Volume II | Issue 7 | July 2016 | `70
ISSN 2455-8184
AGRICULTURE
W RLD The Pulse
Global Agriculture
Echoing Sustainable Environment and Agriculture krishi.jagran
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AGRICULTURE WORLD The Pulse
Volume 2 Issue 7 July 2016 Total Page- 44
Global Agriculture
CONTENTS IN THIS ISSUE
Editor-in-Chief MC Dominic Directors Shiny Emanuel MG Vasan Sr. Executive Editors Dr. KT Chandy RK Teotia Ajith Kumar V R Assistant Editor Ruby Jain Sr. Correspondents Imran Khan Snigdha Choudhury Correspondents Manish Chauhan Sameer Tiwari Deepshikha Aslam Rasool Khan Jyoti Sharma Vipin Mishra V.P. Int. Business D.D. Nair Gavrilova Maria Marketing Head Sanjay Kumar GM - Marketing Farha Khan Sr. Manager Marketing Mukundan Nair K J Saranya Sara Khan Marketing Manager Megha Sharma Afsana Malik Sr. Executive Marketing Chunki Bhutia Poonam Bishwakarma Rinki Pundir Laxmi Pandey Soniya Mahajan Shifali Mahajan Preeti Chauhan Kanchan Singh Hema Sharma Rajni Kumari Karishma Lehri Meena Pandey Priya Tripathi Aayesha Khan Vanita Singh Meenu Laxmi Koli Priyanka Circulation Head Nishant K Taak Circulation Manager Rahul Singh Abdus Samad Sr. Executive Circulation Prashant Sharma Anku Yadav Pappu Ray Mohit
Furkan Qureshi Shahzeb Ahmed Pawan Kumar Head Pre-Press Alka Gupta Graphic Designer Yogesh Kumar Rakhee Sharma Accounts Udit Mittal O ce Assistant Devender Kumar Jagdish Jana Prem Kumar Rajiv DD Nair VP International Business (Russia & CIS Countries) 6 Mikluho-Maklaya STR, Moscow, Russia 117198 Mob: +7903729 98 30, Tel: +7499501 99 10 Email: ddnair@krishijagran.com M Mezhukanal E-16F - 33, Hamriya Free Zone, Sharjah, UAE Mob: +971 50 2870465 Email: mezhukanal@krishijagran.com For Circulation & Subscription Nishant Kr. Taak Mob: +91-9953756433 Email: circulation@krishijagran.com, subscription@krishijagran.com CONTACT US Enquiry info@krishijagran.com Editorial editor@krishijagran.com Marketing response@krishijagran.com Printed and Published by: M. C. Dominic 60/9, 3rd Floor, Yusuf Sarai Market, Near Green Park Metro Station, New Delhi 110016. Tel: 011-26511845, 26517923 Mobile: +91-9313301029, +91-9654193353 Email: info@krishijagran.com, editor@krishijagran.com Web: www.krishijagran.com
PATCHOULI- HIGH FOREIGN EXCHANGE VALUE AROMATIC CROP OF PERFUME INDUSTRY ...............................8
SAFE USE OF PESTICIDES......................14
SEED AFRICA INDIA :ON A WAY TO SUSTAINABLE GROWTH & PARTNERSHIP........................................24
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INSECT PESTS .................................................28
AN AGRO-BASED ENTERPRISE IN RURAL INDIA....................................32
DRIED MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS.........36
Printed at: Pushpak Press Pvt. Ltd., 203-204, DSIDC, Okhla Ph.-I, New Delhi - 110020 All rights reserved. Copyright @ Krishi Jagran Media Group. Agriculture World is published by Krishi Jagran Media Group. Editor: MC Dominic Disclaimer: While every care has been taken to ensure accuracy of the information contained in this publications, the publishers are not responsible for any errors or omissions that might have crept into this publications. No part of this publication may be reproduced or kept in a retrieval system, without the express permission of the publishers.
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EDITORIAL
I
ndia is a land of medicinal and aromatic plants numbering about 1100 documented plants and nearly 40 Institutes are engaged in research and development in them lead by the Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP) Lucknow. The medicines and essential oils prepared from them since ancient times in India have been known to people all over the world. The essential oil obtained from the medicinal plant Patchouli has many health benefits such as antidepressant, antiphlogistic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, astringent, cicatrisant, cytophylactic, deodorant, diuretic, febrifuge, fungicide, insecticide, sedative and tonic substance. The article on “Patchouli high Foreign Exchange Value Aromatic Crop of Perfume Industry” by Dr. S. Saravanan and Deepak Lall will be an eye opening to many entrepreneurs in perfume industry in this country. Is there anyone in the world who has never become sick? No, will be obvious answer; every organism in the world is affected by some sickness or other; so too the plants and especially the crop plants; hence the necessity of the use of pesticide in the crops. But the unfortunate thing is that the ordinary farmer in India does not know the proper method of the use of pesticide nor is he taking the necessary precaution in applying the pesticide. World Health Organization estimates that about 3,00,000 people die from self-harm from pesticide each year in the Asia-Pacific region alone. In India we do not have a proper recording of deaths due to pesticide poisoning. In this respect the article by Dr. K. T. Chandy on “Safe Use of Pesticides” provides the essential precautionary methods and first aids to be adopted will be of great help to the farmers. According to ASSOCHAM Indian seed industry is expected to grow by 53 percent by 2015 and with more than 350 seed companies and production of about 4 million tones certified seeds the Indian seed industry is one of the biggest in the world while the African seed industry is still in the infancy stage. Hence the opportunity for trade with African countries in seeds is very promising. Highlighting this aspect Dr Kalyan Goswami, Nilendri Biswal and Dr Manisha Negi in their article on “Seed Africa India – On A Way to Sustainable Growth& Partnership” unveils the tremendous possibilities of seed trade with African countries. Their concluding recommendations are of special importance to prospective and existing seed companies. Like in all other areas of science and technology agriculture also is moving more and more into precision farming by the use of nanotechnology. Citing a number of examples in the use of nanotechnology for the improvement of various operations in agriculture D. N. Kambrekar and Prashant Natikar in their article on ”Impact of Climate change on Insect Pests” promotes the use of nanotechnology for countering the changes in insect pests due to climate change. In conclusion they assures the readers that some of the world's critical problems in sustainable development in the areas of water, energy, health, and environment, agriculture and bio-diversity and eco-system management can be addressed more efficiently through nanotechnology. Dr. D. Rajagopal and Dr. D. N. Kambrekar proposes a novel idea of institutionalized treatment of disease affected crop plants in their article titled “Plant Health Clinics (PHCs) - An Agro-based Enterprise in Rural India”. It will not be an exaggeration to say that human health depends entirely on plants and plant health. We have numerous clinics for humans all over the country; if so why do we not have plant health clinics? But no one seems to think about. The farmers are mostly illiterate and they will not be able to identify the diseases and pests of his crop plants nor can be administer proper pesticides in the proper dosage. Actually the responsibility to treat and solve the problems of plant pests should be vested on the plant pathology section of the agriculture department of the state/country. We have on army of agricultural scientists and plant pathologists drawing regularly fat sum of salary every month. Crop production including pest control should be the responsibility of these highly previlaged groups. Undisputable are the usefulness and convenience of milk powder in human nutrition and health. The article by Manjeet Rathour, Rajandeep Kaur, Om Prakash Malav, Manish Kumar Chatli, Pavan Kumar and Nitin Mehta on “Dried Milk and Milk Products” are not entirely new to Indian entrepreneurs. However the productivity of the Indian milch animals is deplorably low to make such dreams a reality. The productivity improvement of Indian milch animals as per available data is only 0.16 litre per day over a period of five years between 2007-08 to 2011-12. Significant improvement in daily milk productivity is an essential condition for any entrepreneurial development in dried milk and milk products.
