REDISCOVERING KESSLER PARK KCDC 2014-2015
Kansas City Design Center Urban Design Studio 2014 - 2015 Lindsey Brockhouse Owen Cobb Megan Hohensinner Derek Hueffmeier Rachel Kelsey Dominique Roberson Robyn Tank Noah Volz Yihong Yan Copyright 2015 Kansas City Design Center Urban Design Studio. All rights reserved.
The intent of programming is to analyze existing conditions to further thinking of the reservoir’s program. In order to do this analytical research was about the site was conducted. These studies focused not only on the current conditions of the park and surrounding area, but also the history of Kessler Park and the surrounding Northeast and East Bottoms neighborhoods. Case studies were also researched to gain insight on urban areas, parks and plazas, and amenities that were implemented well into an urban space, as well as adaptive reuse projects that were similar to the reservoir. We also maintained open lines of communication with the stakeholders that currently use the park and were able to provide insight about what was needed in the park.
INTENT OF PROGRAMMING KANSAS CITY DESIGN CENTER 2014 - 2015
HISTORY KEY FINDINGS CASE STUDIES PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT APPENDIX CONTENTS
Kansas City has developed largely around its Parks and Boulevards System, which was laid out by George E. Kessler in the 1890’s. Kessler Park is a small part of this larger system. To fully understand Kessler Park’s role, it is important to look at the history of the overall system. In the late 19th Century, Kansas City was growing both in population and land size. As the city’s infrastructure expanded to accommodate new commerce and housing density, a need to improve the quality of life through green spaces transpired. In 1892, in a joint effort between William Rockhill Nelson and August Meyer, the president of the Kansas City Parks Board landscape architect George E. Kessler was commissioned. His task was to design the plan of a parks and boulevards system that would later jumpstart “The City Beautiful Movement” in Kansas City. As the infrastructure was implemented, groups of citizens were concerned with the quality of life and the cities appearance, and found that both could be improved with the production of municipal parks and a boulevard system in the city. New boulevards created an order to the city that was nonexistent. The ordered system of the boulevards combined with the unique topography created opportunity for undevelopable land to become parks, and the system was a huge success, so much so, that the Parks and Boulevards system received nationwide attention for George Kessler and Kansas City.
THE PARKS AND BOULEVARDS SYSTEM KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
The park and city beautiful movement trend gained popularity that included an avid supporter and city figure, William Rockhill Nelson. With a strong position at The Star newspaper, he began advocating for paved roads, streets, sidewalks, sewers, better public buildings, and street lights. Around the same time, August Meyer, a local business man and president of the 1892 Park Board, was gearing up the idea of the city’s park and boulevard system that Nelson quickly promoted. Nelson and the Park Board began efforts to move forward with plans for the park and boulevard system and hired landscape architect George E. Kessler. Kessler envisioned designing a master plan that would provide for a “city within a park”. His plan would go on to be called “ a bold and effective demonstration of the concept of the City Beautiful.” The Park Board was faced with many challenges, including; a small budget of only $5,000, a recovering economy, and a need for a number of small parks to benefit more of the citizens, with anchor parks to serve the city. The city was also growing rapidly and becoming heavily industrialized. The mayor, W.S. Cowherd, demanded that research and investigation be done to plan for the Parks and Boulevard system, generating the 1893 Report. The report included detailed and comprehensive plans of Kansas City. Topography, traffic patterns, population density and growth, industrial and residential sections, and its prospects for future development were evaluated. The report outlined that three major parks; North Terrace, West Terrace and Penn Valley Park were to be established. All three were examples of community parks with a goal to serve multiple neighborhoods. The report emphasized the need for small parks to get away from the city confinement and confirmed Kessler’s philosophy of the Progressive Movement. Kessler promoted playgrounds that should be simple in design with an abundance of seating, for “children were more likely to remain safe and out of trouble” if they had playgrounds. Ground broke on Independence and Gladstone Boulevards in 1893. Properties were acquired by the city board and the developments of the first three parks began. The unique topography created opportunities for undevelopable land to become parks. Both North and West Terrace Park were fitted with a cliff edge and closely surrounding neighborhoods. The 1893 System planned to link the larger parks by miles of Parkways. Standard parkways were constructed of a width of 100 feet, with a 40 foot wide central roadway flanked by thirty feet of parking lined with planted landscape. Benton, Linwood and The Paseo, defined as “Intra-Neighborhood Connectors” are examples of this design. The design of the parks and boulevard system not only sparked development, but it also
increased property values. In 1909 the system continued to grow south and included the gift from Thomas H. Swope of over 1,300 acres to be used for park lands. Several community parks had been added, such as Spring Valley and Independence Plaza, as well as several boulevard extensions and connectors. In 1915 the system grew to the east with Van Brunt, Belmont and the continuation of Linwood South to Ward Parkway, Meyer Boulevard and the largest extension of The Paseo. The system was fitted with formal sunken gardens, fountains, pergolas and floral patterns, terminating with The Parade, which was meant to replace areas of slums and improve the city. The system revolved around the existing topographic features of the landscape such as its river valley, stream corridors, and limestone bluffs. By 1920, 64 out of the 67 historic parks and boulevards had been adopted and approved by The Park Board for implementation. At that time, Kessler had been advising the board for thirty years. Kessler’s fame was generated through Kansas City’s Park and Boulevard System as it received nationwide attention. George Kessler’s major characteristics lived on through the future development of the city, and have made Kansas City different and distinctive. In 1917 the American Institute of Architects praised the system as “perhaps the most complete and well organized system existing in America today.” It still thrives from connections between parks by the boulevards that serve all of the surrounding neighborhoods. The system provides an amenity to the citizens for recreation, community enhancement and improves property values. Kessler manipulated the gird by breaking ridged sections into alternate winding ones, giving the north and west parkways a “very fine picturesque drive” that still connect in line of travel to and from the city. After the death of Kessler, Kansas City continued to grow as a parks and boulevard system, with Sidney J and S Herbert Hare, continuing the city planning efforts. The Ten Year Plan passed in May of 1931. It provided plans for the continuation of Kessler’s vision. Many large civil infrastructures were improved such as streets, sewers, and drainage. There were few park additions due to the declining economy, though improvements such as Blenheim Park, Central and Dunn Parks were completed, and Washington Square was designed by Hare and Hare.
THE PARKS AND BOULEVARDS SYSTEM KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
Nineteen parks were added to the system including Nelson C. Crews Square, Oak Park, Seven Oaks Park, Sunnyside Park, Tower Park, and Westwood Park that were all located in less populated areas of Kansas City where land was more affordable. One of the largest contributions in the 40’s was the addition of Jacob L. Loose Memorial Park. It provided a transition between Kessler’s vision and the new era of park planning. The 1950’s proved successful with the most ambitions program of improving public recreation. After being voter approved, money was allocated for picnic grounds, trails, tennis courts, softball diamonds, pools and nature study. More accomplishments attributed to infrastructure. Sidewalks, resurfacing of boulevards, ongoing development of the Swope Zoo and Loose Park were kicked off. A transition of departments and management including the merge of the Welfare, Recreation and Parks Departments creating one larger Parks and Recreation Department changed the vision of each of the members. Kessler’s vision was no longer a priority of the department. The shifts in parks and boulevard design partnered with new focus on recreation and cultural activity marks an end of the era of significance for the Kessler originated Parks and Boulevard Plan.
THE PARKS AND BOULEVARDS SYSTEM KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
The Parks system still proves to be successful today. Many historical aspects survived changes and eras of the growing city. Majority of the land that was acquired under Kessler still remains under the Parks and Rec Department. Many parks still sway with their unique topographic and land context. Few water bodies still remain, some in dismay. Circulation routes within and around the parks remain intact with improvements being made as needed. Vegetation has evolved over time and age has taken toll over much of the growth on the boulevards and in the parks. Parks have retained their unique limestone constriction of piers, stairs, shelters, tables, fountains and colonnades. There is a constant continuing effort of maintaining these traditions and their historical integrity.
The demand for manufactured goods by the increasing population sparked growth in the expansion of industrial warehouse facilities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. Following the development of the railroad at the Kansas City Stockyards in 1893, which then stretched to the West Bottoms in 1865, Kansas City began to grow as an industrial city. The development of Union Station in 1909 acted as a catalyst for railways in the city. Freight lines were extended into the Crossroads Area, and then into the East Bottoms. The first construction of the Kansas City Bolt and Nut Company in 1877 marked the beginning of the East Bottoms. Commercial growth in the area was hesitant due to the nature of the geography. Located on a flood plain, East Bottoms was unclaimed land. The devastating flood of 1903 left the East Bottoms in ruins. After implementation of massive levees and the creation of drainage districts after the 1903 flood, investors turned eastward to develop on the flat land. Between 1905 and 1909 over 30 plants were erected. Foundries, boiler making plants, and wire and structural steel fabricators relocated to the East Bottoms. As popularity of the East Bottoms increased for industrial means, the need for recreation came about. Many people were populating the Northeast to live close to the East Bottoms for work. Electric Park was introduced to the East Bottoms by a local brewery and would go on to serve not just the neighborhood, but the whole city. After investing in a tramline to attract people to their brewery was unsuccessful, the Heim Brothers of the Heims Brother’s Brewery, forged forward in developing Electric Park in hopes of making it a success. The first Electric Park was open from 1899 to 1906, and proved its success as one of the world’s first “full time” amusement parks. Fitted with a beer garden, mechanical rides, shows, competitions, and an adorning light show, Electric Park became a city destination. Due to its popularity, however, Electric Park was relocated to 46th and Paseo in 1907, Electric Park served as an asset to Kansas City, providing the city with a unique destination only to be found in the East Bottoms. In the midst of an industrial park, Electric Park brought life and entertainment. The unique combination of activities the park offered catered to all, and the lights of the park became a beacon for Heim Brewery, the East Bottoms, and Kansas City.
THE HISTORIC EAST BOTTOMS KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
The new industrial park served as an employment hub for citizens from surrounding neighborhoods. Workers traveled from the Northeast Neighborhood to work in the bustling atmosphere. Many would use Chestnut to bypass through Kessler Park and bridge between the residential and industrial worlds. As the industrial revolution faded, many factories did as well. Any factories that did survive battled the flood of 1951, and few withheld their ground. Factories that outlived generations continue to populate the East Bottoms. Many of these are heavily serviced by the railway that thrives in the area. A church and a school are now boarded up and old industrial buildings have been replaced by vacant lots and houses in dismay. Two parks reside in the East Bottoms, Riverside Park and Hyde Park. Both parks have unique amenities that aid the growing community in the area. Riverside hosts public events such as concerts, bike rides, exercising paths, and festivals. Hyde Park is one of the few community spaces that offers play equipment for children in the community. The view that the East Bottoms has to the area is quite unique to any other place in the
THE HISTORIC EAST BOTTOMS KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
city. It is a geographical low point that allows one to see Kessler Park from the South side, as well as the Missouri River and North Kansas City from the north. The East Bottoms is currently gaining popularity from the citizens in Kansas City. Popular points, like The Local Pig or Knuckleheads’, are bringing more people to the East Bottoms. Many young artists and citizens are moving to the East Bottoms for the architectural and social aesthetic of the area. Industrial factories are being re-purposed into multi-unit live and work spaces. More antique and specialty stores are appearing the East Bottoms and the area is improving in a similar fashion as the West Bottoms has undergone.
