The Ordinary Nature of Urban Flooding by Juanwen Li

The Ordinary Nature of

URBAN FLOODING Cause by extreme rainfall Juanwen Li S3583279 1

CONTENTS

ABSTRACT With climate change, global extreme weather is beginning to increase.

It cause the atmosphere that is packing more energy and carrying more moisture. More and more countries are facing the rising risk events of the Extreme rainfall . Extreme rainfall comes fast and cause huge damage of city; thus, extreme weather brings a lot of impact to urban. Urban flooding is one of serious and growing development challenge. This visual essay is mainly studying the landscape architecture design respond to urban flooding in Melbourne which is caused by extreme rainfall. In addition, compare to Guangzhou, what are the different methods takes by government to due with the urban flooding. Is the landscape architecture design can reduce the impacts of urban flooding and bring the benefits to human and environment? Or change the relationship between the flooding and city in the future?

Introduction----------------------------------------------------- 04 Comparison of Urban flooding ---------------------------------- 06 Research question ------------------------------------------------ 11 What cause urban flooding ----------------------------------- 12 Existing drainage system ----------------------------------------- 16 Roft surface ------------------------------------------------------ 20 Stormwater management lineage ---------------------------- 28 Design opportunities ------------------------------------------ 30 Government target --------------------------------------------- 32

The atmosphere is packing more energy

H2O H2O

H2O

H 2O

H2O

H2O

Design proposal ------------------------------------------------ 34

Rainfall

H2O H2O

Water Vapour

H2O H 2O H2O H2O

H2O

H2O H2O

H 2O

H2O

More Rainfall

H 2O

H 2O H 2O H 2O

H2O

H 2O H 2O H2O Resilient city

Water Vapour

Case study ------------------------------------------------------- 36

Soft surface

Evaportaion

Perviously

More Evaportaion

Temperature

Now

Reduce pressur drainage system

Temperature

Climate adaption (Future)

How can the climate change increase urban flooding, how can the landscape deal with the urban flooding. (Draw by author)

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Design toolbox --------------------------------------------------- 38 Conclusion-------------------------------------------------------- 40 Reference list ------------------------------------------------------ 41

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Analysis urban flood type

Both Guangzhou and Melbourne are the Coastal cities, they facing different types of flooding, figure one shows the type of urban flood, and demonstrates which type of urban flooding is this essay mainly focus on: (Pluvial flooding occurs when an extremely heavy downpour of rain saturates drainage systems and the excess water cannot be absorbed.)

What is the rainwater circulation?

Nature has its own pattern of rainwater circulation. The rainwater falls to the surface mainly through three forms of return to the rainwater cycle, namely evaporation, infiltration and surface runoff, of which evaporation and infiltration account for 90%, and surface circulation accounts for 10%. With the construction of modern cities, the density of the city is increasing, the urban hard pavement replaces the natural surface, the evaporation is reduced from 40% of the natural surface to 30%, and the penetration is reduced from 50% of the natural surface to 15%. The surface runoff has increased from 10% to 55% of the natural surface. The steep increase in surface runoff has caused large cities to experience flooding in severe weather such as heavy rain.Thus, how can the landscape architecture design compensate to environment?

Figure 2. The urban hard pavement replaces the natural surface, the evaporation is reduced.(Draw by author) Figure 1. The definition different types of urban flooding.

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Specificity from Guangzhou

Plan map Guangzhou

Comparison of Urban flooding between Guangzhou and Melbourne

Comparison of Urban flooding between Guangzhou and Melbourne

Picture: http://pic.chinadaily.com.cn/2018-06/10/content_36359954.htm

2018-06-08 Sustained heavy rain for up to 5 hours in Guangzhou, cause the traffic chaos in Dongfeng road, yuexiu district.(By

https://www.google.com/maps/place/Guangzhou,+Guangdong,+China/@23.1264324,113.3128771,2065m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x3402f895a35c2bc7:0xe59e075adeae415!8m2!3d23.12911!4d113.264385

Visual China)

In recent years, the increasing pluvial flooding events occurred in Guangzhou. The rapid development of cities, the increasing number of hard surfaces and the decreasing number of soft surfaces, have led to a decline in the ability of cities to absorb rainwater, and also the old urban drainage systems have been unable to withstand the increasing amount of heavy rainfall. As shown in the figure1, such a situation often occurs, seriously affecting the daily life of residents in Guangzhou.

