Mosaic in Motion: 2023/2024 Vision Study For Bethany Park

Mosaic in Motion

2023/2024 VISION STUDY FOR BETHANY PARK

This publication documents the processes and findings of the Vision Study for Bethany Park, occurring during the academic semesters of Fall 2023 and Spring 2024.

This publication was written and designed by Jonathon Cruickshank, Mason Hatley, and Jennifer Quach under the counsel of the Kansas City Design Center. This publication cannot be sold, duplicated, or published electronically or otherwise, without the express written consent of the Kansas City Design Center. The purpose of this publication is academic in nature and is intended to showcase the research, scholarship, and design work of the students of the Kansas City Design Center.

ISBN 978-0-9893620-7-8

Goals and Strategy

Neighborhood History

Central Ave

Home Values

Ownership

Employment

Vacant Land

Education

03

Introduction & Process Comparable Programs

Goals of The Academy KCDC Mock-up

The Site Site Conditions

MP Goals

FUNDING AND SPONSORS

The Kansas City Design Center’s mission, program, and projects are made possible by numerous generous philanthropic funders and professional sponsors outlined below.

The project summarized in this publication was supported by the Unified Government of Wyandotte County - Kansas City, Kansas Department of Planning and Urban Design. We also want to thank Habitat for Humanity of Kansas City and the Central Area Betterment Association for their support by providing spaces for our use, which was crucial to the project’s success.

The KCDC’s core mission is generously supported by past and present grants from the Hall Family Foundation, the Regnier Family Foundation, and the McDonnell Family Foundation. Without this support, the KCDC would not be possible. Other funding, sponsorships, and in-kind donations, both past and present, have been received from Kansas State University, Francis Family Foundation, HNTB, Newmark Grubb Zimmer, Hoerr Schaudt, DRAW Architecture, SomeraRoad, and STRATA. We extend our continued recognition to the William T. Kemper Foundation for helping shape our program through their past funding and to the KCDC board members who have contributed funds: Cindy Frewen, Bill Zahner, and Kate Bender. Our gratitude for all our funders and individuals who have donated to the KCDC over the years is boundless, and we give our thanks.

FACULTY’S VISION & PROJECT INTRODUCTION

The identity of the city is inextricably connected to its geographic history, which leaves its imprint on the fabric of its neighborhoods. The historic neighborhoods around Central Avenue in Kansas City, Kansas are just such a place, where the remnant of a major transportation corridor (Central Avenue itself), an evolution of uses and cultural landmarks, and challenging topographical features play out as part of the city’s ‘genetic code’ as well as the latent dimension of a city which is yet to come.

After KCDC studied the West Bottoms in Kansas City, Missouri and the opposing hillsides of Kansas City, Kansas in the previous academic year, this year’s project took shape through focused engagement with the Planning and Urban Design Department of the Unified Government of Wyandotte Co and Kansas City, Kansas. The studio’s charge was to first study and absorb the recently completed Central Area Master Plan, which looked at the past, present, and future of the Central corridor. Then the studio would spend the year creating a development plan for a large vacant parcel that was the former site of the Bethany Park Hospital complex, located between 11th and 12th street off Central, north of the existing Bethany Park Community Center. During the year the studio would consider the masterplan scale of larger site, working down to the design of individual prototype buildings that would integrate into the masterplan scheme.

Consequently, the studio’s redevelopment vision for Bethany Park centers on affordable housing – a critical need in Kansas City, Kansas and the Kansas City Metro as a whole. The studio’s solution to the problem goes further than simply packing the site with housing units; instead, the studio imagines a development that incorporates the essential elements of a neighborhood, achieving critical housing unit numbers through the creative use of medium-density, mixed-income housing types while employing distributed green space, circulation, and amenities to scale down a large site to daily life. The keystone of the site is not a new, imported program but new infrastructure to cultivate and expand an existing community feature: the popular and bi-monthly La Placita Market. Overall, the studio’s approach to neighborhood-building suggests an alternative to the large apartment blocks and “lifestyle” developments common across the KC Metro today.

During the fall semester, the students became increasingly aware of the link between the construction workforce, workforce education, and the necessary workforce capacity to realize city-scale neighborhood revitalization efforts. The studio’s response was to incorporate a Community Trade School and Prefab Incubator in the site program, which could bolster the local construction workforce while boosting the neighborhood with new jobs and entrepreneurship. Funding from the K-State 105 Engagement Initiative gave the studio an opportunity in the spring to design and build a small prefab demonstration structure that would also serve as a project exhibit armature.

In summary, the studio’s proposal aims to demonstrate how larger infill development on the Bethany Park site can take the form of a new neighborhood, woven into the existing fabric of the historic Central neighborhoods. Capitalizing on medium-density, mixed-income housing, the project presents a new nucleus for residents, activity, and growth that can support and strengthen the Central Avenue Corridor.

01 INTRODUCTION

GOALS AND STRATEGY

DEVELOP SUSTAINABLE AND AFFORDABLE HOUSING SOLUTIONS

STRENGTHEN NEIGHBORHOOD ECONOMY & IDENTITY

INTRODUCE EXPAND

GOALS

Develop housing solutions for the Central Area and for Kansas City, Kansas, by proposing mixed-use developments and employing prefabricated building systems.

Developing housing solutions for the central area and for Kansas City, Kansas, through mixed-use developments is crucial for several reasons. Rapid and affordable infill development in these neighborhoods is essential to address the immediate housing needs. Prefabricated building systems, which enhance affordability by reducing construction costs, are a key component in this approach, making housing more accessible across income levels. These methods also promote sustainable development practices, minimizing waste and energy consumption.

Such initiatives stimulate economic growth by creating job opportunities in construction and related industries, boosting the local economy. Addressing housing shortages in urban areas like Kansas City, Kansas, becomes feasible with innovative housing solutions, ensuring residents have access to adequate housing. Focusing on long-term viability ensures that these developments meet current and future housing needs sustainably and effectively, laying the foundation for a resilient and thriving community.

The establishment of a trade school, where the planning and construction will happen, aims to educate the next generation of Kansas City, Kansas, residents, providing them with skills essential for maintaining and repairing the newly built community, further sustaining its growth and development.

In tandem with the creation of a trade school and job opportunities, there is a significant uplift in the community fabric. This approach not only educates and employs residents but also fosters a sense of pride and ownership in the community. As residents gain skills through the trade school, they become capable of building but also maintaining and repairing their surroundings, ensuring the longevity of the community’s infrastructure. This cycle of education, employment, and community engagement creates an environment where residents are invested in the ongoing improvement and upkeep of their neighborhoods, creating a vibrant and resilient community.

MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENTS EMPLOYING PREFABRICATED BUILDING SYSTEMS.

Fig. 1.1: Multi-generational Duplex

Fig. 1.2: Courtyard Duplex + ADU

Fig. 1.3: ‘Narrow lot’ SFH

Enhance the neighborhood economy and identity through the implementation of the newly proposed program.

Implementing the newly proposed program to enhance the neighborhood economy and identity promises significant benefits. Economic growth can be stimulated by boosting local businesses, attracting investments, and creating job opportunities, fostering a robust and sustainable economy.

A successful local economy ensures that neighborhoods remains vibrant and attractive to both residents and visitors, increasing property values and overall prosperity. Community engagement is likely to increase as residents take pride in their neighborhood, actively participate in local activities, and support community initiatives. Enhanced engagement fosters a stronger sense of community, leading to more collaborative efforts in maintaining and improving the neighborhood. This engagement, in turn, contributes to an improved quality of life, offering better access to services, amenities, and recreational activities. Residents can enjoy a more enriched living environment with diverse cultural and social opportunities, leading to greater overall satisfaction and well-being.

Additionally, the newly proposed program helps preserve and celebrate the neighborhood’s unique cultural aspects, ensuring that its history and traditions are maintained for future generations. This cultural preservation not only enriches the community but also attracts visitors and new residents who appreciate the neighborhood’s distinctive character, further promoting economic and social vitality.

The creation of new housing and the development of the local economy will generate profits that can be reinvested into the community and enhancing the city’s infrastructure. This cyclical growth model is important for areas like Central Area and Kansas City, Kansas, which currently suffer from a lack of tax revenue. By revitalizing these communities, the program can break the cycle of underinvestment, creating a self-sustaining system where economic growth fuels continuous improvements in public services and infrastructure.

CREATING UNIQUE NEIGHBORHOOD IDENTITY WITH PLAYFUL ELEMENTS

Fig. 1.4: Covered Farmers Market

Fig. 1.5: Covered Farmers Market

Fig. 1.6: Neighborhood Pocket Park

STRATEGY

REACTIVATE

The initial approach is to enhance the Central Avenue corridor by diversifying and expanding programs that introduce a variety of spaces that promote community engagement and connectivity.

This can be achieved by integrating multi-functional areas such as a community center, an openair market, art installations, and recreational facilities. By offering a blend of cultural, social, and recreational activities, these spaces can cater to a wide range of interests and age groups, encouraging interaction and participation among residents.

The goal is to further transform Central Avenue into a vibrant, dynamic hub that not only meets the practical needs of the community but also serves as a focal point for social cohesion and collective growth.

INTRODUCE

The mission is to present a typology of housing that addresses increased density, infill challenges, affordability, and community values such as multigenerational housing. These strategies should include innovative solutions such as mixed-use developments that optimize land use and foster vibrant neighborhoods, as well as prefabricated housing units that streamline construction and reduce costs.

Emphasizing sustainability through green building practices and energyefficient designs can further enhance affordability by reducing utility costs. The overall goal is to incorporate flexible living spaces and diverse housing options that support multigenerational living, creating inclusive environments where families of all ages can thrive together. By tackling these challenges and opportunities, the proposed housing typologies aim to build a balanced, resilient, and vibrant community that upholds the well-being and aspirations of all its residents.

Public Art Gallery Main Promenade in BP

‘Short’ Town House + ADU

Multifamily Apartment building

‘U-Shape’ Town House

Entry to Farmers Market

Figure 1.7

Figure 1.8

FACILITATE

Facilitating and supporting economic development requires promoting mixeduse developments, implementing placemaking strategies, and maximizing the economic impact of new housing, thereby benefiting both the community and the households residing within it. Mixeduse developments can seamlessly blend residential, commercial, and recreational spaces, creating vibrant neighborhoods where people can live, work, and relax.

By adding elements of place-making, the development of public spaces that foster a strong sense of community identity and pride is achieved, enhancing social interaction. The economic impact of new housing provides tangible benefits to local residents through the provision of affordable options that ensure stability and by freeing up disposable income for spending within the community. These strategies collectively contribute to the overall well-being and cohesion of the community.

The goal is to integrate workforce housing, essential workers can live affordably near their jobs, reducing commute times and enhancing productivity. This approach to economic development aims to create a thriving, resilient, and inclusive community that supports sustainable growth and improves the quality of life for all residents.

EXPAND

The goal is to enhance and expand the local construction workforce through the adoption of modern techniques, such as prefabricated systems, can significantly streamline construction processes and improve efficiency. By establishing targeted training programs and apprenticeships, workers can acquire the necessary skills to effectively implement these methods, thereby fostering job creation and stimulating economic growth.

Knowledge of prefabricated systems offer significant benefits due to their streamlined processes, reducing construction time and minimizing on-site disruptions. This approach ensures faster project completion but also leads to cost savings and higher quality control, as components are manufactured in controlled environments. A skilled workforce can play a pivotal role in supporting neighborhood resilience through timely maintenance and repairs, ensuring that homes and infrastructure remain safe and functional.

Emphasizing continuous education and the adoption of cutting-edge technologies will speed up construction but also promote sustainability and longevity in community development.

