Section 1 Draft

-Introduction-

Emerging from earlier studies into performance based architecture the programme is for a theatre, housing the traditional Indonesian shadow art, Wayang Kulit.

Sited in Java, the island most associated with this tradition,1 it is situated along the Citarum river, widely acknowledged as the most polluted river in the world.2 The river is a convergence of many current challenges facing Indonesia - the state of the river which has deteriorated steadily since the 1980’s3 being a reflection of the rapid population growth, rapid industrialisation and extensive deforestation occurring in the archipelago.4 Taking this context into account the programme became a combination of the Javanese theatre and a water treatment centre, combining traditional arts and contemporary issues.

The purpose of a shadow theatre is both to entertain and to educate,5 and I intend to apply this mantra to the water treatment facility, the water travelling a highly choreographed procession around waterwheels and down waterfalls. This process will be driven by a waste-to-power plant, the idea of which is to encourage the local residents to dispose of waste here - currently it is the river which acts as a garbage disposal and sewer6,7 - and get clean water in return.

Early concept sketch for a highly ornate theatre, suspended above the polluted river with a scientific language mediating between the two.

1. Hobart 1987, p22 2. Agence France-Presse 2012 3.Roadmap

Coordination

and

Management

Coordination and Management Unit 2011 4 ibid 5 People Like Me 2005 6 Cita-Citarum 2012 7 Agence France-Presse 2012

Unit

and

Program

-Unit 22 Brief and FocusUnit 22, operating under the theme of ‘wood and fire’, is working towards defining a ‘mild architecture’ - one that welcomes users through small

details

and

comfortable

materials.

In

early exploratory exercises we created dwellings based on the themes of tree house, chocolate and

chimneys.

building

These

project

have

based

on

led

to

the

the

concept

final of

a

‘harbour’. This is to be a more complex project incorporating the ideas of ‘crafts’ developed in the earlier work, ‘decks’ referring to open air and landscaped areas, and ‘provisioning’ meaning it will

acknowledge

the complex

interchanges

the building will have with supplies and its environment.

The unit is developing the harbour project in tropical locations around the globe, mine in Indonesia. However, for the purposes of the DR report I will be adhering to British building regulations.

a. Tree House Dwelling Project: Musical Play House b. Chimney Dwelling Project: Ghost Story Pavilion

a

b

c. Theatre Pavilion, Puerto MAMM Collaboration d. Chocolate Dwelling Project: Incense Stall

d

c

-Site-

“ At first glance the village of Sukamaju in western Java has all the charms of rural Indonesia...�

Agence France-Presse

Karawang District- the ‘rice basket of west Java’- no longer has adequate water supply from the Citarum, if this continues more than 100,000 ha could stop producing rice.12

Rapid population growth has led to unprecedented levels

Project Site

of rubbish in the river.12

Fertilisers and over feeding in fish farms has led to uncontrolled weed growth and a proliferation of nitrogen, phosphorous and sulphur in the river, which is poisonous to fish.12

Deforestation on the hills of Pacet. The forests declined from 35,000 ha in 1992 to 19,000 in 2001.

This has lead to a great number of landslides into the Citarum and subsequent flooding and pollution.12

-The Citarum River BasinThe Citarum river, christened ‘the most polluted river in the world’ by local government agencies and NGO’s,8 was once a historical boundary between the two domains of the Tarumanagara kingdom.9 The remnants

One of 600 textile factories in Majalaya. Just 10% meet water treatment requirements.12

of this civilisation, including the oldest Hindu-Buddhist temple complex in Southeast Asia, still endure along the banks, meaning that there is the potential for the Citarum to be the focus of tourism, as the Nile is for Egypt.

However, currently the waters are polluted so badly with acres of waste and, even more dangerous, dissolved pollutants such as mercury, lead, zinc and chrome from the 280 tonnes of toxic waste finding its way into the river from the textile factories on a daily basis.10 for 15 million Indonesians,

11

The river is the sole source of drinking water

and a source of power for many more. The Cita-Citarum roadmap is a current

initiative charged with cleaning up the river which is expected to take place over the next 15 years.

8. Agence France-Presse 2012 9. Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and Program Coordination and Management Unit 2011 10. Agence France-Presse 2012 11. ibid 12. Cita-Citarum 2012

Cisanti springs- The area is used for vegetable farming and cows, polluting the river with pesticides and daily average of 82.4 tones of manure, right at the source of the river.12

-Ciwalengke Village-

Sukamaju, West Java Ciwalengke, a kampung of Sukamaju village is host to the specific site. Here the problems of the river are particularly pertinent.

It is downstream from a conglomeration of more than 40 textile factories,13 the main source of employment in the area.