The Northeast district is comprised of Pendleton Heights, Scarritt Point, Indian Mound, Independence Plaza, Lykins, Paseo West and Sheffield. The Northeast is also home to many entities of the Kansas City Parks and Boulevards System. Kessler and Maple Park reside in the Northeast. Independence Ave intersects with Benton, Prospect and Paseo major thoroughfares throughout the city.
THE NORTHEAST KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
1 2 3
PENDELTON HEIGHTS I-29 TO N CHESTNUT TRAFFICWAY, INDEPENDENCE AVE TO CLIFF DRIVE+ .735 SQUARE MILES POPULATION:3277
SCARRITT RENAISSANCE
AVG AGE: 32 MARRIED COUPLES 86.9% 12.1% FAMILIES AVG HOUSE SIZE: 2.4 % OF UNITS WITH MORTGAGE 54.5% INCOME: 25,467 PERCENT BELOW POVERTY LEVEL 38.8%
AVG AGE: 33 MARRIED COUPLES 76.1% 27.1% FAMILIES AVG HOUSE SIZE: 3.0
N. CHESTNUT TRAFFICWAY TO JACKSON AVE, INDEPENDENCE AVE TO CLIFF DRIVE .930 SQUARE MILES POPULATION 6290
INDIAN MOUND JACKSON AVE TO BENNINGTON AVE, INDEPENDENCE AVE TO GLADSTONE BLVD 1.327 SQAURE MILES POPULATION 9822
4 PASEO WEST 5 INDEPENDENCE AVE 6 LYINS
% OF UNITS WITH MORTGAGE 45.9%
INCOME: 30,379 PERCENT BELOW POVERTY LEVEL 34.2%
AVG AGE: 29 MARRIED COUPLES 73.7% 18.3% FAMILIES AVG HOUSE SIZE: 2.1 % OF UNITS WITH MORTGAGE 54.5% INCOME: 29,761 PERCENT BELOW POVERTY LEVEL 40.6%
FOCUS KC 1. Citywide physical framework 2. Neighborhood prototypes 3. Preservation 4. Urban core 5. Northland 6. Human investment 7. Governamce KC RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT PLAN 1. Intentions for parks adjacent to Kessler Park 2. Columbus Park Vision 3. Trails, clean air and land, healthier environment COLUMBUS PARK PLAN KCUMB MASTERPLAN BY HELIX 1. Bringing green space in 2. Influencing neighborhood development 3. Providing diverse serices and learning sectors NEXTRAIL KC 1. Connect existing activity centers 2. Develop underutilized and vacant property 3. Provide efficient and reliable transit service KCDC INDEPENDENCE AVENUE VISION PLAN GREATER DOWNTOWN AREA PLAN 1. Walkable downtown 2. Double the population 3. Increase employment 4. Safe and authentic neighborhoods 5. Sustainability TRUMAN PLAZA PLAN 1. Safe and clean 2. Cultural hub 3. Attract business 4. Multi-modal transportation options 5. Promote the historic character BNIM LIGHT RAIL PROPOSAL 1. Main Street / Grand Boulevard alignment 2. Connections to city through multiple sectors GRAND BOULEVARD PASEO GATEWAY CHOICE NEIGHBORHOOD PARKS AND BLVDS. STANDARDS
ALL RELEVANT INITIATIVES THE NORTHEAST KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
HARDESTY RENAISSANCE KC MUSEUM BENTON INTERSECTION IMPROVEMENT KCUMB CAMPUS DEVELOPMENT CHOICE NEIGHBORHOOD_ PASEO GATEWAY CHOUTEAU COURTS FUTURE TRAILS TO BE ADDED BY PARKS & REC
MOMENTUM PROJECTS
NEIGHBORHOOD AMMENITIES
1100 MINUTE M T WALKING W LKKKIN INN 2200 MINUTE M N WALKING I AMMENITIES
THE NORTHEAST KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
The Northeast has an abundance of different associations and organizations that are geared towards the improvement of the community. LISC, NEAT, Northeast Chamber of Commerce and neighborhood organizations are just a few that offers a wide range of different services to the area and community. These services fuel the improvement of the community and the people who live there. The Northeast is a current hot spot for Kansas City development. A wide range of city initiatives impact the Northeast, such as; the Kansas City FOCUS plan, Independence Plaza, BNIM Rail Line, KCUMB master planning and many more. There are also initiatives that directly impact the quality of the neighborhood including; the redevelopment of Independence Benton intersection, Kessler Park improvements, and the Choice Neighborhood Alliance. Small businesses grow along Independence Ave, supplying a wide range of amenities to the Northeast District. The area is a key component on the KCATA bus route which allows for public transportation access to the many amenities in the area.
Less than a High School Diploma
Under 25 Years
High School Graduate/GED
High School Graduate Some College, No Degree
Associates Degree Some college - Associ-
Bachelor’s Degree or Higher
Bachelor’s degree or
LessLess than $25,000 than $25,000
25 - 44 Years
25 to 44 Years
45 - 64 Years
45 to 64 Years
$25,000 to $50,000 $25,000 to $50,000
$50,000 to $100,000
More than $100,000
THE NORTHEAST KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
Over 65 Years
White
Less than a High School Diploma
High School Graduate/GED Black
Black
High School graduate / GED Some College, No Degree
Some college - Associates Associates Degree degree or no degree Asian
Asian
Bachelor’s Degree or Higher
Bachelor’s degree or higher
American Indian/ Alaskan Native American Indian/ Alaskan Native
Native Hawaiian OtherHawaiian/ Pacific Native OtherIslander Pacific Islander
Less than $25,000 Less than $25,000
$25,000 to $50,000 $25,000 to $50,000
Other
$50,000 to $100,000
Two or More Races
More than $100,000
The area has always been considered a melting pot and many ethnicities have found a home in the Northeast. As shown in the maps, the Northeast District is not only diverse in ethnicity, but also in age, education and income. After analyzing age, income, education, and race individually in the Northeast it was easy to see the wide range of diversity in each category. To better understand the district and its diversity, a cross analysis of the different demographics was created to see if there were any connections between them. It was concluded that the Northeast District is diverse in every way. The multitude of cultures alludes to a community that has a lot to offer the city in many different aspects.
Kessler Park, originally named North Terrace Park, began as a design of 5.5 acres located at the northern edge of Kansas City in 1885. In 1893, the Board of Park Commissioners, with the efforts of George Kessler, began the controversial battle of creating a park on the rugged land. In 1898, after the city’s rights to condemn the land for a park were upheld by the Supreme Court, George Kessler initiated the construction. Kessler believed that, “(the park) should always be maintained as a rugged, picturesque place, with very little attempt on the hillsides and valleys at the so-called improvement in the form of fine lawns and garden schemes. (However, near the residential districts,) there may be considerable fine embellishments.” With a focus on maintaining a wild natural core and the use of very few design elements, the park put emphasis on the natural beauty of the area. All major formal gestures are built along the edge with very few minor developments, such as walkways, taking place in the core. Development of infrastructure took place along the fringe of the park during the early 1900’s. Construction of The Colonnade was completed in 1908, as well as the installation of 147 decorative gas lamps and four tennis courts. A memorial to commemorate Thomas Hart Benton was built in 1915. That same year, the city completed construction of the extension of the park between Elmwood Avenue and Belmont Boulevard, bringing the park to its final size of 300 acres. The Board of Fire and Water Commissioners constructed a water reservoir on Prospect Point in 1921, which was later abandoned in 1931. The memorials of John F. Kennedy and William R. Royster were built in 1965 and 1974 respectively, and in 1973, North Terrace Park was renamed Kessler Park to commemorate the Parks & Boulevard designer, George Kessler.
KESSLER PARK HISTORY
SANBORN MAP OF KESSLER PARK IN 1910 HISTORY
1893
1900
1910
1910
1912
1915
KESSLER PARK LAKE IN 1907 1920
1921
BE
LM
ON
VD T BL
1940
2014
ON DST
VD E BL
AVE
HAR
HN
JO ST.
DES
TY
AVE
GLA
2014
CE DEN EN EP IND
AVE
K Base Overlay
12TH
T EE STR
I-70
MAP TIMELINE OF KESSLER PARK
KESSLER PARK HISTORY
THE COLONNADE IN 1920
CLIFF DRIVE BEFORE CONSTRUCTION
CLIFF DRIVE IN 1920
Cliff Drive was established in 1905, increasing the popularity of North Terrace Park. Cliff Drive was a key part of Kessler’s vision. He stated that “The Roadway will make this park famous for its beauty and variety of scenery.” The roadway allowed its users to experience views of the city while still being engulfed in a natural environment. In 1931, Cliff Drive extended east to Indian Mound and paved borders were added to optimize views towards the East Bottoms and Downtown Kansas City area. Over time however, the buildup of crime and the accidents along the roadway led to Cliff Drive’s popularity to dwindle. CLIFF DRIVE IN 1915
HISTORY
THE LAKE AND CHESTNUT TRAFFICWAY FROM LEXINGTON BRIDGE
CHESTNUT TRAFFICWAY
THE COLONNADE
CHESTNUT (TOP) & THE COLONNADE (BOTTOM) CURRENT CONDITIONS
VIEWS IN SCARRITT POINT CURRENT CONDITIONS
KESSLER PARK CURRENT CONDITIONS
Cliff Drive
Water feature along Cliff Drive
AREA NEAR RESERVOIR CURRENT CONDITIONS
Kessler Park has avoided adding large structures in order to maintain George Kessler’s vision. One of the few that the Board of Park Commissioners approved was a plan for a depressed water reservoir to be constructed at Prospect Point in 1921. The reservoir was meant to meet the growing demands of the breweries, icehouses, and railway stations that were developing in the East Bottoms. The water reservoir is 590’ long by 230’ wide, and could hold a total of 16 million gallons of water. The large basin is fitted with a cross bridge between the two sides, both of which have an overflow tower located in them. After a short life of only 10 years the water reservoir was drained in 1931 due to infrastructure problems and the implementation of updated drainage and sewage plans throughout Kansas City.