On-site prefab concept in practice

Students offloading prefab panels Figure 1.9

KANSAS CITY, KS KANSAS

KANSAS CITY, MO

CATHEDRAL RIVERVIEW

ST. JOE’S WATCHDOGS

PRESCOTT

CENTRAL AREA

The central area of Kansas City, Kansas, comprises five distinct neighborhoods—Cathedral, Prescott, Riverview, St. Joe’s Watchdogs, and WCAC (Wyandotte Countians Against Crime) — each characterized by a diverse housing stock ranging from historic homes in varying conditions to newly constructed residences.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, AND COMMERCIAL SPACES AS CULTURAL AND SOCIAL ANCHORS

Churches, both historic and contemporary, play integral roles in the central area of Kansas City, Kansas, serving as social and cultural anchors that symbolize cultural heritage and community unity. They foster a sense of belonging and solidarity among residents, historically functioning as centers for community gatherings, cultural celebrations, and social support networks. Among the notable institutions in the area are the Cathedral of St. Peter, St. John the Evangelist Catholic Church, All Saints Parish, St. Patrick Catholic Church, St. Mary - St. Anthony Parish, Trinity Community Church, Christ the King Parish, First Christian Church, Ebenezer Ministries, and Community Baptist Church. These churches serve diverse congregations and contribute significantly to the social, cultural, and spiritual dynamics of the central area, actively engaging in community outreach, supporting social initiatives, and celebrating the rich cultural heritage of the community. Education infrastructure in the central area of Kansas City, Kansas, includes a mix of public and private schools that reflect a commitment to quality education amidst a growing student population. Public schools such as Wyandotte High School, Sumner Academy of Arts & Science, J.C. Harmon High School, F.L. Schlagle High School, Northwest Middle School, Rosedale Middle School, Noble Prentis Elementary School, Whittier Elementary School, New Chelsea Elementary School, and Welborn Elementary School cater to students from elementary through high school. Additionally, Donnelly College offers collegiate-level education. The area’s educational landscape features a blend of renovated historic schools and newly constructed facilities, underscoring its dedication to providing diverse educational opportunities to residents. Commercial spaces along Central and Minnesota Avenues are undergoing transformations, with some former auto-oriented businesses adapting into thriving restaurants or new enterprises, while others await revitalization.

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT IN PUBLIC SPACES

Community efforts have revitalized public spaces in the central area with a notable focus on transforming parks into thriving spaces through dedicated volunteerism and community engagement. Residents contribute their time and effort to create community gardens, which not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of neighborhoods but also promote biodiversity and ecological sustainability. These efforts reflect the community’s proactive approach to selfimprovement, demonstrating a collective commitment to fostering a more livable environment and neighborhood pride.

DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS AND ECONOMIC DIVERSITY

Demographically, the central area is home to approximately 22,400 residents as of 2017, with a majority (59%) identifying as Latino. The population has seen fluctuations, growing from 2000 to 2010 before a slight decline thereafter. Educational attainment varies, with 9% holding a Bachelor’s degree or higher, and 66% residing in family households. Median incomes are notably lower than city and state averages, reflecting economic diversity within the community. Homeownership rates are slightly below the city average at 47%, and 51% of residents are married couples, highlighting the area’s familial orientation.

Over the past few decades, the central area has evolved into a vibrant, culturally diverse community, showcasing resilience and adaptability amidst demographic shifts and economic changes. This blend of historical charm, community engagement, and demographic diversity continues to shape the central area as a unique and dynamic part of Kansas City, Kansas, offering a rich tapestry of residential, educational, commercial, and cultural experiences for its residents.

Fig. 1.10: Intersections of N 18th & Central Ave.

Fig. 1.15: Intersection of N Mill St. & Central Ave .

Fig. 1.11 View down Central Ave.

Fig. 1.12: Aerial view of N Tremont St.

Fig. 1.13: View towards downtown KCK

Fig. 1.14 : View down Central Ave.

NEIGHBORHOOD INFORMATION

The Central Area of Kansas City, Kansas, serves as a hub of the community, characterized by its rich diversity and comprehensive amenities. This area is home to a variety of educational institutions, both public and private schools, which cater to a broad spectrum of educational needs. Parks, such as Big Eleven Lake and Riverview Park, offer residents opportunities for outdoor recreation and leisure. In addition, the community is supported by a range of resources, including libraries, community centers, and health clinics, all of which contribute significantly to the overall well-being and development of its residents.

Neighborhoods within the Central Area — Prescott, St. Joe’s Watchdogs, Cathedral, and Riverview — each possess unique sociocultural characteristics that enhance the community’s vibrancy.

Prescott is known for its diverse population and historical significance, with active neighborhood associations fostering a strong sense of unity through local events. St. Joe’s Watchdogs is distinguished by its emphasis on community vigilance and collaborative spirit, with residents actively engaged in maintaining safety and enhancing their environment. The Cathedral neighborhood, anchored by the iconic Cathedral of St. Peter, offers a serene and picturesque setting where the preservation of historic homes is a shared priority. Riverview, known for its breathtaking river views and expansive green spaces, promotes a lifestyle centered around outdoor activities and community involvement.

Collectively, these neighborhoods contribute to a dynamic and multifaceted central area that epitomizes the diverse and lively essence of Kansas City, Kansas.

Fig. 1.16: BP Farmers market

Fig. 1.17: Local mural

Fig. 1.19: Local mural

Fig. 1.18: La Placita Market

Fig. 1.19: Local mural

Fig. 1.20: Local mural

1.21: Study Area and neighborhood Groups (Interface Studio, 2020 – used with permission)

STUDY AREA

CEMETERY

RAIL CORRIDOR WOODED AREA

HYDROLOGY PARKS/OPEN SPACE

NEIGHBORHOOD GROUPS

BOUNDARY

BETHANY PARK SITE

TRANSIT CENTER

Fig.

CATHEDRAL RIVERVIEW

The Cathedral neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas, is primarily residential, distinguished by its early 20th-century Craftsman and Tudor Revival styles alongside contemporary designs. At its heart is the Cathedral of St. Peter, a Gothic Revival-style church that enhances the area’s cultural significance.

Within the bounds of the neighborhood is St. Peter’s Square, which is used for leisure and recreation. Additionally, the neighborhood boasts convenient proximity to downtown Kansas City, Kansas, and State Avenue, a busy thoroughfare in downtown KCK where many civil buildings are located.

The Riverview neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas, is celebrated for its scenic views of the Kansas and Missouri rivers, which add to its charm and appeal. Architecturally, Riverview features a diverse mix of styles, including late 19th and early 20th-century homes, many of which are Victorian and Colonial Revival, as well as mid-century modern, American Foursquares, bungalows, and contemporary designs.

Riverview Park offers extensive green spaces, playgrounds, and walking trails, making it a place where residents come together, their children play, and they socialize. The neighborhood’s proximity to the rivers provides unique recreational opportunities. Riverview boasts a strong sense of community, with active neighborhood associations organizing regular events aimed at enhancing local living conditions and fostering a robust sense of belonging among residents.

PRESCOTT ST. JOE’S WATCHDOGS

The Prescott neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas, is distinguished by its rich architectural heritage, featuring early 20th-century homes such as Craftsman bungalows, Tudor Revival, and American Foursquares. These homes are characterized by detailed woodwork, brick facades, and expansive front porches that reflect the craftsmanship of the era.

The neighborhood also offers a variety of community resources, including libraries, community centers, and locally-owned businesses catering to everyday needs. Prescott’s active community associations organize events such as neighborhood clean-ups, holiday celebrations, and communal gatherings, fostering a vibrant community spirit and enhancing resident quality of life. Its proximity to Interstate 70 ensures easy commuting to various areas across the metropolitan region.

The St. Joe’s Watchdogs is a community characterized by its strong sense of vigilance and close-knit atmosphere. Architecturally, the neighborhood features a mix of styles, including mid-20th century ranch homes, Cape Cod-style houses, and more modern constructions, reflecting the area’s development over time.

Resources in St. Joe’s Watchdogs include several parks and recreational areas that provide residents with opportunities for outdoor activities and community gatherings. The neighborhood is situated atop a hill, offering views of Downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The area is known for its regular community events like block parties, clean-up drives, and holiday celebrations. The presence of a community provides residents with access to fresh produce and a communal space for gardening. This neighborhood’s architectural diversity, robust local resources, strong community spirit, and unique features define its distinctive character.

Fig. 1.22: The Cathedral of Saint Peter the Apostle

Fig. 1.27: TYP. SFH

Fig. 1.28: Local mural

Fig. 1.31: Northrup Park Community Garden

Fig. 1.26: Big 11 Lake Park

Fig

TYP. SFH

Fig 1.23: TYP. SFH

Fig. 1.25: TYP. SFH

Fig.

CENTRAL AVENUE

CULTURAL TAPESTRY OF CENTRAL AVENUE

Central Avenue has a deep-rooted history dating back to the late 19th century when it emerged as a vital artery for the city’s growth. Initially driven by industries like railroads and meatpacking, the avenue quickly transformed into a busy commercial corridor. Its development paralleled the influx of immigrants, particularly from Eastern Europe, Mexico, and later from Central America, who settled in the area and contributed to its vibrant cultural tapestry. Over the decades, Central Avenue witnessed significant historical events, including its role during the prohibition era with speakeasies and its resilience through economic challenges like the Great Depression, shaping its identity as a resilient and culturally rich community.

MELTING POT OF COMMERCE AND CULTURE

Today, Central Avenue thrives with a blend of historical charm and contemporary vitality. It remains a cornerstone of Kansas City, Kansas, offering a diverse array of businesses ranging from longtime familyowned shops to eateries and cafes. The avenue is not only a commercial hub but also a cultural melting pot where residents and visitors alike experience the city’s rich heritage through events such as cultural festivals celebrating Hispanic, Eastern European, and other cultural traditions. Local artists contribute to the vibrant atmosphere, showcasing their work in galleries and public spaces along the avenue.

COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL SYNERGY

Central Avenue is predominantly characterized by its commercial spaces, with 37% of its area dedicated to economic activities, particularly concentrated on the eastern side. This dominance underscores opportunities for strategic development like multifamily residential units which make up 8% of the avenue. Given the prevalent building typology where ground-floor commercial spaces often support residential units on upper floors, there is significant potential to enhance urban density and community livability. Introducing more multifamily housing not only optimizes existing infrastructure but also fosters a mixed-use environment conducive to walkability and neighborhood cohesion which create an urban environment. The avenue’s 13% in parks and green spaces, such as Bethany Park, highlights the need to create more public recreational amenities. Proposals for smaller-scale solutions like pocket parks and shaded benches under trees could greatly enhance community well-being and engagement within the urban landscape. By strategically balancing commercial vitality with residential development and enhancing green spaces, Central Avenue can further solidify its appeal as a sustainable and vibrant neighborhood in Kansas City, Kansas.

Central Avenue continues to play a pivotal role in the local economy, providing employment opportunities and attracting visitors from across the region. Its strategic location and accessibility via major transportation routes bolster its status as a prime destination for commerce and community activities. Recent years have seen concerted efforts in revitalization, focusing on preserving its historic architecture This efforts not only enhance the aesthetic appeal of Central Avenue but also foster a sense of pride and community among its diverse residents.

LOOKING FORWARD: VISION FOR GROWTH AND COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

Looking ahead, Central Avenue is poised for continued growth and development while staying true to its historical roots. Future plans include further enhancing infrastructure to accommodate increasing urbanization and promoting sustainable practices to preserve its environment. Community engagement remains crucial, with residents actively participating in shaping the avenue’s future through neighborhood associations, business alliances, and civic initiatives. As Central Avenue evolves, it strives to maintain its status as a dynamic and inclusive hub where cultural diversity thrives and economic opportunities abound, ensuring its enduring significance within the fabric of Kansas City, Kansas.

LAND USE: CENTRAL AREA- CENTRAL AVE

KEY

BOUNDARY RAIL CORRIDOR HYDROLOGY WOODED AREA

COMMERCIAL INSTITUTIONAL INDUSTRIAL UTILITIES PARK PARKING VACANT LAND VACANT BUILDING

SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENTIAL

MULTIFAMILY RESIDENTIAL (2-4 units)

MULTIFAMILY RESIDENTIAL (+4 units)

MIXED USE

UNKNOWN

KEY INSIGHTS

OF THE CENTRAL AREA IS MADE UP OF COMMERCIAL PARCELS

OF THE CENTRAL AREA IS MADE UP OF SINGLE FAMILY HOMES

OF THE CENTRAL AREA IS MADE UP OF PARKS

SOURCED FROM: Central Area Master Plan; Land Use (Interface Studio, 2020 – used with permission) 37% 13%

OF THE CENTRAL AREA IS MADE UP OF VACANT LAND

Fig. 1.34: Central Area Master Plan; Land Use (Interface Studio, 2020 – used with permission)

02 DEMOGRAPHICS

GOALS STRATEGY

Develop housing solutions for the Central Area and for Kansas City, Kansas, by proposing mixed-use developments and employing prefabricated building systems.