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The water under the pedestrian bridge of Dongfeng Middle Road in Yuexiu District of Guangzhou City is too large, resulting in the accumulation of water in Dezheng North Road and Haoxian Road. Some of the passing vehicles broke down and pedestrians drowned. Dongfeng Middle Road is located in the center of Guangzhou, with dense houses, low-laying area and less vegetation. Less soft surface(rain garden, green roof to absorb stormwater) cause the huge run-off.

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Specificity from Melbourne

Plan map Melbourne

Comparison of Urban flooding between Guangzhou and Melbourne

Comparison of Urban flooding between Guangzhou and Melbourne

http://dla-plantastic.blogspot.com/2017/04/melbourne-and-climate-change.html

An image from a 2010 flood as rain crashes down on Melbourne’s CBD in Elizabeth st.

Source:News Corp Australia

Compared to Guangzhou, Melbourne has been implementing water sensitive cities for many years, but in the face of increasing storm challenges, Melbourne’s drainage system also cannot deal with the urban flooding cause by heavy rain. As shown, it is in the Elizabeth st where the urban floods often occurred, the coming of heavy rains still brought inconvenience to people and unpredictable property losses. Even Australia is a very dry country.

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https://www.google.com/maps/place/Elizabeth+St,+Melbourne+VIC+3000/@-37.8090174,144.9586625,913m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x6ad65d34d2754a9f:0xad27583c2c9e2890!8m2!3d-37.8090217!4d144.9608512

Elizabeth Street is located in the low-lying area of ​​the CBD, and the surrounding streets’s run off will Convergence to Elizabeth Street, which is easily cause urban flooding. Melbourne’s urban density is slightly lower than that of Guangzhou, but it has a lot of hard surface like Guangzhou, and the hard surface will weaken the ability of the surface to absorb rainwater. Then the rain will fall on the surface and will quickly converge into the low-lying area, causing the urban flooding.

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RESEARCH QUESTION

RESEARCH QUESTION

Comparison of Urban flooding between Guangzhou and Melbourne

What is Mega city? A Mega city is defined as a city with 10 million inhabitants or more.

Thus, Guangzhou is mega city where with less green surface,and density hard surface.

The population of Melbourne is projected to double over the next 50 years - from 5 million to 10 million - which means that by 2070 Melbourne will be classified as a Mega city. So, Melbourne will face the challenge of growing population, building denser and

Research question

less green spaces in the future. Since the green space rate is reduced, and there is nowhere to go for rainfall, causing run-off running fast into the low area in the city. For the city, if the underground drainage system is updated, it requires a lot of money, and also the drainage capacity of the drainage system is limited. For cities, in addition to drainage systems, landscape design can also help increase the city’s ability to cope with urban floods, such as wetlands, green spaces, rain gardens, etc., increase the soft surface area of the city, absorb the highest rate of rainwater, weaken run-off, and weaken impacts of urban floods. To sum up, before Melbourne becomes a mega city, can landscape archi-

While Melbourne is developing rapidly, how to use the urban open space more efficient, to reduce the impact of urban flooding which caused by extreme rainfall? Improve the relationship between cities and flooding?

Not just quickly draining water out of Melbourne?

tecture designer better balance the relationship between city and nature, use limited areas efficiently, increase the area of urban green space, and manage the storm water more efficiently?

2070 Melbourne will be classified as a Mega city.

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https://www.flickr.com/photos/nickpsomiadis/19807016370

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Melbourne run-off map

Melbourne run-off map

In the urban pluvial flooding, rainwater run-off is one of the main causes of urban flooding.

Due to the hard surface and topography, the rainwater falling on the ground quickly gathers together to form a flood peak. Then, this water running to the low-lying areas, which can block traffic, and affect people’s lives. As we can seen from this GIS map which is shows the water flow routes over land in the city of Melbourne, even it is same rainfall, but the run-off is not the same. I divided its runoff into five grades. It can be seen that the runoff in some areas is particularly large, where the surrounding runoffs gather, and finally flows to nearby low laying area,creeks or rivers.So this also seems that most of the water from flooding will be brought to the surrounding rivers or creeks with the garbage and pollution of the city’s surface.

Figure 01 . These flow routes are derived from the 2008 DEM surface using ESRI Spatial Analyst stream order tool with STRAHLER ordering

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Melbourne slope map

Melbourne Slope map

Topography is one of other the main causes of urban flooding, because the terrain affects the flow of water. In general, low-lying areas of the city are prone to flooding.Looking at Figure 01 and Figure 02, is seems that the area with large runoff in Figure 01 is usually a low-lying area.