Not being

situated close enough to a larger municipality such as Bandung to benefit from treated water and the nearest spring offering clean water being more than 5km away, residents have taken to using a sock for filtration14 and boiling the water in their homes to treat it. Such practice however does nothing to remove, for example, the dangerous dissolved metals from the factories. As well as the associated dangers of these chemicals, the villagers, who make use of communal washing facilities connected directly to the Citarum, have begun to suffer from skin disorders and stomach ulcers, appearing amongst the population after the growth of the nearby textile industry.15 The residents of the area are mostly immigrants, going to work in the factories or as food sellers.16 It is alleged that the immigrant background has led to low public awareness of how to conserve the neighbourhood.17 Therefore, a building that unites something as crucial as provision of clean water with a traditional Javanese pastime may help generate a sense of belonging for the new residents. It is also essential that the water be provided for a fair price.

Project Site

Water can be currently purchased at

Rp.

3500/US

represents

a

gallon,

but

this

disproportionate

amount of earnings - the monthly

a

water needs of one person costing 2736% of the average earnings of a female factory worker in West Java.

13. Cavelle 2009 14. Sutton-Hibbert 2010 15. Agence France-Presse 2012 16. Ministry of National Development Planning/National Development Planning Agency Directorate Water and Irrigation.

17. ibid

b

c

d

a. View of the site looking south b. Location of the village along the Citarum c. Current filtering system: a sock over a communal pipe dirctly from the river d. Textile dye mixing with the water in the river

-Majalaya textile district-

Site at 1:30,000

Water flow direction

South prevailing winds, May - September

Textile factories lining the Citarum

North prevailing winds, November - March

Ciwalengke, 1:1000

Indonesia

-Climate of West JavaIndonesia’s proximity to the equator and the fact that uniformly

a

warm waters make up 81% of the archipelago’s area mean that there is little variation in temperature.

26-29˚C,19

18

The average mean temperature is

with diurnal changes making very little impact on this

figure - the city of Jakarta, also located in west Java, is known for having particularly high night-time temperatures of 25˚C.20

b

The real seasonal variations of the area are a result of the intertropical convergence zone, ITCZ, which dictates the rainy seasons and the two distinct prevailing winds.21 The ITCZ moves back and forth

b

over the equator, creating a pattern where northerly winds dominate

c

between November and March and southerly winds prevail between May to September, which is likely to impact any natural cooling strategies developed for the building. Also significant, is that as the weather system passes over the archipelago there are a few weeks in April and

a.Diagram showing the extent of the inter-tropical convergence zone.

October which have very light winds, known as the doldrums.22 In western Java, the monsoon season accompanies the northern winds, the average annual rainfall being 1650mm.23 In comparison, the average

b.Average temperature and rainfall for Jakarta- the nearest major ctiy to my site.

annual rainfall for London is 752mm.24 Indonesia’s rainfall also tends to be accompanied by thunderstorms and wind squalls, though the tropical cyclones tend to be restricted to the extreme southerly islands of the archipelago.25 The main problem with the rainfall in

c.Sun path diagram for Jakarta

western Java26 is the subsequent floods.

Solar gain is also likely to be a problem, as when it is not raining it is generally sunny. The discomfort that could come from constant high temperatures and solar gain is likely to be exacerbated by the high average relative humidity, which is between 70% and 90%.27 According to the department of energy and climate change the hot climate is likely to increase in the future, there has been a notable warming trend since the 1960’s, and rainfall could be set to increase 10- 20%, resulting in an increase of extreme flooding.28

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Frederick and Worden 1993 Met Office 2011 ibid ibid ibid

23.ibid 24. World Climate 25. Met Office 2011 26. ibid 27. AsianInfo.org 2010 28. Met Office 2011

In

2001,

killed, thousands

100

people

20,000

homes

of

hectares

were and of

rice fields were destroyed on the island of Java.

-Further Site Conditions-

Malaria, earthquakes, volcanoes & dengue fever As well as challenging climatic conditions, the site has other considerations that should be accounted for in the building fabric.

The archipelago is tectonically unstable; it has more than 100 volcanoes of which more than 25% are active.29 Java, the proposed site, is the most unstable and is host to Merapi, ‘mountain of fire’, the most active, having at least 12 recorded eruptions that have resulted in

fatalities.30

The

earthquakes

that

accompany

the

shifting tectonic plates will have to play a large part in dictating the structural logic of the building.

The shaded orange areas in the diagram indicate places that the NHS has considered a high risk malaria zones.31 Though more common in urban areas, there is also the risk of dengue fever, for which there is no vaccine.32 This problem is particularly pertinent within my project, as it involves a large gathering of people at night (dusk till dawn is the peak activity time of a mosquito) in an illuminated structure above a freshwater river. Since most of the literature on avoiding mosquito bites advises to rid the vicinity of standing fresh water33 (impossible

Earthquake epicentres Active volcanos

with both my programme and site) the architecture should offer an alternative.

high risk malaria

A house by Andrade Morettin Architects in Brazil offers

site

one such possibility, having façades composed solely out of 50-foot-tall mosquito nets.34

This prevents mosquitos

entering and does little to encumber the passage of light and natural air currents. Other options could be to use light coloured finishes and grow citronella grass in the gardens, a tropical plant which naturally deters

Merapi Project Site

mosquitoes.35

29. Shipdetective.com 2013 30. Chillymanjaro 2011 31. Fit for Travel 32. ibid 33. Sun Sentinel 2009 34. Kraemer 2010

a. Diagram locating active volcanos, recorded earthquake epicentres and high risk malaria zones in relation to the site. b. Mosquito net house, Andrade Morettin Architects, Brazil

35. L.M. 2007

a

b

b

-Programme-

Shadow theatre and water treatment plant

M T W Th F

S Su

Coagulants mixed with the water Particles to sink to the bottom.