Enhance the neighborhood economy and identity through the implementation of the newly proposed program

The central area of Kansas City, Kansas, is a vibrant mosaic made up of the neighborhoods WCAC, Prescott, Riverview, Cathedral, and St. Joe’s Watchdogs. Despite each neighborhood’s unique social dynamic, they share several commonalities that define the area’s demographic profile.

NEIGHBORHOOD OVERVIEW: A MOSAIC OF KANSAS CITY’S CENTRAL AREA

Understanding the housing stock within a community is crucial for several reasons. The type and quality of housing available directly impact the residents’ quality of life, influencing factors such as comfort, safety, and community cohesion.

The age of homes in a neighborhood is another critical factor to consider. Older homes often come with historical and cultural significance, contributing to the unique character of a community. However, they may also require more maintenance and updates to meet modern standards of living and safety. Understanding the age of homes helps in planning for infrastructure improvements, heritage conservation, and targeted interventions to maintain the housing stock’s viability. It also provides insights into the architectural evolution of an area, reflecting broader social and economic trends over time.

HOMEOWNERSHIP VS. RENTING: INSIGHTS INTO COMMUNITY STABILITY

The pattern of homeownership versus renting within a community offers valuable insights into its stability and socioeconomic dynamics. Homeownership often indicates a long-term commitment to the community, fostering stability and investment in local development. Conversely, a higher percentage of rental properties can suggest a transient population but also provide housing flexibility for those who cannot or choose not to buy homes. Analyzing this balance helps in designing policies that support both homeowners and renters, ensuring a cohesive community structure.

ASSESSING HOUSING CONDITIONS: A MEASURE OF COMMUNITY WELL-BEING

Assessing the condition of homes is vital for understanding the living standards within a community. The physical state of housing can impact residents’ health, safety, and overall well-being. Poor housing conditions can lead to various health issues and reduce the quality of life, particularly for vulnerable populations. By evaluating the condition of homes, individuals can prioritize areas needing repair or redevelopment, allocate resources effectively, and implement programs to improve housing quality.

In the following pages, the demographic profile of the community, in relation to the points above, will be explored, explained, and elaborated on. Studying housing demographics is essential for effective urban planning and community development. It provides insights into the existing housing stock, the age and condition of homes, homeownership patterns, and the socioeconomic factors that influence these dynamics. This holistic understanding enables the creation of targeted policies and interventions that enhance quality.

PROPERTY VALUE ANALYSIS

Understanding the types of houses and the value of these homes is crucial when looking at the Central Area, as it provides valuable insights into the socio-economic fabric and needs of the residents. The types of housing often reflect the socio-economic status and lifestyle preferences of residents, guiding resource allocation and planning. While different housing types may have varying demands, such as schools, parks, public transportation, or healthcare facilities, it is essential to recognize that these amenities are universally needed across all communities, though the intensity of the need may differ depending on the unique characteristics and demographics of each area.

HOME VALUES AND GEOGRAPHIC INFLUENCES IN THE CENTRAL AREA

In the central area surrounding Bethany Park, the average value of a home is close to $54,300, reflecting the economic realities of the residents and market conditions in the area. This relatively low home value indicates the need for targeted investment in public amenities, as well as programs to support homeownership and community development. A closer analysis of home values in relation to their geographic location within the neighborhood reveals significant trends. Homes located in Strawberry Hill, closer to downtown KCK, exhibit higher values despite being smaller, attributable to their proximity to public amenities, superior views, and well-maintained public infrastructure, such as sidewalks and streets. Similarly, properties in the northwest of Bethany Park demonstrate increased value, influenced by their proximity to the nearby public school and access to parks like Waterway Park and Northrup Park. These factors contribute to an enhanced perceived quality of life, thereby elevating property values in these areas. Central Avenue itself however, does not appear to serve as a significant factor in elevating home values, as the lower-value blocks extend across the middle of Central, indicating that proximity to this commercial corridor does not necessarily correlate with higher home values.

HOUSING AS AN ECONOMIC INDICATOR

Housing types serve as economic indicators, revealing affluent or economically disadvantaged areas, which can benefit from targeted programs and services. High concentrations of luxury homes or rapidly appreciating properties might signal a thriving community, whereas a prevalence of low-income or subsidized housing can indicate areas that can benefit from economic development and more specific social services. In neighborhoods where lower-value homes are concentrated, the need for both physical and economic development becomes evident. Investing in infrastructure, public spaces, and local businesses can stimulate the neighborhood, creating a ripple effect that not only enhances the quality of life for residents but also contributes to gradually increasing home values. Targeted development can serve as a catalyst for revitalization, fostering a more vibrant and economically resilient community. Different housing types influence population density, urban design, and transportation needs. High-density areas with many apartments require strong public transit and traffic management, while low-density suburbs focus on road infrastructure and parking. Housing diversity shapes social dynamics, fostering varied cultural environments and community cohesion. Diverse options promote inclusivity and social equity, while homogeneous housing creates tight-knit communities with shared interests.

GUIDING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH HOUSING TRENDS

Understanding housing trends helps identify market opportunities and guide development. For example, a growing population of young professionals may lead to more high-density apartments, while an aging population might prompt single-story homes and senior facilities. Analyzing housing values enables planners and developers to create strategies that enhance quality of life, ensure efficient resource use, and support sustainable growth, fostering vibrant communities for all residents.

MEDIAN HOME VALUE

Figure 2.1: Median home value, 2020 (Social Explorer, 2024)

Figure 2.2: Median home value, 2020 (Census.gov, 2024)

Some properties have modern renovations, clean facades, and manicured lawns, while others are neglected with aging exteriors and unmanaged vegetation.

The neighborhood showcases a diverse range of housing types, including single-family homes, duplexes, and apartment complexes. This variety reflects the community’s adaptability in accommodating different housing needs, from individual family units to multi-family living arrangements.

In addition to single-family homes, the area features several duplexes and low-rise apartment buildings. These multi-family units provide affordable housing options for individuals and families, contributing to a diverse socio-economic fabric within the community.

The housing stock varies in condition, with some homes showing signs of disrepair—such as peeling paint and overgrown yards — while others are well-maintained, featuring fresh paint and landscaped gardens. This contrast highlights the differing levels of investment and upkeep across the area.

RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY AGE ANALYSIS

THE AGE OF HOMES AS A REFLECTION OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT

The age of a home provides insight into architectural and construction trends while also reflecting patterns of urban development. In the central area, the age of homes reveals the evolution of construction materials, techniques, architectural styles, and neighborhood character. Homes built in different periods often mirror prevailing development trends and economic conditions. The infrastructure and amenities available during a home’s construction significantly shape its functionality and desirability, influencing the character of the neighborhood and its community over time.

BETHANY PARK AND THE INFLUENCE OF INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT

A significant concentration of homes built around 1939 is observable in the vicinity of Bethany Park, likely linked to the now demolished Bethany Hospital, which occupied the northern portion of the park. Originally constructed in 1910, Bethany Hospital underwent significant expansions with additional wings in the 1920s and 1930s, attracting residential growth in its vicinity due to its role as a major employer and community resource. The proximity to the Central Avenue streetcar further fueled housing development, enhancing accessibility and contributing to the expansion of residential areas around Bethany Park. The integration of the cable car into the community’s infrastructure facilitated daily commutes and encouraged investment in residential properties, boosting local economic activity. This period of development underscores the synergy between public transportation advancements and urban growth, highlighting how improved connectivity can drive residential expansion. The combination of institutional presence and transportation infrastructure illustrates how multiple factors converge to shape local real estate trends, emphasizing the dynamic interplay between institutional growth, transportation advancements, and residential development during the early 20th century.

PRESERVATION AND CHALLENGES OF AGING HOUSING STOCK

As it correlates to the age of a home, the quality often reflects the need for ongoing maintenance and specialized care. Older homes, built with construction techniques and materials that may not align with contemporary standards, frequently require more attention to preserve their structural integrity and aesthetic appeal. This necessity for upkeep stimulates a demand for skilled tradespeople who possess expertise in historical construction methods and materials. The maintenance and restoration of these older homes often involve intricate and specialized work, such as repairing vintage woodwork, updating outdated plumbing and electrical systems, and addressing issues related to aging foundations. Consequently, the aging housing stock not only highlights the challenges associated with preserving historic properties but also underscores the vital role of experienced professionals in ensuring that these homes do not fall into disrepair. This dynamic reinforces the broader impact of home age on the quality and sustainability of residential environments, contributing to the overall character and historical value of the neighborhood.

HOUSING AGE COMPARISONS AND THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCE

The average age of homes in Wyandotte County is 1962, while the state average is 1975. The disparity between the homes built near Bethany Park, which often date around 1939, and these averages can be attributed to a variety of factors. Among these, the presence of Bethany Hospital has played a significant role in shaping local development patterns. The hospital’s influence likely accelerated residential construction in its vicinity during the early 20th century, contributing to the higher concentration of older homes in that area compared to the broader county and state averages. This analysis underscores how institutional landmarks, such as Bethany Hospital, can impact local real estate trends and contribute to variations in housing age across different regions.

AVERAGE AGE OF HOMES

KEY

VIEW POINT

DOWNTOWN KCK

MAJOR CORRIDORS

BETHANY PARK SITE

BUS ROUTES

GREEN SPACE

AREA OF STUDY

KEY INSIGHTS

1939 1961 1974

AVERAGE AGE OF HOMES IN BETHANY PARK

AVERAGE AGE OF HOMES IN WYANDOTTE COUNTY

AVERAGE AGE OF HOMES IN KANSAS

2.4: Average age of homes, 2020 (Census.gov, 2024)

Figure 2.3: Average age of homes, 2020 (Social Explorer, 2024)

Figure

HOMEOWNERSHIP VS. RENTING ANALYSIS

BARRIERS TO HOMEOWNERSHIP IN THE CENTRAL AREA

In the Central Area, a higher proportion of residents choose to rent rather than buy their homes. This choice is influenced by several significant barriers to homeownership that many families face. These barriers include the substantial financial requirements involved in purchasing a home, such as saving for a down payment, covering closing costs, and managing ongoing maintenance expenses. Obtaining a mortgage often involves meeting specific credit and income requirements, which can be challenging for many families, particularly those with limited financial resources or unstable incomes. Families facing these financial challenges benefit from programs designed to support homeownership, such as down payment assistance programs, affordable housing grants, and resources like the Home-buyer Assistance Program or the Local Economic Credit (LEC) initiatives. These programs can provide crucial support in overcoming financial barriers, helping families access homeownership opportunities that might otherwise be out of reach. Despite the availability of such resources, navigating the process can still be complex. This complexity, coupled with financial constraints, often makes renting a more manageable and less risky option for many families.

ECONOMIC IMPACT ON HOUSING CHOICES

In the neighborhood around Bethany Park, the median income is notably lower, at roughly $24,000. This lower income level significantly impacts residents’ housing choices, making renting a more accessible option compared to homeownership. Given that the Wyandotte County median income is around $60,000, the disparity between these figures highlights the economic challenges faced by individuals in this area. With a median income significantly below the county average, many residents may not meet the financial demands of purchasing a home, such as saving for a down payment or qualifying for a mortgage. This economic gap explains the higher prevalence of renting in the central area, as the lower income levels around Bethany Park reflect a broader trend where financial constraints force more individuals to choose renting as a more viable and manageable housing solution.

INCOME DISPARITIES AND HOUSING PATTERNS

In contrast, to the west of Bethany Park, there is a noticeable increase in homeownership. This shift is partly due to the higher median household income in this area, which provides residents with the financial capacity to purchase homes. As incomes rise, so does the ability to meet the financial requirements of homeownership, such as securing mortgages and managing home-related expenses. Consequently, this higher income level contributes to a more balanced distribution between renting and owning in the neighborhoods further west of Bethany Park.

The preference for renting over homeownership in the central area of Kansas City, Kansas, reflects the significant economic challenges faced by many residents. The substantial financial barriers to purchasing a home, including down payments, closing costs, and ongoing maintenance, are exacerbated by the complexities of securing a mortgage. For families with lower incomes, such as those around Bethany Park, these challenges are particularly pronounced, leading to a higher rate of renting. Conversely, in areas where median incomes are higher, homeownership becomes more feasible, demonstrating the impact of economic stability on housing choices. Addressing these financial barriers and expanding access to supportive programs is crucial for creating a more equitable housing environment and facilitating greater opportunities for homeownership across the central area.