The relationship between slop and run-off is that the greater the slope is, the larger the runoff coefficient. This GIS mapping illustrates the six different types of slopes which is Nearly level, Gently sloping, Moderately sloping, strongly sloping, Moderately steep and steep.It is obvious that the terrain in the southwest of Melbourne is relatively flat, and the terrain in the northeast is relatively large.

Figure 02 . The slope map from gis.

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Melbourne existing drainage system map

Melbourne existing drainage system map

The existing drainage system is to deal with normal rainfall, while the extra rainfall will cause overland flooding. For example,High-intensity precipitation caused by thunderstorms with an average rainfall of more than 20 mm/h and lasting more than one hour is likely to cause flooding or massive accumulation of water in urban areas.

Blockages or damaged drains are also responsible for the increase in onshore flow, drainage surcharges and road area water. Floods in Melbourne’s catchment areas are usually caused by thunderstorms in a short period of time because the hard drainage systems in these areas produce the highest runoff rates, and these drainage systems basically act on relatively small and impervious water area.It is obvious that the houses are densely populated, the denser the drainage pipes are, and the drainage pipes along the rivers are also dense, which means that most of the rainwater is finally discharged into the nearby rivers through these pipes.Combined with Figure 6, it is concluded that the drainage pipes are densely distributed in areas with large runoff. This means that water will quickly drain from the land, but Melbourne is a relatively dry place. Water is important scarce. Flood water is also a kind of fresh water resource. If it quickly run out from the land instead of absorbing it, it is a kind of waste.

Figure 03 . Drainage pipe data showing the underground network of drainage infrastructure.

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Melbourne stormwater pit map

Melbourne stormwater pit map

The existing rain puddle is designed to hold water so that the drainage system can handle the loss without overloading, and it can also function as a rainwater storage container. It is designed not only to accommodate all runoff, but to have a large enough volume to achieve a consistently long drain rate of water flow in line with the inflow rate of water flow. Excess groundwater, water from roads, parking lots and trails, as well as rainwater from roofs and drains are introduced into storm drains. Flow into rivers, streams, ponds and dry wells without treatment. This drainage system can separate contaminants from the internal structures and pipes (with filter assemblies and grilles) before the runoff reaches the exit. However, sometimes when garbage can block rainwater pits, resulting in poor drainage and increasing the severity of flooding in the city. As can be seen from this figure4, the rainwater pits in the CBD and south bank location are much denser than the surrounding. Although it has reduced run off on the ground, it has increased the loss of water resources.

Figure 04 This dataset captures all stormwater pits throughout the City of Melbourne.

° 1:65,000

Stormwater Pits Density PointDe_csv_2 <ďż˝ > 0 - 4,777,350 4,777,350.001 - 9,554,700 9,554,700.001 - 14,332,050

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14,332,050.01 - 19,109,400 19,109,400.01 - 23,886,750 23,886,750.01 - 28,664,100

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Melbourne Existing soft (green surface which can absorb the storm water) surface map

Melbourne green surface map

Before the European colonization, Melbourne was a delta, and the low-lying areas used to be wetlands or lakes. They had the ability to absorb floods in nature, but human colonization invaded the original place of water. People fill the wetland lakes and build the houses, which led to an increase in the hard surface in Melbourne. The water could not be infiltrated, and there was nowhere to go. Humans have destroyed the water cycle in nature, so it is necessary to increase the urban green area to make up for the soft surface that was lost before, to increase the infiltration rate of rainwater as much as possible, and to reduce the waste of water resources. It can be seen in this GIS map. Except for green plants, it is mostly in the suburbs, while the green rate in the city center and the south bank is very low, and it is naturally vulnerable to flooding. However, the Urban water of city of Melbourne have serious plan for storm water management, such as, rain garden, constructed wetland, green roof, porous pavement, infiltration trenches, tree pits, stormwater or rainwater harvesting and Swales. These methods are to capture the rain as much as possible and reduce the pollutants in the flood before they enter the drain. But the space in the city is limited, and the population is constantly growing. So, if we can use space efficiently to increase its soft surface? Like the CBD or the Southbank, the building will be taller and density in the future, it is hard to build a garden or constructed wetland in the meddle of central. The place in the CBD is much more expensive than the suburb. Thus, how to manage it is challenge for landscape architecture. We cannot stop real estate developers from stopping building buildings. We can only use limited space to manage storm water efficiently.