Cleaner water is siphoned off at the top.

The proposed tank can hold 58.7m3, accounting for losses of particles approximately 58,000l can be cleaned at once. To meet the required total, there needs to be 6 rotations a week, taking 2 hours each.

The Citarum is slightly alkaline, pH8.3, so chambers provide space to mix in acid en route to the next tank.

The proposed design of 2 tanks can hold 70,000l and would require 1 rotation to fill the coagulation tank.

sequence of the 2 weekly rotaions Filters can pass 2.5m3 per m2 of cross section area per day. The design proposal has an area of 11m2, capable of passing 171,875l per day.

The 311 villagers of the kampung of Ciwalengke require 114 litres per person per day, requiring a weekly reservoir 315,000 litres.

Constructed wetlands have plants which provide oxygen and microbes living on their roots which remove pollutants. The process takes 2-3 days. The proposed design has 2 lagoons holding 115,000l each; there must be 2 weekly cycles to provide the required amount.

-Choreographing the water-

Removes dissolved particles that cannot be removed by filtration. The proposed tank requires 2 daily rotations a week to provide the weekly requirement.

Ultraviolet rays kill suspended bacteria and viruses by destroying their DNA. Design proposes a 1200l unit, capable of cleaning 12,516l a week. To meet the weekly requirement there would need to be 25 units.

Archimedes screw

Water Feed

2

1 7

4

6 3

5

-Water Treatment Diagram-

1

2

-Water TreatmentThe Citarum being slightly alkaline, pH 8.3,36 means it is necessary to provide space to mix in acid to neutralise it. This process is relatively quick and has no by-products.

Coagulation Tank Here the chemicals aluminium sulphate and iron chloride are added to the water. They are mixed in and cause the solid particles in the water to clump together and sink to the bottom of the tank.37 The water pressure causes the cleaner water to be siphoned off at the top of the tank, and here I have taken the opportunity to create a waterfall feature out of the tank, as it is pushed out of the top and falls to the next stage of the process. This is potentially the most environmentally unfriendly aspect of the treatment as there are large amounts of ‘sludge’ drawn out at the bottom of the tanks. So as not to place the particles and waste chemicals back into the river, there is an option to dry out the waste and burn it in the waste to energy plant, though care must be taken to ensure filters stop any hazardous gases escaping from the burning chemicals.

3

4

The Selected Processes

pH Adjustment

Hydrochloric acid

Aluminium sulphate

Coagulation tankplan view

Coagulation tanksection

Lagooning The ‘lagoons’ are constructed wetlands of reeds, where microbes living on the plants and their roots clean much smaller particles from the water.38 These are very environmentally friendly and unlike most aspects of a water treatment plant, their efficiency improves over time as the wetland becomes established.39 They are not often used in big plants as they require a lot of space, however the amount of water needed to be produced for the kampung is relatively small and the lagoons can form part of the landscape of gardens and waterfalls. Though slower than more industrial options, lagoons are popular in rural areas as they are very economical and their efficiency can be improved with the addition of bio-domes. These are equally economical, requiring only the amount of energy that is needed to power a 75watt bulb and can vastly improve the water turnover as they create ideal conditions between aerated layers of plastic for the microbes to grow. The lagoons can also make use of the algae fern, azolla, which can further purify the water, and, like most algae, is capable of dramatic growth, so that it will create a source of biofuel for the plant.

Constructed wetland

Biodome

Biodome section

Azolla

Filtration Filtration is the final stage of removing undissolved particles. Whist many plants incorporate sand filters I have chosen to use naturally porous lava rocks, which are used in the construction of the project and is locally available in this highly seismic region.

Lava rock

5

Iron chloride

Electrodeionization

Water filtercut through

Water is held in a tank with charged cathodes and anodes which remove dissolved metals that could not be removed by any level of filtration.40 This is a particularly important step here as the metals from the textile factories, mercury, lead, zinc and chrome, have very high levels here and are linked to cancer

Exchange process

and organ damage.

6

UV treatment The final stage of treatment is to disinfect the water with ultraviolet light - the waves of radiation kill off the dissolved bacteria and viruses that are too small to be filtered out.41 There are other alternatives to this process which are cheaper such as adding chlorine,42 but these leave chemical residues in the drinking water and using UV lights offer the chance to enhance the gardens surrounding the theatre, as simply adding tonic water (which contains quinine) can make the flowers fluoresce under the lights.

The tanks would have to be surrounded by glass that filters out any potentially harmful radiation.

UV treatment of water

7

UV paint

Safety Controls Some plants use rainbow trout, a fish particularly sensitive to chemicals, to detect acute water pollution.43 This would not only be a check that the plant is functioning properly, it also offers the opportunity to have aquariums amongst the gardens.

