Report by Kayla Neoh

BUILDING SCIENCE II [BLD 61303/ ARC3413]

PROJECT 2 INTEGRATION PROJECT

NEOH JIA WEN 0318228 TUTOR: MR. EDWIN

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Description……………………………………………………………..

1.2 Site Analysis…………………………………………………………………….

1.3 Space chosen…………………………………………………………………..

2.0 MAIN COLLECTION 2.1 Daylight factor …………………………………………………………………

2.2 Daylight factor analysis……………………………………………………….

2.3 The effective methods of glare control and prevention……………………

2.4 Artificial Lighting Analysis…………………………………………………….

2.5 PSALI…………………………………………………………………………..

3.0 MINI CINEMA 3.1 Artificial Lighting Analysis……………………………………………………

3.2 PSALI………………………………………………………………………….

3.3 The Effective Method of Maintaining Visual Comfort…………………….

4.0 REFERENCE…………………………………………………………………………..

1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman is well-known as a shopping street. However, from the site analysis, Lorong Tuanku Abdu Rahman is the actual shopping street which embeded in Jalan TAR. Jalan TAR is known as a shopping street not only because of the shops around, there are also the pop up market and night market which makes it well-known as a shopping street. Lorong TAR evokes the liveliness of Jalan TAR where it consist of different community and makes it a perfect spot for a community library. The library intent to create a continuity of shopper’s mood across library and street, where it will not bring discomfort feeling in the transition of space to the users. The orientation of building façade are positioning at east and west, facing to the sun. It means that the building façade will receive sunlight most of the time. Therefore, it is important to carefully control the lights amounts into the building.

1.2 SITE ANALYSIS From the sun path diagram we know that the building is exposed to direct sunlight from 8.00a.m. until 12.00p.m.However, starting from 6.00p.m., the building is shaded by the adjacent building (G.S. Gill).

Figure 1.2.1 shows the sunpath on 15 July, 8.00a.m.

Figure 1.2.2 shows the sunpath on 15 July, 12.00p.m.

Figure 1.2.3 shows the sunpath on 15 July, 6.30p.m. 3

1.3 CHOSEN SPACE The building features an atrium in the middle of building, allowing stack effect to happen and at the same time, allowing natural sunlight to goes to the interior. The section of the building is used to bring light deep into the building through the atrium roof glazing which in turn is borrowed by the mini cinema and general book section.

Figure 1.3.1 shows the atrium in the building

Mini cinema

Main collection

Figure 1.3.2 shows the space choosen in the building 4

2.0 MAIN COLLECTION 2.1 DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS In side-lit rooms, the maximum DF is near the windows, and it is mainly due to the sky component. In the early stage of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight. DF

(

)

Where, W is the area of the windows (m2) A is the total area of internal surfaces (m2) T is the glass transmittance corrected for dirt Î&#x2DC; is visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the windows R is the average reflectance of area A.

Daylight factor is a ratio that represents the amount of illumination available indoor relative to the illumination present outdoors at the same time under overcast skies. DF =

(

) (

)

X 100%

Where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane Eo = The unobstructed horizontal exterior illuminance, average daylight level in Malaysia (EH) is assumed to be 32000 lux. A standard sky is assumed to give a minimum level of illuminance on the ground. Zone Very bright

DF (%) >6

Distribution Large (including thermal and glare problem) Bright 3-6 Good Average 1-3 Fair Dark 0-1 Poor Table 2.1.1 shows the daylight factors and distribution (Department of standard Malaysia, 2007)

Illuminance 120, 000 lux 110, 000 lux 20, 000 lux 1000 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2000 lux < 200 lux 400 lux 40 lux < 1 lux

Example Brightest sunlight Bright sunlight Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky Typical overcase day, midday Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday Sunrise or sunset on clear day Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise Extreme darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise Table 2.1.2 shows the natural illumination calculation

2.2 DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS

Figure 2.2.1 shows plan view of main collection area The main collection area is located at the first floor, space beside the glass atrium. However, due to the sun orientation, it is crucial to control the amount of sunlight reach to the space through the atrium. Books should be avoided to expose to direct sunlight, where knowing the daylight factor may be the key aspect of arranging bookshelves layout for the library.