KESSLER PARK WATER RESERVOIR KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
KESSLER PARK WATER RESERVIOR IMPLEMENTED PLAN 1919
KESSLER PARK WATER RESERVOIR IMPLEMENTED PLAN 1919
WATER RESERVIOR 1921
WATER RESERVIOR 1921
Over the 80 years it has sat empty, overgrowth of trees and weeds have occurred taken over the reservoir. Railings on the cross bridge, the stairs, and the infrastructure have apparent signs of deterioration. Even though guarded by an iron fence, people have begun to change the inside face of the water reservoir, which is now lined with graffiti. Repurposing the water reservoir is not a new feat in to the Northeast neighborhood. In 2012 Kent Dicus believed it was “quite a piece of real estate,” when interviewed by Action 41 news. The largest issue that he spoke to was finding a way to implement an idea and having a dedicated group of people who wanted to support the change. Adam Schieber, president of the Cliff Drive Corridor Management Committee, believed “It would be a draw that would go well beyond just the neighborhood even beyond Kansas City proper.” Both members expressed the citizen’s excitement and in 2012 a petition was even started to stand against filling the Park Reservoir. With over 100 supporters, it is evident that the reservoir holds a high value to many. Since 2012, the dedicated group that Schieber and Dicus spoke of has emerged. With combined efforts from Pendleton Heights, Scarritt Point, the Parks and Recreation Department and other concerned citizens, the Cliff Drive Association has begun to make moves towards repurposing the Water Reservoir. Ideas have cultivated and steps in which a final plan can be achieved are in the works. Through stakeholder discussions, ideas of what the reservoir could be have been discovered. It could be a beacon, and opportunity to bring identity to Kessler Park and the Northeast neighborhood. With the right programmatic function, more people from the city and beyond would be drawn to the park, increasing the popularity of the area. Citizens of the Northeast District see the park as part of their community, and they hold value to its success. Members take pride in their community and they see the water reservoir as a unique amenity. The water reservoir may sit empty but it is full of opportunity.
KESSLER PARK WATER RESERVOIR KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
KESSLER PARK HIGHLIGHTING THE WATER RESERVOIR 2010
KESSLER PARK WATER RESERVOIR KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
Many factors have affected Kessler Park. These factors have determined the parks state of being today. Through the representation of analytical studies generated to find important conditions, three key findings became apparent; the need for a stronger identity, the need to increase connectivity between the park and the city and the need to emphasize Kessler Parks unique wild features. With the strong original design intentions and existing conditions, Kessler Park has a very unique identity. Unfortunately, that identity is underutilized, making Kessler Park relatively unknown to most of the citizens of Kansas City. By strengthening that identity the park will begin to develop into a city destination and neighborhood amenity. The geographical location of Kessler Park anchors the parks and boulevards system and marks the edge of the city, but connectivity to the park could be improved. The Independence Avenue and Paseo intersection has the ability to be a main source of connectivity, but due to a busy intersection and an on ramp to the interstate, entering Kessler Park at that point seems dangerous. Also, there is little signage on Independence Avenue for the park, causing many to be unaware of this hidden gem. Connections within the park could also be improved upon. Zones have been identified as ideal areas for development, witch Cliff Drive as the only joining element. By increasing connectivity between the park and city as well as between the zones that have been identified, this design can enhance the park as well as strengthen its identity. This can be done by connecting surrounding amenities, neighborhoods and park users. Kessler parks unique wild features and topography are unlike any other park in Kansas City. As George Kessler stated when he first designed the park, “(Kessler Park) should be always maintained as a rugged, picturesque place, with very little attempt on the hillsides and valleys at the so-called improvement in the form of fine lawns and garden schemes, (however near the residential districts,) there may be considerable fine’ embellishments.� This concept has been respected over the years, allowing the wild core of Kessler Park to flourish. By implementing a strategy that continues to respect the wild core, the design will allow for the park to become a rugged, and wild adventure park, which will strengthen the identity of Kessler Park and create a city destination. Kessler Park is a unique and refreshing change of pace within the urban context of Kansas City. By implementing a design that focuses on the identity, connectivity, and wild core of the park, Kessler can become a great neighborhood park and city destination.
KEY FINDINGS KESSLER PARK _ KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
Kessler Park’s has a very unique identity. Due to issues with crime and a lack of knowledge of the park’s existence, the Northeast area’s identity has dwindled over time. Despite this, it is one of the most ethnically diverse areas in Kansas City, Missouri. Kessler Park has unique terrain and a forest-like wild core in the middle of an urban context causing specific interest groups, such as disc golf, mountain biking, and rock climbing to populate the park. These interest groups are gaining popularity, and would benefit from an increase in essential amenities and features, which Kessler is currently lacking. By reemphasizing the strong original design intentions and existing conditions the park originally had, Kessler Park can be developed into a city destination and neighborhood amenity through strengthening the identity of Kessler Park Amenities were looked at for both the neighborhood and the site. At the neighborhood scale it was discovered that most of the amenities are located along Independence Avenue and St. John Avenue. There are also five areas that contain clusters of amenities. At the site scale all of the amenities highlighted are current outdoor activities located within the park. Kessler Park is the only location near the city that has some of these activities, such as hiking, mountain biking, rock climbing, and disc golf.
IDENTITY KESSLER PARK _ KANSAS CITY, MISSOURI
AMENITIES IDENTITY
In these series crimes against location, vacancies, hazardous buildings, and crimes against people were studied. Beginning this project it was known that the Northeast neighborhood was blighted, out these studies confirmed this. Also gained from this study was the correlation between the main streets in the neighborhood and the location of the crimes. It was discovered that much of the blight is along Independence Avenue, Prospect Avenue, Benton Boulevard, and Indiana Avenue. This is an issue since those streets are some of the main access points to the park from the neighborhood.
HUMAN IMPACTED BLIGHT | BLIGHT & CRIME IDENTITY
CRIMES AGAINST LOCATION, VACANCY, AND HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS | BLIGHT & CRIME IDENTITY
EVENT
Cultural Events Active Events Art Events Other
KNIFE & PORK CHILDREN’S ART PROGRAM HISTORIC HOMES TOUR SOCCER FOR SUCCESS TOUR OF KC BIKE RIDE FARMER’S MARKET LIBERIAN CELEBRATION RAINBOW RUN FOR EQUALITY KC TWEED RIDE COMMUNITY RUNS KESSLER WINE MIXER TREE LOVE CLASSIC URBAN DIRTY CHALK WALK SUMMER DUSK CONCERT SERIES
1 YEAR CYCLE
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
EVENT TIMELINE CULTURE ACTIVE ART OTHER
NEIGHBORHOOD EVENTS IDENTITY
Cultural Events Active Events Art Events Other
EVENTS CULTURE ACTIVE ART OTHER
EVENT TIMELINE IDENTITY
KESSLER’S WILD VERSUS THE DEVELOPABLE EDGE IDENTITY
6 2
5 3
1 4
DEVELOPMENT ZONES IDENTITY
Homeless Camps
HOMELESS CAMPS IDENTITY
Trash Dumping
TRASH DUMPING IDENTITY
Kessler Park has the potential for being very well connected to Kansas City and the surrounding metro. The park is located just outside of the downtown loop, and many boulevards terminate near Kessler. Through a series of studies it was discovered that the park has the ability to improve these connections, allowing for the park to be easily accessible to pedestrians, cyclists, and motorists. Kessler Park’s has connections to many streets that are not accentuated. Feeder streets exist to Independence Ave, but they are not emphasized. The park entrance on Paseo and Independence is an unsafe intersection for both pedestrians and cyclists, and the park is disconnected to the East Bottoms due to extreme topography and only one connecting street, Chestnut Traffic Way. Kessler Park’s is very well connected to alternative transportation. The bus system is its biggest form of public transit in the city, and Kessler Park is within walking distance of many bus stops, which allows the park to easily connect to a larger portion of the city. More bike trails are constantly be developed within the park. This movement has allowed larger connection to city wide trails. With bike connections the park will become more integrated to the city, while having less vehicular traffic. The geographical location of Kessler Park anchors the parks and boulevards system and marks the edge of the city. Through analysis we can see that natural and manmade aspects are the defining factors. Since the park is a part of the defining edge, it is already well integrated and in a prime location for connections. This allows a visual connection to the Missouri River, East Bottoms, and Northern Kansas City. More so, these visual connections exist back to the Central Business District. The park currently has many connections to Kansas City. Bus stops and bike routes enable users to reach the park from a farther distance, and it is located just outside of the loop. Visual connections also exist, which allows the user to experience a connection with a much larger area after arriving at the park. However, many of the connections need to be emphasized to encourage more use. Implementing a strategy to make the intersection of Paseo and Independence Avenue would also improve the park’s connectivity.
CONNECTIVITY Kessler Park_Kansas City, Missouri
CITY SCALE CAR ACCESS CONNECTIVITY
CITY SCALE BUS ACCESS CONNECTIVITY
CITY SCALE BIKE ACCESS CONNECTIVITY
TOPOGRAPHY
EDGE OF THE CITY
George Kessler’s intention was to preserve the wild of Kessler Park, as shown in the quote. This study was done to determine the factors defining the wild. At this point the wild has been overgrown with invasive species of plants, yet, the space has been preserved. Many factors define the wild: topography, the parks fringe, and residential development. The extreme topography makes certain areas of the park harder to develop. George Kessler used topography to determine the location of many Kansas City parks for this reason. Trees grow on the most extreme topography of the park making it even more difficult to develop Kessler’s wild core. The parks fringe runs adjacent to the wild core. The fringe is comprised of open areas and smaller developments. This area is the perfect location for park amenities. The openness allows for a much more usable space than the wild core. Pedestrians inhabit this space and can gather for functions. Residential development abuts the parks fringe. This zone defines the parks edge. Roads terminate from this zone into the fringe or the wild core. There is an unclear edge to the park at the points were the neighborhood abuts the fringe. Some user may even feel as if they are in the front yard of the neighborhood houses. George Kessler’s original concept of a wild core with formal elements along the edge of the park should be inherent in any design iterations for the park. By doing this, the design will allow for the park to become a rugged, and wild adventure park, which will strengthen the identity of Kessler Park and create a city destination.
THE WILD KEY FINDINGS
“
(Kessler Park) should be always maintained as a rugged, picturesque place, with very
little attempt on the hillsides and valleys at the so-called improvement in the form of fine lawns and garden schemes, (however near the residential districts,) there may be considerable
”
fine’ embellishments.
-George Kessler
While researching Kessler Park and its surrounding context the need arose to examine case studies that pertain to this project. By referencing precedent studies we are able to inform different possibilities of the project and how changes in the park might affect Kansas City as a whole. The projects that were chosen affect people on three different scales; the City Scale, Neighborhood Scale, and the Site Scale. Some of these projects are organized into zones, some are projects that build upon existing infrastructure, and some accomplish both. Through all of these projects, however, there are two different programmatic types that emerge; those with a clear program and those with an unclear program. These projects will help us better understand what Kessler Park and the water reservoir could become. They also provide valuable insight of how the Kessler Park project could impact Kansas City.
