting room are ornamented with floral motifs (Figure 7.11), showing the royal status towards the people. Apart from the decorations, doors which lead to Figure 7.11Wooden double doors with floral carving, leading to the Meeting Room (Tey, 2016)

main areas are of wooden double leaf doors (Figure 7.12) creating a grand entrĂŠe into each main space. This is clearly shown by the double doors that lead into the Balairung Seri from the porch. Since the construction of the Balairung Seri, almost all doors are still in a good condition only with a few doors having a missing door knob. In total, there are 15 prominent types of doors located within the annex building of the Istana Negara.

Figure 7.12Simple wooden double doors, leading to the Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bedroom (Lee, 2016)

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7.4 Windows A window is an opening that is used for the admission of light, sound and air. It is built on a door, the wall or sometimes the roof. It is normally transparent and sometimes translucent. Windows are often arranged also for the purposes of architectural decoration. The windows in Balairung Seri are pointed arch window (Figure 7.13) which is one of the defining characteristics of Gothic architecture. The ornaments of windows in Islamic architecture makes use of specific ornamental forms for example mathematically complicated, elaborate geometric and interlace patterns. These are the common features which serve to decorate a building and these Islamic ornamentations are symbolizing the infinite and Figure 7.13Pointed arch window inside Balairong Seri (Lee, 2016)

the nature of the creation of Allah (the god).

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(Figure 7.14) shows that the floral ornamentation also known as Ataurique in Islamic architecture, these designs composed of various leaves and flowers. They are having diverse patterns, such designs are produced separately, jointly, convergent and embracing. In this case, the decorative unit is composed of a group of overlapping, intertwining, symmetrical and regularly repetitive floral elements between each others. The hibiscus in the middle also represented the national flower for Malaysia.

Figure 7.14Floral ornamentation in Balairung Seri (Lee, 2016)

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7.5 Ceiling A ceiling is considered an interior surface that covers the upper limits of the room. The most common materials used for ceiling are plaster or plasterboard which had been use for centuries and drop ceilings which are ceilings that is suspended below a pre-existing ceiling. There are other types of ceiling such as groove ceilings, coffered ceilings, concrete ceilings etc. The purpose for having

ceiling

for

insulation

and

fire-proofing,

sometimes for decorative purposes.

Coffered Ceiling Figure 7.15 Coffered ceiling at Balairung Seri. (Lim, 2016)

The ceiling of the Balairung Seri is lined up with repeated Coffered ceiling panels, gilded and ornamented with geometrical and floral motifs. The repetition is an Islamic teaching, in remembering the words and presence of God always.

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Plasterboard Ceiling The Ceiling in the dark room (Figure 7.15) of the Balairung Seri is plasterboard ceiling which are easy to maintain. The ceiling doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t have any complex design on it but rather more on the simplistic approach. The

Figure 7.16Covered skirting arranged in and orderly manner (Lee, 2016)

ceiling in the room is plain but has plastered coving around the borders. These covings (Figure 7.16) are arranged in uniform order to maintain the balance of the overall outlook of the ceiling and also to give off a sense of simplicity and pristine look.

Figure 7.17 Plasterboard ceiling with coving surrounding (Lee, 2016)

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7.6 Lighting

Crystal Glass Chandeliers Crystal glass chandeliers with 15 light arms from Vienna

The word „chandelier‟ originates from the French word

are used in the Balairung Seri to provide a sense of

„candere‟ meaning “to be white, glisten.” (Ling, 2015)

elegance, together with the elaborately ornamented ceilings and wall panels. The reflection and refraction of

From its beginnings it was associated with wealth and

glass amplifies the grandness of the space in a warm

power and a burning symbol of success and social

aura.

standing. (Alan, 2011) To exhibit a level of prestige as a grand palace, in this Istana Negara chandeliers are hanging in nearly every room, including dining rooms, bedrooms and so on. (Figure 7.17) shows the chandelier used in the Balairung Seri. Through centuries of development, the design of chandeliers evolved from the primitive brass or silver chandeliers that reflects the light through its polished metal

surface

rock

crystal

and

crystal

glass

chandeliers that reflects and refracts light through its pristine crystalline gem stones that adorned it.

Figure 7.18Chandelier of the Balairung Seri. (Lee, 2016)

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Brass Chandeliers Polished Brass Chandeliers are installed at the ceiling of sky bridge and the Queen's bedroom. The chandeliers are usually used for night illumination as during day time,

Figure 7.19 Chandelier in the sky bridge (Lim, 2016)

the corridor is showered with ample daylight and the windows at the bedroom allows daylight to illuminate the space. Thus, brass chandeliers are opted due to its smooth and warm reflection of light casted by metal surfaces, giving the space a soothing ambience of serenity when night falls.

Figure 7.20 Chandelier at the bedroom with motifs of blooming roses (Lim, 2016)

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7.7 Wooden Carvings The artistic essence of the Malay community flows through the entire Balairung Seri, strongly shown by the numerous designs of wood carvings and floral motifs, or also known as arabesque, throughout the building. Wood carving was developed as a form of art within the Malay community beginning from the east coast of the peninsular Malaysia such as Kelantan and Terengganu. (Figure 7.19) shows a panoramic view of the throne along with the heavily adorned wall. As such the numerous amount of wood carvings found within the building states as a reminder for the ruler of

Figure 7.21 A panoramic view of the throne along with the heavily adorned wall (Lee, 2016)

the country to not forget about the roots of the Malay community and the history that made the nation standing with pride. Henceforth, 60 master craftsmen from Kelantan were hired to produce the intricate carvings to be fitted within the Balairung Seri.

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The panels of wooden carvings above the throne and on

Thus whenever any ceremonies are held by His and Her

the adjacent walls adhere to the recurrent theme of

Majesty, the rulers are not just surrounded by ministers

Malay art where there will be a certain arrangement and

and royalties but also surrounded by the aura of the

configurations of motifs and patterns. The repeated

people symbolized through the national flower. Vertical

motifs of the seeds and flowering tendrils depict the

axis line in the centre of the motif giving a sense of

abstract manner of bursting forth with life and energy.

balance and symmetry. On this axial line, the right part of the motif is mirrored to the left. Flowering Tendrils

The flower in the middle reveals the beauty and grace while the reversed image of flowing vines creating a mirrored motif symbolizes both the beauty and majesty

Twig

of the divine (Farish and Khoo, 2003).