Figure 05 This dataset show the openspace(park) soft space in Melbourne.

° 1:65,000

Stormwater Pitsspace Density Open (park) PointDe_csv_2 <ďż˝ > 0 - 4,777,350 4,777,350.001 - 9,554,700

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9,554,700.001 - 14,332,050 14,332,050.01 - 19,109,400 19,109,400.01 - 23,886,750

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Melbourne Rooftops with environmental retrofitting opportunities

Melbourne green roof map

Green roofs and other green infrastructures play an important role in providing multiple benefits to urban landscapes, such as filtration of water pollution, delays in runoff, increased urban biodiversity, and effective solutions to urban flooding. The city of Melbourne has therefore recognized the importance of green roofs. The figure 06 shows that the rooftops retrofitting opportunities of city of Melbourne. Due to the city development, there limited space for urban park or reserves design, also the roofs account for the vast majority of impervious areas. In the future urban development, there will be more and more skyscrapers. then the roof will be a new opportunity to provide people with green space and absorb a lot of Rainwater, reducing stormwater runoff and reducing the impact of urban flooding.

Figure 06 This dataset show where there may be opportunities to retrofit existing building rooftops for green roofs.

° 1:65,000

Stormwater Pits Density Roofgarden PointDe_csv_2 <ďż˝ > 0 - 4,777,350

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4,777,350.001 - 9,554,700 9,554,700.001 - 14,332,050 14,332,050.01 - 19,109,400

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Elizabeth Street Existing condition map

Elizabeth Street Existing condition map

Since Elizabeth Street is located in a low-lying area, the water from the surrounding streets will gather there. Therefore, in many cases, Elizabeth Street is prone to urban flooding, which seriously affects the passage of vehicles and pedestrians, as well as people’s property safety. As can be seen from this map, Elizabeth Street has the largest stormwater runoff and minimal vegetation cover. Although the drainage pipes are dense, the amount of rain is limited and the stormwater is wasted.

Figure 07 This map shows the Elizabeth street existing condition map.

° 1:65,000

Stormwater Pits Density Raingarden tree pit PointDe_csv_2 Stormwater pit <� >

Drainage system 0 - 4,777,350 Run off 4,777,350.001 - 9,554,700 9,554,700.001 - 14,332,050

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14,332,050.01 - 19,109,400 19,109,400.01 - 23,886,750 23,886,750.01 - 28,664,100

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Elizabeth Street Existing condition section

Elizabeth Street Existing section condition Rainfall

A A

The figure 08 shows that Elizabeth Street with less vegetation cover which means that most of stormwater cannot be infiltration, it leads urban flooding be more seriously. The highly impervious city allows the water around the building roof, the water around the street to quickly converge to Elizabeth Street, and the limited drainage system leads to more serious urban flooding.There are no opportunities for vegetation, for water to be filtered or to infiltrate soils.

In dry days, the city will be more arid, hot and be lake of water. This is a vicious circle.

Plan

Rainfall

Raingarden tree pit Infiltration

limited drainage system

Building

Stree

Building

Figure 08 This diagram shows the Elizabeth street existing section condition .

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URBAN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT LINEAGE

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Opportunities to increase canopy cover and irrigate open space in the Elizabeth Street

Future construction development

Constructed

Elizabeth Street is located in the Elizabeth catchment, and I chose Elizabeth Street to Under Construction

test my ideas. Elizabeth Street is the CBD area and there will be more skyscrapers in the future, which means there will be less space to provide green space to people.

Figure 09 This dataset show opportunities to increase canopy cover and irrigate open space in the Elizabeth Street .melbourne.vic.

So how do we manage urban flooding

gov.au.

in a limited space in the future? Figure

°

9 shows areas that are likely to become soft surfaces, such as future green spaces,

1:65,000

green roofs, and streets. Figure 9.1 shows

Stormwater Pits Density

the trend of future buildings on Elizabeth

Green roof opportunity PointDe_csv_2 <ďż˝ >

Future 0 - 4,777,350

construction development zone

4,777,350.001 - 9,554,700

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Street. More skyscrapers will be built and buildings will be denser.