INTRODUCTION CASE STUDIES
CITY SCALE I-75/85 ATLANTA CONNECTOR THE HUD: BIG U HIGHLINE
NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE OLYMPIC SCULPTURE PARK LANDSCHAFTS MILLENNIUM PARK
SITE SCALE PADDINGTON RESERVOIR SILO 468 THE “REAL” ESTATE MFO PARK
CONTENTS CASE STUDIES
The largest of the three scales that informed our research and findings consist of the Kansas City metro area. In examination of information at this scale, the river is understood as the northern ‘edge’ for the Northeast Kansas City neighborhood, where our project is located. The southern boundary is defined by Swope Park, one of Kansas City’s major parks. The 635 interstate on the west and the 435 interstate on the east create the boundaries of greater metro area of Kansas City. These boundaries are proposed to contain information at the largest scale for the purposes of this project. One of the goals for this project is to create a strong destination for Kansas City. This goal is achieved by connecting the park to major transit routes in the area, creating unique park amenities, and improving the park’s status within the greater metro area. The guidelines for accomplishing this goal define parameters for the project that can be used to study similar projects as precedents. Gaining an understanding of how other projects have affected their cities will provide the insight needed to make a proposal that is integrated into the city and will positively affect the metro area. Through the research of case studies; encompassing master plans, existing infrastructure, sites with similar rugged terrain, and projects that have positively impacted cities, there are four projects that provide strong examples of how a project can impact a city at the metro scale. These studies build off the concepts, goals and ideas of what makes these projects successful and the knowledge gained will be applied to the design of a proposal to reinvigorate Kessler Park and make it a strong destination for Kansas City.
CITY SCALE CASE STUDIES
The I75/85 Atlanta Connector is a re-visioning project of the current freeway that runs through Atlanta, GA. The vision for the freeway is one of movement through a green lush landscape accented by urban artwork along the freeway corridor. The framework of the project is derived from movement, views, and connectivity with the surrounding community. Gateways mark the entrances to the city and happen strategically along the corridor. The idea is for this stretch of highway to become an urban art exibit with special care given to the pedestrian experience both on foot and in the car. This project relates to Kessler Park with its approach to the existing infrastructure and the story it tells as one travels along the freeway. If there is no reason to travel through to Kessler Park, nobody will make the journey. There is an opportunity for Kessler Park to become a destination and tell a story at the same time. In a way, the journey to the water reservoir in Kessler Park is just as important as the actual reservoir.
I75/85 ATLANTA CONNECTOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA_SWA GROUP
The city of Atlanta has always been focused on transportation. The city began as the end of a railroad, increasing its prominence by creating the world’s busiest airport. The city also relies heavily on highways and public transportation. The “I-75/85 Connector” however, fails to showcase this expansive infrastructure. Consisting of a five mile stretch between Brookwood and Turner Field in Downtown Atlanta, the “Connector” is comprised of large areas of pavement and massive retaining walls. Because of this and the limited amount of landscape, there is a negative perception of the area, which in turn affects the perception of the city. In the late 1940s and early 1950’s, the city of Atlanta built a six lane divided highway. As time progressed, the highway expanded, eventually becoming sixteen lanes that 300,000 vehicles travel on per day travel. These changes, however, created an unpleasant area that the Midtown Alliance and Central Atlanta Progress/Atlanta Downtown Improvement District noticed and wants to improve upon.
I75/85 ATLANTA CONNECTOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA_SWA GROUP
DECLINING TREE CANOPY
8 DEGREES HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
1.9 BILLION GALLONS OF STORM WATER
300,000 METRIC T OF CARBON EMISSIONS
At its inception, Atlanta, Georgia was carved out of the surrounding forests. Urbanization and suburban sprawl have replaced the forest canopy with paving. When entering Atlanta, one is surrounded by thick forest vegetation but emerges in a concrete jungle. The overarching theme of this project is to reintroduce the forest to the city. This new forest canopy will greatly reduce the heat island effect, the amount of storm water runoff, and the amount of airborne particles caused by the 300,000 vehicles traveling the Connector daily. One of the strategies that will be implemented will be the idea of vertical greening. This will soften the hardscape of the city, highlight elements of interest, and continue the idea of an urban forest. As stated by Central Atlanta Progress Inc. in their Connector Transformation publishing, “The goal of the urban forest is to create a striking outdoor room at each end of the Connector to celebrate arrival into Downtown and Midtown. These gateways combine native plants, exotic species, and light elements to highlight the built infrastructure of the freeway.�
I75/85 ATLANTA CONNECTOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA_SWA GROUP
The city of Atlanta wants The Connector to showcase art that reflects the culture and commitment of the area. These installations will also incorporate elements of nature, light, and the infrastructure. The goal of this is to create a professionally curated art institute to be known as “The Atlanta Museum of Freeway Art� (MOFA), which will create an educational experience through urban artwork. The road will be used as a timeline which moves the user through certain art movements in chronological order.
I75/85 ATLANTA CONNECTOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA_SWA GROUP
The use of lighting and greenery on the overpass allows for a more pleasant experience for the driver. The lighting helps to create a safer passage at night for the many travelers on the freeway.
I75/85 ATLANTA CONNECTOR ATLANTA, GEORGIA_SWA GROUP
Old off-ramps can become public plazas that line the freeway. Instead of a desolate road, the space becomes full of life at a pedestrian scale. The very places where people avoid become arteries that create a greater network of pedestrian passageways.
Artwork and greenery now line the highway overpass and provide vehicles with a more pleasant drive. The greenery is not only pleasing to the eye itself, but it helps break up the harsh downtown skyline.
Vehicles now have a brightly lit corridor that guides them to their destination. The use of greenery around the perimeter of the freeway also eludes to the dense forests that once populated the area that is now Atlanta, Georgia.
Rebuild by Design, strategy designed by the Hurricane Sandy Rebuilding Task Force and HUD is a program that is focused on attending to structural and environmental issues that Hurricane Sandy created. Their goal is to develop and fund solutions to better protect citizens from climate events in the future. One of these strategies proposed is The Big “U”, a system covering Manhattan from West 54th Street to The Battery and up to East 40th Street to protect ten miles of geography that is vulnerable to climate events. One of the main downfalls of infrastructure in America is that it is forced on our cities and sometimes negatively affects our urban experience. The goal of the “U” is to created multiple opportunities for design, each of which require different amounts of time, space, and funding, allowing the city to rebuild itself after the devastation of Sandy, while still preparing long term solutions to help protect from such events in the future. Bjarke Ingels Group designed this project in a way that builds upon the existing infrastructure to prevent flood waters from reaching the city like they did with Hurricane Sandy. The concept of the proposal deals with how people interact with existing infrastructure that doubles as a tool to help control to inclement weather. It is important for citizens to be able to inhabit these areas and not create barriers that prevent them from experiencing the edge of the city. The HUD project can be compared to the water reservoir in Kessler Park because of the redevelopment of existing infrastructure. This project responds to nature, existing infrastructure, and how people use the spaces. The water reservoir in Kessler Park has similar design opportunities. Consideration of the existing nature of Kessler Park, the history of the existing infrastructure, and the user groups is imperative.
HUD - THE BIG U NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_BIG - BJARKE INGELS GROUP
HUD - THE BIG U NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_BIG - BJARKE INGELS GROUP
HURRICANE RISK
AFFECTED AREAS
HUD - THE BIG U NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_BIG - BJARKE INGELS GROUP
NEW YORK “BIGHT”
FLOOD RISK
HUD - THE BIG U NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_BIG - BJARKE INGELS GROUP
FLOOD PROTECTION
PROGRAM DISTRIBUTION
CURRENT
Below the existing highway lies a desolate wasteland. The water’s edge is disconnected from the city via lanes of traffic and uninviting overpasses.
HUD - THE BIG U NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_BIG - BJARKE INGELS GROUP
APPLIED PROGRAM
The proposal for the water’s edge in this particular area is for artists to display their work above the pedestrians. This hides the fact that they are under an overpass and gives people a reason to walk to the water’s edge.
WEATHER ADAPTATION
FLOOD PROTECTION
The artwork that lines the bottom of the overpass becomes a barrier for inclement weather. This gives people a chance to escape the wind while enjoying the outdoors.
The same artwork also provides protection for more drastic weather conditions. Hurricane Sandy type weather can be contained and prevented from entering the city beyond these walls.
CURRENT
APPLIED PROGRAM
Below the existing highway lies a desolate wasteland. The water’s edge is disconnected from the city via lanes of traffic and uninviting overpasses.
The space below overpasses becomes something that would draw people to those areas. Stadium seating provides an opportunity for people to view plays or events such as karate tournaments.
HUD - THE BIG U NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_BIG - BJARKE INGELS GROUP
WEATHER ADAPTION
The very same stadium seating where people view shows becomes a barrier for flooding. Just four feet vertically can retain 100 year floods.
FLOOD PROTECTION
Walls come down from the overpass that can withstand hurricane force winds and prevent water from reaching the city streets.
James Corner’s New York-based landscape architecture firm Field Operations and architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro are the designers behind the Urban Greenway that is The High Line. The High Line is a 1.45 mile long park built on an abandoned elevated railway in the heart of New York City. In 2003, nearly 720 teams from 36 countries competed to win the conversion project of the New York City High Line. The idea of adapting the railway into an urban park came from the notion of experiencing the city outside of the chaotic streets below. The users have an opportunity to experience the city in a whole new way. The High Line provides one with uninterrupted views of the Hudson River and the famous city skyline. The industrial nature of the High Line relates to the existing water reservoir in Kessler Park in terms of redevelopment of exsisting infrastructure. The redevelopment of the High Line is an important thing to study for our Kessler Park project because of the effect it has had on the surrounding neighborhoods. In order for Kessler Park to be a success, the northeast neighborhood needs be improved. The High Line is a great example of a project in which an abandoned industrial railway became an urban artifact that sparked redevelopment in the area.
HIGH LINE NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_FIELD OPERATIONS AND DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO
The West Side Elevated Highway was constructed in 1929. The High Line viaduct, then a portion of the New York Connecting Railroad’s West Side Line, opened to trains in 1934. The railway connected directly to factories, allowing trains to load and unload their cargo inside the buildings. The growth of interstate trucking in the 1950s led to a drop in rail traffic throughout the nation, so that by 1960, the southernmost section of the line was demolished. The last train to run on the line was in 1980. In the 1990’s, due to the wild grasses and shrubs that took the place on the rail lines, the railway became known only to urban explorers. A non-profit group formed in 1999 called Friends of the High Line. The creators of the group, Joshua David and Robert Hammond, were residents of the neighborhood that the line ran through. Friends of the High Line advocated for the line’s preservation and reuse as a public space. The High Line was heavily funded by the Federal Government, New York City, and the State. The City has provided $123.4 million, the Federal Government provided $20.3 million, and the State donated $400,000. The remaining funds have been raised privately by Friends of the High Line and neighboring developers. The total cost for the current three sections for the project is roughly $187 million. The park lies mainly in the West Chelsea Special District, a zone created in June 2005 to encourage growth in the High Line and West Chelsea area. This new zone has facilitated an increase in residential and commercial development and implemented an affordable housing program, as well as allowed for the repurposing of the High Line as an elevated park. This new zoning has allowed for over 2,000 new buildings and office spaces to be implemented in the area between Gansevoort Street and 30th Street. Also, due to the success of the High Line, 33 new projects are being implemented in the new zone.