M C Dominic Editor‐in‐Chief dominic@krishijagran.com
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Valued Aromatic Crop
PATCHOULI- HIGH FOREIGN EXCHANGE VALUE AROMATIC CROP OF PERFUME INDUSTRY
I
ntroduction
Patchouli (Pogostemon patchouli) is a warm humid tropical perennial aromatic bushy herb, native to the Indonesia; Philippines; china and Malaysia. Patchouli was first described by botanists in the Philippines in 1845. Today growing interest in its fragrance has led to patchouli's widespread cultivation throughout Tropical Asia. It is an earthy, woody fragrance, partially shade loving; and cool temperature loving plant belongs to the family Lamiaceae. In India the crop is mainly cultivated for its oil used in the manufacture of perfumes, cosmetics, medicines, beverages and in bakery. The word derives from the Tamil 'P atchai ' (green leaf). Pogostemon cablin , P. commosum , P. hortensis , P. heyneasus and P. plectranthoides
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are all cultivated for their oil and all are known for patchouli oil, but P. cablin is considered 'superior and true patchouli'. Patchouli has been cultivated in fields for centuries for its use as a perfume, aphrodisiac, and insect repellent mixtures. It has glossy, olive-green eggshaped leaves with toothed edges. The plant has square stems, reminding one that is a member of the same family as mint. The essential oil is made after the leaves
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have been fermented, which produces an extremely strong, long-lasting scent. Essential oil of patchouli is a common ingredient in both soap and candles; patchouli oil remarkable staying power made is an important fixative ingredient in the manufacture of fine perfumes and cosmetics. Uses of patchouli
Patchouli oil has been used in ink, beverages, candies, chewing gum, and in the famous breath-freshener.
It is also used as an ingredient in the preparation of cigarettes.
It is used in Aromatherapy to cure stress and stress-related problems.
Patchouli pungent oil is said to cure or aid in acne, cracked or chapped skin, dandruff,
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dermatitis, eczema, fungal infections, hair care, impetigo, insect repellent, oily scalp treatment, and to cure wounds and even to eliminate wrinkles.
It is used as an anti-depressant, anti-inflammatory, anti-emetic, antiseptic, anti-microbial, astringent, decongestant, deodorant, diuretic, fungicide, sedative and prophylactic.
Importance & Market potential of patchouli
Patchouli oil is an essential ingredient and used as a 'base' material in perfumery industry. There is no synthetic substitute for patchouli oil, which increases its value and demand in the perfumery market. Consumption of patchouli oil in the world is estimated at 2000 tones per annum approximately. In India due to increase in chewing tobacco and pan-masala industries, consumption has gone up to about 300 tones per annum while the production is below 50 tones. Hence, the country mostly depends on imports mainly from Indonesia. India has considerable scope to enter the world market.
Botanical description Botanically it is known as Pogostemon patchouli belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Patchouli is the chief source of aromatic essential oil that used in perfumery and cosmetic industry. It is a branched¸ erect or ascending perennial aromatic herb. It has pubescent and quadrangular type of stem. Its leaves are simple¸ opposite¸ decussate pale to purplish green with bright green in colour. Flowers are regular pink to purple or white to violet in colour. It has cymose type of inflorescence whereas fruits are smooth ovoid and nut lets.
Site selection Factors such as number of farmers ready to take up the crop for better supervision, availability of perennial irrigation source and marketing arrangements should be taken into account for site selection and for commercial promotion. It can also be cultivated as inter-crop with other perennial crops such as Coconut, Areca nut etc. where light intensity is about 25-50 % lower. It is also considered as a good catch crop. Soil & Climate Patchouli is grown well under warm and humid climatic conditions. Coastal areas of Maharashtra, Goa, Karnataka and Kerala are suitable for this crop. It is possible to cultivate patchouli commercially in various other locations having congenial climate. Most soils with good drainage are suitable. Water logged areas are susceptible to nematode attack. Generally humid climate with plenty of sunlight is desirable. The plant also grows well as an intercrop in partial shade, but complete shade should be avoided. For good growth of the plant, it requires a temperature range between 2535 C which is ideal for its
Important commercial species of patchouli
Pogostemon cablin
Pogostemon commosum
Pogostemon hortensis
Pogostemon heyneasus
Pogostemon plectranthoides
Major and important varieties An improved variety
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Valued Aromatic Crop
The annual world production of patchouli oil is around 80-100 tones. India import patchouli oil worth 60 million rupees annually. It is estimated that flavour and fragrance industry in India need about 200 tones of patchouli oil.
'Samarth' has been developed by CIMAP. Another superior variety of patchouli 'Johore' & 'Cimshrestha' has released from UAS- Dharwad; made a small, quiet, fragrant movement in Western ghat region of northern Karnataka.
cultivation. Once planted, the plant gives good yield of its leaves which can be maintained at least up to 3 years. When the temperature is found to be boosted more than 35 C it will stunt the growth of the plants.
Valued Aromatic Crop
Land preparation Land is required for nursery, cultivation and dr ying the harvested biomass. After clearing the land, two times ploughing is recommended. About 1 kg of carbofuran, @ 5-10 tones of farmyard manure and 0.5 tones of neem cake were mixed thoroughly and incorporated to the main field which is ploughed well. Neem cake also acts as an antinematode material which is used to arrest the harmful effect and to avoid nematode attack. Propagation Patchouli can be cultivated as pure crop and intercrop by following two methods. ď‚&#x;
Standard practice using conventional method of flood irrigation.
ď‚&#x;
Drip irrigation method using fer tigation for providing nutrients.