Source or

Leaf

BungaPunca The explanation of the abstract art is further elaborated and shown in (Figure 7.20) where the same recurring theme is found throughout the room. The carvings are inspired by our national flower, the Hibiscus, to portray

Figure 7.22A closed up image of the wooden carved panels below the coffered windows (Lim, 2016)

the nation.

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Apart from the flowers, the most prominent recurrent design pattern is the unending recurrent spiral of the tendrils and leaves which is known as the awan larat, roughly translated as â&#x20AC;&#x17E;meandering cloudsâ&#x20AC;&#x;. The awan larat design is in form of spiral which begins from a fixed centre, the Hibiscus flower, and moves outwards as it expands.

The

significance

the

spiral

the

representation of the unending ebb and flow of life (Farish and Khoo, 2003). Apart from it also symbolizes excitement, alive and fresh instead of being wilted as it includes elements of harmony. The centre point of origin is represented by the unity of God itself, creating an

Figure 7.23 Wooden patterns carving on the top of the coffered windows (Lee, 2016)

abstract meaning of God being the centre of the universe and the axis of which lives depend on.

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8.1 Site Context

Figure 8.2. Aerial View of New Istana. (Google Maps, 2016)

Figure 8.1. Aerial View of Old Istana. (Google Maps, 2016)

Former Istana Negara

New Istana Negara

The 11 hectares old Istana Negara is tucked amidst a

The new 97.65 hectares Istana Negara is perched on

hilly terrain, with forest embracing the context, a perfect

Bukit Damansara suggesting its authority along Jalan

emblem of the good Feng-shui in the Chinese tradition,

Tuanku Abdul Halim (figure 8.2). Here, Instead of

due to its original Chinese owner. In Feng Shui, it is

towering forest, flat manicured vegetation tumbles across

believe that a building built under the backdrop of a hill

the land. Offering a view towards the throbbing city

can auspiciously protects the residences from ominous

around the vicinity.

affairs. 111

8.2 Space Planning

Figure 8.4. Aerial View of New Istana. (Google Maps, 2016)

Figure 8.3. Aerial View of Old Istana. (Google Maps, 2016)

New Istana Negara

Former Istana Negara

In the New Istana, a clear separation of public, and

Aligned with the Qibla line, facing Mecca, the Balairung

private zone is shown, which the Balairung Seri,

Seri of old Istana Negara is located at the east wing of

considered as a public area is located at the East wing,

the compound symbolizing the spirit of sun, rising from

with other public zones such as Banquet Hall and Surau.

the east.. In the former Istana Negara, the separation of

As we travel towards the opposite wing, the space turns

the public and private zone are not demarcated in a

into more private zone, such as the Guest Lounge, Royal

horizontal planning, instead it is separated through

Office and Royal Suites.

vertical floors.

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8.2 Architectural influences 8.2.1 Exterior Former Balairung Seri As shown in figure 8.3 differs slightly in comparison to the main building, it leaves behind the British Colonial and Palladian influences seen in the main building to take on characteristics of Modernistic Expressionism and Primitive Regionalism that were heavily influenced by the Corbusian International Style which had begun to spread globally at the time. This change is quite significant in the Malaysian context as the nation had just gained independence and was in seek of its own architectural identity. Thus, International style is adopted as the

Figure 8.5. Exterior of the main building with the East wing on the

expression of an recognized nation in the international

right.(Lim, 2016)

platform.

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New Balairung Seri The construction started in 2007, from an exterior view, the building is an amalgam of Islamic architecture and Modernism, carrying the metaphor of staggered sirih (betel). Unlike the old Istana Negara, whereby the complex is divided into two sections of different style due to its different construction period, the entire complex speaks of one language, symmetry in the central atrium

Figure 8.6.. Exterior of the New Istana Negara. ( My Sumber, n.d.)

of castellated onion domes, flanked with two side wings of gabled pitched roof in tiles of violet. From the gateway (figure 8.5), the entire complex is framed gracefully with the golden dome situated right at the center. From a cultural and historical view, it is clear that the New Istana Negara is planned accordingly in a single phase, to demonstrate the affluence of the land, after marking its 50 years of independence since 1957.

Figure 8.7. The grand gateway view. (Bretuk, n,d,)

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8.2.2 Interior Former Balairung Seri Upon entering the Balairung Seri at the Old Palace, one is able to witness the double volume room decorated in rich hues of yellow â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the colour of royalty in Malaysia. Following the teaching of Haya (modesty), the atrium is divided into two sanctum by a traversing mezzanine. Patrons experience an atmosphere of serenity and honor as they are led up to the Singgahsana (Throne) that stands in beauty and grandeur at the head of the room as shown in figure 8.6, through the lead by the colonnades and arched windows. The space is lit up by 17 chandeliers in a soft warm hue. Floral motifs having originated

from

Peninsular

Malaysia,

Sabah

and

Figure 8.8. Interior of the Balairong Seri at the Old Istana

Sarawak, decorate the inner wall panels of the room as

Negara.(LIm, 2016)

well as the Singgahsana and are fine examples of traditional Malay handicraft indicating that the country is a proud nation with strong cultural and traditional values.