RENTING VS. OWNING

KEY

VIEW POINT

DOWNTOWN KCK

MAJOR CORRIDORS

BETHANY PARK SITE

BUS ROUTES

GREEN SPACE

AREA OF STUDY

Figure 2.5: Percent renting Vs. Owning, 2020 (Social Explorer, 2024)

INCOME AND EMPLOYMENT

INCOME DISPARITIES AND ECONOMIC CHALLENGES

The median household income in the Central Area is $24,575, significantly lower than the state average of $82,103. This income gap is tied to the concentration of lower-paying industries, such as Manufacturing and Construction, which typically offer wages below the regional and state averages. A contributing factor to this economic disparity is the lower educational attainment within the Central Area. Enhancing educational opportunities and job training programs is essential for diversifying the local job market, promoting economic mobility, and improving household financial stability. By addressing these educational and economic challenges, the community can work towards a more resilient and prosperous future.

EMPLOYMENT SECTORS IN THE CENTRAL AREA

Central Area residents are primarily employed in industries with lower-paying jobs when compared to the region and state averages. The top three industries for workers living in the Central Area are Manufacturing (13%), Construction (6%), and Administrative, Support, and Waste Management Services (3%). These sectors typically offer lower wages and fewer benefits, directly impacting the overall financial stability of the households in this community.

13% percent of the area’s population works in the manufacturing industry, which includes jobs in food processing, automotive parts production, and machinery manufacturing, prevalent in Kansas City, Kansas.

Construction is another leading industry, employing a portion of the workforce. Construction jobs range from general labor and carpentry to more specialized roles like electricians and plumbers, contributing to the development and maintenance of the area’s infrastructure. Since these jobs only make up 6% of the workforce, it is important to recognize that there is potential for educating individuals in these industries.

HEALTHCARE AND SOCIAL SERVICES AS KEY EMPLOYERS

Healthcare and social assistance jobs dominate the area, employing 14% of the population due to the proximity to several healthcare facilities, including hospitals, clinics, and nursing homes. Roles in this sector include nurses, medical assistants, social workers, and home health aides, essential for supporting the community’s health needs.

Healthcare and social assistance jobs dominate the area, employing 14%. Numerous educational institutions nearby, from primary schools to colleges, stimulate job opportunities in teaching, administration, and support services. These positions are crucial for fostering education and development within the community.

Due to these lower incomes, many households in the Central Area experience heightened financial vulnerability. They are more susceptible to economic shifts and challenges, such as rising home prices and unexpected crises like the COVID-19 pandemic. These changes can quickly escalate into severe financial distress for many residents, leading to difficulties in meeting basic needs, maintaining housing stability, and achieving long-term financial goals.

The limited financial resources restrict access to essential services and opportunities for upward mobility, such as higher education and quality healthcare. This creates a cycle of poverty that is difficult to break, further exacerbating economic disparities within the community. Addressing these issues requires targeted interventions, including job training programs, increased access to higher-paying industries, and policies aimed at improving overall economic resilience for Central Area residents.

HOUSEHOLD INCOME

Figure 2.6: Median Household Income 2020 (Social Explorer, 2024)

KEY KEY INSIGHTS

VIEW POINT

DOWNTOWN KCK MAJOR CORRIDORS

BETHANY PARK SITE

GREEN SPACE BUS ROUTES AREA OF STUDY

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN BETHANY PARK

$24,688 $48,093 $61,091 Figure 2.7: Median Household Income, 2020 (Census.gov, 2024)

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN WYANDOTTE COUNTY

MEDIAN HOUSEHOLD INCOME IN KANSAS

KEY INSIGHTS

MANUFACTURING:

18% OF THE POPULATION IS EMPLOYED IN MANUFACTURING, REFLECTING THE PROXIMITY TO CENTRAL INDUSTRIAL DISTRICT IN THE WEST BOTTOMS; EAST OF I-70 AND THE KANSAS RIVER

CONSTRUCTION:

16% OF THE POPULATION WORKS IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

HEALTHCARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE:

14% OF THE POPULATION IS EMPLOYED IN HEALTHCARE AND SOCIAL ASSISTANCE, INDICATING THE IMPORTANCE OF THESE SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY & IT’S PROXIMITY TO THE UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS HEALTH SYSTEM

Figure 2.8: Central Area Master Plan; Employment by Industry (Interface Studio, 2020 – used with permission)

HIGH SCHOOL EDUCATION GAP

ECONOMIC AND SOCIO-CULTURAL BARRIERS TO EDUCATION

Educational attainment among individuals aged 25 or older who have completed only a high school education is influenced by a variety of factors. Economic constraints are particularly significant. In Wyandotte County, the median household income is $60,000. Although income is not the sole determinant of educational choices, it exerts a substantial influence. The financial burden of higher education, encompassing tuition and related expenses, can be a major obstacle for those with limited economic resources. Moreover, the immediate necessity to enter the workforce often takes precedence for individuals who need to support themselves and their families. This imperative is not solely an economic concern but also reflects cultural values; in many communities, the obligation to contribute to household income is paramount. Additionally, socio-cultural factors impact educational attainment, including restricted access to educational resources, inadequate familial support and guidance, and insufficient awareness of financial aid opportunities. Poor academic preparation, a lack of role models who have pursued higher education, and personal circumstances such as health issues or family responsibilities also contribute to the decision to forego further education. These factors collectively create barriers to higher education, perpetuating broader educational and economic disparities.

EDUCATIONAL DISPARITIES IN BETHANY PARK

In the census tract encompassing Bethany Park, 22.33% of individuals aged 25 or older possess only a high school diploma. This statistic highlights a significant aspect of the educational landscape within the area. The relatively high percentage of individuals with only a high school diploma may reflect a combination of economic, sociocultural, and systemic factors. Economic constraints, such as the financial burden of higher education, likely play a role in this outcome. Individuals in this tract may face challenges related to the cost of college and the immediate need to enter the workforce to support themselves and their families, which can take precedence over further education. Socio-cultural factors, including limited access to educational resources, insufficient support from family or community, and a lack of awareness about financial aid, also contribute to the educational attainment observed. Additionally, this percentage underscores the broader educational and economic disparities present in the community. Addressing these challenges requires targeted interventions to improve access to higher education and provide support systems that can help individuals pursue and complete post-secondary education.

In comparison to other regions within the Central Area and Wyandotte County, the area surrounding Bethany Park demonstrates a lower percentage of individuals who have pursued some form of secondary education beyond high school. While other parts of the Central Area and Wyandotte County exhibit higher rates of post-secondary education attainment, including associate degrees, bachelor’s degrees, and vocational certifications, Bethany Park lags behind in this regard. This disparity reflects broader systemic issues, such as economic barriers and limited educational resources, which are more pronounced in the Bethany Park area. The financial burden of higher education, coupled with immediate economic needs and a lack of adequate support systems, contributes to the lower rates of educational advancement. Socio-cultural factors, including limited awareness of educational opportunities and insufficient familial or community support, further exacerbate this gap. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive interventions aimed at increasing access to higher education and providing targeted support to help individuals overcome the specific challenges faced in the Bethany Park area. Enhancing educational resources, improving financial aid awareness, and creating supportive community networks are essential steps toward bridging this educational attainment gap and fostering greater educational achievement across the region.

25 OR OLDER WITH LESS THAN A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA

VIEW POINT

DOWNTOWN KCK

MAJOR CORRIDORS

BETHANY PARK SITE

BUS ROUTES

GREEN SPACE

AREA OF STUDY

Figure 2.9: Education Attainment, 2020 (Social Explorer, 2024)

CONCLUSION OF PROFILE

ECONOMIC CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

This demographic study of the Bethany Park area reveals critical economic challenges and opportunities that underscore the necessity for a precisely targeted urban revitalization strategy. Central to this effort are objectives aimed at improving housing quality, strengthening economic stability, and ensuring fair access to community resources. These goals are in alignment with the broader masterplan, which prioritizes sustainable development, housing rehabilitation, and active community engagement as foundational elements for neighborhood enhancement.

CHALLENGES OF AGING HOUSING STOCK

A key indicator of the economic difficulties facing Bethany Park is the median home value, which stands at $46,800. This is notably lower than the Kansas state median of $157,600. This difference reflects the depressed property values commonly found in neighborhoods with aging housing stock, economic disinvestment, and deteriorating infrastructure. The housing in this area, which includes both single-family homes and duplexes, faces unique challenges. Although some homes are in relatively good condition, many require significant repairs, especially those built around 1939, the median construction year for homes in this neighborhood. The age of these structures underscores the need for a focused approach to maintenance and rehabilitation, as older homes often require more specialized care to ensure they remain safe and livable.

HOUSING POLICY AND WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT

The presence of aging housing stock raises important issues related to housing policy, urban planning, and workforce development. As homes age, maintenance costs increase, placing a heavy burden on homeowners, particularly in economically disadvantaged areas like Bethany Park. The reliance on individual homeowners to maintain properties, many of which are in disrepair, indicates a need for public policy initiatives that support home repair and preservation. Programs offering incentives for rehabilitation, such as tax credits, grants, or low-interest loans, are essential to counteract deteriorating conditions. Additionally, the demand for a skilled workforce capable of restoring and retrofitting older homes presents an opportunity for workforce development programs. These programs could train residents in construction trades, addressing both employment needs and improving housing conditions.

ECONOMIC INEQUALITY AND COMMUNITY SUPPORT

Homeownership in Bethany Park is notably higher compared to many economically disadvantaged neighborhoods, reflecting a broader trend seen at the county and state levels. While homeownership is often viewed as a means of wealth accumulation and community stability, the reality for many Bethany Park residents is more complex. Although owning a home represents a significant achievement, it also imposes substantial responsibilities for maintenance, exacerbated by the area’s low median household income of $24,688. This income is considerably below both county and state averages, indicating that economic hardship is a defining feature of the neighborhood. Homeowners with limited financial resources frequently delay necessary repairs, leading to further property deterioration and loss in value. This situation creates a cycle where the asset intended to build wealth instead becomes a financial burden.

Addressing these economic conditions requires a multifaceted approach. First, the structural deficiencies of the housing stock must be addressed. The median construction year reveals that a substantial portion of homes are over 80 years old, likely suffering from common issues such as outdated electrical systems, inadequate plumbing, and deteriorating foundations. Repairing these issues requires specialized knowledge and an expansion of local skilled labor forces, particularly in construction and home repair sectors, to ensure ongoing maintenance and improvement of the housing stock.

The economic inequality highlighted by income statistics points to broader systemic issues affecting the community’s long-term viability. With a median household income of $24,688, Bethany Park residents face significant disadvantages compared to their counterparts at the county and state levels. This inequality impacts all aspects of life in the neighborhood, from housing maintenance to access to healthcare, education, and other essential services. Strategies to address this inequality must include not only direct financial assistance to homeowners but also investments in economic development initiatives that can offer residents better job opportunities, higher wages, and improved economic mobility.

The data also suggests a need to enhance community engagement and support networks to help residents navigate the challenges of homeownership in a low-income context. Community-based programs offering financial counseling, home maintenance workshops, and cooperative repair initiatives could help ease some of the burdens faced by homeowners. Furthermore, partnerships between local governments, non-profits, and private entities could provide the resources needed for large-scale rehabilitation projects that benefit the entire community.

The demographic data for Bethany Park underscores the importance of a targeted and nuanced approach to urban revitalization. Low home values, aging housing stock, and economic challenges present significant obstacles to sustainable development, yet they also reveal opportunities for focused intervention. By prioritizing housing rehabilitation, workforce development, and economic equity, the masterplan can foster a more resilient and vibrant Bethany Park, where residents not only achieve homeownership but also enhance the value of their homes, promoting long-term community stability and growth.

Photo Credit: Net Postive Studio at Kansas State University

03 THE ACADAMY

COMPARABLE WORKFORCE EDUCATION PROGRAMS

NATIONALLY THE CHALLENGE PROGRAM

REGIONALLY CAA +CTC 01 02

In fulfilling its core mission, The Challenge Program integrates social, economic, and environmental sustainability. Through its vocational training program, trainees work towards earning their GED or high school diploma while simultaneously acquiring construction and life skills by rehabilitating low income housing in Wilmington’s most neglected neighborhoods. The Program employs green building practices, introducing these methods and technologies to end users who are typically the last to benefit from such practices.