It is usually propagated by rooted cuttings grown in a nursery. Cuttings are taken from healthy plants. Terminal stem cuttings of 10-12 cm length with 3-4 nodes
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are generally preferred. All the leaves except 3-4 are removed. The basal end of the cuttings is dipped in a rooting hormone and then planted in the nursery beds. The rooted cuttings are planted on the raised beds with a spacing of 50 x 50 cm in straight lines. A nursery area of about 200 sq m. is suf ficient for raising plants required for one hectare plantation. The nurser y is generally fumigated with formalin @ 2ml/ liter of water with the calculation of 5 liters of fumigant solution required for per sq.m nursery area. It is essential to cover the nurser y bed with black polythene sheet for at least 72 hours. Nursery should always be raised during the monsoon season. Transplanting the cuttings can be done all around the year except during peak summer, winter and during heavy rains. Nearly 40,000 cuttings are required for planting in one hectare area. The cuttings take 3035 days for rooting and can be transplanted to the main field. Irrigation is done immediately after planting the cuttings. About 100 kg dominium phosphate (DAP) and murate of potash (MOP) is applied to the main field and ploughed well. Nearly 150 kg urea is applied in 2 split doses. First dose is applied immediately after planting the cuttings and the second dose one month after the first application. A mixture of 1 kg carbofuran and 1 tone farm yard manure should be applied before its planting or its
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effective control of root knot, root rot and wilt infestations. The crop should be kept weedfree and weeding should be done when it requires. Spraying with Cypermethrine 25 EC or Indoxacarb 35 EC @ 1-2 ml/ liter at fortnightly intervals is effective to control leaf eating caterpillars, leaf webber and leaf roller pests. Spacing and plant population The recommended spacing is 30 x 30 cm for open cultivation under both drip and conventional irrigation system. Number of plants accommodated would be around 35000 per acre leaving allowance for irrigation channels, bunds and working area (Gross cultivated area). In the present criteria 30 x 30 cm spacing with a plant population of 35000 per acre area has been consider and accepted. As an intercrop in partial shade 60 x 60 cm and 45 x 45 cm spacing is recommended with 14000 plant population for per acre area. Planting can be done throughout the year except during hot months like April, May or October. Manures and fertilizers The fertilizer dose has to be decided based on the soil fertility status. At the time of land preparation 12 t of farm yard manure (FYM)/acre is to be applied. For control of nematodes, 0.4 tones/acre of Neem cake or 8 kg/acre of Furadon or 60 kg/acre of Dasanit is broadcast in the field and mixed well with the soil, a few days before planting. Along with farmyard manure FYM, 8, 20 and 20 kg of N, P and K per acre is recommended as basal application during land preparation. The crop is a heavy feeder of nitrogenous fertilizer. A
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dose of Nitrogen @ 10–15 kg/acre is given for about 8 weeks after its planting. Thereafter, Nitrogen @ 20–25 kg/acre in 2 split of doses is given after each harvesting. Foliar spraying of urea (0.2%) is ideal; sometimes Zn and Mn deficiency are noticed in certain soils for which 20 and 10 kg each of ZnSO4 and MnSO4 are advised. As the bio mass production is more under drip irrigation, a higher dose (generally 1.5 times) of manures and fertilizers may be required than under flood irrigation.
Valued Aromatic Crop
Irrigation Irrigation is done for 3-4 days for the first 15-20 days after planting in the field and later done at 8-15 days interval. Waterlogging should be avoided. As indicated earlier, patchouli can be cultivated in two ways depending on the method of irrigation followed. Under conventional method, irrigation is to be provided at least twice a week. Water logging must be avoided. Number of irrigation per year will be around 60 (no watering during monsoon) with each irrigation lasting for 3 hours with 5 HP motor. Under drip system of irrigation, irrigation is provided by a drip with nozzles at a distance of 45 cm from each other, which discharge water @ 2 liter water/hour. Irrigation for 30 minutes per day is adequate. In hot and dry season it should be up to a maximum of 60 minutes in two installments. Not much maintenance is required for Patchouli. Regular weeding, nutrient application and harvesting are the major activities involved in its cultivation. Intercultural operations Regular weeding and
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intercultural operations, nutrient application, plant protection and harvesting are the major activities involved in the crop cultivation. Plant protection measures Apart from nematodes, problems of aphids and caterpillars have been observed in patchouli which can be controlled by use of Cypermethrine 25 EC or Indoxacarb 35 EC or Rogor. For control of nematodes and Fusarium wilt, good drainage coupled with soil application of Neem Cake @ 0.4 tones/ acre at the time of planting is recommended. Harvesting The crop can be harvested 6 months after planting. The right time for harvesting is when the plants are about 1m tall, leaves turn pale green or slightly brown in colour. Subsequent harvests can be done every three months. Once planted, it can be maintained for 3 years. The plant is harvested at 6-8 nodes from the apex. It should be harvested with a sharp cutting tool (sickle). The new shoots come from the nodes and if the cutting is done at too low level, the next harvest will be affected. In rainy season, fungicides should be sprayed after harvesting. Harvesting is preferably done during dr y months. Yield The yield under drip irrigation is nearly 2 times than that of conventional method. Under conventional irrigation the average yield is about 10-25 tones (followed by 3 cuttings) for per ha area. While about 50 tones (followed by 3 cuttings) for per ha area under drip irrigation system. As an intercrop, 5 tones dry biomass per ha per year can be expected.
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Post- Harvest Management After harvesting, the biomass is dried under shade for 4-5 days. Drying shed with roof and mud floor is constructed with a drying area of 100 m2. Essential oil is extracted by Steam distillation, requiring the cell walls of the leaves to be ruptured. This can be achieved by steam scalding, light fermentation, or by drying. Extraction of oil Generally, dry leaves stored for 4–6 months produce more oil with superior aroma. The steam distillation of dry leaves is carried for 16–24 hours at 1.4-3.5 kg/sq.cm. pressure and periodic alternating high and low pressure gives better oil recovery. The oil yield is 3.5% on dry weight basis. The oil is dark orange to brown coloured viscous liquid, rich in patchouli alcohols and develops its characteristic odour on aging. All traces of moisture needs to be removed from the oil by adding anhydrous sodium sulphate @ 20–30 g/liter and keeping the distillate mixture for 4–5 hours, after which the oil is filtered; moisture can induce polymerization of oil leading to loss in quality. The oil is filled in airtight aluminum containers up to the brim and stored in cool dry place, away from light. On an average, 60 kg of oil/ha is obtained in a year.