Open- space opportunity 9,554,700.001 14,332,050

Approved

14,332,050.01 - 19,109,400

Figure 9.1 :https://developmentactivity.melbourne.vic.gov.au/?_ga=2.92669407.376208999.1559392441-876773292.1552468959

19,109,400.01 - 23,886,750 23,886,750.01 - 28,664,100 Light Gray Canvas Base

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Design Proposal

Design Aim

Now

1:5

Increase in rainfall intensity

32% 2100

Short term

ARI

1:20

long term

ARI

1:100 ARI

Public space (Retention basin)

Urban flooding (Stormwater management)

Government target of Elizabeth catchment 1. Flooding (Main target) 1:20 Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) (or equivalent) flow capacity of all council drains within the catchment.

Green-blue street(Urban canal)

2. Alternative water use 3. Unsealed soil 40% of the Elizabeth Street Catchmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s soil surface is

Green roof (storge stormwater)

unsealed by 2030 (baseline year 2014).

4. Water quality

5. Open space Increase the provision of open space in the Catchment.

By redesigning streets, public spaces and roofs to minimize rainwater runoff and rainwater infiltration. Rainwater is filtered through the plant layer, contaminants are removed and then stored for irrigation during drought periods. The increase of urban green space can not only alleviate urban flooding, but also alleviate the urban heat island effect and provide people with a more livable urban environment.

6. Canopy cover Increase canopy cover to 40% across the Catchment by 2040

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Raingarden tree pit Green- blue street Greenroof Public space

Design proposal to increase soft surface in the Elizabeth Street

Figure 11

Extreme rainfall will increase by 2100, and current urban rainwater facilities will not be able to cope with the extreme weather of the future. And the development of the city will not stop, and the number of skyscrapers is also increasing. Figure 11 shows the short-term and long-term plans, which will increase the green roof area, the street rain garden area, and the public space area to maximize the capture of rainwater and filter the rainwater. Store rainwater and reuse rainwater.

Make city become more resilient in the future.

Figure 11.1 shows the detail design of rainwater management.

Now

Under Construction

Figure 11.1 Greenroof

Short term

Approved

Greenroof

Long term

Underground water tank Building

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Stree

Underground water tank

Building

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Case study---climate adaptive ZOHO lr-strippresentatie

The Polderroof project proposes to transform the roof of the ‘Katshoek’ parking lot into an attractive green roof to store and reuse rainwater from surrounding buildings. Polderroof not only collects rainwater from the ZOHO-raingarden for infiltration, but also serves as a collective place for urban agriculture, daily entertainment and small outdoor activities. Therefore, Polderroof can add new community, economic, environmental and ecological values to the ZOHO district.

Depaving and greening the ZOHO district takes shape in front of the ‘Katshoek’ building, where the Rain(a)way Garden is part of a new streetprofile in which the abundance of hard surface is being decreased.

The small pop-up ZOHO raingarden demonstrates the ZOHO climate protection capabilities. Both parking lots and most of

The climate proves that ZOHO can shape a resilient structure for the future of the region, not just a random set of projects. Designers have the flexibility to transform the surface of the region from hard to soft, which not only manages the rain but also greatly improves the quality of life of the community.

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the wide sidewalks can be turned into a small and gorgeous garden in two days. The plants in the garden can cope with both dry and wet conditions. The façade of Hofbogen is planted with creepers. The remaining tiles will be reused to highlight the edge of the garden and the rain drain through the garden.

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Store Urban flooding design toolbox

Water square (Dry condition) Function : Most of the time the square can be used as a recreational space.

Activity: Entertainment

I have summarized the methods that apply to urban shackles, which can be applied flexibly to different situations in cities.

Water square (Wet condition) Function : When heavy rain occurs, rainwater collected from nearby will

flow into the water square for a short period of time. After using it as a buffer space, the filtered water returns to the water system.

Filter

Divert

Underground tank (Wet + Dry condition)

Slope Function : Change the direction of water flow by changing terrain.

Bioswales/Infiltrating filter swales Function : Only in heavier rainfall events will the Wadi be filled

with water. In this way, clean water penetrates into the soil and can be used during drying.

Function : An underground storage tank that can hold water more efficiently.

Rainwater will be retained and stored in these facilities so that they can be reused and guided along the lush green urban oasis to reduce evaporation and cooling on hot days.

Activity: Sport

Urban Channel Rain garden (Dry condition)

Function : These streets can be formed with a unique V-shaped profile and raised kerbs to ensure water will flow in the middle of the road, which can keep away from the building.

Function :The rain garden is not a water garden. It is also not a pond or

Filter belt

wetland. Instead, the rain garden is dry most of the time.