Rainbow trout in a treatment centre

Rainbow trout

fluorescing flower 36. Roadmap Coordination and Management Unit and Program Coordination and Management Unit 2011 37. HM Revenue & Customs 2011 38. City of Onkaparinga 2010 39. Lesikar 40. Merit Partnership Pollution Prevention Project for Metal Finishers 1997 41. US Environmental Protection Agency 2006 42. West 2013 43. Salehimad 2010

-Wayang Kulit-

The art of shadow theatre

Javanese shadow theatre, the most famous among the archipelago, is unusual as spectators choose to watch the show from both sides of the screen. The arrangement of the audience is very loose compared to traditional western theatre with rows of seats and stalls - a performance begins at around 9pm and often goes on until dawn with the audience coming and going as they please. Other activities around the standing spectators such as card games are played and stalls sell food and drink (as shown opposite). The only fixed arrangement is the area of the screen and the arrangement of the ‘dalang’ (puppet master) the two ‘tututan’ (assistants) and the four ‘juru gender’ (musicians).44 There is need to use the theatre in the day as well, as ‘wayang lemah’, the daytime performance without a screen, though primarily a religious exercise, also draws spectators.45 In larger cities the crowds drawn can be from 300 to 500 spectators, though the size of the kampung that the water theatre serves and the fact that it is mostly men who attend the wayang kulit suggests a theatre catering for 150-200 spectators would be more than sufficient.

44. Hobart 1987, p129 45. Ibid p130

lime juice

coffee

ceki

tea

fruit and nuts

betel-nuts

rice cakes

a. Image showing the informal nature of the performances.

a c b b b b b b b

b. Other on-going activities in the theatre. c. The ‘Gagunungan’- representing the mountain of the gods. It is the most significant puppet and indicates the beginning and scene changes.

-Design Development-

-Indonesian VernacularBeing stylistically open-ended, most new buildings in tropical cities “adopt air-conditioning as a panacea�46 However, with tropical countries poised to become world leaders in terms of economic and urban development,47 it seems imperative that new architecture in these places is equally forward thinking, creating a more sustainable typology for the tropics.

In shaping a new environmental architecture, however, my project looked back to the archipelago’s rich vernacular tradition. This enabled many generations to inhabit the islands comfortably before the emergence and reliance on air conditioning.

There is staggering variety amongst the indigenous building varieties, from the tongkonan, ancestral houses of the Toraja48 to the tiered pagodas of Bali. Something that unites many of them however are the features of being raised off the ground, on stone platforms or numerous wooden posts, and the presence of a large overhanging pitched roof. 49 The buildings being lifted off the ground is testament to the numerous wild snakes on the islands and a tendency to flood, whist the huge roof constructions not only provide a strategy to protect from the considerable rainfall but are also a means of natural ventilation, through the stack effect.

My project aims to take these ancient forms as a starting point for an ecological architecture, and drive this forward with the technological capabilities offered today.

a

a.Sumba House

b

b.Bali Pagoda c

e

c.Tongkonan d.Nias House, constructed without nails

d

e.Diagrams of the tongkonan house

46.

47.

48.

49.

Bay and Ong 2006, p3 ibid May 2010, p158 Sidharta 2006, p12

-Architectural Precedent-

Abu Dhabi Louvre- Jean Nouvel

The layered lace-like construction of Jean Nouvel’s Abu Dhabi Louvre is designed to mediate the harsh desert solar radiation and create an interior illuminated by a ‘rain of light’.

Also positioned above a body of water, it has been calculated that the enormous metal canopy will amass vast quantities of condensation.50 My much smaller scale project can take advantage of other materials, for example layers of delicately carved wood which could, rather than be a surface to condense against, act rather as a sink for the humidity. Intricate patterns could serve my building similarly in reducing solar gain, and this aesthetic resonates with the largely Islamic cultural heritage of the island.

50.Personal knowledge gained on a Unit trip to Abu Dhabi

a b e d c

-Early References-

1:500 concept mdoel

a.

b.

construction a.Monumental Borobudur temple.

of

Java’s

b.Indonesian bamboo bridge. c.Traditional paper theatres as a basis for the gardens.

c.

d.

d.Indonesian headdresses- the most important feature of a shadow puppet it dictates the character. The concept of multiple thin layers making up volumes has been adopted into the design.

-Preliminary Studies-

1:500 Model details

a

b

c

a. View looking south from the river b. Detail of water dispensing device c. View of theatre from the village

Visitor’s pathway 1. Visitor’s entrance is framed by two giant waterwheels.

2. Pathway passes under the coagulation tank and between the waterfalls this creates.

3. The nerve centre of the water treatment plant which also

serves as an exhibition space about water treatment and the river. WC’s downstairs.