115

New Balairung Seri The Balairung Seri located in the new palace (figure 8.7) too is golden hue and is influenced by vernacular Malay architecture in a modernist approach. Unlike the old Balairung Seri, whereby the atrium is divided into two sanctum, the outer and the inner ones, the Balairung Seri in the New Istana is a single undisrupted flow of grandiose, straight directing sense of awe towards the Singgahsana. The timber panels with intricate carvings are substituted with ruby embroidered fabric panels. Without columns and arches, the grand progression is enhanced by the rows of chairs. Besides chandeliers, fluorescence lightings are incorporated. The carved motifs on the throne are a combination of Arabesque designs with the incorporation of the Bunga Raya

Figure 8.9 Interior of the Balairung Seri at the New Istana

(Hibiscus) which is the national flower of Malaysia. Very

Negara (Bernama, 2012)

much like the motifs carved onto the throne at the old Palace, these motifs too are also coated in gold creating a sense of glory. (ref)

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8.3 Details Ceiling Former Balairung Seri Consists of repetitive panels of geometrical and floral motifs, gilded to form a contrast against the cream white panels. The ceiling is coffered to enhance the acoustic circulation and heightens the elegance of the space. Figure 8.10 The coffered ceiling. (Lim, 2016)

New Balairung Seri The ceiling is a relatively minimalist approach as compared

the

former

Balairung

Seri,

without

ornamentations, but gently curves at the central axis to points out its prominent. Only certain part with chandeliers have covings plastered.

Figure 8.11 The New Balairung Seri's ceiling. (Lim, 2016)

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Carpet

Former Balairung Seri The carpet design is influenced strongly by rococo influences, with sinuous floral and elaborately decorated whiplash motifs. From top view, the carpet is specially designed to highlight the central percussion towards the throne, whereby the central axis strike a contrast plain yellow band against the intricate ruby patterns flanked by

Figure 8.12 The carpet in the former Balairung Seri. (StatcFlick, n.d.)

the side. New Balairung Seri Similar as the former Balairung Seri, the emphasis is on the central axis, where the King and Queen will walk towards the SInggahsana. At this part, the carpet bears motif of delicate four petal flora offset by plain yellow, flanked with intricate patterns where the rows of seats are placed.

Figure 8.13 The minimalistic carpet in the New Balairung Seri. (Fadzil, 2011)

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Lighting Former Balairung Seri The hall is mainly lit up by 12 crystal glass chandeliers imported from Vienna. Apart from the reflection, refraction of the glass created an enriched lighting experience

the

hall,

warm and

soft,

without

compromising its grandness.

New Balairung Seri Figure 8.14 The chandelier in Former Balairung Seri. (Lim, 2016)

The hall is lit up by chandeliers and indirect fluorescent lightings. The chandeliers are made locally by craftsmen to suit our national identity. The chandeliers carry the metaphor of obor-obor (jellyfish) due to its nature of adapting to the natural surrounding aptly, without losing its integrity. (JKR, n.d.) The fluorescent lightings are hid underneath the ceiling panels, to allow the glow to gently highlight the grand progression of central axis.

Figure 8.15 The obor-obor inspired chandelier. (JKR, 2011)

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Panels Former Balairung Seri The panels in the Balairung Seri is intricately crafted on timber panels with Bunga Raya motifs, painted in gold and silver to enhance its regal characteristic.

Current Balairung Seri Unlike the panels in former Balairung Seri, the panels

Figure 8.16 The bunga raya inspired panels. (Lim, 2016)

are left untouched by paint brushes, only lacquered to show the original colour of jati. The motifs are of Bunga Raya as well, but is using the technique of tebuk tembus bersilat, which bored across the timber, as if it is a piece of embroidered lace, a challenge to the nature of wood, which usually depict itself as a hard material, but being sculpted into a delicate lattice.

Figure 8.17 The tebuk tembus bersilat timber panel. (JKR, 2011)

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Singgahsana

Former Istana Negara The former singgahsana is of an upright structure, with pelmets carrying the glorious names of Allah. The throne seat is carved with paddy stalks to resemble riches and abundance. Figure 8.18. The Old Istana Negara Balairung Seri.

Current Istana Negara

(Yeoh, 2016)

The new istana carries the similar identity of the former Singgahsana, but with further elaboration at certain details. First is the glorious names of Allah is increased to 99 to heightened its prominent. The throne seat's paddy stalks is also carved to a higher precision to emulate the reality, whereby the paddy stalks are crafted to looks as if it spreads sideways. Also, there is an addition of Quranic verse below the Coats of Arms of Malaysia. Figure 8.19 The former Singgahsana. (Bernama, 2012)

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9.1 Structural Observations and

9.1.1 Roof Cement Tile Roof

Recommendations

The roofing is in a fair condition. There are not any visible evidence active leaks or need for immediate repair.

General Observation Overall, the structural condition of the Balairung Seri is in good quality. The overall exterior does not have obvious defects or damage. It can be saved to say, the building is well maintained. However, based on inspection, there are evidence of minor damage on the exterior while they are a severedamage on the interior part of the Balairung Seri especially the meeting room.

Figure 9.1 Growth of wild on the roof tiles. (Yeoh, 2016)

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Corrugated Zinc Roof However, there a few liabilities that may affect the roof tiles in

Evidence of rusting on the corrugated roof zinc is visible due

the future. In this case, there are wild plants growing at the

to weather (Figure 8.2).

side of the roof tiles (Figure 8.1). As for now, the plants are

In order to avoid rusting, zinc roofing manufacturers

under control and is not affecting the roof.

recommend the use of zinc panels that has protective coating Although this can be a major problem in the future if the plants

on their underside portion or installing a drainage layer under

are monitored regularly.

the roof to ensure proper ventilation of moisture.

This is because uncontrollable growth of plants can lift off roof tiles and grow through sealing sheets. This can drive rain water to potential leaking spots. It is advisable to get rid of the plants before it can cause any damage, by getting rid of the plant reduces maintenance work.

Figure 9.2 Rusted Roof could easily cause leakage. (Yeoh, 2016)

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Roof finishing

There are signs of unpleasant damp patches visible (Figure 8.3), this leads to dampness problem such as paint peeling, damp stains on the ceiling below. It can be said that, the reason why this occur is because of the improperly fitted drain pipes or blocked outlets. Water accumulation and subsequent pent up water pressure to improperly slop terraces may also cause this damp patches to arise. To avoid further problems, it is important to ensure that the drain pipes are not clogged and there are enough outlets for the water to drain off. Other than that, sealing

Figure 9.3 Damp patches (Yeoh, 2016)

the gaps on the parapet walls using a suitable sealer may also avoid damp patches.