Activity: Enjoy

Function : Water particles are removed using a combination of porous media such as soil, sand, stone, carbon, and the like.

Urban Ditch /Creek

Rain garden (Wet condition)

Function : Ditch/Greek streets are recommended as the upstream area of all Cloudburst roads. Green streets should be built with a combination of small-scale channels and rainwater planters or permeable paving.

Activity: Bicycle path, Running routes

Infiltration

Function : It usually only holds water during and after a rain event. Since the

rain garden will drain within 12 to 48 hours, mosquito breeding can be prevented.

Reuse

Artificial urban wetland (Wet+Dry condition) Function :The water can be static, flowing, salty, salty or fresh. Wetlands are

Porous pavement (Hard surface)

Fountain

Function : Permeable paving is a series of sustainable materials and techniques for permeable pavements, and the base and base allow water to move through the surface. In addition to reducing runoff, this effectively captures suspended solids and filters contaminants in the soil.

Function : The difference in height required for water retention during drying can provide interesting possibilities for urban use and play.

Landscape irrigation Bioswale (Soft surface) Function : Bioswales is able to absorb runoff from light rain events and handle large amounts of runoff, which are then directed to larger stormwater management systems.

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Function : Rain can be used to maintain Dry green oasis.

rich in biodiversity and provide a range of ecosystem services. Biological processes in the wetlands naturally eliminate water pollution. Constructed wetlands are often built in urban areas to capture, treat and store stormwater runoff.

Activity: Enjoy

Green roof (Wet conditon) Function :Green roofs and other green infrastructure are key to providing

multiple benefits to urban landscapes such as water filtration, runoff delays, increased urban biodiversity, and proven effective solutions to a wide range of urban flooding problems. The City of Melbourne also recognizes the importance of green roofs.

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REFERENCES

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Conclusion

In fact, no matter in which country, the extreme weather conditions caused by climate change in recent years are no longer a topic that can be avoided and ignored.

Therefore, it is inevitable to explore the overall urban rainwater landscape planning and design. With the development of modern cities and the lag of drainage system renewal, urban shackles are common throughout the world. In response to new developments in urban development and climate change, urban rainwater landscape research has broken through the local optimization of green streets, rain gardens, rainwater parks or plazas, creating a more macroscopic and holistic vision of rainwater landscape construction. New technologies and methods such as GIS and large hydrological models have been applied to urban rainwater landscape planning and design. However, the overall construction of the road is still under exploration, and the overall urban rainwater landscape planning and design method remains to be explored. GIS can help landscape design to look at the source and location of urban rainwater from a more macro perspective. It can help landscape architects think about issues from a broader perspective, not just focusing on local guilt issues, but discovering rainwater from where they gather, and they will flow there again. Enter a wider range to manage floods caused by rain. Through this research, I learned to consider urban flooding from different angles. Through the analysis of GIS data, it is possible to determine where some cities are prone to flooding, and why flooding occurs, and it is necessary to increase green space to improve the city’s water absorption capacity. Through case studies and theoretical studies, I also summarized several ways to manage rainwater. These methods can be flexibly applied to different places to improve the city’s water absorption capacity and make the city more livable.

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1. City of Melbourne Urban Water. (2019). Elizabeth Street Catchment

IWCM Plan - City of Melbourne Urban Water. [online] Available at:

2.

3.

4.

5.

http://urbanwater.melbourne.vic.gov.au/industry/our-strategies/elizabeth-street-catchment-iwcm-plan/ [Accessed 2 Jun. 2019].

Data.melbourne.vic.gov.au. (2019). [online] Available at: https://data.melbourne.vic.gov.au/ [Accessed 2 Jun. 2019].

Data.vic.gov.au. (2019). Discover and access Victorian Government open data. [online] Available at: https://data.vic.gov.au/ [Accessed 2 Jun. 2019].

Ses.vic.gov.au. (2019). [online] Available at: https://www.ses.vic.gov.au/ documents/112015/134732/Plan+-+City+of+Melbourne+-++Municipal+Storm+and+Flood+Emergency+Plan+-+June+2016-1.pdf/e61522f7-a9963859-bf6c-a6faa43fe724 [Accessed 6 May 2019].

Ambiental Environmental Assessment. (2019). Types of flood and flooding impact | Ambiental Environmental Assessment. [online] Available at: https://www.ambiental.co.uk/types-of-flood-and-flooding-impact/ [Accessed 6 May 2019].

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