Deepak Lall SRF- Horticulture Dr. S. Saravanan Associate Professor Department of Horticulture Allahabad School of Agriculture Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture¸ Technology & Sciences (SHIATS) Allahabad (U.P.) India- 211007
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Safe Use of Pesticides
Safe Use of Pesticides
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Table-I: Common and trade names of some pesticides
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Safe Use of Pesticides
Sl. No Common name Trade names Insecticides 1 Aldrin Aldrex, Kilter, Aldrosol 2 BHC Gammexane, Benzex, Hexachlor 3 DDT DDT, Guesarol 4 Endosulfan Thiodan, Hexasulfan, Hildan 5 Endrin Endrex 6 Heptachlor Heptamul 7 Fenitrothion Sumithion, Novathion 8 Malathion Cythion, Carbofos, Hilthion 9 Metasystox Demeton-methyl 10 Monocrotophos Azodrin, Nuvacron 11 Phorate Thimet, Timet 12 Carbaryl Hexavin, Sevin 13 Carbofuran Furadon Fungicides 14 Copper sulphate Blue vitriol 15 Sulphar dust Brim Stone, Cosan 16 Benlate Benomyl 17 Maneb Dithane M-22, Manesan, Manziate 18 Nabam Dithane D-14 19 Zineb Dithane Z-78, Hexthane, Zinosan 20 Thiram Arasan, Thirasan, Thiride 21 Ziram Cumin, Ziride, Zerlate 22 Captan Mespan, Orthocide 23 Plantvax Oxycarboxin 24 Vitavax Carboxin Weedicides 25 2, 4-D Amoxone, Crop Rider, Weedone 26 2, 4, 5-T Brush Killer, Line Rider 27 Butachlor Machete 28 Alachlor Lasso, Lazo 29 Propanil Stam F-34, Chem rice, DPA 30 Diquat Aquacide, Reglone 31 Paraquat Gramaxone, Weedol 32 Atrazine Atrex, Gesaprim 33 Propazine Gesamil, Milogard 34 Simazine Gesatop 35 Borax Borate 36 DiuronDMU, Mermer 37 MonusonT elvar Nematicides 38 D.B.C.P Nemagon 39 Telone Dichloropropene
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Safe Use of Pesticides
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Safe Use of Pesticides
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Safe Use of Pesticides
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Safe Use of Pesticides
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Safe Use of Pesticides
Dr. K.T. Chandy Senior Execu ve Editor Krishi Jagran
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Africa India Seed Partnership
Seed Africa India : On A Way to Sustainable Growth & Partnership 1.
Indian and African Seed Sector
a) Indian Seed Sector The Indian Seed Sector is a vast sector with more than 700 seed companies operating in the organised Seed Sector. From being a food grain deficit country a few decades back, today India is a food grain surplus country. This has become possible due to constant focus of research based innovations. A major re-structuring of the seed industry by Government of India through the National Seed Project Phase-I (1977-78), Phase-II (1978-79) and Phase-III (1990-1991), was carried out, which strengthened the seed infrastructure that was most needed and relevant around those times. This could be termed as a first turning point in shaping of an organized seed industry. Introduction of New Seed Development Policy (1988–1989) was yet another significant mile stone in the Indian Seed Industry, which transformed the very character of the seed industry. The policy gave access to Indian farmers of the best of seed and planting material available anywhere on the world. The policy stimulated appreciable investments by private individuals, Indian Corporate and MNCs in the Indian seed sector with strong R&D base for product development in each of the seed companies with more emphasis on high value hybrids of cereals and vegetables and hi-
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tech products such as Bt. Cotton.2 According to the International Seed Federation (ISF), India has the 6th largest size of domestic seed marketing the world, which was estimated to be USD 2000 Mn in 2013.3 b)
African Seed Sector
Like India, in Africa too most of the farmers practise small scale farming. This sustains millions of livelihoods in Africa. The World Bank estimates that agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa (including upstream and downstream value chains or 'agribusiness') is the continent's largest economic sector, which is currently worth more thanUS$300bn per year and has the potential to grow to over one trillion dollars by 2030. According to the World Bank, an important slice of this potential stems from the low productivity of African agriculture compared to other regions of the world, and this may be attributed in part to the continent's low uptake of modern agricultural technologies including quality seeds, improved crop varieties and hybrids. Improved crop varieties were planted on only 27 percent of Africa's food crop area in2000 (World Bank 2013)1. At present the commercial seed industry is underdeveloped in most parts of Africa, with the use of commercial seed being relatively more common in krishijagran.com
East and Southern Africa than in West and Central Africa, according to the Bank. In several African countries the formal seed sector is still dominated by public sector enterprises and private investment is limited (World Bank2013).1 2.
India & African Natural Partners
Africa India Seed Partnership
African continent and Indian sub-continent have been natural partners in view of their origins, agroclimates, socio-economic conditions and natural diversity. India has a lucrative seed industry but its current export to Africa is not abundant. In 2014the country occupied only 14th place in the list of nations exporting seeds to Africa, with less than two percent of the trade. As in terms of agro-climatic conditions and natural diversity India and Africa serves the similarity so there is a scope to collaborate research projects and seed business.1 3.
Challenges in African Seed Sector
According to the World Bank, the seed industry in Africa faces many obstacles and challenges: A recent survey registered seed companies in Eastern and Southern Africa identified a number of generic constraints, such as:
Access to Finance
Poor Infrastructure
Weak Extension
A Shortage of Skilled Technicians
Lack of access to germplasm
High start-up costs
Outdated and rigid seed policies
A top priority is to reform seed policies and regulations. Policy and regulatory barriers-including import restrictions and rigid, lengthy processes for releasing new varieties — are slowing the adoption of agricultural inputs. Priorities are to reform seed policies, ensure a level playing field for the private sector, and liberalize varietal release procedures. As emphasized time and again by investors, these reforms must be accompanied by policies to allow free exchange of varieties and seeds within a region to create markets of sufficient size. Despite general agreement on the value of such reforms, their implementation has been painfully slow. The vested interests of government agencies responsible for certifying, producing, and distributing improved varieties and seed are hard to overcome. (World Bank, 2013: xxiii) 4.
Opportunities in African Seed Sector
Based on data from Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) it is indicated that India exports seeds to 24 African countries. Kenya is ranked first in the list followed by Egypt, Sudan etc. There are huge opportunities in terms of hybrid maize and cotton. Avenues of direct investments in seed production in African countries is available. Also companies can develop joint partnerships with local seed producing companies. Indian public and private seed producing organisations have expertise in development of food crops as well as cash crops. The Indian seed companies are looking at expanding to emerging African agri input markets. From exporting seeds to partnering with local seed companies/NGOs to investing in overseas R&D to acquiring local companies/Joint ventures/ opening WOS (wholly owned subsidiary), several Indian seed companies are leveraging on this scope of harnessing the opportunity to capture African markets. Indian seed companies are using these measures undesirable combination to have effective inroads into African markets. 5.
Way Forward:
The way forward has to be strengthen ongoing efforts and also stress on constant innovation. Efforts
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6.
Greater flow of Technology from India to Africa through Partnerships and collaborations
Export of seeds from India to Africa
Development of skilled Technicians in Agriculture
Development of technology, infrastructure and R&D capacity
Reformation of outdated Seed Policies for improvement in African Seed System.
Facility to access germplasm to develop new varieties and Hybrids for increased production and productivity
Launch of projects and programmes to stimulate agricultural and agribusiness development
Africa India Seed Partnership
should be directed at identifying new avenues for partnership, in both public and private sector. This can be propelled by exchange of ideas between researchers, breeders and seed producers. Today India has achieved food sufficiency and has the experience of dealing with harsh realities of drought, flood etc. Also India with its large pool of researchers and breeders has vast experience in development and application of various agricultural technologies, varying from traditional to modern. Both India and Africa can learn a lot from each other and bring prosperity and change for their masses.