124

9.1.2 Wall

Failure of coating to properly adhere to surface causes the plaster paint to flake off can be seen at damp corners of the exterior walls (Figure 8.4). Therefore, the most suitable way to fix this is to scrape off the new paint that has not keed into the plaster and give it a coat of 50% water, 50% paint and then two cots of normal emulsion. This will seal the problem area and Figure 9.4 Algae on the wall of sky bridge. (Yeoh,, 2016)

protect it from further damage.

Dark green and black spots are noticed on the exterior cement wall below the arch windows of the sky bridge (Figure 8.9) and the ceiling of the porch (Figure 8.10). The rainwater dripping from the arch windows and lead to the growth of algae. Water stain and algae are spotted on the ceiling of the porch. Water stain which appears at the ceiling along the corner is caused by rainwater leakage. Algae destroy the quality of the paint and the

Figure 9.5 Algae on the ceiling of the porch (Yeoh, 2016)

appearance of the wall. 125

The moderate to heavy rainfall cause the exterior wall to be damp and produce a moisture environment for the algae to grow. After exposing to the sun, the algae will turn into black spots (Isobar, n.d.). Hence, coating of fog line paint is advisable in order to retard moss or algae from growing on the surfaces. In order to avoid the growth of algae, regular chemical cleaning maintenance is required to preserve the appearance of the wall.

Figure 9.6 The exterior wall with algae growth. ( Yeoh, 2016)

126

9.1.3 Column The column is located at outdoor (Figure 8.12) hence the probability of exposure to rain is higher. The higher the air humidity, the higher the exposure of the columns to the moisture. When the surface exposes to moisture repeatedly, the dampness will seep under the paint. Eventually, the paint starts to peel when moisture gets between the paint later and the surface underneath (Lofgren, n.d.). The chemicals in acid rain will increase the rate of paint peeling process. This is not major concern but it affects the aesthetic value of the building and is unpleasant to the eyes. Thus, repainting is required in order to maintain aesthetic value of the building.

Figure 9.7 Column at the south elevation. (Yeoh, 2016)

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9.2 Finishing Observations and

The source of leak has to be eliminated to repair the

Recommendations

the areas above and below the water contamination is

water damaged ceiling. In order to fix the problem, drying recommended to prevent moisture retention. Thus, it is advisable to contact a certified water damage

General Observation

professional that has years of experience dealing with

On the whole, the condition of the Balairung finished are

not only water damage repair but also mold; to create a

in good condition. Based on visual inspection, the overall

full assessment of the extent of damage.

finishing does not have major damage but typical flaws were observed. 9..2.1 Exterior Ceiling

There is evidence of water leakage in ceiling (Figure 8.6). This causes a bulge in the plaster ceilings, this often indicates a large amount of pooled water. There are possibilities of significant amount of water damage and running the risk of mold growth. Figure 9.8 Water leakage in ceiling. (Yeoh, 2016)

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Window frames The wooden window frame is rotten and the paint coating on the window frame has peeled off (Figure 8.11). The planter boxes are attached to the windows. The condition of the soil in the planter box is always

Figure 8.9 Rotten window frame on the East elevation (Yeoh, 2016)

moist due to the climate of our country. When water contacts to an unprotected wood surface for a long period, the wood begins to deteriorate (Water Damage Defense, 2013.). Therefore, multiple coats of waterproof wood sealer paintings are required to prevent the wooden window

Figure 9.9 Damaged window frame. (Yeoh, 2016)

frame from rotting as it stops the absorption of moisture by the wood.

129

Ceramic tiles The ceramic tiles on the exterior floor are buckled up (Figure 8.13). This may cause by the thermal shock. Thermal shock occurs when the tiles are heated for a few hours and a sudden storm cools down the surface with a large amount of water (Anonymous, 2014.). Another example is when the sun only heats a small portion of the floor but the rest is colder (Anonymous, 2014). These two situations may cause heaving of the floor tiles. In order to fix this and avoid further problems in the future, it is important to remove the tiles and retile the

Figure 9.10 Exterior ceramic tiles. (Yeoh, 2016)

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Electrical Conduits The paint of the PVC electrical conduits covering the electrical wires are peeling off (Figure 8.5). This does not give a major concern but it affects the aesthetic of the building and is unpleasant to the eyes. Repainting is required in order to maintain aesthetic value of the building.

Figure 9.11 Peeling off paint. (Yeoh, 2016)

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9.2.2 Interior Carpet It is used to cover the wooden flooring of Balairung to ensure the wooden flooring is in good condition (Figure

Figure 9.12 The interior of Balairung Seri with plush

8.14). Carpet with floral motif which enhances aesthetic

carpet. (Yeoh, 2016)

beauty of the Balairung. Big Balairung with high ceiling has an echo problem, carpet on hard floor soften the surface and help to absorb reverberating noise in the Balairung (Kelsey, n.d.).

Embroidered Fabric The fabric used in the Balairung (Figure 8.15) and the Queen suite (Figure 8.16) are well maintained. Figure 9.13 The panels with embroidered fabric. (Yeoh, 2016)

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Wallpapers Wallpapers are to protect the walls from damaging, cracking and other factors than will decrease the durability of the walls (Pmac, 2015.). The fabric wallpapers are in good condition as the surrounding is dry and cool. The Balairung and the Queen suite are fully enclosed hence the probability of wallpaper exposing to sunlight is lower. This helps to keep the wallpaper in good condition as it will not fade (Natalie, 2014.).

Figure 9.14 Interior wall of Personal Dining Room in Queen Suite (Yeoh, 2016)

Paint

Paint cracks in visible on several parts of the interior walls and columns (Figure 8.7). This is due to lack of paint coat finishing. In order to avoid the paint from cracking, sufficient amount of paint finish has to thoroughly coated. Regular maintenance is required to preserve the paint.