4. Bridges form the theatre entrances and additional garden space.

5. Theatre behind the screen- space for 75 spectators, 4 musicians, 2 assistants and 1 dalang.

6. Theatre infront of the screen- space for 75 spectators.

7. Small food bazaar below theatre. WC’s below.

8. Paper theatre gardens.

Water’s pathway a Two pH adjusting tanks, can hold 70,000 litres each.

b Coagulation tank. Holds 58,000 litres. Requires three weekly rotations.

c Two lagoons, hold 100,000 litres each. Two weekly rotations lasting two and a half days each.

d 11m2 of filter, capable of processing 171,875 litres per day - an on going process.

e Design proposes a 1200 litre UV unit, capable of cleaning 12,516 litres per week. To meet the weekly requirement there would need to be 25 units.

-Pathways-

f Reservoir- capable of holding the weekly requirement of 315,000 litres, with room for reserves for the dry season.

an

extra

10,000

litres

5

f

3

a

b

6 e

4

8 2 d

1 c

7

-Structure-

seismic isolator here

Possible Approaches The two approaches to creating earthquake proof structures; Create something very strong and stiff that is unmovable, or Create a structure that incorporates a degree of flexibility that can move with and absorb the energy of the earthquake without it being transferred to the structural members causing their failure.

The approach I have taken is to create massive unmovable pillars from which a more flexible structure is held. There has to be a very careful balance between stiffness and flexibility - having a structure that incorporates flexibility in all aspects would be far too unstable. The flexibility, rather, should be orchestrated at specific points which can absorb energy and leave the primary members untouched. For example, hospitals in earthquake zones, which have the highest priority of not only remaining intact but also functioning, often have very stiff foundations and a very stiff frame but a more flexible system in between. Seismic isolators, for instance, can allow that whole framework of a building to be displaced by approximately 50cm, taking the stresses from the elements in the rest of the construction.51

1

Option 1 proposes that the very sturdy columns hold an equally stiff system of slabs upon which all the enclosures sit. All the flexibility would be in the seismic isolators between these two unmoving systems. However, should the horizontal slabs fail in an earthquake this would result in total failure for all the enclosures resting upon them and cantilevering off narrow slabs could limit the design.

2

The second option suggests that the enclosures could be sat upon cradles of steel cables, within which is the degree of flexibility. Sitting on a web of elements means if one fails it doesn’t necessarily entail failure for the rest of the structures. However, negotiating the circulation of the building with a nest of cables running below the enclosures led me to select option 3.

3

Suspending the structures in the manor of a suspension bridge would allow for easier junctions between the elements and the cables. If the hanging structures are positioned at the right height, their movement in the middle could be made to perform as tuned mass dampers.

a. Movement of structures in an earthquake, the high degree of displacement creates high stresses at the base of the structure. b.

Structural movement with the presence of a tuned mass damper, which resonates with the frequency of the building, moves in the opposite direction and therefore reduces the amount of overall displacement and the corresponding stresses. c. Tuned mass damper in Teipei 101, by C.Y Lee & Partners

3

1

2

2

1

3

2 2

a

1

3

3

b

c

Steel structural elements

51. Structural lecture- Roberto Mann

tensile and compressive forces

andesite (lava stone) columns

‘Umbrella’ internal steel - supports the individual ‘bamboo spokes’ in compression and provides a movable seismic joint in the event of an earthquake Bamboo framework- supporting the façade system Steel hoop- runs through the bamboo framework- provides a stable point for the columns to anchor to Bundles of steel cables, transferring the weight of the structures to the columns in tension Andesite stone (lava rock) columns, transferring the tensile forces from the cables in compression to the foundations Deep pile foundations (concrete) anchoring the structure to the ground

-Overall Structural Strategy-

-Structural Strategy-

Columns and Cables The Pillar Family Material:

Andesite stone (black lava rock)

Performance:

Stone is an appropriate choice structurally as the column’s function is to take all of the tensile forces from the suspended structure and transfer them through compression, which is where stone’s strength lies, to the ground.

However, despite beginning with and trying to maintain a degree of symmetry across the structural members, perfect symmetry is incompatible with the building if it is to perform programmatically. Therefore, with different horizontal forces the columns are likely to try and bend, exerting tension on the side with the lower weight.

Stone being very poor in tension, one option could be to construct the brick columns like some brick houses are constructed, with gaps that have steel rods and poured concrete, and adapt the positioning of this reinforcement in such a way that rebalances the columns. However, a more elegant and potentially stronger solution is to overlap the bricks with strategic holes running through the whole structure. Through these holes steel cables, which should be set into the concrete foundations before bricklaying begins, are threaded and tightened at the top. This forces the brick structure into compression and when loads try to force one side of the column into tension the ties bricks push against each other, making use of their natural compressive ability to resist deformation. These cables can also be placed strategically within the columns to counter inequalities caused by the differing building forms.

1 2 1

Initial plans for a more symetrical building which would carry mor even loads accorss the columns.

2

Steel cables running through the overlapping bricks to compensate for the tension caused by uneven loading.

The Cable family Material:

Steel ropes

Performance:

The cables are in tension, carrying the weight of the building back to the columns.

Multiple cables between each weight distribute the loads of the building, meaning the cables are less likely to be over-stressed in an earthquake.