Signature Programs housed at the center for Academic Achievement :

• Animation + Interactive Media

• Engineering- Project Lead the Way

• Culinary Arts & Hospitality

• Biotechnology

• Medical Health Science

Figure 3.1: DIGSAW

Figure 3.2: SMSD Center for Academic Achievement

Students in the Building Trades Program have the opportunity to learn hands-on about the various aspects of construction trades. The program builds a home in the Turner community every two years Students in the Building Trades Pathway take the following courses:

• Carpentry I

• Carpentry II

• Woodworking

• Research & Design

• Electrical Systems

• Plumbing

• Compr. Work Exp in A&C

The Workforce Solar Housing Partnership is a collaboration between:

• K-State & The Net Positive Studio

• Manhattan Area Technical College

• Habitat for Humanity of the N. Flint Hills

• The Home Builder’s Institute of Ft. Riley

• Flint Hills Job Corp

• The Flint Hills Renewable Energy and Efficiency Cooperative

• The Manhattan Housing Authority

Since 2021, homes produced by the partnership have begun with the design work of K-State architecture students, who pre-fabricate the walls and roof. Trade students work with skilled instructors in the field to complete the homes, including the installation of solar panels. The partnership’s homes demonstrate that net-zero homes can be affordable and represent a feasible solution to the housing crisis.

Figure 3.4: Net Zero Studio

Figure 3.3: Turner High Students

GOALS AND ACTION 01

LEARNERS SERVED

• Alternative High School Students

• Recent High School Grads

• New Career & Career Retool Students

• Apprentices & Mentees

• Informal Learners & DIYers Figure 3.5: Goals and action diagram part 1

WORKFORCE SKILLS & KNOWLEDGE

• Technical classes in specialized trades

• Property maintenance and basic handiwork

• Entrepreneurship & small business development

GOALS AND ACTION

03 HANDS ON LEARNING

• Service learning projects benefit the neighborhood

• Prefab methods enhance learning

• Hands-on process reinforces job relevance and speeds transition into field

04 COMMUNITY IMPACTS

• Accelerate local infill housing

• Seed construction startups w/ knowledge, skills, and tech

• New higher-paying jobs for community members

GOALS AND ACTION

Summary The Community Trade School serves a diverse group of learners, including alternative high school students, recent graduates, career re-toolers, apprentices, and DIY enthusiasts. By offering technical classes in specialized trades, property maintenance, basic handiwork, and entrepreneurship, the school equips its students with essential workforce skills and knowledge. Through hands-on learning, such as service learning projects and the use of prefab methods, students not only reinforce job relevance but also speed their transition into the workforce. The school’s community impact is significant, accelerating local infill housing, seeding construction startups with vital knowledge and technology, and creating new higherpaying jobs for community members. Located within the neighborhood, the school also functions as a Prefab Incubator, utilizing a vacant warehouse to teach prefab building methods while revitalizing local neighborhoods through the construction of new homes. Experts estimate that each new home supports four local jobs and generates $287k in local income annually. Prefab methods, which allow for faster construction with less waste, are a key component of this revitalization effort, making the Community Trade School a critical driver of economic growth and development in the area.

Photo Credit: KCDC

KCDC MOCK UP FABRICATION

Figure 3.8: Pre-fabrication desgin process timeline

KCDC MOCK UP FABRICATION

LIFE & AFTERLIFE

The Kansas City Design Center (KCDC) students embarked on a hands-on project to explore and showcase innovative prefabricated building techniques. As part of this initiative, the students designed a structure using 16 prefabricated panels that were built at KC Habitat for Humanity. These panels are made with wood framing, continuous foam insulation, and a rigid weather barrier system, combining modern construction technology with traditional methods. Although smaller than typical prefab panels, these components represent the same techniques used to construct larger homes, highlighting their versatility and efficiency.

By using prefabricated panels, the students were able to speed up the construction process while ensuring the final structure remained highly insulated, durable, and energy-efficient. The project demonstrates how prefab methods can streamline construction and maintain quality, paving the way for future applications in affordable and sustainable housing solutions.

Funded by the K-State 105 Initiative, this project serves a dual purpose. Initially, it functions as an exhibit to educate the public on the benefits of prefabricated construction, allowing people to interact with the model and understand its construction process (“Life”). However, the project’s impact extends far beyond the exhibit. Once the display concludes, the structure will enter its “afterlife” as it is donated to KC Habitat for Humanity and re-purposed as a functional shed, supporting affordable housing efforts and continuing to serve the community in a meaningful way.

The concept of an afterlife is vital because it extends the value and impact of the project. Rather than being dismantled and discarded, the structure is re-purposed, promoting sustainability and reducing waste. It ensures that the time, effort, and resources invested in the project continue to benefit the community, aligning with eco-friendly practices and responsible resource management. Moreover, the afterlife transforms the structure into a lasting educational tool and a legacy of responsible design, encouraging future designers to think about the long-term implications of their creations.

LIFE

PREFAB PANELS EXHIBIT SET UP

AFTERLIFE

COMPLETED SHED

Photo Credit: KCDC

LOCATION: KANSAS CITY DESIGN

Photo Credit: KCDC

The Spring 2024 students collaborated as a team to turn their concept into reality. They developed a panelized system that can be assembled to create both an exhibit and a fully enclosed, weatherrated shed. Working with Habitat for Humanity, the students created 19 panels intended for assembly into KCDC’s annual house. These panels were also displayed at CABA (Central Avenue Betterment Association) and at a Third Friday Art Walk event in Downtown KCK. Following these exhibitions, the panels are intended to be assembled into a shed and auctioned off by Habitat for Humanity. LOCATION:

OPEN HOUSE 05.09.24

Photo Credit: KCDC

LOCATION: TOWN PAVILION LOBBY

THIRD FRIDAY ART WALK

Photo Credit: KCDC

AFTERLIFE

Pre-Shed

3.10: Pre-shed and Post-Shed Sketch

Photo Credit: KCDC

Figure

Post-Shed

Graphic created by KCDC

04 MASTER PLAN

CENTRAL AVENUE & BETHANY PARK

Throughout the Fall and Spring semesters, KCDC students were tasked with designing a master plan for Bethany Park. As part of their work, they conducted in-depth research on both Central Avenue and the Bethany Park site, with a focus on mixed-density developments. During the research phase, the students thoroughly reviewed the Central Area Master Plan, developed by the Unified Government of Wyandotte County, Kansas City, Kansas, and Interface Studio. Key insights from this plan were identified and became focal points that the students expanded upon in their KCDC Bethany Park Master Plan.

CENTRAL AREA MASTER PLAN

01 02 03 04 05 06

Improvements to Trolley Car Park

Reduction in the size of Park Drive while maintaining business access.

Storefronts & Sidewalk Usage Key Development Sites

Facade improvements for local businesses

Improved pedestrian accessibility across 18th and Central Avenue.

Environmental enhancements like street trees and green infrastructure.

7th & Central Site: Utilize vacant land to continue commercial corridor momentum

Former Bethany Hospital Site: Redevelopment with community involvement.

Enhance Park Amenities and Safety Improve Accessibility & Connectivity

Support the Farmers Market with infrastructure for loading/ unloading and waste management.

Create internal trails for walking and running.

Install bicycle stations to support multimodal circulation.

Foster Community Engagement

Encourage residential and mixed-use development in the vacant lot north of the Medical Center.

Reallocation of Park Drive parking to the park’s perimeter

Amenities such as benches, cafe tables, and bike racks.

Pedestrian-scaled and decorative lighting.

Protect the Alcott Arts Center and nearby homes from becoming a logistics center, and uphold current zoning.

Figure 4.1: Central Area Master Plan takeways for KCDC Masterplan

Improve lighting for increased security.

Strengthen pedestrian connections with the Medical Center.

Enhance accessibility with landscaped entrances and continuous sidewalks.

BETHANY PARK CENTRAL AVE

COMMUNITY ENGAGEMENT

AMENTIES

These proposed improvements and developments for Central Avenue and Bethany Park focus on enhancing community engagement, accessibility, and overall aesthetic appeal to create vibrant, functional public spaces.

LIFE OF THE SITE

KANSAS CITY, KANSAS (KCK)

KCK’s annual Día de los Muertos festival brings the Latin community together, with recent trends showing people traveling from other states to celebrate this Day of the Dead.

Food trucks are prominent in the KCK area, especially at community events throughout the year.

The Flavors of Central Tour allows visitors to “get a taste” of the neighborhood through its various restaurants.

Figure 4.2 Day of the Dead Festival

Figure 4.3: Food Truck Fridays

Figure 4.4: Flavors Of Central Extravaganza

BETHANY PARK

La Placita is a local farmers market that meets every Saturday from May-August. The market is run by the Central Avenue Business Association (CABA). The idea behind the La Placita market is, per CABA, for “community members to explore their ability to produce and commercialize any given product without the pressure of major up front investment.”

Figure 4.5: La Placita Market

SITE CONDITIONS

TOPOGRAPHICAL UNDERSTANDING

Bethany park features a distinctive topography with a steep, bowl-shaped slope that enhances its visual appeal and presents functional challenges. The highest point of the park is located at the intersection of Central Avenue to the south and Riverview Avenue to the north, offering expansive views of the surrounding area. From this elevated vantage, the land gradually slopes downward towards the park’s lowest point, situated near the Vibrant Health Office Building. This lower area includes street-level parking and an underground garage, providing convenient access for visitors and staff. While the bowl-like slope contributes to the park’s dynamic landscape, it also poses challenges for accessibility and design. Addressing these issues in future improvements will be crucial for both enhancing the park’s usability and preserving its natural beauty.

CENTRAL AVE 12THST. 11THST.

RIVERVIEWAVE

SITE CONDITIONS KEPT

01

INFRASTRUCTURE

The proposed master plan initially focuses on retaining existing buildings such as the Vibrant Health Office Building, the Bethany Community Center, and Fire Station #9, offering a range of benefits. Key advantages include cost savings, as preserving these structures avoids both construction and demolition expenses. Environmentally, this strategy reduces construction waste and supports sustainable practices. From a community standpoint, maintaining these buildings preserves the area’s historical and cultural integrity while ensuring that essential services continue without interruption. Moreover, this approach allows for faster project completion and stimulates the local economy by providing employment opportunities for local contractors. Socially, retaining familiar buildings strengthens community identity and pride, while maintaining accessible services enhances overall community wellbeing. Functionally, these buildings have demonstrated their value and can be adapted to meet modern standards, making this approach both practical and beneficial for the Bethany Park community.

Figure 4.6 Bethany Park Community Center

Figure 4.8: Vibrant Health Office Building

Figure 4.7: Fire Station #9

MASTER PLAN GOALS

01

02

ACTIVATING CENTRAL AVE.

To activate Central Avenue, the strategy leverages its existing vibrancy. Central Avenue is already a bustling street with a hub for retail, dining, and business activities. Despite this, there are still vacant buildings along the street. The addition of a food hall provides a space for emerging businesses to test and trial their concepts, with the opportunity to move to a permanent location on Central Avenue once established. This not only supports economic growth by boosting local businesses but also addresses the issue of vacant buildings, contributing to urban revitalization.

Additionally, La Placita, a popular event, takes place every Saturday from May to August. The proposed master plan includes designing permanent infrastructure at the edge of Central Avenue within Bethany Park. This infrastructure will accommodate the La Placita farmers market and offer a flexible space for community use when the market is not in session. This design enhances the visual and functional appeal of Central Avenue and Bethany Park, creating a distinctive identity and a welcoming entrance. It also fosters community engagement by providing a venue for local events and social activities, thus strengthening community cohesion. Overall, the approach improves the quality of life by offering accessible recreational opportunities and enhancing the overall experience for both residents and visitors.

MASTER PLAN GOALS

RECREATION ON SITE

Currently, Bethany Park features only a playground and futsal courts, but these amenities are underutilized by the community. The proposed master plan addresses this by relocating the futsal courts to a new position within the park and expanding the recreational offerings to include new basketball courts and a redesigned playground. These enhancements aim to provide a wider range of activities for park users, catering to diverse interests and age groups. By incorporating these new features, the master plan seeks to create a more inclusive and dynamic recreational environment that encourages active lifestyles and fosters greater community engagement.

MASTER PLAN GOALS

LIVABLE URBAN FABRIC

With the addition of new amenities on the commercial side of Bethany Park, located on the south side of the site, the proposed master plan also introduces several key nodes to the north part of the park. These include a Community Greenhouse, Central Gathering Pavilion, Skyward Pavilion, Sensory Park, Art Gallery + Sculpture Walk, and Pocket Park. These features are designed to enhance connectivity between the north and south parts of the park and create a vibrant, livable urban fabric for local residents.