133

Figure 9.15 Paint cracks at the suites. (Yeoh, 2016)

Marble The marble walling and flooring tiles in the queen‟s bathroom (Figure 8.17) and the king‟s bathroom (Figure 8.18) are in good condition. The finishing in the bathroom is different because the bathroom is more humid

Figure 9.16 Queen’s bathroom (Yeoh, 2016)

compared with other spaces in the building. Marble is selected as it is resistant to moisture (Anonymous, 2016). As a conclusion, the finishing in the interior of the building is well maintained compared to the exterior of the building because the humidity, temperature and the probability of exposure to light in the interior is more stable than the exterior. A consistent environment is the key point of keeping it in a good condition. Figure 9.17 King’s bathroom (Yeoh, 2016)

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Wood Paneling

Signs of severe damage from dampness are visible at one part of the meeting room (Figure 8.8) due to water leakage. This causes a panel of the wood to decay. The dampness travels all the way from the ceiling to the carpet floor, which it affects the aesthetic value. Several attempts of repair has been undertaken, however the leakage still occur.

Figure 9.18 Wood decay (Yeoh, 2016)

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9.3 Limitations in Inspections

facilities,

paint,

wallpaper,

and

other

finish

treatments are not inspected.

Limitation of Exterior Inspection

  

Summary of findings

Roof inspection may be limited by access, condition, weather, or other safety concerns.

The current condition of the overall Balairungis in a good

Evidence of prior leaks may be disguised by

condition. Despite that, there are several maintenance work

interior finishes.

that has to done on the Balairong to keep the building in its

are

upmost condition. This is important because the Balairungis a

approximations only and do not preclude the

symbol of greatness that shows the throne of Malaysia and

The

estimation

remaining

roof

life

used for his Majesty, the Yang Di-PertuanAgong, and her

possibility of leakage. Leakage candevelop at any

Majesty, the Raja PermaisuriAgong to hold official

time and may depend on rain intensity, wind direction, and other factors.

ceremonies. These include the taking of the royal pledge, installation ceremony of a new elected king and appointments

Limitation of Interior Inspection



for new prime ministers. The gallery is also an area to accept foreign diplomatic appointments and even a banquet hall.

Furniture, storage, appliances or wall hangings are not moved to permit inspection and may block defects.



Carpeting, window treatments, central vacuum systems,

building

appliances,

recreational

136

9.3 Historic Preservations And Conservations

wood. The pesticides comes in three different types

"Historic buildings provide the authenticity, the

the troubles of attacking the pest after they have become

credibility, the sense of community, the sense of

a problem. There are variety of inorganic and organic

history that bind in a fast â&#x20AC;&#x201C; moving, 24/7 ever â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

products that have been developed and used in various

changing world. They ground us. They provide a

building applications.

sense of self, a sense of identity in this creative age

When thereâ&#x20AC;&#x;s damage done, if not severe, reinforcement

that we are moving into"

may be needed to support the damaged area in order to

which are dry or wetted powders and gaseous spray. The second approach is to apply preservatives to the wood before or during construction. This would prevent

retain the structural balance. If severe, replication or a

- Richard Florida

replacement might be needed. The preservation method used and the problem each element has:

(ii) Masonry

A) Building materials

Many masonry products have decay mechanism which was due to their characteristics of being moisture

(i) Wood

absorption product. Masonry is a porous material that

There are two approaches in preserving wood structures.

has

The first is through pesticides that uses both insecticides

troublesome than preserving wood, as Robert A. Young

and fungicides which would control pest damaged to the

said in his book. Thus to preserve historic masonry,

137

the

tendency

absorb

water,

thus

coatings were applied. The factor that caused a debate

Metals will rust as they oxidized into the air. Thus to

was of the recognition of differences between water

preserve metal in historic buildings, stabilization is used.

repellant and waterproof coatings as masonry products

This is as the sources of decay are identified, the

were required to allow moisture vapor in the masonry to

damaged metal may be stabilized with nominal repairs.

escape. When moisture vapor are unable to escape, the

Other than that, moisture control should be applicable in

vapor may move to the interior of the building and

order to prevent the air from being moisture and react to

damage the interior finishes. There are other methods

the metal. If the rust done to the metal is severe,

besides coatings, which are consolidants, expoxies and

replication or a replacement might be needed.

infill repairs method. If the deterioration is severe,

Building Fabric :

prevent it from affecting the other structures.

(i)

Roofing

(iii) Concrete

A well-qualified contractor is required in order to inspect

replication or a replacement may be needed in order to

and repair the roof especially historic roof as the systems

Similarly to the masonry product, concrete is also a

varies significantly from modern construction practices.

porous material. Thus the methods of preserving

Covering the roof with new ones by attaching the new

concrete would be the same as those for the masonry

cladding directly over the existing ones but this is only

products.

possible for only wood and asphalt shingle roofs. Other

(iv) Metal

than that, replacing the damaged roof tiles with one of the similar material.

138

(ii)

Wall Cladding

material element. Preserving using harsh cleaning methods or using ultraviolet lights is advisably avoided

The typical problem the walls would usually face would

as harsh cleaning will damage further the floor and

be moisture penetration, exposed to the sunlight, heat

ultraviolet lights will cause a change of colour or the

and wind. Annual or seasonal maintenance are required

material in the floor. Thus to preserve, mild cleaning is

to catch and eliminate the decay mechanisms before

used and then sealed in to avoid decaying in materials.

they become substantial. Repairs made can be applied

Walls & Ceilings â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

directly similarly to vertical cladding products.

(ii)

(iii)

The problem that usually walls and ceilings has are

Windows

usually fire, vandalism, moisture, natural disasters,

Along with the problems associated with woods and

mechanical failures and material losses.

metals, windows experience problems such as structural failures, missing features and callous replacement. Many

Limiting the exposure of ultraviolet light and enable

deteriorated windows can have their sashes, frames or

annual maintenance or regular checkups on the

casement repaired or replaced.

materials are some of the methods that can be used for

Building ornaments &finishes :

(i)

Floors

preserving them. To preserve surfaces with decorative ornamental features, avoid aggressive or harsh cleaning.