HIGH LINE NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_FIELD OPERATIONS AND DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO
The team’s vision for the project was inspired by the landscape left after the line had been abandoned. To make sure the railways were still structurally sound, each piece was marked, removed, tested and then installed back into its original place. Natural growth is encouraged through a strategic paving system creating a ‘pathless’ landscape. The undefined environment allows the public to experience the park as they wish, with a variant of area types, from complete paving to complete vegetation. The High Line breaks the rules of New York City green spaces. It floats above the street, giving pedestrian the upper hand on the passing vehicles below. One can be fully emerged in an intimate green space while being in the heart of the city. While other parks are more structured in their square forms, the High Line feels organic even though it is built upon an existing infrastructure.
HIGH LINE NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_FIELD OPERATIONS AND DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO
Human interaction via an escape from the city was a driving force behind the High Line. Energy-efficient LED lights light the park’s pathways and allow the eyes to adjust to the changing light of the surrounding city sky. Lights installed on the underside of the High Line light the sidewalk underneath creating a safe place on the street at all times of the day and night. Interaction is encouraged through the use of urban furniture. There are many different types of seating ranging from rolling lounge chairs, picnic tables, work stations, amphitheaters, etc. The variety of seating provided allows the user to choose between a more intimate setting or a very public setting. There is an idea of chance interaction that is encouraged on the High Line through the urban furniture.
HIGH LINE NEW YORK CITY, NEW YORK_FIELD OPERATIONS AND DILLER SCOFIDIO + RENFRO
The second of the three scales that informed the research and findings consists of the greater Northeast Kansas City neighborhood where Kessler Park is located. Bounded by the Missouri River to the north, I-70 and East Truman Road to the south, North Chouteau Traffic way to the east and I-35 to the west, these boundaries contain information at the neighborhood scale of this project. This scale encompasses the neighborhoods of Pendleton Heights, Scarritt Renaissance, Indian Mound, Paseo West, Independence Avenue, and Lykins as well as the East Bottoms and Downtown Kansas City. At this scale, the goal for this project was to create a useful amenity for the residents of the Northeast Kansas City Neighborhood. This goal is achieved by allowing for a full range of activities in the park, creating better connectivity within the neighborhood, and creating an integrated circulation network within the whole of Kessler Park. The guidelines for accomplishing this goal define parameters for the project that can be used to study other similar projects as precedents. Gaining an understanding of how other projects have affected their neighborhoods will provide the insight needed to make a proposal that is integrated and will positively influence the Northeast Kansas City Neighborhood. Through research of case studies encompassing existing infrastructure, sites with similar rugged terrain, and projects that impacted their surrounding neighborhoods, there are three strong projects that provide examples of how a project can impact the neighborhood at this scale. Knowledge gained from these precedents will be applied to the design of a proposal for of Kessler Park creating a useful neighborhood amenity.
NEIGHBORHOOD SCALE CASE STUDIES
As the winning design for an international competition, Olympic Sculpture Park revitalizes an existing industrial site and introduces itself as a new model for a modern sculpture park. Weiss Manfredi, the winning architecture firm, successfully provided a design that engages the urban core and potentially habitable waterfront. On this 9-acre site, located on the water’s edge, a z-shaped green space descends 40 feet from the city to the water, reconnecting the urban core to the revitalized waterfront. Capitalizing on the strong interior and exterior relationship within the park, an exhibition pavilion and pedestrian routes link three new archetypal landscapes; a dense temperate evergreen forest, a deciduous forest and a shoreline garden. Together, these components bring sculpture outside the museum walls and into the park.
In comparison to Kessler Park and the water reservoir, Olympic Sculpture Park’s historical background and current-day programmatic features are similar. Kessler’s water reservoir contains potential and that provides a catalyst for repurposing this existing site. The programmatic zones of Olympic Sculpture Park relate to Kessler’s ‘zones of activity’ and attraction to a variety of users. Studying these parks next to each other allows the alignment of repurposing an existing infrastructure and the incorporation of zones for a wide-range of programmatic uses.
OLYMPIC SCULPTURE PARK SEATTLE, WASHINGTON_WEISS/MANFREDI ARCHITECTS
Unocal, an oil and gas corporation, occupied the former industrial site until the 1970’s, eventually creating a contaminated brownfield site. The Seattle Art Museum stepped in and proposed to transform the area into one of the only green spaces in downtown Seattle. Split into three levels, the landscape descends 40 feet to the water’s edge, interacting with different programmatic functions. The first level of the slope is large rocks to break up waves. The second is a flat “bench” level to recreate an intertidal zone. The lower level is covered with smaller rocks that are designed to attract sea life and large kelp. There is a hope that this lower level will allow harvesting of juvenile salmon from Duwamish River.
OLYMPIC SCULPTURE PARK SEATTLE, WASHINGTON_WEISS/MANFREDI ARCHITECTS
OLYMPIC SCULPTURE PARK SEATTLE, WASHINGTON_WEISS/MANFREDI ARCHITECTS
Out of public demand to repurpose and preserve an abandoned and dangerous wasteland, Landschaftspark, or Landscape Park, was born, encompassing almost 600 acres of land in Germany. A coal and steel production plant left behind the remains of industrial structures and years of unbridled pollution. The necessity for ecological renewal and the want to celebrate the artifact while making it safe drove the desire for the design of an urban space. The International Building Exhibition Emscher Park developed over a hundred concepts to reinvigorate the waning Ruhr District. One of these concepts was the design of Landschaftspark by Peter Latz, which outlined a plan to create an urban space that transformed the industrial leftovers and reversed the effects of pollution. This plan divided the area into zones and created a park that became a center for sporting and cultural events. Circulation between zones is based on existing conditions and locations of existing features like the sewer canal. As a precedent for Kessler Park, Landschaftspark is a great example of adaptive reuse. The design for Landschaftspark created a public amenity that is not only economically sustainable, but also preserved artifacts that were so important to the surrounding community. The division and programming of zones in Landschaftspark can be compared to the defined zones of Kessler Park in how they can provide programmed and flexible spaces in a balanced way.
LANDSCHAFTSPARK DUISBURG, GERMANY_LATZ + PARTNER
Blast Furnace Park The decommissioned blast furnaces remain here with only furnace #5 preserved and open to public access. A staircase takes visitors to the top of the furnace and reveals a view overlooking the city and the Ruhr District. From here, the reclamation of the industrial complex by nature becomes very clear. Piazza Metallica The open waste water canal of the �Old Emscher�, crossing the park from east to west, was transformed into a clear water canal with bridges and footpaths, exclusively fed by the clear rainwater. The water channel and the whole water system are an artefact, which aims to restore natural processes in an environment of devastation and distortion. These processes are governed by the rules of ecology, but initiated and maintained by means of technology. Man uses this artefact as a symbol for nature, but remains in charge of the process. Sinter Park Sinter Park includes a small plaza amphitheater, extensive gardens and a catwalk with view of the blast furnaces. Special effort had to be made in this area to reverse the effects of contamination and much of the existing structures had to be removed. The area was broken down into smaller scale spaces that house varying garden experiences and disguises the sordid history of this part of the park.
LANDSCHAFTSPARK DUISBURG, GERMANY_LATZ + PARTNER
Railway Park Circulation throughout the sprawling park follows the path of the railway lines as they existed at the time of their operation. The lines weave in and out of the open expanses of fields and rugged industrial buildings. It is along these paths where the infusion of nature with old metal infrastructure is so evident. A walkway was built atop old pillars that held tracks and this path ends above the gardens. Play-Points Selected points of the park have been adapted and designed for play. The remains provide spaces for athletic activities and in some areas have been modified for climbing and sliding. In addition to implemented playgrounds, there are places for water play and interaction with animals. Ore Bunker Park The old Ore Bunker, previously a grid of storage compartments for materials, was transformed into a place of inhabitation. Portals were cut into the heavy walls of the compartments to allow for pathways that run through the small spaces that were previously inaccessible to humans. Mini gardens line these spaces and are dotted with art installations. These walkways running between very high walls provide an experience unlike any other place in the park.
DUISBURG, GERMANY_LATZ + PARTNER
Situated in the Loop Community area of Chicago, an area of the city that was previously dominated by railroad tracks and parking lots was transformed into an urban space with an abundance of amenities. This 24 acre site, known now as Millennium Park, provides venues and spaces that are a catalyst for activity and events. The park has received accessibility and green design awards and features a number of programmatic elements including an amphitheater-style event space, an ice rink and a theater. The elements of Millennium Park allow the urban area to be an active art venue with space for the display of public art as well as large-scale integrated pieces. Millennium Park is successful as a public art venue in part due to the grand scale of each piece and open spaces for display of art. The BP Pedestrian Bridge and the Nichols Bridgeway connect Millennium Park to the other parts of Grant Park and provide safe pedestrian circulation. The park is further connected to the city via Millennium Station terminal which services the electric line commuters. The park itself, often called the world’s largest rooftop garden is built directly over the train terminal as well as the massive parking garage. The park continues to be developed and maintained and has become a popular tourist destination.
The Kessler Park and water reservoir project can be compared to Millennium Park’s historical background and current features. Both sites were recognized as having great potential to become useful urban spaces. In the case of Millennium Park, the space created had significant impact on the city and the programmatic elements provide an example of one technique for reinvigorating Kessler Park. Millennium Park has also been recognized for its accessibility through universal design and expresses the importance of creating public spaces that can be utilized by all.
MILLENNIUM PARK CHICAGO, ILLINOIS_VARIOUS ARCHITECTS & ENGINEERS
From the 1850’s until 1997, Millennium Park’s grounds were once an industrial wasteland, controlled by the Illinois Central Railroad. After the Great Chicago Fire, the 1909 Plan of Chicago proposed Grant Park, which was planned around the railroad property. This lake-front property was eventually recognized as having great potential to become a municipal amenity and would become the site of Millennium Park. Conceived by then Mayor Richard Daley, the initial vision for the future Millennium Park was a public park and music venue for the city of Chicago that would be built over the unsightly railroad and parking areas. As designers and artists, including architecture firm SOM and famous architect Frank Gehry, became more involved, the project became more extensive than one could imagine.