The master plan emphasizes walkability by ensuring that these amenities are easily accessible via pedestrian pathways and green corridors. This connectivity promotes a seamless flow between different park areas, encouraging residents to walk or bike rather than drive. By integrating diverse spaces such as community gardens, interactive art installations, and flexible gathering areas within a walkable layout, the plan fosters a sense of community and encourages social interaction. The inclusion of green spaces and cultural amenities enhances the daily lives of residents, creating a dynamic environment where people can live, work, and engage in recreational activities conveniently and comfortably. This approach not only improves the aesthetic appeal of the area but also supports a higher quality of life by promoting accessibility, inclusivity, and community cohesion.

MASTER PLAN GOALS

Encourage residential and mixed-use development in the vacant lot north of the Medical Center. This development should include a variety of housing options such as detached single-family homes, duplexes, townhomes, and multi-residential buildings, providing diverse living opportunities that cater to different needs and preferences. The integration of these housing types within a mixed-use framework will create a vibrant, sustainable community while maximizing the potential of the available space.

CREATING MIXED DENSITY

SINGLE FAMILY HOMES

01 02 03

TOTAL BED: 2 (0R)3BED

TOTAL SQF: 1400

TOTAL BED: 3BED + ADU

TOTAL SQF: 1,194

MASTER PLAN GOALS CREATING

MIXED DENSITY

TOWNHOUSES

20

06 07 08 09

TOTAL BED: 3BED

TOTAL SQF: 1,233

MULTIFAMILY BLOCK

RANGE: 1-3 BEDROOM

TOTAL SQF RANGE : 500-1,500

MIXED USE/MULTIFAMILY RANGE: 1-3 BEDROOM

TOTAL SQF RANGE : 4841,313

05 HOUSING PROTOTYPES

A diverse range of housing typologies, including single-family houses, duplexes, townhouses, and mixed-use apartment buildings, fosters an urban environment that accommodates varied incomes and lifestyles. This mix ensures vibrant, inclusive neighborhoods where people from different backgrounds can coexist, promoting social cohesion and community vitality.

HOUSING PROTOTYPES PROBLEM

SUMMARY

The housing prototypes for Bethany Park and its surrounding areas address a series of interconnected challenges that have long hindered the community’s growth. Vacant lots disrupt neighborhood continuity and represent missed opportunities for development. Meanwhile, low education levels limit many households to low-wage jobs, reducing economic mobility and overall prosperity in the area. The steep slopes throughout Bethany Park further complicate development by creating physical barriers that make land utilization difficult.

A lack of investment in infrastructure is another critical concern. With a limited tax base, there is insufficient funding to maintain or improve essential public services and amenities. This disinvestment has contributed to a cycle of decline, where deteriorating roads, utilities, and public spaces make the area less attractive to both residents and investors. As a result, housing quality has deteriorated, with many homes falling into disrepair, further exacerbating the struggle to provide safe and comfortable living conditions.

To address these deep-rooted issues, the action plan proposes a comprehensive approach that targets both housing and economic growth. The goal is to create sustainable housing options that are affordable and accessible while also fostering economic opportunities that can lift residents out of poverty. Central to this strategy is the expansion of the skilled labor workforce in Bethany Park and the broader Kansas City, Kansas (KCK) area. By investing in workforce development, the community can generate better-paying jobs while supporting the rebuilding of homes and infrastructure.

This multifaceted approach aims to revitalize the area by improving housing quality, creating job opportunities, and strengthening the community’s economic foundation. Through these efforts, Bethany Park and KCK as a whole can move toward a future where residents benefit from better jobs, enhanced infrastructure, and higher-quality housing, paving the way for a more prosperous and sustainable community.

01

VACANT LOTS 02 LOW EDUCATION LEVELS LIMITING HOUSEHOLDS TO LOW WAGE JOBS

STEEP SLOPES

DISINVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE DUE TO LACK OF TAX BASE 03 04 05

LOW HOUSING QUALITY; HOUSING IN DISREPAIR

5.1: Problem Summary

Figure

ACTION

Systematizing and developing solutions for housing and economic growth while expanding the skilled labor workforce in Bethany Park, and KCK as a whole.

DETACHED HOMES

Ancient Times: Throughout history, single-family homes have taken various forms. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt built these homes using local materials like mudbrick and stone. These dwellings were usually simple and centered around courtyards.

Renaissance Period: Singlefamily homes started focusing on symmetry and proportion, following the architectural styles of the time. These homes became more elegant, with better amenities for comfort and looks.

Enlightenment: The emphasis on individualism and personal space during the Enlightenment influenced the design and function of single-family homes.

HISTORY

Medieval Europe: In medieval Europe, single-family homes, especially for the wealthy, were typically constructed from timber or stone and were part of larger estates. These homes often included multiple rooms and were designed to accommodate extended families and staff.

Victorian Era: In the 19th century, single-family homes became more elaborate, with styles like Gothic Revival, Italianate, and Queen Anne. These styles reflected the homeowners’ wealth and status.

Industrial Revolution: The Industrial Revolution introduced new materials like cast iron and improved building techniques. This era saw the rise of the middle class and many singlefamily homes being built in suburban areas.

Early History

Ages Renaissance and Enlightenment

Century

Figure 5.2: Detached Homes’ History & Case Studies

Early 20th Century: New styles like Craftsman and Colonial Revival emerged, focusing on simplicity, functionality, and craftsmanship.

Post-War Era: After World War II, suburban development boomed in the U.S. Single-family homes became more standardized and affordable due to prefabricated materials and mass production.

Mid to Late 20th Century: Diverse architectural styles and various suburban developments emerged. Owning a singlefamily home with a yard became part of the “American Dream.”

Modern Trends: Recently, single-family homes have focused on sustainability and energy efficiency. Architectural styles are evolving with trends like minimalist designs, smart home technology, and ecofriendly materials.

Urbanization and Changing Preferences: There is a shift towards urban living and smaller homes in some areas, reflecting changing demographics and lifestyle preferences.

CASE STUDIES

Dingbats Architect: Francis Ventre

Naked House Location: Japan Architect: Shigeru Ban 1999-2000

Slope House Location: Ecuador

El sindicato

Home

DETACHED HOMES DETACHED

What is a detached ‘narrow lot’? A detached narrow lot is a small parcel of land, typically 25-30 feet wide, used for single-family homes that aren’t attached to neighboring buildings. Common in urban areas with limited space, these lots are often part of infill developments to increase housing density. Homes on narrow lots often need creative designs to maximize space and functionality.

Student Anthony Linville, ADS8

Thesis the home is the embodiment of warmth and function. A vessel of warmth goes beyond aesthetics. It encompasses the functionality of space, ensuring that each room serves not only for utility but provides a cozy abode with a sense of community. The goal being to encourage interaction and shared experiences, reinforcing the idea that a home is a haven of warmth physically and metaphorically.

‘NARROW LOT’

SIZE

Total Bed: 2 Bed

Total Sqf: 1,194

BENEFITS

• Simple construction

• Fits the Narrow lot regulations in KCK

• Ability to build equity

Figure 5.3: Detached ‘narrow lot’ floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

DETACHED HOMES DETACHED

What is a detached house + ADU? A detached house with an ADU (Accessory Dwelling Unit) is a single-family home with a separate, smaller living space on the same property. The ADU, often a converted garage or a small standalone building, includes its own kitchen, bathroom, and sleeping area. It’s commonly used for rentals, family members, or guests.

Student Jonathon Cruickshank, ADS8

Thesis Home transcends mere physicality; it embodies a sacred sanctuary where Latinx culture is interwoven into daily life. This thesis, titled “Latinx Legacy Living: Building Connections through Multi generational Homes,” delves into the intersection of Latinx cultural heritage and residential architecture. By exploring how thoughtful designs can preserve heritage and foster family bonds, we aim to inspire homes that honor the Latinx legacy while nurturing meaningful connections across generations. Home embodies Latinx culture, where traditions pass through generations. “Latinx Legacy Living: Building Connections through Multi generational Homes” explores this intersection. Focusing on design’s role, it uncovers how homes preserve heritage and foster family bonds. The project’s approach prioritizes accommodating an ADU and creating flexible spaces conducive to large gatherings, interaction, and bonding. Latinx emphasis on family.

HOUSE + ADU

SIZE

Total bed: 4bed + adu

Total sqf: 1,751

BENEFITS

• Increased Property Value

• Multi-Generational Living

• Opportunity for rental income

Figure 5.4: Detached house + ADU floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

DETACHED HOMES DETACHED DINGBAT

What is a detached dingbat? A dingbat is a mid-20thcentury apartment building popular in 1950s and 1960s Southern California, especially in Los Angeles. These boxy, two- or three-story buildings feature minimalist designs, flat facades, and often have carports below residential units. Known for quirky exterior elements like starburst designs, dingbats were an affordable post-war housing solution. A detached dingbat is a freestanding version, serving as a single-family home or small apartment, while maintaining the same modernist aesthetic.

Student Nathaniel Sisco, ADS8

Thesis These homes were designed with narrow lot guidelines in mind. These lots require creative use of the limited land, and as such, dingbat designs were chosen to allow for the parking space to double as a front porch for residents. The extensive slopes of the overall site led to smaller, individual homes being more practical to allow for private yards and smaller footprints for the building’s foundation. It was integral to the neighborhood that this design created public spaces and easily walkable neighborhoods where residents can interact with their neighbors helps residents engage with the community, while not losing the privacy of their homes. These homes look to accomplish both goals so that the community will ultimately benefit.

SIZE

Total bed: 4bed + adu

Total sqf: 1,751

BENEFITS

• Simple construction

• Fits the Narrow lot regulatons in KCK

• Ability to build equity

Figure 5.5: Dingbat floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

DUPLEXES

Ancient and Medieval Times:

The concept of dual-family dwellings has ancient roots. In ancient Rome and medieval Europe, multi-family homes were common, often in the form of row houses or townhouses, where multiple families lived in close proximity within a single structure.

Architectural Trends: The early 20th century saw the rise of various architectural styles that influenced duplex designs. The Arts and Crafts movement, for example, promoted simpler, functional designs that were often adopted for duplex homes.

Urbanization: As cities grew during the 19th century, particularly in Europe and the United States, the need for efficient use of urban land led to the development of duplexes. These buildings allowed for more housing units in a compact space and were often built in burgeoning cities to accommodate growing populations.

Suburban Growth: After World War II, there was a significant increase in suburban development in the United States. Duplexes became popular in suburban areas as a way to provide affordable housing options while accommodating the increased demand for residential properties.

Figure 5.6: Duplexes’s History & Case Studies

Diverse Uses: In recent decades, duplexes have continued to be popular for various reasons. They provide an affordable housing option, offer potential rental income for owners, and can be a solution for multigenerational living. The design and appeal of duplexes have evolved, incorporating modern architectural styles and amenities.

Late 20th Century-Present

CASE STUDIES

Dendermondse

Volkswoningen Housing

Location: Waasmunster, Belgium

Architect: Architecture 2

Design

2021

02 01 03 04

Carl Street Apartments

Location: Chicago

Architect: Edgar Miller & Seth Kogan 1880 - 1920

Sachs Apartments

Location: Silver Lake

Area of Los Angelos

Architect: Rudolph Schindler

1983

Colonnade Apartments

Location: Kansas City, Missouri

Architect: John W. McKecknie 1920

DUPLEXES TRADITIONAL DUPLEX

What is a traditional duplex? A traditional duplex is a residential building divided into two separate living units, each with its own entrance. These units are often side by side or stacked vertically, sharing a common wall or floor, but functioning as independent homes with separate kitchens, bathrooms, and living spaces. Traditional duplexes are designed to house two families or households on a single lot.

Student Jennifer Quach, ADS8

Thesis Multi-generational housing should incorporate a thoughtful balance of both private and communal areas within both the interior and exterior of the duplex. This approach fosters a sense of connection among the various generations residing under one roof, promoting a secure and inclusive environment for all.

SIZE

Total Bed: 2 (0r) 3bed

Total Sqf: 1400

BENEFITS

• Shared Maintenance and Repair Costs

• Reduced Need for Childcare Services

• Elder Care Savings

VIEW

EXTERIOR

DUPLEXES COURTYARD DUPLEX

What is a courtyard duplex + ADU? A courtyard duplex with an ADU (Accessory Dwelling Unit) is a residential setup that includes two main living units (the duplex) arranged around a shared courtyard, along with a smaller, separate ADU on the same property. The courtyard design creates a shared outdoor space between the two duplex units, while the ADU provides an additional, independent living space, often used for rentals or guest housing. All three units share the same lot but have their own private living areas.