Floors usually have moisture related problems and sometimes even

mechanical

failures and

missing

139

9.4 Improvement suggestions on Design Roof In this building, several problems are aroused due to poor construction. One of it is identified at the roof.In general, eave are the edges of the roof overhang the face of a wall, protecting the underlying structure. In this building, the length of the projected eaves are about 1 metre long, which is odd as compared to the other roof eave in Malaysian context. Moisture is the one of the biggest problem that cause failure in construction. When

Figure 9.19 Short section cut of Balairung Seri. (Neoh,

it rains, the rainwater flow from the higher end to the

2016)

lower on pitched roof. The disadvantages of having the long roof eave is that it blocks the directexposure of sunlight, results in high moisture and promote growth of fungus at the concrete gutter below the eave.

140

Floor Planning Another problem created are due to poor planning are the position of the door in dressing room 2 on the first floor. As the door connected to the water closet from the dressing room is placed in the middle, this affects the circulation flow and show poor space planning. This is because the user will focus on walking towards the door causing the space in the centre to be wasted and thus making the circulation flow worse when furniture are placed in. Practically, placing the door on the left or right

Figure 9.20 Floor Plan of dressing room and water

near the corner would be a far by better option.

closet at first floor. (Tan, 2016)

141

The direct placement of the spiral staircase and M&E room at the side of Balairung Seri somehow truncated the grand symmetrical design of the hall. The hold which holds the most prominent role of the entire complex shall be designed in the most delicate rigor. However, the placements of these structures reduce the area of the outer sanctum of the Balairung Seri, disrupted the symmetry that depicts order, harmony and balance. The design should incorporate the ideal placement of these elements in an early stage, to avoid being misunderstood as a random placement due to disrupted schedule and unplanned prior consideration. The location of two unknown angled room at the side Figure 9.21 The asymmetrical plan of the throne hall. (Lim, 2016)

of the Balairung Seri also holds a mystery in their role. Now, the room is entirely sealed out from visitors and are abandoned. We found that attention should be placed to these spaces.

142

Staircase Besides, problem also arise due to poor design at the grille staircase, creating trouble when the user unlock the gate from the inside. A simple way to solve this would be adding a landing prior to the entrance of the grille stairs, giving the user a larger and more comfortable area while opening the gate. Consider about the safety precaution, the gap between the staircases and the wall is another problem. By chance, tragedy might happen when one accidentally step into the gap hurt themselves. Figure Grille staircase in the exterior. (Foo, 2016)

Figure Gap between the staircase and the wall (Foo, 2016)

143

10.1 Role of Balairung Seri in

Arab of Dubai, the Marina Bay Sands of Singapore and etc. As a nation, we hope to be recognized but the methodology is crucial.

Identifying the true Malaysian

In the epoch of post-independent Malaysia, expatriates, cultivated from the West brought their ideology back to

Architecture

our nation. During the period, international style led by Le Corbusier was widely favored due to its modernistic

As we traverse from the main building to the annex

approach of letting go the past and embracing new hope,

building, the architectural style transforms from Palladian

celebrating the monumentality of material and form,

and British Colonial style to a different language. Source

manifested the spirit of time and space brutally and

it back to the 1980s when the annex building was built,

confidently, without compromising the art of humanistic

our country was still considered as a young nation, eager

consideration, a machine fit for man. At the time,

to join the world and prove herself to be equally

whereby most of the nations were recovering from the

competitive. In a stage of searching a new identity, the

agonies and calamities that war brought forth, a new

design is devoid of traces of the past which stirred any

gush of architectural Zeitgeist is welcomed, as their

memories of the colonization from occupants before. In

desire for a better tomorrow. All that are evocative of the

this quest of finding a true self, architecture becomes the

hegemony or dominion for any particular nation or

most proficient language. Take the example of the

civilization, which generally leads to the spark of

world's icon, we tends to relate building as a country's

colonization, Imperialism and finally the World Wars are

symbol. For instance, Eiffel Tower of Paris, the Burj Al

suppressed. As Wright stated "To emulate architecture

144

that came from an aristocratic or autocratic regime of the

In Malaysia, International Style was adapted and

past was not a true attempt at portraying the new ideals

assimilated to form as what local architecture critic, Mr

of democracy which gave the power of governance to

Mohamad

the people and not to the elite". Thus, International style

Regionalism", which means a building as a machine that

became the pinnacle of 20th Century architecture. And

would sieve the climate through it (Rashid, 2005). The

this style is incorporated into Malaysia's context, largely

Balairung Annex Building shows significant influences of

inspired by the Corbusier's Chandigarh Capitol in India

this style. Through the usage of mass concrete in

due to the similarity of climatic and historical context.

brutalist form of a reduced geometry, "egg crate" louvers

Rashid

would

put

"Machine

and louvered shade and openings, the signature of this style is clearly depicted. This particular language works well in our country, bestowed with sunshine all year round, which light is harnessed and tamed. The louvers created a significant reduction in heat gain and direct daylight for the interior, also enriching the monotonous volumes of mass concrete with the play of shadow. However, this style is not a positive search of national identity, instead is more of a passive design shelter in response to the local climate, as Rashid declared. Rather than concocting our national's identity, it is more Figure 10.1. Chandigarh Capitol by Le Corbusier. (Canadian Centre

of a direct rejection of any revivalism that we are aware

of Architecture, 1956)

145

of. The spirit of the place is rooted, but the spirit of the

nation is still in a considerably young stage in terms of

time is yet to be clarified.

post-merdeka architecture. A hold on International style as a starting point is a good venture, but perhaps there

However, the interior of the building is contrary to its

are more yet to be discovered. While following the

expressionism of the exterior. The Balairung Seri at the

stream of International style, we should learn to extract

ground floor is an amalgam of traditional Malay

the very essential of being Malaysia. Not of an inclination

Revivalism with Eclectism, with intricately gilded timber

towards a specific dominated groups, nor the oppression

carvings panels, rows of decorative columns and arched

of our roots and definitely not of the blindfold of

windows adorned by Islamic geometry. On the first floor,

economic or political pressure. It is not of something

where the Victorian influenced Majesty's suite is located,

utterly rhetoric in a grand scale, but in a very humble

it is clear that the lavishness of Victorian style is still

way, embraced by the whole nation, whereby it touches

considered the most favored way to express the

the life of every Malaysian and whips resonance among

opulence of Royalty at the time. Panels with embroidered

you and me. By doing so, we share common memories

fabrics, plastered ceilings and fresco adorned the space.

and this strengthens the integration among people

There is no trace of Vernacular identity in the suite,

through architecture.

instead it is pure the continuation from the main building's interior design.