3 3

Lava column attachments

profile

and

steel

cable

-Facade Construction Study-

Mosquito netting

Bamboo Frame

Steel Node

Layer of coloured perspex

Layer of carved limewood

-Structural Strategy-

Bamboo Frames

Bamboo, as a hollow tube, is in keeping with the overall structural principles of having heavy columns supporting a lightweight frame.

It is also an appropriate material to use in a seismic region;

Umbrella supports made of steel and concrete. The steel core of the concrete is surrounded by a membrane allowing it to move freely of the concrete. In this way, it not only supports the structure but can also protect it in the event of an earthquake- the core and exterior sliding by one each other deflects energy away from the rest of the structure.

Having no ‘rays’ it is a lot stronger than timber, especially in sheer.52 Cellulose fibers that run through the length of the bamboo act in the same way steel bars do in concrete. In the event of structural failure, these usually remain intact and return the bamboo to its original shape when the loads are removed, which could ensure the primary structure stays intact during an earthquake.53

1

In 2001, 20 bamboo houses remained intact near the epicentre of an earthquake that reached 7.5 on the Richter scale.54 Another advantage of its natural structure is that it does not suffer from creep, as timber does. This gives the opportunity to fashion the bamboo into a sophisticated facade system incorporating glass and metal nodes.55 52.

53.

54.

55.

1 2

3

Janssen Janssen Janssen Janssen

2000, 2000, 2000, 2000,

p24 p66 p77 p76

Vo Trong Nghia’s ‘Water & Wind’ cafe detail

Metal nodes are kept, in order to attach the prefabricated facade

2

The diagonal bracing is provided by the façade sections which, as they need to be flat, must form triangular panels.

Construction of the bamboo theatre

3

8 4

10 20

16

6

18

3

5

7

9 15

17 11

14

1

13 12 19

-Long Section-

Not to scale

2

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Andesite stone columns Subterranean waste-to-power plant Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw Steel cables Control space and exhibition Large theatre behind the screen Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply Water dispensing device Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens Garden bridge to access the theatre Bamboo plantations River bed Waterline Fire escape stair Funnels to supply the plant with waste Coagulation Tank Lagoon Café below the theatre Concrete foundations (lava rock aggregate) Umbrella internal supports

18

6 11

7

10 5

1

2 12 4 9 3 16 17 15

13 13

-Plan-

Not to scale 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

Andesite stone columns Citarum river Waterfeed: wheel and Archimedes screw Steel cables Control space and exhibition Large theatre behind the screen Clean water reservoir capable of holding a week’s supply Water dispensing device Suspended ‘paper theatre’ gardens Garden bridge to access the theatre Bamboo plantations Small theatre infront of screen Entrance to bridge from the south Mosque Funnels to supply the plant with waste Coagulation Tank Lagoon Entrance to the bridge from the north

8

14

1

Sound travels in a straight line - it would hit and be absorbed into a horizontal flat surface whilst a curve would reflect the sound into itself indefinitely until it is absorbed. Having angular flat planes and applying a hard smooth finish to the materials should reflect the sound waves back into the space.

2

The façade is not one thickness but a series of thin sheets, which are more likely to reflect the sound than thicker materials which tend to absorb the sound waves.

3

I have made the theatres as open as possible, with only the necessary structural elements obstructing the space. This not only guarantees views of the performance but also that it will be clearly heard, air being the best medium to transmit sound.

4

The unwanted noise from the potentially noisy cafe below will have to be reflected back down and contained. To do this I have suspended a landscape of acoustic absorbers from the ceiling.

This also serves the space, distinguishing circulation spaces from the occupied ones (above the bar) where the ceiling droops down.

1

Tall trees

The open nature of the skin to provide ventilation means that noise pollution could potentially enter from the site. However, though a road runs past the river, this is a very rural area and it is unlikely to cause significant noise pollution during the performance times, which run from around nine in the evening until dawn.56 Furthermore, the surrounding background noise from the site, such as wind through the trees and running river below the theatre could help provide a level of acoustic privacy and help mask out the conversations taking place on the periphery of the space.57

Rural road

Amplifying the ‘Dalang’

Running water

-Acoustic Strategy-

Masking sounds generated by the rural site- estimated 30-40 dB.

2

The space has need to amplify the speaking voice of the ‘dalang’ and the accompanying music of the four musicians, who require a much longer reverberation time.

58

4

To accommodate both speach and music, I have compromised between the two ideal reverberation times, RT, and set a target RT between 1.52.5 seconds.59

56.

57.

58.

59.

Hobart 1987 Watts 2006 p20 Watts 2006 p 19 Nave 2013

Architectural potential of bespoke acoustic ceiling panels.

SUBdV, Sonic Studio rehearsal space.

Multiple facade.

thin

layers

composing

the

1 performing ‘dalang’ & 4 musicians with acoustic instuments Small cafe

-Disabled AccessAs this is a public building and one which provides a new access route to the north side of the river, it is important that it is easily accessible. .