Floor Area = 44.16m2

Daylight calculation Area of windows

5.86m (L) X 4m (H) Ceiling: 6.9m X 6.4m Wall: (6.4m X 4m) + (5.8m X 4m) + (6.9m X 1m) + (6.4m X 4m) Total area of internal surfaces Floor: 6.9m X 6.4 m Glass transmittance corrected for For double glazed window in dirt clean environment Visible sky angle in degrees from the center of the window Considering light colored room Average reflectance of area surfaces

= x

(

23.44m2 Ceiling: 44.16m2 Wall: 81.3 m2 Floor: 44.16 m2 169.62m2 0.6 19Ë&#x161; 0.5

)

. (

)

(

. )

=0.138 X 22.8 =3.15% The main collection has a daylight factor of 3.15% (

)

3.15

=630 lux

( ( ,

(

)

X 100% ) )

X 100%

The main collection has a daylight factor of 3.15% and natural illumination of 630 lux. Based on the requirements of MS 1525, this space has a bright natural daylighting as it falls within 3-6%. During the midday, where shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, it will generate a lower illuminance of 630 lux. Based on the recommended illuminance categories, the standard illuminance level required for library bookshelves falls under class IV, medium accurate visual activity which requires 300-500 lux of illuminance and thus it has exceed the requirements.

Therefore, it has a higher possibility to cause daylight excess in the space, which occurs when the maximum acceptable illuminance threshold for a space is considered to be some multiplier of the target illuminance, typically 10x. However in this case, it is a potential daylight glare.

Figure 2.2.2 shows the light contour of the space

2.3 THE EFFECTIVE METHODS OF GLARE CONTROL AND PREVENTION 1. Integration of trees in the atrium Tress have been plated in the courtyards which will in future screen the sun in and filter light to reduce glare and heat gain.

Diagram 2.3.1 shows the use of vegetation in the internal courtyard.

2. Installing perforated metal as sunscreen devices Perforated metal form an exterior glazed paneling system capable reducing glare while maintaining visual transparency and sight lines.

Figure 2.3.2 shows Des Moines Public Library by David Chipperfield Archtiects

Figure 2.3.3 shows construction system of Des Moines Public Library facade The skin of the library is made from a composite triple-glazing system with a slight twist, an expanded copper mesh layer mounted in-between the exterior and middle sheets of glass. It is used to create sun shading device at the same time allowing view for the user.

2.4 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS Artificial light sources are other source of light which developed to compensate for or assist the natural light. In the case of proposed library, it function from 8.00a.m. until 9.00p.m. ,which needed the use of artificial light during sunset and when the room is insufficient of light.

Fixture properties Type of fixture: Ultra-Thin LED Recesses Downlight

Figure 2.4.1 shows a ultra-thin LED recessed downlight Color temperature Voltage Power Luminous flux Color Rendering Index Luminous Efficacy Features

2800 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 3200k (soft white) 120 V 16 W 1220 lm 90 76.25 lm/w 50, 000 hour lifetime Energy saving No flash, protecting eyes Low maintenance cost

The ultra-thin LED recessed downlight allows itself to be installed on the ceiling without looking bulky and bringing a comfortable feeling to the user of library.

Height of ceiling (m) Type of light fixture Luminous flux of lighting, F (lm) Height of luminaires (m) Height of working plane (m) Mounting height, Hm (m) Standard Illumination required according to MS1525, E (lux) Reflectance factor Room index, RI (K)

4 Ultra-thin LED recessed downlight 1220 lm 3.7 1 2.7 300-500 Ceiling (White plastered ceiling) Wall (White Floor (Concrete flooring) RI = LXW Hm X ( L + W ) = 6.4 X 6.9 2.7 X ( 6.4 + 6.9 ) = 1.23

Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Number of fittings required, N

0.53 0.8 N=

Fitting layout

S max = 1.0 X 3 = 3m Distance between lamps is not greater than 3m Suggested layout: 4 rows of 7 luminaires (28 lamps)

EXA F X UF X MF = 300 X ( 6.9 X 6.4 ) 1220 X 0.53 X 0.8 = 25.6 ~ 26

Figure 2.4.2 shows the light contour with illuminance fit

It is noticed that the amount of lighting factors is within the range of 360 to 600 lux, which reaches the amount of 300 to 500 as required in MS1525.

2.5 PSALI (PERMANNAT SUPPLEMENTARY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF THE INTERIOR) By considering windows solely as admitters of daylight it may seem that the achievement of a certain minimum DF is the main design criterion. Electric lighting is used during daylight hours and it may be the case that in trying to achieve a minimum DF- 2%. In the main collection area, the suggested fitting layout for lamps is 4 rows of 7 luminaires which is 28 lamps.