It is fortunate that Kisho Kurokawa came into the scene and

From these, we discovered that the true identity of

set

forth

the

future

path

modernistic

expressionism (Rashid, 2005). The Kuala Lumpur

Malaysian architecture is not yet completely embodied in

International Airport is a good instance. Without a

this Balairung Seri building. It can be understood as our

specific reference to any ethnics or political will, the

146

building is full of metaphors, that allows the people to freely relate it based on our common ground of shared cultures. Some may refer the gently curving ceiling as the Wau, some may refer it as the billowing sails and so on. The form is minimal and yet so profound in its message, perhaps in a way of "Less is More". It serves as the blank space for the people to fill in their ideology and

imagination,

make

true

Malaysian

architecture. As architecture should function as a canvas for the people, gently recedes to bring out the foremost purpose of architecture, a space for human interaction. To conclude, we are still in the journey of finding our national identity in architecture. The Balairung Seri Figure 10.2 The KLIA by Kisho Kurokawa. (Backpacking Malaysia, n.d.)

annex building served as a stepping stone, to catapult our architecture towards a higher range. By bearing concern towards our people's shared roots and dreams, we shall be able to build what which is known as a true Malaysian Architecture.

147

10.2 Aspiration

bridge over the Klang River and the Federal Highway (Jalan Syed Putra) is less well known as the directions are not communicated neither in published material

As final stage of this report we take a look at the status

including maps nor via signboards along the route.

of the Royal Museum as a tourist attraction and the potential for it to become a centerpiece of the experience of visiting Kuala Lumpur. Status quo of the Muzium Diraja as tourist attraction With the opening of the former Istana Negara as Royal Museum, it has become publicly accessible. A stop has been added to the Kuala Lumpur Hop-on Hop-off bus route, making it easy for tourists to include a visit to the old palace in their sightseeing. Access

for

tourists

and

local

visitors

other

transportation means is not as straightforward as the main entrance lies off a major highway and thus is only

Figure 10.3 A map of Kuala Lumpurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s major tourist attractions (Mari

accessible when travelling from one direction on the

mari, 2014)

highway. An option to reach the attraction by foot from the Tun Sambanthan Monorail and via a pedestrian

148

Sufficient parking area is available for visitors arriving via

Palaces in the United Kingdom: Many of the palaces and

taxis, cars or tour busses. The most interesting parts of

royal gardens in the United Kingdom and London are

the palace are now accessible by the public and many

accessible to the public. Kensington Gardens, which is

visitors, local as well as international, appear to take

one of the Royal Parks of London, is accessible to the

great interest in taking a glimpse into the regal life of

public and has become not only an integral part to

Malaysia‟s monarch and the related history. However,

tourists‟ visit but has become a centre of public urban

from observation, it appears that visitor numbers are

life. Picnics, concerts and sport events are held in the

relatively low.

gardens. Other palaces or former palaces that have opened their gardens to their citizens and visitors include

Aspiration for the future of the building

the Imperial Palace in Tokyo and Hofburg in Vienna

To unlock the full potential of the Istana Negara, the questions to pursue should be: What would make a visit to the Istana Negara and the Royal Museum a central experience of a visit to Kuala Lumpur at par with the other local “super attractions” such as the KLCC Twin towers, and how can the full potential could be unlocked? How palaces and their gardens have become major attractions in the other cities is evident from a quick

Figure 10.4Picnic in Keningston Garden (Caroline, 2013)

overview of case studies:

149

Other former royal residences are nowadays utilised for

The Old Istana Negara in the context of Kuala

hospitality services such as dining and accommodation.

Lumpur’s urban development

For instance, The Taj Falaknuma Palace in Hyderabad,

In the current city topography the palace lies a little “off-

India is famous for boosting the world‟s longest dining

center”. However, a closer look at the planned urban

table. A number of other palaces around the world have

development in Kuala Lumpur shows that the location of

been converted into hotels to varying degrees. Some are

the palace will become more central to the larger

partly accessible to the public and partly private while

metropolitan area. This is especially due to major

others have been fully converted into hotels.

developments happening and planned within the vicinity of a few kilometer from the palace. For instance, Bandar

Options

Kensington

Enhanced

Local

Malaysia to the south west of the palace, planned

attractiveness via

suitability

Menara Warisan project in the vicinity of the Merdeka

Concerts

Yes

Stadium, growth around the KL Sentral area, River of life project, Petaling Jaya growing into a sister city to the

Gardens Imperial

Public gardens

south of Kuala Lumpur etc. It is believed that these

Yes

development will undoubtedly raise the popularity of Old

Palace, Tokyo Government

Royal Botanic gardens

Istana Negara and transform this site into a more

Yes

House,

welcoming tourist spot. River of Life project for example,

Sydney

it aims to transform the Klang River into a vibrant and bustling

Figure 10.3. Table of comparison among Royal Gardens. ( Rosien, 2016)

150

waterfront,

making

Kuala

Lumpur

appealing with green surroundings and walkways.

Option B: Reinstate the kitchen and position the

(segaran, 2015)

bailarung hall as space for festive dinners or even private â&#x20AC;&#x153;dine like the royalsâ&#x20AC;? events.