The height of the structure required to climb over the river and still allow passage of small boats, means that ramps would be inappropriately long, and since certain ambulant disabilities require stairs instead of ramps.60 I have chosen to go for a more compact option of providing a series of lifts which enable all users to cross the bridge and access both sides of the theatre.

All doors have a greater clear width than the minimum of 800mm specified in Approved Document M required for the passage of a wheelchair. To further facilitate easy passage to the main spaces, there will be automatic sliding doors.

All the walkways have a greater diameter than 1500mm to allow a clear turning circle of a wheelchair.

a

b

d

c

e f

60

HM Government 2010b, 1.19-1.25

a.Disabled access in the building b.Theatre floor plan, not to scale c.Theatre support spaces, plan not to scale d.Exhibition plan- not to scale e.North side entrance, not to scale f.South side entrance, not to scale

Areas in the building accessible by a wheelchair

Lift large enough to cater to a wheelchair

18m radius from exit 2

18m radius from exit 1

-Means of Escape-

Theatre

The travel limitations for this type of building are specified as no more than 18m in one direction and no more than 45m in more than one direction to a protected area.

All escape routes are more than 1050mm wide, which is the necessary minimum for occupancies of more than 220 people and therefore should be more than sufficient for the planned occupancy of 150 people.

e f

a

g

d

a. Theatre Plan- Not to scale b. Supporting spaces below the theatre- Cafe & WC’s. Not to Scale. c. Fire escape not to scale

b

stair-

Accumulated distance to fire protected stair- 31.35m (less than the max 45m)

To comply with ‘Approved Document B2’ from the building regulations I have provided at least two exits from every part of the building and two exits for rooms with an expected occupancy of more than 60 people.

Escape routes always further apert more than the minimum 45˚ necessary.

2

Due to the problems associated with applying preservatives to bamboo (discussed in section 3) I believe it would be difficult to get the fire rating up to 60 minutes on this material and decided to introduce the aesthetic of the lava columns into the enclosures. This is a fireproof material, being used in applications such as fire pits and furnaces.

The naturally formed air pockets make it an excellent insulator, capable of withstanding temperatures of 1000˚C.

1

final exit

plan,

c d. Position of fire stair in section.

escape

e. Lava rock oven f. Lava rock fire pit g. Porosity of lava rock

18m radius- all horizontal travel distances are encompassed within and are therefore less than the maximum allowed travel distance.

60 minute fire rated door Wheelchair refuge

-Means of Escape-

Water treatment exhibition centre

The second fire stair ensures that the building complies with approved document B2 4.44a, “There is at least one internal escape stair from each part of every storey”.

This stair also provides a 60 minute fire rating, by way of the thick lava rock walls.

The small size of the exhibition space ensures that escape distances are well within the maximum travel distance of 18m.

Exhibition space- Not to scale As this fire stair is also used for circulation, for staff to gain access to the plants below, the door must be equipped with an automatic release mechanism actuated by an automatic fire detection and alarm system.

To further safeguard against fire, there will be a series of ‘suction hoses’ available for use, which are able to tap water directly from the river.

All fire stairs equipped with hinged x-vents

final exit

Escape stair section- not to scale

Exhibition WC’s- Not to scale Refuge

-M&E/ Sanitation SystemsThough the village is serviced with electricity, unusual for rural areas in Indonesia61, the supply is likely to be a very limited supply to each house.62 The large electrically driven plant would represent an unacceptable drain on this service and the decision was taken early on to incorporate a waste to energy plant within the scheme.

Though the process of burning waste is ordinarily only an option after all other options of ‘reduce, reuse and recycle’ have been explored, here there is no infrastructure to support proper waste management and the current practice that is ingrained in the population is to treat the river as waste disposal. Therefore the plant will not only have the normal associated advantages (it has been claimed that for every ton of waste disposed of in a waste-to-energy plant and ton of greenhouse gasses is avoided)63 it will, through the incentive of clean water, draw waste away from the river and provide a place to dispose of waste substances produced during the water treatment process.

The potential smell and plant that burns waste at positioned below ground, to this space will be a management centre base.

acoustic disturbance accompanying a more than 1700˚F64 led to this being as well as the plant room. Access non-public route through the water

The oversized columns, which are already designed to have hollowed sections for the steel cables to run, will carry the services also. Unlike the structural cables which will be deep within the structure to protect from corrosion, the services will be towards the periphery of the columns, which will not be performing structurally, and as such provisions can be made to access them from the outside for maintenance.

The space provides 10 WCs,65 below the theatre and below the water management centre. I have planned this in such a way that all WCs and wash basins can be serviced by just 3 supply and drainage pipes. Since the water in the river is so heavily polluted the water treatment centre was designed in such a way that it could treat sewage. As such the waste from the WC’s can be fed into the beginning of the treatment process.

[Academic use only]

I have ensured that there is ample space within the floor construction to conceal the electrical and water supply pipes.

The building skin has been designed in such a way that it will work hard to eliminate solar gain and facilitate natural ventilation- detailed in the performance section. This not only has the environmental advantage over mechanically ventilated spaces, it also greatly reduces the amount of space that needs to be dedicated to risers for ductwork. The façade system, however, is electrically controlled as to orientate itself to the changing wind directions and to make use of a building energy management system66 whereby a series of sensors and actuators will ensure that the internal temperatures remain comfortable.