MILLENNIUM PARK CHICAGO, ILLINOIS_VARIOUS ARCHITECTS & ENGINEERS
Millennium Park contains hundreds of programmatic uses, but four major artistic highlights are recognized more prominently: the Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Cloud Gate, the Crown Fountain, and the Lurie Garden. The Jay Pritzker Pavilion (top picture), with a band shell designed by Frank Gehry, remains the centerpiece of Millennium Park. The pavilion contains 4,000 fixed seats, plus additional lawn seating for 7,000 people. Framing the stage are curving plates of stainless steel, characteristic of Gehry’s work. It was named after Jay Pritzker, the leading donor. The pavilion is built partially atop the Harris Theater for Music and Dance, supporting both this and the park’s indoor performing arts venue. The pavilion features award-winning concerts year-round and has received favorable recognition by many critics. Cloud Gate (second from top), also known as “the bean”, was unveiled in July 2004 on the AT&T Plaza. Artist Anish Kapoor created the 23 million dollar sculpture made of seamlessly joined steel plates that reflect and distort the Chicago skyline. The threestory high, bean-shaped art piece has become a world famous tourist destination. and photo hot-spot Opened in 2004, Crown Fountain is an interactive sculpture that displays video art as an integrated part of its water feature. The fountain features two glass-block towers, the highest structures in Millennium Park, with a granite reflecting pool spanning between them. The videos displayed, often depicting aspects of Chicago, are synchronized with the movement of the water that cascades down the faces of the towers. The installation, designed by Jaume Plensa, has been the subject of much controversy but has ultimately been appreciated for its aesthetic and entertainment value. The last of the four main artistic features is the Lurie Garden (bottom picture). The garden pays homage to Chicago’s history with two contrasting plates, one with plants that thrive in the shade the trees provide, and the other covered with perennials that soak up the heat and light. The garden has a donated endowment to pay for maintenance and upkeep and is the most prominent “natural” section of the green roof that is Millennium Park.
MILLENNIUM PARK CHICAGO, ILLINOIS_VARIOUS ARCHITECTS & ENGINEERS
Kessler Park and its immediate surroundings informed the research and findings at the smallest scale. These boundaries consist of; the cliff of Kessler Park to the north, Independence Avenue to the south, Indiana Avenue to the east and I-29 transitioning to I-70 to the west. This scale encompasses the immediate neighborhoods of Pendleton Heights, Scarritt Renaissance, and Independence Ave. As the Kessler Park vision plan unfolds and forms a foundation for the repurposing of the water reservoir, this scale remains the most important of the three scales. Moving from overall concept into detailed design it is imperative to understand the context of Kessler Park to create a design that meets the goals of the project and is successfully integrated into the neighborhood and city scales. Through research of case studies encompassing existing infrastructure, sites with similar rugged terrain, and projects with the potential to impact their immediate context, three projects provide examples of how design can impact its site and direct users at this scale. Building off the concepts, goals, and ideas of what makes these projects successful; the knowledge gained will be used to design the zones within Kessler Park in a way that is purposeful.
SITE SCALE CASE STUDIES
Constructed in 1866, Paddington Reservoir used water from the Botany Swamps pumping station to supply water to parts of Sydney, Australia. However, due to its low elevation, it had difficulty providing water to buildings that were more than one story. In 1877, a second chamber was constructed to help with the growing demands of the ever expanding city. Finally in 1899, Paddington Reservoir was shut down and replaced by the Centennial Park Reservoir, which was larger and elevated higher. After it closed, it was used as a storage facility for pipes and motor vehicles until 1990, when the roof collapsed and the reservoir was abandoned. In 2006, Tonkin Zulaikha Greer Architects and JMD Design were commissioned to convert the reservoir into an urban park. Although the general idea was to cap off the area and design a garden on top, TZG Architects decided to embrace the reservoir and showcase its historic significance by creating a multi-level garden “ruin” inspired by the ancient ruins in Rome. Paddington Reservoir’s historical infrastructure is similar to Kessler Park’s water reservoir in the fact that both reservoirs were vital infrastructures that were off limits to the public, but are now being used as a community space. Studying Paddington’s transformation and preservation of the existing infrastructure, allows for the possibility to understand design opportunities and guidelines of preservation that could inspire elements of the program for the water reservoir.
PADDINGTON RESERVOIR PADDINGTON, AUSTRALIA_TONKIN ZULAIKHA GREER & JMD DESIGN
The concept of the reservoir was to conserve, restore, and reuse elements of the space that honored the original function of the reservoir, while adapting for more modern functions. Capitalizing on conserving the ruins, an accessible sunken garden and pond were designed within the existing infrastructure of the western chamber. The edges of the ruin amplify the distinctive curved characteristics of the original brick vaults through concrete up-stands. Victorian tree-fern gardens cover the site, hinting at the era in which the reservoir was originally in use. Graffiti from past years remains on the interior walls of the vault and is accented with bright colored lights at night.
PADDINGTON RESERVOIR PADDINGTON, AUSTRALIA_TONKIN ZULAIKHA GREER & JMD DESIGN
PADDINGTON RESERVOIR PADDINGTON, AUSTRALIA_TONKIN ZULAIKHA GREER & JMD DESIGN
Located in Helsinki, Finland, the design group ‘Lighting Design Collective’, created a beacon called Silo 468. The walls are perforated with 2012 holes, referring to the World Design capital year. The holes are filled with lights that correspond to environmental parameters such as wind temperature and speed, as well as snow. Located in an area of the city known as the “District of Light”, the silo remains a successful landmark and marketing device for city. Silo 468’s project uses historical infrastructure in a similar way to Kessler’s existing water reservoir. Studying Silo 468’s transformation and preservation of the existing infrastructure creates a comparable opportunity to design similar guidelines of preservation and program for the water reservoir.
SILO 468 HELSINKI, FINLAND_LIGHTING DESIGN COLLECTIVE
The concept for this project was created based off of the natural light, wind and movement of light on the water resulting from the prevailing winds. The interior of the silo is painted a deep red, reminiscent of the old rust patterns of the silo in it’s later years before the revitalization.
SILO 468 HELSINKI, FINLAND_LIGHTING DESIGN COLLECTIVE
SILO 468 HELSINKI, FINLAND_LIGHTING DESIGN COLLECTIVE
Located in Bat-Yam, Israel, this urban intervention known as “the REAL estate” was designed to act as a public edge to the freeway. Draped over the barrier wall to the highway by a means of a concrete structural material mimicking fabric, the project responded to the leftover space in a neighborhood by initiating play and interaction. Successfully mitigating this awkward edge condition, a private domain is allowed to exist amongst the public and offers a new typology for public space. This project is a unique case study that shows one example of how an existing site was repurposed. “The REAL estate” implements strategies and influence in a similar way that Kessler Park and the water reservoir can do with the proposed vision plans.
THE “REAL” ESTATE BAT-YAM, ISRAEL_AL/ARCH
The public is greeted with a ‘storefront’ that is partially permeable and represents a notion of stepping through a portal, into revitalized “junk space”. The wooden ‘storefront’ is the same height as the concrete barrier wall; one is inviting and one is obstructive. The bold pink neon writing suggests the real assets of dense urban cities are outdoor public spaces. This urban project relates the program to residues found on the site. Users are allowed to interact with other users, the materiality of the project, and the neighborhood.
THE “REAL” ESTATE BAT-YAM, ISRAEL_AL/ARCH
A continuous fabric of a formed concrete “blanket” wraps over the existing acoustic barrier wall as it changes from a horizontal surface to a vertical wall. The surface of the concrete blanket contains seven integrated wood niches that act as private spaces in the overall public domain. Each niche resembles the form of the human body as a single, couple, or group.
THE “REAL” ESTATE BAT-YAM, ISRAEL_AL/ARCH
Construction began on MFO-Park in 2002 after an international competition won by Burckhardt + Partner and Raderschall Landscape Architects. The original building was still standing when Raderschall had a vision for the project. He said, “An idle, industrial room, flooded by light and empty. We thought about doing something like that. Having a huge room that is good for end use but that is basically just a beautiful space”. The park is designed to resemble the industrial past of the territory. Vegetation is used to define the exterior perimeter and interior spaces of the park. Various plantings climb the structure using a set of cables that create a transparent vine wall. Perennial woody vines, creepers, and flowers add splashes of color to this otherwise bland structure. The layout of the grid in plan and section gives the illusion of a rigid order to the structure while the vegetation provides an organic nature to the space thus creating a balance between man and nature. MFO-Park helps bridge the gap between the industrial past of the area and the new age of redevelopment. The beauty of the park is that it really has no main function. The purpose is left to the imagination of it’s users. This gives the opportunity for many different groups of people to come together in one space. One night there could be a sports game and a company picnic while the next night there could be a film screening or a concert. MFO-Park can be compared to the water reservoir in Kessler Park as a redevelopment of existing infrastructure. MFO-Park brings a flexible program to the table which is a viable option for the development of the water reservoir.
MFO-PARK NEU-OERLIKON, ZURICH_BURCKHARDT + PARTNER AND RADERSCHALL LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS
The park is part of a massive redevelopment of one of Zurich’s most industrialized zones, Neu-Oerlikon. The vision of the city is to incorporate new residential areas, mixed use spaces, and green spaces. The site itself was once a heavily guarded weapons production and testing complex. The factory was dismantled in 1999 and the regeneration project took place in 2002. The park measures 100 meters long, 34 meters wide, and 18 meters high, and is considered to be the largest pergola in the world. The park is covered with wire mesh, a “latticework” in the old ornamental gardening style, enveloped by sprawlings plants and open on three sides. The engineers and architects designed a high-tensile web for the plants that is 50 centimeters away from the structure itself which allows for easier maintenance of both the plants and the structure.
MFO-PARK NEU-OERLIKON, ZURICH_BURCKHARDT + PARTNER AND RADERSCHALL LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS
MFO-PARK NEU-OERLIKON, ZURICH_BURCKHARDT + PARTNER AND RADERSCHALL LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTS
Studying these precedents helps to create a better understanding of the programming process for the water reservoir in Kessler Park. This research includes many different types of projects with similar goals in mind: to spark redevelopment and impact people’s lives in a more meaningful way. Through this study, it is clear that there are many scales in which to view a project. The large scale projects have given insight as to how a project can affect the city as a whole. Kessler Park may only be a small piece of land in the northeast but it is part of a larger system in Kansas City and has the opportunity to affect the city in a positive way as many of these examples have. Other case studies have also shown us the importance of detail and how one interacts with the space on a small scale. Urban furniture, lighting, and landscaping details were used in various projects to promote human interaction and interaction with nature. These are design strategies that will be used to enhance the repurposed design of the water reservoir in Kessler Park and create a safe and fun destination for all user groups.
CONCLUSION CASE STUDIES
Over the course of the semester two public charrettes were held and multiple neighborhood meetings were attended to obtain information from the people who visit and care for the park. The main purposes of these meetings were to present the information we gathered, present our design ideas, and receive stakeholder’s opinions and input. Doing this provided a list of problems that needed to be addressed throughout the park such as problems with erosion and a need for general amenities such as bathrooms and pavilions. At the second charrette feedback was obtained on what the park users wanted to see design wise in terms of seating, lighting, gathering spaces, paths, activities and way finding. An image board was also created for the reservoir, to get some ideas of what the public wanted.