Potential for areas of the Balairung Seri wing, which are currently not used: A significant portion of the Balairung wing is not accessible to the public. Most notably, this includes the Banquet kitchen on the southern end of the building as well as the areas related to banqueting on the first floor. While this certainly requires further analysis there seem some general options to unlock further attraction potential by utilizing these areas without major changes. Option A: Remove the remaining kitchen equipment and refurbish (paint, flooring) the areas on the southern end

Figure 10.5 Banquet set up in the garden (Debbie, 2015)

of the balairung wing. The available space could be utilized for exhibitions such as art, photography, travelling international exhibitions, showcases from other museums under the Department of Museums or talks / screenings.

151

Other potential to make the Istana and its premises a more prominent spot in Kuala Lumpur would be to open the gardens for walks, visits, picnics, educational tours and/or smaller events such as concerts etc. As green lungs are becoming more important in the city to change the urban environment, the green landscape next to the long stretch drive way in front of the old Istana Negara becomes one of the potential tourist attraction. It can be transform into public gathering area or garden for public urban life by the citizens.

152

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Glossary

Base

–

The

bottom

supporting

member

column/pilaster. Buckled – To bulge or curve under excessive strain.

Annex – Part of a building that is an extension of a main

Capital – The topmost member of a column/pilaster.

building providing additional space or accommodation.

Carving – A type of design produced by cutting/shaping

Amalgam - A mixture/combination. Ambience – The atmosphere or character of a space.

a solid material.

Apex – The highest point of something.

Circulation - Pathways created through a floor plan of a

Atrium – A rectangular open-roofed entrance hall or

building that help contribute to how one experiences the architecture of a building.

central court in an ancient Roman house. Asylum – A place of refuge.

Cladding - a protective or insulating layer fixed on the

Arches – An upward curved construction that extends

outer surface of a structure. Colonnade – A long row of columns joined by a

across an opening.

horizontal continuous lintel.

Arabesque - A form of Arabic or Moorish decoration

Colonial - An architectural style from a mother country

consisting of intertwined flowing patterns.

that has been incorporated into buildings belonging to

Aurah – a term used within Islam which symbolizes the

colonies of that particular country.

intimate parts of the body, for both men and women,

Columns - Structural elements of a building that transmit

which must be covered with clothing.

the load of the structure above to other structural

Axis - An imaginary straight line that divides an object

elements below them.

into symmetrical halves.

160

Coronations - Ceremonies in which the crowning of a

Gilded – Covered with a thin layer of gold.

King, Queen or other sovereign takes place.

Haya

Castellated - a building made to look like a castle by

unobtrusiveness.

having towers and battlements.

Hardscape - All man-made fixtures that are part of a

Constitutional – Relating to an established set of

planned outdoor area.

principles governing a nation.

Imperialism – The policy by which a country increases its

Core - The central most important part of something.

power by gaining control of other parts of the world.

Complex – A group of buildings/facilities that are similar

Iqtisad – The balance in architecture between functional

located on the same site.

and spiritual elements.

Dome – A rounded vault forming the roof of a building.

Lacquer – A type of varnish used as a protective coating

Elevation - The external face of a building or structure

for materials like wood.

drawn to scale.

Louvers - Each of a set of angled slats hung at regular

Emblem – A symbolic/ distinctive object of a nation,

intervals in openings to allow air or light to pass through.

organization or family.

Lounge – A public room used for reclining.

Façade - Any face of a building given special

Linear – A one dimension element related to a straight

architectural treatment.

line.

Foliage – Plant/tree leaves considered as a group.

Mezzanine - A raised platform that is independent of a

Foundation - An element that connects an architectural

building

structure to the ground thereby transferring all loads from

Monarchy – A governmental system in which supreme

the structure to the ground.

power is nominally held by a monarch.

161

–

idea

structure

and is

tranquility,

supported

decency

and

by columns.

Mold – A growth of fungus on a damp surface of a

Prefabricated - Parts manufactured in advance and

structure.

ready to be put together, assembled at a factory.

Oblique – Having a slanting or sloping direction.

Rhythmic – Of having a regular repeated pattern of

Ornate – Elaborated with decorative details.

sounds or movements using a tempo.

Palladian style – A style of architecture inspired by the

Riser - A vertical component of a step.

designs of Venetian Architect Andrea Palladio.

Regal – Something magnificent or dignified, fit for a

Pelmet – A decorative hangings or board fixed above a

monarch.

window to conceal the curtain rail.

Sanctum - A sacred place.

Pediment – An architectural element consisting of a

Softscape - Refers to the living elements of a landscape.

gable placed over a horizontal continuous lintel that is

Saracenic – An Islamic architecture consists of mosques

supported by columns.

and is characterized by decorated surfaces, bulbous

Pillar – A vertical support of a column used for

domes and multifoil arches.

decoration.

Singgahsana - The throne.

Pilaster - A rectangular column that projects partially

Sovereignty – The quality of having independent

from the wall to which it is attached; used more as a

authority over a geographic area.

decorative element as opposed to a structural element.

Symmetrical – An element made up around an axis

Plasterboard – A building material made out of large

showing exactly similar parts facing each other.

sheets of plaster covered with thick paper used for

Tenon and mortise – A strong joint made by members

making walls and ceilings.

that consists of a square hole (mortise) and another consisting of shoulders that seat when connected (tenon).

162

Tebuk tembus bersilat – Traditional wood carving art. Tread – Are the top baseboards onto which one step on. Takhta - A ceremonial chair used by a ruler, especially a king or a queen. Vernacular – Reflection/indication of local traditions. Victorian style - A series of architectural revival styles that was prominent during the reign of Queen Victoria. Whiplash – A popular design motif of the Art Nouveau Style consisting of a series of elliptically shaped reverse curves. Zeitgeist – A spirit or mood of a particular period of history as appeared by the thoughts and convictions of the time.

163

A. Do c u me n t s f r o mN a t i o n a l Ar c h i v e

165

B. Do c u me n t s f r o mB a d a nW a r i s a n

166

167

D. 3 DMo d e l

218

219

220

221

E. Sc a l e dD r a w i n g s