-Harbour-
Indonesian Water Theatre
Project Site
-Mapping The CitarumThe world’s most polluted river.
a.
f.
b.
c.
g.
d. a.
h.
e.
i.
a.
Textile Dye mixing with the water.
b.
One of 600 textile factories in Majalaya. Only 10% meet water treatment requirements.
c.
Cisanti springs- The area is used for vegetable farming and cows, polluting the river with pesticides and daily average of 82.4 tones of manure, right at the source of the river.
d.
Cibeureum village, close enough to the source for plants to grow.
e.
Mount Wayang, the shadow mountain is the source of the Citarum. Its name, deriving from ‘gentle wind gods’ means shadow and is where the shadow puppets in turn get their name.
f.
Fertilisers and over feeding fish has led to uncontrolled weed growth and a proliferation of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur in the river, which is poisonous to fish.
g.
Karawang District- the ‘rice basket of west Java’- no longer has adequate water supply from the Citarum, if this continues more than 100,000 ha could stop producing rice.
h.
Deforestation on the hills of Pacet. The forests declined from 35,000 ha in 1992 to 19,000 in 2001. This has lead to a great number of landslides into the Citarum and subsequent flooding and pollution.
i.
Rapid population growth has led to unprecedented levels of rubbish in the river.
-Majalaya textile district-
Site at 1:30,000
Water flow direction
South prevailing winds, May - September
Textile factories lining the Citarum
North prevailing winds, November - March
Ciwalengke, 1:1000
Water
can
be
Rp. 3500/US
purchased at gallon, a
but
6
this
disproportionate
earnings needs
-
of
2736%
currently
the one
represents amount
monthly person
of
water
costing
of the average earnings
of a female factory worker in West Java.7
a
b
c
d
a. View of the site looking south b. Location of the village along the Citarum c. Current filtering system: a sock over a communal pipe dirctly from the river d. Textile dye mixing with the water in the river
Project Site
Project Site
Merapi
Earthquake epicentres
Active volcanos
high risk malaria
site
-Site & DesignThe above map details the considerations beyond high temperatures and humidity which are a major influence on design, for example, the orange area indicates what the NHS considers a ‘high risk malaria zone’- as a water treatment plant and theatre which will be illuminated above a river at night, this is a factor which the design must address. Right: Mosquito net house, Andrade Morettin Architects, Brazil citronella grass, a tropical plant which naturally deters mosquitoes
Coagulants mixed with the water Particles to sink to the bottom. Cleaner water is siphoned off at the top. The proposed tank can hold 58.7m3, accounting for losses of particles approximately 58,000l can be cleaned at once. To meet the required total, there needs to be 6 rotations a week, taking 2 hours each.
M T W Th F
The Citarum is slightly alkaline, pH8.3, so chambers provide space to mix in acid en route to the next tank. The proposed design of 2 tanks can hold 70,000l and would require 1 rotation to fill the coagulation tank.
S Su
sequence of the 2 weekly rotaions Filters can pass 2.5m3 per m2 of cross section area per day. The design proposal has an area of 11m2, capable of passing 171,875l per day.
The 311 villagers of the kampung of Ciwalengke require 114 litres per person per day, requiring a weekly reservoir 315,000 litres.
-Choreographing the water-
Constructed wetlands have plants which provide oxygen and microbes living on their roots which remove pollutants. The process takes 2-3 days. The proposed design has 2 lagoons holding 115,000l each; there must be 2 weekly cycles to provide the required amount.
Removes dissolved particles that cannot be removed by filtration. The proposed tank requires 2 daily rotations a week to provide the weekly requirement.
Ultraviolet rays kill suspended bacteria and viruses by destroying their DNA. Design proposes a 1200l unit, capable of cleaning 12,516l a week. To meet the weekly requirement there would need to be 25 units.