Student Omar Arab, ADS8

Thesis Harmonic Housing aims to offer affordable, comfortable homes for people of all ages and backgrounds while minimizing the environmental impact of urban development. It features prefabricated housing units, central courtyards linked by a communal path, and sustainable design strategies like solar panels, crossventilation, and thermal mass, which cut energy use by nearly two-thirds. Residents can personalize their homes with materials like wood planks or local murals. The communal path, which repurposes an alley, connects courtyards and encourages social interaction. Accessory dwelling units (ADUs) provide additional space for family or tenants and offer great views of Bethany Park. Harmonic Housing appeals to young professionals, families, seniors, and immigrants, providing flexible, affordable options and enhancing community life through social and cultural diversity.

+ ADU

SIZE

Total Bed: 3 bed + ADU

Total Sqf: 1,194

BENEFITS

• Lower Per-Unit Land Cost

• Shared Transportation Costs

• Low entry cost

• Convenient for Extended Families

Figure 5.8: Courtyard duplex + ADU floor plans

EXTERIOR VIEW

TOWNHOMES

Ancient Times: The concept of townhomes dates back to ancient civilizations. In ancient Rome, for example, multi-story houses called “insulae” housed multiple families in a single structure. These were precursors to modern townhomes, offering multiple units within a single building.

Georgian and Federal Styles:

During the 17th and 18th centuries, townhomes became more refined. The Georgian style, with its symmetrical design and classical elements, was popular in Britain and its colonies. In the United States, the Federal style, characterized by its symmetry and simplicity, became prevalent.

Row Houses: In medieval Europe, particularly in cities like London and Paris, row houses or townhouses were common. These homes were built in long rows, sharing walls with neighboring units. They were often narrow and deep, designed to maximize space in crowded urban areas.

Urbanization: The 19th century saw a significant increase in urbanization, and townhomes became a common solution for housing in densely populated cities. The design often included multiple stories and shared walls, accommodating more people on smaller plots of land.

Early 20th Century Row Houses and Modern Styles: The early 20th century continued the tradition of row houses in cities. In addition to traditional styles, new architectural trends influenced townhomes, including the Arts and Crafts movement, which emphasized simplicity and craftsmanship.

Post-World

War II

Suburban Development: After World War II, the suburban expansion in the United States included the development of townhomes as a popular housing option. These townhomes were often part of planned communities and featured modern amenities while maintaining the space efficiency of traditional townhouses.

Late 20th Century to Present Contemporary Designs: In recent decades, townhomes have continued to evolve, reflecting contemporary architectural styles and preferences. Modern townhomes often include features like open floor plans, energy-efficient designs, and integrated technology.

CASE STUDIES

Yan Chun Wong Atrium Townhouse + Apartments

Location: Chicago Architect: Yan Chun Wong

20th Century

20th Century

Post-World War II

Kenneth Place Townhomes Location: Tempe Architect: Chen + Suchart Studio

TOWNHOMES DONUT TOWNHOME

What is a donut townhome? A donut townhome is a type of townhome or townhouse design where the central area of the building is hollow or open, creating a “donut” shape. Typically, the living space is arranged around an open courtyard or atrium in the center, with the surrounding walls providing private units or rooms. This design maximizes natural light and creates a communal outdoor space for residents, while maintaining private, enclosed living areas.

Student/s Jadalyn Scherer, ADS8 & Kelzey Christy, IARC

Thesis This design focuses on the diversity of spaces within a community by creating individual ecosystems within the master plan. These ecosystems include the most private space of the individual unit, the small garden for directly adjacent neighbors, a common area courtyard and pathway that acts as community engagement space.

SIZE

Total Bed: 3bed

Total Sqf: 1,233

BENEFITS

• Lower Purchase Price

• Shared Walls Reduce HVAC Costs

• Less Land to Maintain

Figure 5.10: Donut townhome floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

TOWNHOMES BIG HOUSE TOWNHOME

What is a big house townhome? A big house townhome refers to a townhome or townhouse that is designed to look and feel like a larger, single-family home, often with multiple stories and ample space. It combines the convenience of townhome living—such as shared walls and smaller footprints—with the size and features typical of larger houses. These townhomes usually have more square footage, larger rooms, and sometimes include features like garages and multiple bedrooms, aiming to provide the comfort of a traditional home while still being part of a denser, multi-unit development.

Student Jack Yan, IARC & Chris Pace, IARC

Thesis Our project re-imagines townhouse living by blending private residences with accessible communal spaces, fostering a harmonious community environment. Drawing inspiration from traditional townhouses with shared walls, our design strategically integrates personal privacy with communal areas, such as a BBQ zone, resting spaces, chess areas, and a playground, situated close to a scenic pond. These thoughtfully designed communal spaces encourage residents to engage in leisure and interactive activities, promoting genuine connections within the community.

SIZE

Total Bed: 3bed

Total Sqf: 1,200

BENEFITS

• Lower Property Taxes

• Potential for Shared

• Amenities

• Lower Initial Investment

Figure 5.11: Big house townhome floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

TOWNHOUSES U-SHAPE TOWNHOME

What is a u-shape townhome? A U-shape townhome is a residential design where the building forms a U-shape around a central courtyard or outdoor space. The U-shape layout typically allows for more natural light and creates a semi-private outdoor area for residents, often used as a garden, patio, or communal space. This design is commonly used in multi-family developments, offering a blend of privacy and community interaction while maximizing space and functionality on a single lot.

Student Ava Squires, ADS6 & Huan Xu, ADS6

Thesis We aim to build a welcoming and lively small neighborhood where residents interact more. Therefore, two U-shaped townhouses are arranged in a circle, with a public activity space in the center. Green plants and seating will be introduced into this activity area to provide a fresh and comfortable outdoor experience for everyone. Short distances and convenient pedestrian sidewalks encourage residents to go out more and protect their physical and mental health. The site is located on the main pathway of the community layout and is connected to other activity nodes, increasing friendly interaction between the U-shape neighborhood and surrounding neighbors.

Total Bed: 3bed

Total Sqf: 1,165

BENEFITS

• Lower Property Taxes

• Potential for Shared

• Amenities

• Lower Initial Investment

‘U-SHAPE’ TOWNHOME

Figure 5.12: U-shpaed townhome floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

TOWNHOUSES SHORT TOWNHOME

What is a short townhome? A short townhome refers to a townhome that is designed with fewer stories or lower height than typical townhomes, which are often multi-story structures. These homes usually have one or two floors, making them more accessible and easier to navigate, especially for people who prefer or need single-level living. Despite their reduced height, short townhomes still offer the shared-wall convenience and efficient use of space associated with traditional townhomes.

Student Isabella Cangelosi, ADS6 & Laurena Cangelosi, ADS6

Thesis Creating a row of homes that cater to the privacy of the occupants while also bringing a sense of community from the created outside spaces. The extruded balconies provide a balance of public and private space by providing views of the community and creating a wrapped-around shell for the occupants to have privacy from their neighborhood. The use of the protruding balconies provides a sense of shade for the residents to have another opportunity to be one with the community. Which creates a patio for them to relax. Having a linear path of townhomes provides a cohesive pathway that blends into the site.

SIZE

Total Bed: 3 bed + ADU

Total Sqf: 2,630

BENEFITS

• Less Exterior Upkeep

• Lower Cost of Ownership

Figure 5.13: Short townhome floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

MULTI-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL

Ancient Civilizations: Early examples of multi-family residential buildings can be seen in ancient civilizations. In Rome, multi-story apartment buildings called “insulae” housed multiple families in a single structure. Similarly, in ancient Egypt and China, courtyard houses often accommodated extended families or multiple households.

Medieval Europe: Multi-family living continued in medieval Europe, with row houses or townhouses commonly found in cities. These buildings were often narrow and deep, designed to maximize space in densely populated urban areas.

Georgian and Federal Styles: In the 17th and 18th centuries, multi-family homes included features like shared walls and communal courtyards. Georgian and Federal styles influenced the design, reflecting the period’s emphasis on symmetry and classical proportions.

Industrial Revolution: The 19th century saw rapid urbanization due to the Industrial Revolution. This led to the construction of large-scale multi-family buildings to accommodate growing urban populations. Tenement buildings in cities like New York and London became common, often housing working-class families in cramped conditions.

Apartment Houses: The concept of apartment houses or “flats” began to emerge, offering more organized and often more comfortable living arrangements compared to tenements.

Figure 5.14: Mulifamilies’s History & Case Studies

Architectural Movements: The early 20th century saw the rise of various architectural movements that influenced multi-family housing. The Arts and Crafts movement emphasized quality and craftsmanship, while modernist styles introduced new materials and design principles.

Garden Apartments: The Garden Apartment movement promoted low-rise apartment complexes with green spaces and improved living conditions, contrasting with the dense tenement housing of the previous century.

Post-War Development: After World War II, there was a boom in multi-family residential construction, particularly in suburban areas. High-rise apartment buildings and condominium complexes became popular, reflecting trends in modernist architecture and accommodating the growing demand for housing.

Diverse Styles and Innovations: Multi-family residential buildings have continued to evolve, incorporating diverse architectural styles and modern amenities. Trends include the development of luxury condos, mixed-use buildings that combine residential and commercial spaces, and sustainable design practices.

Urban Redevelopment: In recent years, there has been a focus on urban redevelopment and increasing density in cities. Multifamily buildings such as apartment complexes and townhomes are being designed with features like green roofs, energy-efficient systems, and community-oriented spaces.

Mid-20th Century

CASE STUDIES

Early-20th Century 02 01 03 04

The Flying Block Hotel

Location: Vietnam

Architect: TAA Design 2023

Alexandra Road

Location: London, United Kingdom

Architect: Neave 1978

Late-20th Century to Present

Location: Canada

Architect: Moshe Safdie 1967

Multifamily Residence

Frauenfeld

Location: Frauenfeld, Switzerland

Architect: Ivanov & Partner 2022

Habitat 67

MULTI-RESIDENTIAL MULTI-FAMILY BLOCK

What is a multi-family block? A multi-family block is a residential building or complex designed to house multiple separate living units or apartments. These buildings typically consist of several floors, with each unit functioning as a self-contained home, complete with its own kitchen, bathroom, and living spaces. Multifamily blocks are common in urban and suburban areas and can range in size from small buildings with just a few units to large complexes with many apartments. They are designed to accommodate multiple families or households within a single structure or connected buildings, maximizing housing density on a single property.

Student Mason Hatley, ADS8

Thesis Composite housing is a community; exterior and amenity spaces provide opportunities for neighbors to form social circles and establish interpersonal connections. Multipurpose exterior spaces are an opportunity for children to bond and relate with other children while enjoying fresh air.

SIZE

Range: 1-3 Bedroom

Total Sqf Range : 500-1,500

BENEFITS

• Maintenance Included

• Convenient Living

• Flexible Leasing Options

• Access to Amenities

Figure 5.15: Muli-family block floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

MULTI-RESIDENTIAL MULTI-FAMILY

What is a multi-family + mixed-use? A multi-family + mixed-use development is a building or complex that combines residential units with commercial or retail spaces. The residential portion typically includes multiple living units, such as apartments or condos, while the mixed-use component may feature businesses like shops, restaurants, or offices. These developments are often located in urban or high-density areas, providing residents with convenient access to amenities and services within the same building or development. The combination of housing and commercial spaces supports a vibrant, walkable community.

Student Sebastien Barrett, ADS8

Thesis Residential and commercial programs are distinct and often discrete, but they must have a working relationship to properly benefit from each other. Residential areas require proximity to some sort of commercial program, often food related, and the commercial sector requires a consistent customer base to be successful. These relationships have led to growing trends in mixed-use development. Kansas City, Kansas, is home to many families who live intergenerationally, who would directly benefit from such developments and for whom current housing in the area is not properly equipped. Mixed-use developments would provide much needed housing availability in a form factor that would feed off of the area’s strong identity as a connected community. Additionally, the development would add another asset to the community and create future opportunities for growth.