Recommendations:
Dr Kalyan Goswami*, Nilendri Biswal**, Dr Manisha Negi*** *Executive Director, NSAI, **Assistant Director, NSAI, *** Assistant Director, NSAI
Indian agriculture grossly underemployed : Jaitley
I
ndian agriculture sector that contributes around 16 per cent to the nation’s GDP is heavily underemployed, said Finance Minister Arun Jaitly "Agriculture in India barely gives to agriculturists subsistence. In fact, people are already underemployed there. We can't afford to have 55 per cent of people in agriculture contributing 16 per cent to the national GDP. That creates inequalities,” said Jaitley while addressing at the inaugural ceremony of Symbiosis International University campus at Kothur in Mahaboobnagar District “In terms of manufacturing, our aspiration is that it should be about 25 per cent of our economy. And therefore we lost the opportunity when the first industrial revolution came, we lost the opportunity when the second and third industrial revolution came, that is low-cost manufacturing," he said. According to the finance minister, China and other Asian economies benefited more than India. "Now it seems that fourth industrial revolution is there for India to catch up. Hopefully we may but we are not sure." "The hard reality is that we are a services economy and services do contribute about 60 per cent of our national GDP," added Jaitley. Earlier this year, Prime Minister Narendra Modi made an announcement to desire to double the income of farmers by the year 2022.
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Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Soil Binder Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON INSECT PESTS
P
ossible areas of nanotechnology with potential applications in Indian agriculture are: nanofertilizers for slow release and efficient use of water and fertilizers by plants; nanocides– pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles for controlled release, and nanoemulsions for greater efficiency; nanoparticles for soil conservation; delivery of nutrients and drugs for livestock and fisheries; nanobrushes and membranes for soil and water purification, cleaning of fishponds; and nanosensors for soil quality and for plant health monitoring, and for precision agriculture, controlled environment agriculture. Precision farming relies upon intensive sensing of environmental conditions and computer processing of the resulting data to inform decisionmaking and control farm machinery. Precision
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AGRICULTURE WORLD | JULY 2016
farming technologies typically connect global positioning systems (GPS) with satellite imaging of fields to remotely sense crop pests or evidence of drought, and then automatically adjust levels of irrigation or pesticide applications as the tractor moves around the field. Yield monitors fitted to combine harvesters measure the amount and moisture levels of grains as they are harvested on different parts of a field, generating computer models that will guide decisions about application or timing of inputs. Precision agriculture promises higher yields and lower input costs by streamlining agricultural management and thereby reducing waste and labour costs. It also offers the potential to employ less skilled, and therefore cheaper, farm machinery operators since; theoretically, such systems can krishijagran.com
from naturally occurring iron. Seeding Iron The Russian Academy of Sciences reports that they have been able to improve the germination of tomato seeds by spraying a solution of iron nanoparticles on to fields.
Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Buckyball Fertiliser Molecule simplify and centralize decision-making. In the future, precision farming will resemble robotic farming as farm machinery is designed to operate autonomously, continuously adapting to incoming data. If they function as designed, ubiquitous wireless sensors will become an essential tool for bringing this vision of precision farming to maturity. When scattered on fields, networked sensors are expected to provide detailed data on crop and soil conditions and relay that information in real time to a remote location so that crop scouting will no longer require the farmer (or agribusiness executive) to get their boots dirty. Since many of the conditions that a farmer may want to monitor (e.g., the presence of plant viruses or the level of soil nutrients) operate at the nano-scale, and because surfaces can be altered at the nano-scale to bind selectively with particular biological proteins, sensors with nano-scale sensitivity will be particularly important in realizing this vision.
Soil Binder - Using Chemical Reactions at the Nanoscale to Bind Soil Together In 2003, ETC Group reported on a nanotech-based soil binder called SoilSet developed by Sequoia Pacific Research of Utah (USA). SoilSet is quick-setting mulch which relies on chemical reactions on the nanoscale to bind the soil together. It was sprayed over 1,400 acres of Encebado mountain in New Mexico to prevent erosion following forest fires, as well as on smaller areas of forest burns in Mendecino County, California. Soil Clean-Up Using Iron Nanoparticles A number of approaches are being developed to apply nanotechnology and particularly nanoparticles to cleaning up soils contaminated with heavy metals and PCBs. Dr. Wei-Xang Zhang has pioneered a nano clean-up method of injecting nano-scale iron into a contaminated site. The particles flow along with the groundwater and decontaminate en route, which is much less expensive than digging out the soil to treat it. Dr. Zhang's tests with nano-scale iron show significantly lower contaminant levels within a day or two. The tests also show that the nano-scale iron will remain active in the soil for six to eight weeks, after which time it dissolves in the groundwater and becomes indistinguishable from naturally occurring iron. Nanotechnology also has wide applications in food proceeding and packaging.
Buckyball Fertiliser Researchers at Kyoto University (Japan) have discovered a method of producing ammonia using buckyballs. Ammonia is a key component of fertiliser, but it is not clear if the resulting product for use in the fields would contain buckyballs. TiO2 Nano Mixture Scientists at the University of Korea have applied for a patent on a liquid after which time it dissolves in the groundwater and becomes indistinguishable
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action. If not, they will alert the farmer to the problem. In this way, smart devices will act as both a preventive and an early warning system. Such devices could be used to deliver chemicals in a controlled and targeted manner in the same way as nanomedicine has implications for drug delivery in humans.
Whereas nanotechnology and nanoparticle engineering has become ubiquitous in the pharmaceutical research and development arena starting as early as the mid-70s (Rosen and Abribat 2005), it has, quite surprisingly, only recently made its way to the field of delivery systems and agrochemical formulations. Smart Delivery Systems The use of pesticides increased in the second half of the 20 century with DDT becoming one of the most effective and widespread throughout the world. However, many of these pesticides, including DDT were later found to be highly toxic, affecting human and animal health and as a result whole ecosystems. As a consequence they were banned. To maintain crop yields, Integrated Pest Management Systems, which mix traditional methods of crop rotation with biological pest control methods, are being implemented in many countries. In the future, nanoscale devices with novel properties could be used to make agricultural systems “smart”. For example, devices could be used to identify plant health issues before these become visible to the farmer. Such devices may be capable of responding to different situations by taking appropriate remedial krishijagran.com
Nanotechnology when applied as a tool, in tandem with other measures, can seek to address some of the world's most critical sustainable development problems in the areas of water, energy, health and environment, agriculture, biodiversity and ecosystem management. These five areas, collectively known as WEHAB, were identified in the 2002 United Nations Johannesburg Summit on Sustainable Development (Report of the World Summit on Sustainable Development, 2002). The field of aqueous nanosuspensions of crop-protection chemicals is an emerging technology with only inconsequential presence in the market. However, the great potential of formulations based on pure active ingredients dispersed in water, virtually free of organic additives or solvents, is extraordinarily appealing from both an economic (and particularly) an environmental perspective. Numerous nanoparticulate agro formulations with higher bioavailability, efficacy and probably better selectivity in the very near future are being envisaged. D. N. Kambrekar and Prashant Natikar Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad-580 005 Karnataka *Email: kambrekardn@uasd.in
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31
erutlucirgA ni ygolonhcetonaN
Nanotechnology can improve our understanding of the biology of different crops and thus potentially enhance yields or nutritional values. In addition, it can offer routes to added value crops or environmental remediation. Particle farming is one such example, which yields nanoparticles for industrial use by growing plants in defined soils. For example, research has shown that alfalfa plants grown in gold rich soil, absorb gold nanoparticles through their roots and accumulate these in their tissues. The gold nanoparticles can be mechanically separated from the plant tissue following harvest.