-Water Treatment Diagram-
Archimedes screw
Water Feed
-Wayang Kulit-
The art of shadow theatre Javanese shadow theatre is unusual as spectators choose to watch the show from both sides of the screen. The arrangement of the audience is very loose compared to traditional western theatre - a performance begins at around 9pm and often goes on until dawn with the audience coming and going as they please. Other activities around the standing spectators such as card games are played and stalls sell food and drink. The only fixed arrangement is the area of the screen and the arrangement of the ‘dalang’ (puppet master) the two ‘tututan’ (assistants) and the four ‘juru gender’ (musicians). There is need to use the theatre in the day as well, for ‘wayang lemah’, the daytime performance without a screen.
lime juice
coffee
ceki
tea
fruit and nuts
betel-nuts
rice cakes
Theatre viewing area behind the ‘dalang’
Screen (removed for daytime performance}
Traditional layout of ‘dalang’ and ‘juru gender’
Theatre viewing area infront of the screen
Cafe
UV Experiments
Name: Bamboo grass
Bambusa blumeana Function: A small bamboo plantation, with strips of beds of different ages ensures a supply of replacement materials for the secondary structural pieces. (see materials and lifespanperformance section)
Conditions: Native to Java. It thrives in moist conditions with sandy loam and needs partial shade to full sun.
Name: Citronella Grass
Cymbopogon citratus
Name: Javanese Edelweiss
Anaphalis javanica
Function:
Function:
Citronella’s lemon fragrance acts as a natural mosquito repellent.
The white Javanese edelweiss has a natural fluorescence that makes it a popular souvenir. It has been declared an endangered and protected species. Here it can be cultivated and may deter people from picking them in the wild. It is a fragrant flower and is placed around the UV treatment area which should enhance the glowing qualities of the flowers.
It will be grown in small clusters and hanging baskets around the entire complex. There is to be a particular concentration around the lagoons, where there is the largest concentration of stagnant water (and therefore the most attractive location to mosquitos).
Conditions:
Conditions:
As a tropical plant it should thrive in the local environment. It needs to be placed in full sun and provided with minimum of 30 inches of water per annum.
Indigenous to Java it should thrive here, however it tends to grow in the cooler mountainous regions so it should be placed out of the direct sunlight.
-Incense Gardens-
Name: night-blooming
cereus
Peniocereus. johnstonii Function: The night blooming cereus is a large white fragrant flower. Being white it has been placed near the UV gardens. The flowers go programmatically with the theatre, beginning to rapidly bloom at around 9pm (the time when performances start) and lasting only until dawn,it is often seen as a dramatic event.
Conditions: It requires a hot environment, so full sun should be fine, and as a cactus it needs to be kept dry, so the pots should have ample drainage to allow the plants to survive the rainfall of Java.
Name:
Passion Flower
Passiflora
Function: The fragrant flowers of passionflowers are vines that would be trained around the lagoon area. Any resulting fruit can be taken into the fruit and coffee bar below the theatre.
Conditions: The plants occur naturally in Indonesia, they will require some shade from the intense heat, moist soil with good drainage.
My project aims to take these ancient forms as a starting point for an ecological architectureand drive this forward with the technological capabilities offered today.
Despite the staggering variety amongst the indigenous buildings, many of them are united by the features of being raised off the ground, and the presence of a large overhanging pitched roof. Komodo Dragon
Stack effect ventilation Adjustable inlet
Rainfall Long-nosed whip snake
Floods
-Indonesian Vernacular-
Ventilation
Creatures & floods
a.
b.
construction a.Monumental Borobudur temple.
of
Java’s
b.Indonesian bamboo bridge. c.Traditional paper theatres as a basis for the gardens. d.Indonesian headdresses- the most important feature of a shadow puppet it dictates the character. The concept of multiple thin layers making up volumes has been adopted into the design.
c.
-Early References-
1:500 concept mdoel
Visitor’s pathway 1. Visitor’s entrance is framed by two giant waterwheels. 2. Pathway passes under the coagulation tank and between the
5.
waterfalls this creates.
f
3.
3. The nerve centre of the water treatment plant which also
serves as an exhibition space about water treatment and the river. WC’s downstairs.