NEIGHBORHOOD MEETINGS PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
For the first charrette we met with the stakeholders to discuss the information about the park and surrounding area that we had gathered. We also asked questions about their view of the park and certain things they believe are missing. Through that discussion, we found that the stakeholder’s three three concerns were issues with trash, lack of general amenities, and the amount of homeless people in the area. The stakeholders also shared with us the that Kessler Park is a unique park in that it’s topography driven and a park for extreme sport activities such as BMX biking and rock climbing.
MEETING #1 - FACT FINDING PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
Positives
Negatives
- Ameniable to outdoor activity
- Dumping grounds
- Proximity to downtown KC
- Drive through park
- Potential for various outdoor activities
- No shelters or picnic tables
- Plenty of shade
- Implied drug dealings
- Safer than 10 years ago
- Dirty lake
- Escape from the city
- Views are blocked - Overgrom areas - Security risks - Prone to graffiti - Apathetic neighbors
MEETING #2 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
At the second charette the stakeholders were asked their opinions on certain design aspects of the park by creating image boards and giving them colored stickers that they could apply to images they felt would fit aesthetically with Kessler Park. Discussion on the general aspects of the design were had and it was found that two of the major concerns was accessibility and infrastructure management
MEETING #2 PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
I would do these activites in the park if I could...
zip line
exercise with provided equipment
climb
fitness classes
fish
picnic
hammock
dance
bungee
alpine coaster
draw or paint
bmx bike
observe/enjoy wildlife
read a book
nap
attend a concert
EXAMPLE OF IMAGE BOARDS PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
birdwatching/ observation
hike
fly kites
skateboard/longboarding
photography
walk my dog
play sports
go to festivals
ACTIVITIES PUBLIC AMENITIES WAYFINDING PATHS
LIGHT SEATING
Feedback was obtained on what the park users wanted to see design wise in terms of seating, lighting, gathering spaces, paths, activities and wayfinding. This board shows a cumulation of the images that were voted on, with the larger images being the ideas that obtained the most votes.
COMPILATION OF IMAGE BOARD RESULTS PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
A board for what the public wanted to see in the reservoir was also created. Through this process there were a few people who noted on the other image design elements they believed would work well in Scarritt Point. This board shows these votes, with the larger image being the most popular.
SUMMARY PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
The public meetings showed five main problems in the park; trash dumping, homeless camps, accessiblity, lack of public amenities, and overgrowth. Volunteers of the park were working on the trash dumping and overgrowth, but having a management plan to improve prevention and control them in the future was wanted for the park. The charettes were also helpful in obtaining information about what the stakeholders wanted for the reservoir. Based on the data, stakeholders prefered a skatepark or garden over any of the other options.
SUMMARY PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
1. DEMOGRAPHICS
4. PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT
The main demographics studied were education, ethnicity, age, and income. When studying these, it was discovered that the Northeast area is extremely diverse. From the general maps a matrix was then made using data from education, ethnicity, income, and age demographics. This matrix shows the correlation between these four based on the width of the line, with the wider lines having more people in those groups.
For the second public meeting, image boards were presented with design ideas for seating, way finding, gathering spaces, activities, paths, and lighting in the park. Attendees of the meeting placed their votes by putting stickers on specific images, signifying what they felt would best pertain to the new park identity. Popular images were used as inspiration and influenced the design of the park.
2. FACADES AND STREET QUALITY In the neighborhood study the main access roads, The Paseo Avenue, Prospect Avenue, Chestnut Avenue, Benton Blvd, and Indiana Avenue, as well as the fringe roads were studied. The continuity of the buildings, trees, the implied street continuity, and lot conditions along these streets were studied. The neighborhood study became important because these streets are the main access points to Kessler Park from Kansas City and the Northeast and East Bottoms neighborhoods. This creates the need for these streets to be desirable to walk and drive down, as well as creates the opportunity for signage where these streets connect to Independence Avenue.
3. ZONES During the second phase of the project it became apparent that there are zones within Kessler Park that are more developable. These developable zones are clear of trees and near the edges of the park, making them easily accessible. Many studies were done showing the relation of these zones to each other; their connectivity to Independence Avenue, sound, homeless camps, and trash dumping sites.
SECTIONS APPENDIX
No Schooling 4th Grade or Less NO SCHOOLING 4TH GRADE OR LESS Middle School High School, No Diploma MIDDLE SCHOOL HIGH SCHOOL, NO DIPLOMA High School Graduate/ GED HIGH SCHOOL GRAD/GED Associates, Bachelors, Master’s ASSOCIATES, BACHELORS, MASTER’SDegree DEGREE SOME COLLEGE, NO DEGREE Some College, No Degree PROFESSIONAL DEGREE/DOCTORATE Professional Degree/ Doctorate
EDUCATION DEMOGRAPHICS
Under 19 20 - 30 Years UNDER 19 30 20-30 - 50YEARS Years 50 30-50 - 70YEARS Years YEARS Years 70 50-70 or More 70 OR MORE
AGE DEMOGRAPHICS
White Black Asian WHITE BLACK American Indian/ Alaska Native ASIAN Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander NATIVE HAWAIIAN/PACIFIC ISLANDER Other AMERICAN INDIAN/ALASKA NATIVE Two or more races OTHER TWO OR MORE RACES
ETHNICITY DEMOGRAPHICS
Under $20,000 UNDER $20,000 $20,000 - $40,000 $20,000 - $40,000 $40,000 - $60,000 $40,000 - $60,000 $60,000 - $100,000 $60,000 - $100,000 $100,000-- $150,000 $100,000 $150,000 MORE THAN $150,000 More than $150,000
INCOME DEMOGRAPHICS
Less thanSchool a High Less than a High School Diploma Diploma
Under 25 Years Under 25 Years
High SchoolGraduate Graduate/GED High School / GED
Somecollege College, No Degree Some - Associates Associates degree or no Degree degree
Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor’s degreeororHigher higher
25 - 44 25 to 44 Years Years
Lessthan than$25,000 $25,000 Less
45 - 64 45 to 64 Years Years $25,000toto$50,000 $50,000 $25,000
$50,000 $50,000toto$100,000 $100,000
Morethan than$100,000 $100,000 More
DEMOGRAPHIC MATRIX DEMOGRAPHICS
Over 65 Over 65 Years Years
White White
Less than aaHigh High School Less than School Diploma Diploma
High graduate / GED High School School Graduate/GED Black Black
Some college -No Associates Some College, Degree Associates Degree degree or no degree
Asian Asian
Bachelor’s Degree Bachelor’s degreeororHigher higher
American Indian/ American Indian/ Alaskan Native Alaskan Native
Native Hawaiian Native Hawaiian/ Other Pacific Other Pacific Islander Islander
Less than $25,000 $25,000 Less than
$25,000 to$50,000 $50,000 $25,000 to Other Other
$50,000 to$100,000 $100,000 $50,000 to
Two or more Two or More Races races
More More than than $100,000 $100,000
HUMAN IMPACTED BLIGHT BLIGHT AND CRIME
CRIMES AGAINST LOCATION, VACANCY, AND HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS BLIGHT AND CRIME
Cultural Events Active Events Art Events Other
EVENTS CULTURE ACTIVE ART OTHER
NEIGHBORHOOD EVENTS EVENTS
EVENT
Cultural Events Active Events Art Events Other
KNIFE & PORK CHILDREN’S ART PROGRAM HISTORIC HOMES TOUR SOCCER FOR SUCCESS TOUR OF KC BIKE RIDE FARMER’S MARKET LIBERIAN CELEBRATION RAINBOW RUN FOR EQUALITY KC TWEED RIDE COMMUNITY RUNS KESSLER WINE MIXER TREE LOVE CLASSIC URBAN DIRTY CHALK WALK SUMMER DUSK CONCERT SERIES
1 YEAR CYCLE
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
EVENT TIMELINE CULTURE ACTIVE ART OTHER
EVENT TIMELINE EVENTS
NEIGHBORHOOD AMMENITIES
1100 MINUTE M T WALKING W LKKKIN INN 2200 MINUTE M N WALKING I AMMENITIES
NEIGHBORHOOD AMENITIES AMENITIES
KESSLER PARK AMENITIES AMENITIES
HIGH LAND AVE
PASEO BOULEVARD STREET FACADES
THE PASEO - WEST
E MISSOURI AVE.
LE
LE
XIN
XIN
GT ON
GT ON
LE
XIN
GT ON
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
MISSOURI
INDEPENDENCE
INDEPENDENCE
INDEPENDENCE
BUILDING CONTINUITY
Building Continuity
PASEO BOULEVARD STREET QUALITY
TREE CONTINUITY
Tree Continuity
IMPLIED STREET FRONT
Implied Street Front
LE
XIN
GT ON
LE
XIN
GT ON
MISSOURI MISSOURI
INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE 29-35 29-35 22-28
Private Lot Factors Condition
22-28
15-21
Public Lot Factors Condition
15-21
8-14 8-14 0-7 0-7 More than 3 Missing More than 3 Missing
PRIVATE LOT FACTORS CONDITION
PUBLIC LOT FACTORS CONDITION
INDEPENDENCE AVE.
PROSPECT AVENUE STREET FACADES
LEXINGTON AVE.
LEXINGTON AVE.
LEXINGTON
LEXINGTON LEXINGTON
SMART
SMART SMART
ELMA
ELMA ELMA ELMA
ELMA ELMA
AMIE
AMIE AMIE
INDEPENDENCE
INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE
Building Continuity
BUILDING CONTINUITY
PROSPECT AVENUE STREET QUALITY
Tree Continuity
TREE CONTINUITY
Implied Street Front
IMPLIED STREET FRONT
Private Lot Factors Condition
Public Lot Factors Condition
CHESTNUT TRAFFICWAY STREET FACADES
CHESTNUT AVE. - WEST
INDEPENDENCE AVE.
LEXINGTON AVE.
CHESTNUT AVE. - EAST
INDEPENDENCE AVE.
LEXINGTON AVE.
SMART
SMART
SMART
ELMA
SMART
ELMA
THOMPSON
CHESTNUT TRAFFICWAY
ELMA
THOMPSON
INDEPENDENCE
BUILDING CONTINUITY
Building Continuity
SMART
THOMPSON
INDEPENDENCE
STREET QUALITY
SMART
INDEPENDENCE
TREE CONTINUITY
Tree Continuity
IMPLIED STREET FRONT
Implied Street Front
Private Lot Factors Condition
Public Lot Factors Condition
BENTON AVENUE STREET FACADES
ST. JOHN
ST. JOHN
MORELL
MORELL
SMART
GARNER
GARNER
GARNER
THOMPSON
THOMPSON
THOMPSON
ROBERTS
ROBERTS
ROBERTS
INDEPENDENCE
INDEPENDENCE
STREET QUALITY
LEXINGTON
SMART
SMART
BENTON AVENUE
ANDERSON
LEXINGTON
LEXINGTON
BUILDING CONTINUITY
MORELL
ANDERSON
ANDERSON
Building Continuity
ST. JOHN
Tree Continuity
TREE CONTINUITY
INDEPENDENCE
Implied Street Front
IMPLIED STREET FRONT
Private Lot Factors Condition
Public Lot Factors Condition
THOMPSON AVE.