“Smart Delivery Systems” for agriculture can possess any combination of the following characteristics: time-controlled, spatially targeted, self-regulated, remotely regulated, preprogrammed, or multifunctional characteristics to avoid biological barriers to successful targeting. Smart delivery systems also can have the capacity to monitor the effects of the deliver y of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, nutrients, food supplements, bioactive compounds, probiotics, chemicals, insecticides, fungicides, vaccinations, or water to people, animals, plants, insects, soils and the environment.
Agro-based Enterprise
Plant Health Clinics (PHCs)
H
An Agro-based Enterprise in Rural India
uman health is precious; however it is greatly dependant on plant health. Human health diagnostics has reached greater levels of sophistication. Whereas the same level of sophistication is lacking in plant-health diagnostics and its management. Therefore, an attempt has been made in this communication to focus on the possibility of establishment of Plant Health Clinics (PHCs) in the rural areas to facilitate speedy diagnosis of plant health problems i.e. damage due to insect pests, infection due to diseases and weeds growth and solve them at the grass root level. Plant Protection Scenario in India: India is mainly an Agricultural country. Majority of the farmers are dependent on Agriculture for their livelihood. Plant Protection is an integral part of Agricultural Production. The knowledge of technological innovations, especially on plant protection has not reached a large chunk of rural population, where the actual crop cultivation is being taken up. About 180 crops are being cultivated in the state of Karnataka alone including a large variety of cereals, millets, pulses, oilseeds, vegetables, fruits, spices, condiments, plantation crops medicinal and aromatics, ornamentals, and commercial crops like sugarcane, tobacco etc. All these crops have been subjected to the damage by insect pests, diseases and
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weeds. Hence, the establishment of plant health clinics in rural areas would be of immense significance. The plant protection includes the management of insect Pests, diseases and weeds in the crops. These problems can be broadly classified as key insect pests of major crops and their nature of damage and brief life cycle of the insects as well as pest management practices. Similarly, key diseases of major crops and the nature of infection including the life cycle of the causal organisms, epidemiology and management techniques. The third important one, are the weeds which are competing for the soil nutrients of the main crop. Weeds have been defined as the plants which are out of place. They will take a heavy toll of soil nutrients resulting in loss of yield from the main crop. The estimated yield losses due to the damage of insect pests, diseases and weeds put together is estimated to be in tune of 25 to 30 per cent. Scope for Plant Health Clinics: Therefore, the main aim of establishing plant health clinics (PHCs) in the rural areas is to diagnose the insect pests, diseases and weeds in any crop which is cultivated in that specific area. Identification and correct diagnosis of the insect pests, diseases and weeds forms the most important aspect of the PHC for suggesting appropriate and timely management practices to the farming community. Basically the PHC krishijagran.com
should be a community driven concept, which is organized in a location, where it must be easily accessible to all categories of farmers, in a common place, either at Hobli or Taluk head quarters.
Functioning of PHC's Either the farmers have to bring the affected plant samples to the PHC or the PHC expert visits the plots to provide appropriate and timely technological solutions. After diagnosing the samples, the farmer will be provided with a prescription detailing the case history like name of the crop samples, nature of damage, causal agents (insects/ diseases/weeds) along with appropriate recommendations containing right type of application of management practices, time of application, method of application etc. Such plant health clinics have been established in many states in our countr y like Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry etc as a small venture. The PHCs must have qualified and well equipped thorough knowledge of the principles and practices of plant protection including variety of management practices such as Integrated Pest Management (IPM), Integrated Disease Management (IDM), Integrated Weed Management (IWM) and also symptoms of nutritional disorders in the crop plants which tend to overlap in many instances. Integrated Pest Management It is defined as a “Pest Management technique� krishijagran.com
The cultural management practices include many agricultural operations with the object of controlling the pests/diseases/ weeds like deep ploughing, digging, inter-cultivation, fall ploughing, removal of weeds, earthing up, timely sowing/ planting, growing pest/disease resistant cultivars etc., besides the use of seed treatment as a prophylactic measure to prevent most of the seed/ soil born diseases and also against root damaging insect pests. Biotechnology is playing an important role in Pest management by introducing tissue culture through a gene manipulation for the development of pest/disease resistant crop varieties which is a boon to the farming community in recent years. Biotechnological tools have been utilized in developing insect and disease resistant cultivars in different crops. One of the principal out coming of such technique is the development of bollworm resistant Bt cotton which has covered about 95 per cent of the area under cotton cultivation in India. Further, there is a immense scope to explore the applications of nanotechnology in pest management by developing nano-pesticides. Mechanical control components include removal of the pest by manually or by using tools/implements to uproot and burn the affected plants, use of handnets, hopper dosers, extraction rods, pitfall traps, digging the trenches, growing trap crops or intercrops to prevent the damage to the main crop etc. Farmers must be advised to adopt trap cropping and intercropping systems as an IPM tool for dry land cropping situations. It is a simple method to protect the main crop from the AGRICULTURE WORLD | JULY 2016
33
Agro-based Enterprise
The insect pests are known to cause damage to the crops, either by biting or sucking the sap from plants as a result of it, they exhibit a variety of symptoms ultimately the growth is retarded. Similarly the diseases are caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, Mycoplasmas and nematodes, exhibiting a wide variety of symptoms like leaf spots, wilting, damping off, yellowing etc. whereas weeds include monocot and dicot, annual or perennial weeds and root parasites which absorb the nutrients and affect the growth of crops by depletion of their nutrients in the soil.
under a cropping ecosystem where more than one pest management components should be integrated judiciously and in a compatible manner so as to bring down the pest population below the economic injury level. The different pest management components include a) Cultural practices b) Mechanical practices c) Biological control components d) Chemical control measures. In addition to these control measures, Legislative control measure is also included which is mainly handled by the Government agencies. However, the chemical control should be taken as a last resort in pest management. The PHCs should be in a position to provide an array of technological solutions, along with different management components of cultural, mechanical, biological and chemical methods which are permissible to apply in the state as well as nationally acceptable, ecologically safer and environmentally sustainable for mitigating the crop loss and enhancing plant health and economic benefits.