4. Bridges form the theatre entrances and additional garden space.
a
b
5. Theatre behind the screen- space for 75 spectators, 4 6.
musicians, 2 assistants and 1 dalang.
6. Theatre infront of the screen- space for 75 spectators. e
7. Small food bazaar below theatre. WC’s below. 8. Paper theatre gardens.
4.
8.
2. d
Water’s pathway a Two pH adjusting tanks, can hold 70,000 litres each.
1. c
b Coagulation tank. Holds 58,000 litres. Requires three weekly rotations. 7. c Two lagoons, hold 100,000 litres each. Two weekly rotations lasting two and a half days each.
d 11m2 of filter, capable of processing 171,875 litres per day - an on going process.
e Design proposes a 1200 litre UV unit, capable of cleaning 12,516 litres per week. To meet the weekly requirement there would need to be 25 units.
f Reservoir- capable of holding the weekly requirement of 315,000 litres, with room for reserves for the dry season.
-Pathways-
an
extra
10,000
litres
Mosquito Net
Black Volcanic Rock
andesite stone
Bamboo
Bambusa blumeana
Mosquito netting- as the site is a high risk malaria zone, and aesthetically can perform as the screen on the faรงade to project shadows on. Lava rock- A prevalent material on the island, used in the monumental construction of Borobudur. Bambusa blumeana - The unchecked deforestation of Indonesian forests suggests that bamboo would be a more appropriate material- it is fast growing and accounts for 25% of the biomass of tropical regions. Coloured perspex- Filters the light to help alleviate solar radiation. Basswood - renowned for its ability to be carved.
Site
Bogor- plantations of basswood Banyuwangi- home to 26,000 hectares of bamboo plantations Central Java andesite quarry
-Material Palette-
Coloured perspex
Basswood
Ochroma bicolor
g
a b
f
e
d
c
a
Façade of the theatre enclosures
b
Tensioned mosquito net exterior. Prevents mosquitos entering and acts as a screen for the projection of the inner structure.
c
Basswood lattice- mediates daylight, preventing solar gain.
d
Perspex lattice- helps prevent solar gain.
e
Primary structural ribs- bamboo.
f
Steel node- where bamboo primary and secondary elements meet.
g
Bamboo secondary structural element.
h
Structure of the ‘garden bridge’ that forms the entrance to the theatre.
-1:50 Facade Study-
-1:50 Facade Study-
Above: Exterior view Below: Interior View
Breakdown of façade elements
a
f
b
d
g
h
e
c
-1:50 Facade Study-
Plan View
-1:50 Facade Study-
-Details-
Layer build up
‘Shadow theatre’ on the mosquito net skin
2
3 5
4
1
6
-Overall Structural Strategy-
Isometric View 1
Foundations The original deep pile foundations often employed to anchor bridges to the ground has been replaced with a plan for a large mat foundation, strongly tied together. This would better protect the building from lateral forces which could originate in any direction in an earthquake.
2
Andesite stone (lava rock) columns Interlocking bricks of stone transfers the tensile forces from the cables in compression to the foundations. They are forced into compression and protected from deflections by tensile steel cables forcing them together.
3
Bundles of steel cables Transferring the weight of the structures to the columns in tension.
4
Steel hoop Runs through the bamboo framework- provides a stable point for the cables to anchor to and unites the two sides of the theatre securely.
5
Bamboo framework Supporting the façade system and transfers, through both tension and compression, this weight to the cables, internal umbrella supports and small concrete foorting.
6
‘Umbrella’ Supports Composite column of steel and concrete. Supports the individual ‘bamboo spokes’ in compression and provides a movable seismic joint - a fuse- in the event of an earthquake.