61. EnDev 62. Schlapfer 1999 63. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011 64. Pyper and ClimateWire 2011 65. This should comply with the required number for 150 people, ref Littlefield 2008 66. Nicholls 2001

[Academic use only]

To avoid disruption to the existing buildings and users, I have located the necessary construction spaces on the far side of the river (the north side) as this is far more sparsely populated and the river can offer a natural boundary separating potentially dangerous works and the general population.

This decision entails the need for a temporary bridge structure capable of holding heavy loads to enable deliveries to be made from the ‘Desa Sukamaju’ road. To ensure minimum impact, this will be a simple prefabricated structure that will be craned into place.

The other disruptive aspect of this building which cannot be so easily avoided is that to the river. To ensure that the river keeps flowing while the foundations are placed, this would be achieved in 2 stages, providing a dam around area ‘A’ and working here until the columns have reached several metres above the waterline, then dismantling this dam and repeating this process in area ‘B’.

[Academic use only]

-Construction Sequence-

Temporary Bridge

Unloading Area Temporary Site offices

B

Extent of proposed building

The majority of the on-site work should be choreographed to take place during the dry season (May- September). This would not only reduce the risk of floods hampering the building progress, but also ensure that the water treatment centre is calibrated to the slower flows and water volumes present in these months. The failure of many other schemes tasked with providing water to the rural spaces in Indonesia has been attributed to the construction taking place during the wet season and subsequently neglecting to provide adequate flows during the dry.67

A

Sequence: 1. Site prepared, removing only the necessary palms (orange dots) and placing temporary site offices.

2. Crane the prefabricated concrete bridge, which should be prestressed with steel cables into place.

3. Construct a dam around area ‘A’.

4. The waste-to-energy plant and adjacent plant room installed below ground.

5. Concrete pile foundations in zone A made, ensuring that the steel cables which will be threaded through the structure are in place.

6. Andesite stones columns in zone A made 7. Dam ‘A’ dismantled and materials where possible used in the construction of dam ‘B’ 8. Concrete pile foundations in zone B made, ensuring that the steel cables which will be threaded through the structure are in place.

9. Remaining stone columns made 10. Cables running through the columns tensioned at the top.

11. The bamboo ‘spokes’ are prefabricated to ensure they fit with the nodes and façade sections. The secondary structure, due to the size of the spaces, however must be completed on site.

These are then craned into place and hooked onto the cable system.

12. External walkways craned into place.-mobile cranes can reach from the banks to an extent of 60m 13. Prefabricated façade panels are craned into place. The team can now make use of the internal floors to choreograph this delicate process from the inside of the bamboo skeletons.

14. Mosquito net facades added 15. Internal fixtures and fittings.

76.

Fauzan 2011

n

-Risk AssessmentHazard

Persons at Risk

Risk Control

Site Malaria

All on-site participants

Offer the option of malaria resistance tablets to all persons who will work on site.

No work to be done at night- when the mosquitos are active.

All team members to be briefed on the early symptom warning signs of malaria.

Earthquakes

All on-site participants

Site to be equipped with newly developed early warning system, which will sound an alarm 30 seconds before the quake occurs.

All staff to be instructed on the emergency procedure, including securing tools, getting off scaffolding and if possible proceeding to the prepared safety area.

Drowning

All on-site participants

Climbing harnesses to be used throughout to ensure anyone falling does not fully fall into the water.

Safety boat present at all times.

Staff instructed on relevant safety procedures and how to use supplied equipment including ample throw lines.

When particularly precarious work is undertaken ensure buoyancy aids are worn.

Water borne diseasesAll on-site participants (especially those associated with the high levels of a pollution associated with the Citarum)

All participants instructed to wash hands and face at the clean water provided in the temporary buildings upon contact with the water.

Protective clothing to be worn during dam construction.

Construction Injury from bamboo scaffolding

All on-site participants

All poles treated with preservative methods and checked regularly for signs of damage or insect infestation.

Any scaffolding intended for use for longer than 1 month should be provided with a waterproof canopy.

All persons to be instructed on carrying poles in twos.

Helmets to be worn in designated construction areas.

Injury from falling objects

Excavation risks

All on-site participants

Hard hats to be worn by staff.

Spectators

Spectators to be kept at a safe distance- as much of the work as possible to be completed on the north (less occupied) bank.

All on-site participants

Though the lack of infrastructure in the area means it is unlikely a water or gas pipe would be hit, a survey should be carried out to ensure this.

A fence should be erected around excavated areas.

Hard hats to be worn by all involved in the excavation.

Excavation equipment to be used only by adequately trained persons.

Materials stored at least 1.5m away from the edge of the excavation.

Excavation area should be amply supported.

There should be multiple ladder exits should the dam be breached or the excavation supports fail.

Equipment Failure

All on-site participants

All equipment to be checked before use and any that is suspect to be removed from the site.

Regular checks and maintenance.

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