Agro-based Enterprise
the safer and selective pesticide formulations, right dosage, right compatibility, and right appliance and coverage of plants are the most impor tant considerations to make chemical control feasible and effective.
pest damage. This has become proven practice, wherein Mustard has been recommended as a trap crop against the insect pests of cabbage. Similarly Marigold has been found to be a best trap crop to reduce the damage by polyphagous Helicoverpa armigera on many important food crops. Similarly, the crops like bajra, sorghum, maize, redgram can be grown as intercrops and castor, sunflower, cowpea and soybean can be cultivated as intercrops as well as trap crops to prevent most of the insect pests on groundnut crop when cultivated under dry land conditions. Biological control components include the natural enemies such as parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens. The basic principle behind biological control is “my enemy's enemy is my friend� wherein these agents will either perpetuate on their own in nature or they can be artificially multiplied and subjected to augmentative field releases to reduce the pest population. An array of biological control methods are available for managing the pests especially under Organic Agriculture particularly the use of natural enemies, including microbial pesticides. These are found to be ecofriendly, especially the bacterial, fungal and viral preparations such as Bt, NPV, Metarrhizium anisopliae, Lecanicillium lecanii (Verticillium lecanii), Beauveria bassiana etc. There are several parasitoids viz., Trichogramma, Breconids and other wasps in addition to several potential predators like Chr ysopids, Coccinellids including the insectivorous birds which needs to encouraged and conserved in the IPM. These have proved to be highly effective and widely acceptable on a variety of both sucking and chewing insects. The chemical control components include the application of variety of insecticides, fungicides and herbicides against the infestations of insect pests, diseases and weeds, respectively. While applying the chemical measures,
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A well trained agricultural graduates are suitable for convincing and advising the farming community in solving their field problems with Agricultural background and also to obtain training in any of the prestigious plant protection institutes in the country to lead the Plant Health Clinics effectively. The plant health clinics in any place should have a small laboratory with microscope, lenses, slides, posters for examination of the specimens in the clinic and also tool kit comprising lens, knife, hand gloves, tissue papers/ sanitizers for field examination. In addition a note book to record the information on case history and also a letter pad for writing the prescription in the field itself. A hand held palmtop or Laptop will help in the diagnosis and prescriptions as well. If they are not trained by upgrading their knowledge with current technology they will have to face the embarrassing moments while advocating prescriptions to the farmers on various issues of plant protection. The Plant Protection technologist who is looking after the PHC should be called as 'Plant Doctor' where, as an expert he has access to latest technological information and he should be in a position to acquire latest technology based on research findings obtained from the research organization of the State Agricultural Universities or from the ICAR institutes of the Central Government. Farmers need timely guidance to distinguish the difference between damages of insect pests and diseases even though they are capable of identifying the weeds which are commonly competing for nutrients with the main crops. The farmers should be in a position to strictly adhere to the recommendations made by plant doctors. The establishment of Plant Health Clinics in rural areas will bring in more confidence among the farming community especially with many new farmers who have chosen Agriculture as a profession.
Dr. D. Rajagopal* and Dr. D. N. Kambrekar** *Former Dean (PGS), University of Agricultural Sciences, Bengaluru **Scien st (Agril. Entomology), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad 580 005 (Email: kambrekardn@uasd.in)
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Dried Milk and Milk Products
Dried Milk and Milk Products Introduction Dried milk or milk powder is a manufactured dairy product made by evaporating milk to dryness. Various advantaged are associated with the drying of milk to produce milk powder these includes the utilization of excess milk available during winter season, longer shelf life, no need of refrigeration as well as ease and economy in the transport to the distant places such as army establishments at hilly, forest and dessert areas. Different dried milk products are also prepared such as butter milk powder, ice cream mix, cream powder, butter powder, whey powder etc. by drying the respective milk product. These dried milk products have
convenience in preparation and well suited for the today's busy life style. According to the Food Safety and Standards Act 2006; Milk Powder is defined as the product obtained by partial removal of water from milk of Cow and / or Buffalo. The fat and / or protein content of the milk may be adjusted by addition and/ or withdrawal of milk constituents in such a way as not to alter the whey protein to casein ratio of the milk being adjusted. It shall be of uniform colour and shall have pleasant taste and flavour free from off flavour and rancidity. It shall also be free from vegetable oil/ fat, mineral oil, thickening agents, added flavour and sweetening agent. percent
Table 1: The FSSAI standards for the milk powder:Product
Moisture
Milk Fat
Milk protein in
Titrable acidity (ml
milk solids and
0.1N NAOH / 10 gm
not fat
solids not fat)
(I) Whole milk
Not more than
Not less than Not less than
Not more than
powder
4.0 percent
26.0 percent
18.0
(ii) Partly skimmed
Not more than
Not less than Not less than
milk powder
than 5.0 percent 1.5 percent
34.0 percent 34.0 percent
Not more than
than 4.0 Solubility Percent*
Total ash on dry weight basis
Not less than 99
Not more than 7.3 percent
Not less than 99
18.0
Not more than 8.2 percent
and not more than 26.0 %
36
(iii) Skimmed milk
Not more than
not more than Not less than
Not more than
powder
percent
1.5 percent
18.0
AGRICULTURE WORLD | JULY 2016
34.0 percent
Not less than 99
Not more than 8.2 percent
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Table 2: Microbiological standards for dried milk and milk products
Sr. No.
Requirements
Milk powder / Cream Powder / Whey powder
1.
Total Plate Count
Not more than 50,000 / gm
2.
Coliform Count
Absent in 0.1 gm
3.
E. Coli
Absent in 0.1 gm
4.
SalmonellaA
bsent in 25 gm
5.
Shigella
Absent in 25 gm
6.
Staphylococcus aureus
Absent in 0.1 gm
7.
Yeast and Mould Count
Absent in 1 gm
8.
Anaerobic Spore Count
Absent in 1 gm
9.
Listeria monocytogens
Absent in 1 gm
Drying of milk and milk products Milk and milk products are commonly dried by following methods
Spray drying
Drum drying
Freeze drying
Presently, it is the most common method for the drying of whole milk, nonfat skimmed milk, buttermilk, whey etc. Pasteurized milk is first concentrated in an evaporator to approximately 50% milk solids. The resulting concentrated milk is then sprayed into a heated chamber where the water almost instantly evaporates, leaving fine particles of powdered milk solids. The principle of all spray dryers is to transform the concentrate into many small droplets which are then exposed to a fast current of hot air. Because of the very large surface area of the droplets (1 lit. of concentrate will be atomized to 1.5 x 1010 particles of 50µ with a total surface of 120 m2) the water evaporates almost instantaneously and the droplets are transformed into powder particles.