-Environmental Strategy-
Air Movement
-
Solar Radiation
+
2
Energy production
Evaporative cooling
-
1
+
2
South prevailing winds, May - September
-
1
+
-
1
Inlets & outlets for cross ventilation
2
High stacks for stack ventilation
3
Evaporative cooling
4
Lightweight shell
3
+
4 1
Subterranean waste-to-power plant
Electricity powers the water cleaning facility
North prevailing winds, November - March
Rubbish from housholds and the Citarum fed into the plant
Vascular Bundles
-Structural Strategy-
-Bamboo Bolts -
Structural proposal for a series of bamboo bolts to form the shell of the theatre
Above: Steel node to secure the bolts & provide a connection for the numerous faรงade layers
East & West
South
30˚ - Vertical
15˚ - horizontal
15˚ - 30˚
North
-Controling solar gain-
Ancient patterns & modern technology Proposed different façade densities, to be achieved through CNC t& laser cutting technologies. The patterns are more dense where studies have shown Java receives more solar gain.
November- March
North Prevailing Winds
+
April & October
Doldrums
May- September
SouthPrevailing Winds
-
-Facade MappingApplication of facade densities to the theatre- promotes maximum daylighting whilst preventing solar gain. Right: Orientation of open apertures to enable cross ventilation.
+
-Prototype Concept-
Inlet Facade Fragment Having an environmental strategy that is dependant on natural ventilation
within
a
site
that
is
subject
to
two
distinct
prevailing winds requires a design that addresses this issue. My design proposes that the inlets and outlets are able to adapt themselves to the changing outside conditions to ensure a better internal environment. The prototype is a fragment of the faรงade which incorporates a series of these devices.
The devices, which
need to go from being insubstantial in size to pieces that are able to interrupt the passage of air, will be inspired by the early unit studies into pop-up architecture.
Chords space fans out equally
Top layer of faรงade made of basswood, manufactured using CNC technology
Starched waterproof fabric Top fan piece fixed in place Bottom fan piece has magnets at each end
+
Dividers- fixed to the core different
-
+
-
-
+
-
Electric current through piano wire supports
+
3mm light gathering Perspex Electromagnet
Central pivot Oppositely charged electromagnet
-prototype Development-
Electromagnet Aperture
3.2mm acrylic ball- to aid turning motion
-Faรงade Prototype, Midday-
-Faรงade Prototype, Twilight-
-Aperture PrototypeThe devices open and close in response to changing wind directions. This orients the building’s cooling strategy to the two distinct seasonal wind patterns.
-Device Details-
4
20
8
10
5
6
9
1 7 17 16 15
3
18
11 13
14
12
2
19
-Long Section-
Not to scale
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.
Andesite stone columns Subterranean waste-to-power plant Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw Steel cables Control space and exhibition Large theatre behind the screen Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply Water dispensing device Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens Garden bridge to access the theatre Bamboo plantations River bed Waterline Fire escape stair Funnels to supply the plant with waste Coagulation Tank Lagoon Café below the theatre Concrete foundations (lava rock aggregate) Umbrella internal supports
6
18
5 11 8
10 7 1 3 9
4
16 12
2 17 13
-Plan Upper Floors-
15
Not to scale
1.
Andesite stone columns
2.
Citarum river
3.
Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw
4.
Steel cables
5.
Control space and exhibition
6.
Large theatre behind the screen
7.
Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply
8.
Water dispensing device
9.
Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens
10. Garden bridge to access the theatre 14
11. Bamboo plantations 12. Small theatre infront of screen 13. Entrance to bridge from the south 14. Mosque 15. Funnels to supply the plant with waste 16. Coagulation Tank 17. Lagoon 18. Entrance to the bridge from the north
-SHORT Section-
Not to scale 1
1.
Andesite stone columns
2.
Citarum river
3.
Steel cables
4.
Theatre infront of screen
5.
Large theatre behind the screen
6.
Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply
7. Cafe below theatre
3
8. Umbrella support columns
8
6
4 5
7
2
-Shadow Theatre SectionAbove: Drawing layout for the theatre Below: Still of the projected section
-Animation-
-Final Model1:200, Plan View
-Final Model1:200, View from the South
-Final Model1:200, View from the West