Figure 2.5.1 shows the reflectance Ceiling of main collection area

As shown in the contour analysis, the only row which has obtain sufficient illumination from natural lighting is the side sits nearest to the glass panel. The artificial lighting is introduced to aid in illuminating the space during gloomy days when natural lighting is not sufficient to cater with the requirement.

Figure 2.5.2 shows the PSALI method for placing luminaires in main collection area During the brightest portions of the day ( when the daylight factor is high ), only row C needs to be on ( 1 row on). When the daylight level drops, rows B can be turned on in place of row C. Only at night, would it be necessary to have on rows A, B and C together.

3.0 MINI CINEMA 3.1 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS

Figure 3.1.1 shows the floor plan of mini cinema. Floor area = 57.57m2

Fixture properties Type of fixture: Ultra-Thin LED Recesses Downlight

Figure 3.1.2 shows a dimmable LED Flood light bulb Color temperature Voltage Luminous flux Color Rendering Index Luminous Efficacy Features

2700k (soft white) 60-65W 665 lm 90 10.2 lm/w Dimmable Energy saving Shatter Resistant

5.7 Dimmable ED Flood Light bulb 665 lm 5.4 1 4.4 150 Ceiling (White plastered ceiling) = 0.7 Wall (White painted wall) = 0.5 Floor (Concrete flooring) = 0.2 RI = LXW Hm X ( L + W ) = 10.1 X 5.7 4.4 X ( 10.1 + 5.7 ) = 0.82

Utilization factor, UF Maintenance factor, MF Number of fittings required, N

0.43 0.8 N=

Fitting layout

S max = 1.0 X 4.4 = 4.4 Distance between lamps is not greater than 4.4m Suggested layout: 5 rows of 8 luminaires (40 lamps)

EXA F X UF X MF = 150 X ( 10.1 X 5.7 ) 665 X 0.43 X 0.8 = 37.7 ~ 38

Figure 3.1.3 shows the light contour with illuminance fit Due to the different in floor level, the illuminance shows a very big different between the top floor and bottom floor. However, it is noticed that the amount of lighting factors is within the range of 120 to 600 lux, which reaches the amount of 150 as required in MS1525. Therefore, dimmable light is installed to control vary of brightness.

3.2 PSALI (PERMANNAT SUPPLEMENTARY ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING OF THE INTERIOR) In the mini cinema, the suggested fitting layout for lamps is 5 rows of 8 luminaires which is 40 lamps, but 2 lamps lesser and become 38 lamps due to the wall layout.

Figure 3.2.1 shows the reflectance Ceiling of mini cinema

Figure 3.2.2 shows the PSALI of the space

During the brightest portions of the day (when the daylight factor is high), only rows B and D needs to be on (2 rows on). When the daylight level drops, rows C can be turned on. From the light contour analysis we know that row D would receive the least artificial light even it is on. Therefore row D should be separated with other rows in case there is only light needed at the front stage. Only at night, would it be necessary to have on rows A, B and C and D together.

3.3 THE EFFECTIVE METHOD OF MAINTAINING VISUAL COMFORT 1. Dimmable Light control Switch

Figure 3.3.1 shows a dimmable light control switch This switch allows user to control the brightness ambience of light. It is crucial especially when the user leaving the cinema, even the reflected outdoor daylight is temporarily glaring. In other words, the susceptibility to glare is a direct function of adaptation: The dark scene in cinema where the user are already adapted to, they might experience glare from a light source. Therefore, dimmable switch aid in allowing the user to slowly adapt to the glare by controlling the brightness of light slowly from dim to bright.

4.0 REFERENCE 1. Automotive lighting technology and human factors in driver vision and lighting, rear vision and indirect vision. (2006). Warrendale, PA, USA: Society of Automotive Engineers. 2. 7 key steps in lighting design process | EEP. (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2017, from http://www.bing.com/cr?IG=5308485D5E954FE09E0388BE7A7016B9&CID=12739149D59E6C872B889B8 8D4986D4B&rd=1&h=BCGF5A3rHvXbjDNSSVJkczXBNJMUobPGaES3ae25AAI&v=1&r=http%3a%2f%2fe lectrical-engineering-portal.com%2f7-key-steps-in-lighting-design-process&p=DevEx,5411.1 3. MALAYSIA STANDARD 1525 - Documents. (2014, November 08). Retrieved July 16, 2017, from http://dokumen.tips/documents/malaysia-standard-1525.html

4. Buy LED Light Bulbs, Tubes & Fixtures. (n.d.). Retrieved July 16, 2017, from https://www.earthled.com/