SMART AVE.
ANDERSON AVE.
ST JOHN AVE.
GLADSTONE BLVD.
INDIANA AVENUE STREET FACADES
INDIANA AVE - EAST
INDEPENDENCE AVE.
THOMPSON AVE.
SMART AVE.
ANDERSON AVE.
ST JOHN AVE.
GLADSTONE
GLADSTONE GLADSTONE
WINDSOR
WINDSOR WINDSOR
ST. JOHN
ST. JOHN ST. JOHN
MORELL
MORELL MORELL
ANDERSON
ANDERSON ANDERSON
LEXINGTON
LEXINGTON LEXINGTON
SMART
SMART SMART
GARNER
GARNER GARNER
THOMPSON
THOMPSON THOMPSON
ROBERTS
ROBERTS ROBERTS
INDEPENDENCE
INDEPENDENCE INDEPENDENCE
Building Continuity
BUILDING CONTINUITY
INDIANA AVENUE STREET QUALITY
Tree Continuity
TREE COVER EDGE
Implied Street Front
IMPLIED STREET FRONT
Private Lot Factors Condition
Public Lot Factors Condition
THE FRINGE STREET FACADES
FRINGE - EDGE OF MAPLE PARK
Building Continuity
Tree Continuity
BUILDING CONTINUITY
THE FRINGE STREET QUALITY
Implied Street Front
TREE CONTINUITY
IMPLIED STREET FRONT
29-35
22-28
29-35
15-21
22-28
8-14
15-21
0-7
8-14
More than 3 Missing
0-7
More than 3 Missing
PUBLIC LOT FACTORS CONDITION
PRIVATE LOT FACTORS CONDITION
Private Lot Factors Condition
Public Lot Factors Condition
SIX ZONES ZONES
INDIANA AVE.
BENTON BLVD.
PROSPECT AVE.
THE PASEO
INDEPENDENCE AVE.
CONNECTIVITY TO INDEPENDENCE AVENUE ZONES
6
2 5
3
1
4
SOUND DISTRIBUTION ZONES
HOMELESS CAMPS ZONES
TRASH DUMPING ZONES
PARKING ZONES
STONE WALL & VIEWSHED ADDITIO STONE STEPS ADDITION TRAIL ADDITION OR IMPROVEMEN
CLIFF DRIVE IMPROVEMENTS ZONES
I would do these activites in the park if I could...
zip line
exercise with provided equipment
climb
fitness classes
fish
picnic
hammock
dance
bungee
alpine coaster
draw or paint
bmx bike
observe/enjoy wildlife
read a book
nap
attend a concert
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT BOARDS
birdwatching/ observation
hike
fly kites
skateboard/longboarding
photography
walk my dog
play sports
go to festivals
I would come to Kessler Park if there were public amenities like...
I would come to Kessler Park if it was lit like...
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT BOARDS
I prefer paths like...
What kind of seating would you prefer?
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT BOARDS
What would you like to see happen in the reservoir?
Climbing
Concerts
Play Structures
Outdoor Museum
Greenspace
Outdoor Cinema
Skate Park
Amusement Park
Graffitti Gallery
Sprayground
Light Park
Gathering Space
Garden Ruin
Which type of wayямБnding do you prefer?
PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT BOARDS
Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://uli.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/WRR_AR.pdf>. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/docs/moachp/The Kansas City System of Parks and Boulevards MPDF.pdf>. Architecten, Zecc. “Viewpoint Sint Jansklooster.” Dd Arc Art. Print. “AL/Arch.” AL/Arch. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.al-arch.com/en>. “Abandoned Northeast Kansas City Reservoir Site in Kessler Park Is a ‘blank Slate’” KSHB. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.kshb.com/news/local-news/abandonednortheast-kansas-city-reservoir-site-in-kessler-park-is-a-blank-slate>. “Atlanta I-75 I-85 ConnectorShow Project Info Back.” SWA. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http:// www.swagroup.com/project/atlanta-i-75-i-85-connector.html>. “BIG U.” Rebuild by Design BIG U Comments. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.rebuildbydesign.org/project/big-team-final-proposal/>. “Building Millennium Park.” -- Chicago Tribune. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://galleries. apps.chicagotribune.com/chi-millennium-park-construction-photos-20140703/>. Carlson, Prescott. “Millennium Park Chicago Information.” Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http:// gochicago.about.com/od/attractionsandlandmarks/ss/millennium_park.htm>. “Case Studies.” Case Studies. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://urbandesign.org.au/casestudies/paddington.aspx>. “City of Sydney - Council - Home.” Paddington Reservoir Gardens. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/explore/facilities/parks/major-parks/paddington-reservoir-gardens>.
“Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Aerial View of the Construction Site, Ca. January 1, 2003 :: Millennium Park.” Jay Pritzker Pavilion, Aerial View of the Construction Site, Ca. January 1, 2003 :: Millennium Park. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://digital.chipublib.org/cdm/singleitem/collection/mpu/id/5280/rec/4>. “KCNEIA.org - Home.” KCNEIA.org - Home. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.kcneia. org/home.htm>. “Kansas City’s Parks System Is on the Path to Historic Status.” Kansascity. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.kansascity.com/opinion/opn-columns-blogs/steve-paul/article337938/Kansas-City’s-parks-system-is-on-the-path-to-historic-status.html>. “Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord - Startseite.” Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord - Startseite. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.landschaftspark.de/startseite>. “Lighting Design Collective | SILO 468 Helsinki.” Lighting Design Collective. 21 Sept. 2013. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.ldcol.com/286/silo-468/>. “MARC - Mid-America Regional Council - Regional Planning for Greater Kansas City.” MARC - Mid-America Regional Council - Regional Planning for Greater Kansas City. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.marc.org/Transportation>. “MFO Park by Raderschall.” Landscape Architecture Works Landezine RSS. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.landezine.com/index.php/2009/07/mfo-park-switzerland/>. “MFO-Park.” Architecture We Keep You Informed with Our News. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.architonic.com/aisht/mfo-park-raderschallpartner-ag/5100312>. “Maps.” BikeWalkKC. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://bikewalkkc.org/maps/>.
“Electric Park, Kansas City.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Park,_Kansas_City>.
“Millennium Park.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Park>.
“History of KC Parks - KC Parks and Rec.” KC Parks and Rec History of KC Parks Comments. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://kcparks.org/about-kcpr/history-of-kc-parks/>.
“Millennium Park.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Park>.
“I-75/85 Connector Transformation.” I-75/85 Connector Vision. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.atlantadowntown.com/initiatives/I-75_85_Connector_Vision>.
“Millennium Park.” City of Chicago ::. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.cityofchicago. org/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/millennium_park.html>.
REFERENCES
“Millennium Park.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium_Park>.
“System Map.” System Map. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.kcata.org/maps_ schedules/system_map>.
“Millennium Park History.” City of Chicago ::. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/millennium_park_history.html>.
“The High Line.” : NYC Parks. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.nycgovparks.org/ parks/the-high-line>.
“Millennium Park: An Anatomy in Photographs.” City of Chicago ::. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.cityofchicago.org/city/en/depts/dca/supp_info/anatomyinphotographs. html>.
“The High Line | Friends of the High Line.” The High Line. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http:// www.thehighline.org/>.
“NEWS.” BIG. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.big.dk/#projects-hud>. “New MFO-Park.” - Burckhardt Partner. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.burckhardtpartner.ch/en/references/items/new-mfo-park.html>. “No Reservoir-ations about Park’s Future.” Northeast News. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://northeastnews.net/pages/?p=25652>. “Olympic Sculpture Park / Weiss Manfredi.” ArchDaily. 6 Jan. 2011. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.archdaily.com/101836/olympic-sculpture-park-weissmanfredi/>. “Paddington Reservoir Gardens.” Tonkin Zulaikha Greer Architects. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.tzg.com.au/project/paddington-reservoir/>. “Paddington Reservoir | JMD Design.” JMD Design. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www. jmddesign.com.au/paddington-reservoir/>. “SILO 468: Interactive Light Art for Urban Redevelopment - Design Milk.” Design Milk. 18 Dec. 2012. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://design-milk.com/silo-468-interactive-light-art-for-urban-redevelopment/>. “Silo 468.” Architizer. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://architizer.com/projects/silo-468/>. “Silo 468 Is a Wind-Controlled LED Light Installation in an Abandoned Helsinki Oil Silo.” Inhabitat Sustainable Design Innovation Eco Architecture Green Building Silo 468 Is a WindControlled LED Light Installation in an Abandoned Helsinki Oil Silo Comments. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://inhabitat.com/silo-468-is-a-wind-controlled-led-light-installation-in-an-abandoned-helsinki-oil-silo/>.
“The New York High Line Officially Open.” ArchDaily. 9 June 2009. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.archdaily.com/24362/the-new-york-high-line-officially-open/>. “Tripping the Light Fantastic, and Then Some.” Tripping the Light Fantastic, and Then Some. Web. 25 Jan. 2015. <http://www.kclibrary.org/blog/week-kansas-city-history/ tripping-light-fantastic-and-then-some>. “Weiss/Manfredi: Seattle Art Museum: Olympic Sculpture Park.” Weiss/Manfredi: Seattle Art Museum: Olympic Sculpture Park. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.weissmanfredi.com/project/seattle-art-museum-olympic-sculpture-park>. “Zecc Architecten Utrecht: Viewpoint Sint Jansklooster.” Zecc Architecten Utrecht: Viewpoint Sint Jansklooster. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.zecc.nl/Projecten/Herbestemming_wonen_werken/project/71?Language=en&projectnav=&projectId=71>. “Bjarke Ingels Group Proposes Big U to Protect Manhattan from Storm Surges - Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine.” Designboom Architecture Design Magazine Bjarke Ingels Group Proposes Big U to Protect Manhattan from Storm Surges Comments. Web. 26 Jan. 2015. <http://www.designboom.com/architecture/bjarke-ingelsgroup-big-u-rebuild-by-design-manhattan-04-04-2014/>. “Lighting Design Collective Convert Silo 468 into Public Light Show - Designboom | Architecture & Design Magazine.” Designboom Architecture Design Magazine Lighting Design Collective Convert Silo 468 into Public Light Show Comments. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http://www.designboom.com/architecture/lighting-design-collective-convert-silo-468-into-public-light-show-11-01-2013/>. ““the REAL Estate” / AL/Arch.” ArchDaily. 30 Aug. 2012. Web. 23 Jan. 2015. <http:// www.archdaily.com/265895/the-real-estate-alarch/>.