3. Freeze-drying Another process is freeze drying, which preserves many nutrients in milk, compared to drum drying. Freeze-drying, also known as lyophilization, or cryo-desiccation. Freeze-drying works by freezing the material and then reducing the surrounding pressure to allow the frozen water in the material to sublimate directly from the solid phase to the gas phase. Freeze-drying also causes less damage to the substance than other dehydration methods using higher temperatures. At the end of the operation, the final residual water content in the product is extremely low, around 1% to 4%. Freeze-drying does not usually cause shrinkage or toughening of the material being dried. In addition, sensory qualities (appearance, taste, flavour, odour) and nutritional content generally remain same as the food item dried. Freeze-dried products can be rehydrated (reconstituted) much more quickly and
2. Drum drying Drum drying is a method used for drying out water from the milk. Milk is applied as a thin film to the surface of a heated, high capacity drum, and the dried milk solids are then scraped off. This product is milled to a finished flake or powder form. However, powdered milk made this way tends to have a cooked flavor, due to caramelization caused by greater heat exposure. Like the Maillard reaction, caramelization is a type of non-enzymatic browning. Caramelization is the browning of sugar, a process used extensively in cooking for the resulting nutty flavor and brown color. As the process occurs, volatile chemicals are released, producing the characteristic caramel flavor. However,
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Dried Milk and Milk Products
1. Spray draying
unlike the Maillard reaction, caramelization is pyrolysis, as opposed to reaction with amino acids.
etc. Brief discussion regarding these products is given as follow: 1. Butter milk powder
easily because the process leaves microscopic pores. The pores are created by the ice crystals that sublimate, leaving gaps or pores in their place. These associated advantages make the process very popular for preserving food.
Dried Milk and Milk Products
Different dried milk products Important dried milk products include butter milk powder, whey powder, Ice cream mix powder
It is prepared from sweet, sour and high-acid butter milks after drying. The common method of manufacturing of these products includes either spray or drum process of drying. The butter milk should be cooled immediately to 5 C on drainage from the churn and stored in stainless steel lined tanks, and then it is pre-heated to 32-49 C to remove the fat. Heating is continued to 80 C for 15 min and condensed by drum process as 16% or spray process as 40-45 %. The concentrate is re-heated to 71-79 C to lower the moisture content less than 5%. Some drying difficulties and storage problems are reported as- high acidity, the concentrate tend to form an unmanageable smear on the drying drums and it is minimized by neutralizing using calcium hydroxide. Due to high lactose content (40%) the butter milk powder absorbs moisture and become sticky and cakes due to crystallization of lactose into hard
Table 3: Average nutritional composition of butter milk power (percentage)
Type of bu er milk
Sweat Sour
Moisture 2.8 4.8
Fat 5.3 5.7
Protein
Lactose
Ash
Lac c acid
34.3 37.6
50.0 38.8
7.6 7.4
5.7
lactose hydrate, To overcome this difficulty, the sour buttermilk is neutralized to about 0.2% acidity. Sweet butter milk power is used for enriching the nutritive value of prepared foods, bread etc. and also use for making ice-cream, animal and poultry feed; while high-acid butter milks is used for reconstitution into a 'lassi' beverage. 2. Whey powder Whey is produced as by-product along with the preparation of cheese, paneer, channa etc. and due to its high nutritive value particularly the high lactose content, it has many food applications. Whey powder is better option for it is storage and utility. It is mainly used for the manufacturing of frozen desserts, processed cheese
Table 4: Average nutritional composition of whey power (percentage)
Type of whey Cheddar cheese whey(sweet) Cottage cheese whey (acid)
Moisture 4.5 3.2
Fat 0.9 0.0
Protein Lactose Ash 12.9 73.5 8.0 13.0 66.5 10.2
Lactic acid 2.3 8.6
products, bakery products and poultry feed. Drum method is generally not utilized for the preparation of whey powder due to excessive caking problem, so spray process is used with or without neutralization. Whey is pre-heated to 77-104 C and condensed in a multiple effect evaporator to 40-70% solid and cooled 2-27 C seeded with lactose again held for 24 hours for lactose crystallization. Dry whey is packed with polythene liners (air tight) which must be reasonably impervious to moisture vapours and store at 10-20 C for 6-12 months. 3. Ice cream mix powder
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Ice cream mix powder is prepared by drying the whole milk or skim milk, cream and other added ingredients. Presently some dairy factories are producing it as market level in India. Ice cream mix powder is high in fat, Table 5: Average nutritional composition of Ice cream mix power (percentage)
Moisture 1.0-2.5
Fat 25.0-29.0
Serum solids 25.0-30.0
Sugar 37.0-42.0
Stabilizer+Emulsifier 0.5-1.2
liners, stored at 10-15°C temperature. As less than 2% moisture is expected to increase storage self-life 3-4 months and with gas (2% oxygen) in container also extend shelf life to 6-12 months at 10-15 C. Conclusions
Various ingredients such as fat, serum solids, sugar (sucrose or may be replace by 1-25% dextrose), stabilizer and emulsifier are mixed as per the total solids composition of dry product. The mix is pre heated to 65-71°C and homogenized at 2500 psi in first stage and 500 psi in second stage. The prepared mix is again heated to 82-88°C for 510 min, then spray dried to a coarse particle with 22.5% moisture and quickly cooled to 32-38 °C. Ice cream mix powder is packed in bags with polythene liners or in fibre drum with or without polythene
Manish Kumar Chatli, Manjeet Rathour, Rajandeep Kaur, Om Prakash Malav, Pavan Kumar and Nitin Mehta Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana
SUBSCRIPTION FOR AGRICULTURE WORLD Year
Copy
Rate (Rs)
Discount (Rs)
Rate (Rs)
1
12
840
80
760
2
24
1680
280
1400
3
36
2520
520
2000
5
60
4200
1200
3000
10
120
8400
3400
5000
15
180
12,600
6600
6000
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Dried Milk and Milk Products
protein and sugar and used for reconstitution into ice cream mix to be frozen into ice cream. Several defects are occurring commonly as browning, oxidation and staleness during storage.
Popularization of dried milk and milk products will enhance the availability of animal proteins to the masses which will help in curbing the malnutrition. There is no need of refrigeration or other preservation techniques for the storage of these products and can be stored at room temperature for longer time. Ability to utilize the surplus milk, easy to transport and presence of nutrients in condensed form will further increase the importance of these products.
India, US launch second phase of agricultural training program
Enterprise in Rural India
T
he Indian Agriculture Ministry along with the US Agency for International Development (USAID) launched the second phase of the "Feed the Future India-Triangular Training Program", to provide agriculture trainings to 1,500 agricultural professionals across Africa and Asia. The countries participated include Cambodia, Afghanistan, Myanmar, Vietnam, Mongolia, Lao PDR, Liberia, Kenya, Vietnam, Malawi, Ghana, Rwanda, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Botswana. “The impact assessments carried out for the first phase of the programme generated positive feed-back. The US is thus, expanding it to seventeen more countries. Our participation in the programme displays our soft power,” said Shobhana K Pattanayak, Agriculture Secretary at the launch. Three countries including Liberia, Kenya and Malawi
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AGRICULTURE WORLD | JULY 2016
were provided training in the first phase of the programme, funded by USAID and jointly implemented by India's National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management. “This exciting new program marks not only a significant step forward for the US-India bilateral partnership, but reinforces our commitment to work together as global partners," said U.S. Ambassador Richard R. Verma at the event. The program will train agricultural professionals in farming practices like agricultural marketing and dairy management.
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