+ MIXED-USE

SIZE

Range: 1-3 Bedroom

Total Sqf Range : 484-1,313

BENEFITS

• Flexible Living Arrangements

• Reduced Commuting Costs

• Revenue Diversification

• Shared Infrastructure Costs

Figure 5.16: Mulit-family + mixed-use floor plans

INTERIOR VIEW

A PATH FORWARD

AS THIS PROJECT MOVES FORWARD, THE FOCUS REMAINS ON ADAPTIVELY REUSING THE EXISTING ON-SITE INFRASTRUCTURE TO LAY THE GROUNDWORK FOR A SPECIALIZED ACADEMY. THIS FACILITY WILL ELEVATE EDUCATIONAL AND WORKFORCE OPPORTUNITIES, SERVING AS THE FOUNDATION FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. SITUATED IN BETHANY PARK, THE ACADEMY WILL BECOME A HUB FOR SKILLED TRADES, HELPING TO ESTABLISH A ROBUST WORKFORCE PROGRAM THAT FOSTERS ECONOMIC RESILIENCE AND ADDRESSES THE NEEDS OF KANSAS CITY, KANSAS, AND THE CENTRAL AREA. THIS INITIATIVE SEEKS NOT ONLY TO DEVELOP NEW STRUCTURES BUT TO BUILD A FUTURE FOR INDIVIDUALS IN NEED OF CAREER PATHWAYS AND IMPROVED LIVING CONDITIONS.

DEMOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS

This demographic study of the Bethany Park area reveals critical economic challenges and opportunities that underscore the necessity for a precisely targeted urban revitalization strategy. Central to this effort are objectives aimed at improving housing quality, strengthening economic stability, and ensuring fair access to community resources. These goals are in alignment with the broader masterplan, which prioritizes sustainable development, housing rehabilitation, and active community engagement as foundational elements for neighborhood enhancement.

THE MASTER PLAN AND ITS VISION

The master plan envisions a transformation of Bethany Park into a vibrant community center, driven by the adaptive reuse of existing buildings and the creation of new structures. This vision promotes a balanced integration of residential, commercial, and public spaces. The introduction of a permanent farmers market directly responds to community desires, offering a space for local commerce and agricultural trade. This weekly market will serve as a hub of economic activity, drawing both residents and visitors, and generating revenue that will support the revitalization of the Central Area.

The master plan also prioritizes the preservation of Bethany Park’s communal space, restoring it as a gathering point for local residents. By positioning the park as a hub for education, commerce, and leisure, the community can reclaim ownership of this important space. The integration of commercial spaces with housing developments creates an urban environment that fosters economic growth. This mixture of residential and commercial activity generates new revenue streams and contributes to the city’s infrastructure budget, setting the foundation for further public improvements. The vision goes beyond simple construction, focusing on creating a sustainable community that blends living, working, and gathering spaces into a cohesive urban fabric.

PREFABRICATED STRATEGY

Prefabrication will serve as a key strategy in executing this project. The off-site construction of prefabricated elements allows for faster, more accurate, and often more sustainable building practices. This method reduces construction timelines and minimizes waste, while ensuring high-quality results. Prefabricated structures will be built to the precise specifications needed for this development, making it possible to create flexible and durable buildings at a lower cost than traditional construction methods. This efficiency benefits the community by enabling faster deployment of needed housing and infrastructure.

Prefabrication also allows for a more sustainable approach to construction, reducing the overall environmental impact. The use of modern prefabrication techniques ensures that the project can progress swiftly and affordably while maintaining the necessary standards of quality. This strategy aligns with the project’s broader goals of economic efficiency and environmental responsibility, ensuring that both the housing and academy components are built to last while meeting community needs.

SUSTAINABLE HOUSING PROPOSALS

The housing solutions proposed for this project prioritize sustainability and resilience. Designed to be energyefficient and affordable, these homes will reduce living costs for residents while minimizing their environmental footprint. Sustainable materials, renewable energy systems, and water-saving technologies will be incorporated into the housing designs. These features support the project’s environmental goals and contribute to long-term economic stability by reducing the cost of utilities for residents. The design of the housing also encourages a healthier living environment by incorporating green spaces and promoting a community-oriented atmosphere.

PAVING THE WAY FORWARD

The master plan will be implemented in phases, allowing for gradual growth that aligns with the community’s evolving needs. While the specific phases have yet to be determined, this approach will enable a steady increase in economic activity, generating tax revenue that can be reinvested into further development. Each phase of the project will build upon the last, ensuring that the academy and other infrastructure improvements can progress smoothly, fostering a sustainable cycle of growth and reinvestment.

Adaptive reuse of existing infrastructure will spark this transformation, with the academy serving as the centerpiece of the community’s future. This project will create opportunities for workforce development, improve housing conditions, and revitalize Bethany Park as a vital community space. Through these strategic initiatives, the Central Area will become a model for sustainable development, ensuring that future generations have access to education, economic opportunity, and a vibrant urban environment.

A SPECIAL THANKS

Special thanks to the hard work of the students in the 2023-2024 Kansas City Design Studio. Their dedication and perseverance throughout the year have resulted in an outstanding project. Each design is a unique expression of creativity and thought, reflecting the distinct perspectives of those who contributed.

This year’s studio took on a new form, embracing the evolving challenges of urban design and community engagement. Despite these changes, the mission and goals of KCDC remain unchanged—continuing to inspire innovative thinking and fostering impactful contributions to the city’s development. The growth and success of this year’s studio are a testament to the students’ commitment and talent.

STUDENT AND STAFF CONTRIBUTION

Students:

Omar Arab

Sebastien Barrett

Isabella Cangelosi

Laurena Cangelosi

Kelzey Christy

Jonathon Cruickshank

Mason Hatley

Anthony Linville

Chris Pace

Jadalyn Scherer

Ava Squires

Nathaniel Sisco

Jennifer Quach

Huan Xu

Jiahui Yan

Faculty:

Chris Fein

Michael Gibson

Kylie McConnell

INDEX

INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.1: 2023-2024 KCDC Student work; Jennifer Quach

Figure 1.2: 2023-2024 KCDC Student work; Omar Arab

Figure 1.3: 2023-2024 KCDC Student work; Anthony Lineville

Figure 1.4-1.7: 2023-2024 KCDC Student work; All studio credit

Figure 1.8: 2023-2024 KCDC Student work; Ava Squires & Huan Xu, Mason Hatley, Laurena & Isabella Cangelosi

Figure 1.9: Kansas State University Net Positive studio

Figure 1.10-1.15: CABA Homepage. (2024). Central Area Betterment Association . https://www.cabakck.org

Figure 1.16-1.20: KCDC In-person Site visit. 06/15/2024

Figure 1.21: Interface Studio. (2020). Central Area Master Plan. https://www.wycokck.org/files/assets/public/v/1/planning-amp-urbandesign/documents/central-area-master-plan_adopted_102920.pdf

Figure 1.22-1.34: KCDC In-person Site visit. 02/10/2024

Figure 1.34: Interface Studio. (2020). Central Area Master Plan. https://www.wycokck.org/files/assets/public/v/1/planning-amp-urbandesign/documents/central-area-master-plan_adopted_102920.pdf

DEMOGRAPHICS

Figure 2.1: Median home value, 2020. Social Explorer,(based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed JUL 10 10:00:00 CST 2024)

Figure 2.2: Median home value, 2020. Census.gov,(based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed JUL 10 10:00:00 CST 2024)

Figure 2.3: Average age of homes, 2020. Social Explorer,(based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed JUN 06 09:40:00 CST 2024)

Figure 2.4: Average age of homes, 2020. Census.gov,(based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed JUN 06 09:45:00 CST 2024)

Figure 2.5: Percent renting Vs. Owning, 2020. Social Explorer,(based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed AUG 04 10:00:00 CST 2024)

Figure 2.6: Median household income, 2020. Social Explorer,(based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed AUG 04 11:01:00 CST 2024)

Figure 2.7: Median household income, 2020. Census.gov, (based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed AUG 04 11:33:00 CST 2024)

Figure 2.8: Interface Studio. (2020). Central Area Master Plan. https://www.wycokck.org/files/assets/public/v/1/planning-amp-urbandesign/documents/central-area-master-plan_adopted_102920.pdf

Figure 2.9: Education Attainment, 2020. Social Explorer,(based on data from U.S. Census Bureau; accessed AUG 04 10:00:00 CST 2024)

THE MASTERPLAN

Figure 4.1: Resource: Interface Studio. (2020). Central Area Master Plan. https://www.wycokck.org/files/assets/public/v/1/planningamp-urbandesign/documents/central-area-master-plan_adopted_102920.pdf. Graphic: Produced by KCDC

Figure 4.2: bymamashinetravel, P. (2023, October 13). Day of the dead. Come From Away. https://comefromaway.blog/2023/10/13/ day-of-the-dead-2/

Figure 4.3: Cheyenne County Fair & Rodeo - Sidney, NE Facebook

Figure 4.4: GG’s Birria Barbacoa Café

Figure 4.5: La Placita, Central Avenue Market Facebook

Figure 4.6: Photo Credit: KCDC

Figure 4.7: Kansas City kansas fire department – station 9. KansasFireTrucks.com. (n.d.). http://kansasfiretrucks.com/regions/ northeast-kansas/wyandotte-county/kckfd/kckfd-station9/

Figure 4.8: Photo Credit: KCDC

HOUSING PROTOTYPES

Figure 5.1: Graphic: Produced by KCDC, Images: Net Zero Studio

Figure 5.2: Case studies:

1 - Caballero, P. (2022, January 20). Slope House / El sindicato arquitectura. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily. com/975351/casa-enpendiente-el-sindicato-arquitectura.

2 - missmeliss55. (2013, September 8). Word of the day: Dingbat. Letters Empire Advertising. https:// fromtheempire.wordpress.com/2013/08/22/word-of-the-day-dingbat/.

3 -Arquitectura Viva. (2020, December 23). Naked House, Kawagoe -Shigeru Ban . https://arquitecturaviva. com/works/naked-house-2.

4 - 3106 st. thomas. OJT. (2023a, November 28). https://officejt.com/work/3106-st-thomas-speculative-infillsingle-family-house-new-orleans-louisiana/

Figure 5.6: Case studies:

1 - Elarafritzenwalden. (2021, October 5). Housing Group of eight patio houses in Chicago Kenwood, Chicago, Illinois, USA; 1961 Yau Chun Wong See Map: More information 1,... – @elarafritzenwalden on Tumblr. Tumblr. https://www.tumblr.com/elarafritzenwalden/664188424749711360/housing-group-of-eight-patio-houses-in-chicago

2 - Villa, V. (2016, December 24). Powerhouse / ISA. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/801443/ powerhouse-isa

3 - Caballero, P. (2019, October 5). Origami housing / waechter architecture. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily.com/925926/ origami-housingwaechter-architecture

4 - Sagredo, R. (2018, July 26). Kenneth Place Townhomes / Chen + Suchart studio. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily com/898847/kennethplace-townhomes-chen-plus-suchart-studio#:~:text=Kenneth%20 Place%20Townhomes%20is%20comprised,order%20to%20pursue%20increased%20 density.

Figure 5.9: Case studies:

1 - Abdel, H. (2023, August 14). The Flying Block Hotel / Taa Design. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily. com/1005338/the-flying-block-hotel-taadesign

2 - Alexandra Road State - Data, Photos & Plans. WikiArquitectura. (2020, July 4). https://en.wikiarquitectura. com/building/alexandra-roadstate/

3 - Merin, G. (2023a, February 9). Architecture classics: Habitat 67 / safdie architects. ArchDaily. https://www. archdaily.com/404803/adclassics-habitat-67-moshe-safdie

4 - Silva, V. (2023, February 12). Multifamily residence Frauenfeld / Ivanov & Partner. ArchDaily. https://www. archdaily.com/996208/multifamilyresidencefrauenfeld-ivanov-and-partner

Figure 5.14: Case studies:

1 - Abdel, H. (2023, August 14). The Flying Block Hotel / Taa Design. ArchDaily. https://www.archdaily. com/1005338/the-flying-block-hotel-taadesign

2 - Alexandra Road State - Data, Photos & Plans. WikiArquitectura. (2020, July 4). https://en.wikiarquitectura. com/building/alexandra-roadstate/

3 - Merin, G. (2023a, February 9). Architecture classics: Habitat 67 / safdie architects. ArchDaily. https://www. archdaily.com/404803/adclassics-habitat-67-moshe-safdie

4 - Silva, V. (2023, February 12). Multifamily residence Frauenfeld / Ivanov & Partner. ArchDaily. https://www. archdaily.com/996208/multifamilyresidencefrauenfeld-ivanov-and-partner

Mosaic in Motion