WORLD WAR II (1939 - 1945)
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
UNITED STATES
TRADE UNIONISM
1870
1910
Model Tenements
Slum Housing
1930s
1920s
VA and FHA Housing
1937 THE NEW DEAL (1933)
National Housing Association Created
Philanthropy
SLUM CLEARANCE PROJECTS
GREAT DEPRESSION
HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT HUD (1965)
United States Housing Authority Locate and construct housing
1969
Discrimination is banned in housing
Sets up rights related to housing
low-interest loans = construction of low-income housing.
Improve housing conditions
HOUSING BUBBLE (1980s)
Destroy and Revitalize public housing projects
No affordable housing policies
Low-interest mortgages Units racially segregated
Over the course of 15 years, HOPE VI grants were used to demolish 96,200 public housing units and produce 107,800 new or renovated housing units, of which 56,800 were to be affordable to the lowest-income households.
Levittown in Long Island, NY
Strict tenant policies
SUBURBS
LABOR UNIONS COOPERATIVES
Levittown in Pennsylvania, PA
VS
Home and Tower Buildings, Brooklyn- first model tenements. New York, 1879.
Remaining Low-income population
Aerial View of Levittown in Pennsylvania, PA
THE PROJECTS
The “ Deserving Poor” Employed family with 2 parents.
Slum tenement in New York City.
First municipaly-funding houses: First Houses in NYC
PUBLIC HOUSING IS CREATED
First Public Housing Project: Techwood Homes in Atlanta, 1936.
SECTION 8 HOUSING VOUCHERS Riot at the Sojourner Truth homes by white neighbors. Detroit, Michigan.
Amalgamated Housing in the Bronx, 1921.
Housing = strategy : construction industry | improve the economy.
Queensbridge Houses, NY
MORE OPEN SPACES
WORLD WAR II (1939 - 1945)
ABOLITION OF SLAVERY (1889)
GETÚLIO VARGAS (1930-1945)
“African Neighborhoods” 1890
GANG VIOLENCE
2010
HYPERINFLATION
NATIONAL HOUSING BANK
DESTRUCTION OF POOR NEIGHBORHOODS
“My House My Life”
No affordable housing policies
1969
SANITATION POLICIES
MINHA CASA MINHA VIDA (2008)
THE LOST DECADE (1980s - 1990s)
CONJUNTOS HABITACIONAIS ( housing developments)
paternalistic government dictatorship
REPUBLIC PERIOD
NEGLECTED BUILDINGS
FALLBACKS IN MANAGEMENT
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP (1965 - 1984)
ILLEGAL SETTLEMENTS
Households that spent more than 30% of income on housing increased from 62% in 1960 to 69% in 1980 to 79% in 2000.
Columbia Point Projects, Boston.
SUCCESSFUL PROJECTS EXPERIENCE Cabrini-Green in Chicago, IL.
PUBLIC HOUSING IS CREATED CONJUNTOS / IAPs ( housing developments)
DROUGHT IN COUNTRYSIDE
STRIKES
African Neighborhood in Bahia, 1893.
CONJUNTO JOSÉ WALTER, FORTALEZA. 1972.
CONJUNTO HABITACIONAL PAVUNA, RIO DE JANEIRO, 1976.
Minha Casa Minha Vida delivered in 2013. Maranhão.
CONJUNTO HABITACIONAL SANTOS, SAO PAULO, 1980.
6.329 favelas
Slums destroyed for the beautyfication of Rio de Janeiro’s waterfront. Botafogo, Rio de Janeiro, 1910.
Drought in the Northeast of Brazil
HOMES FOR THE POOR
DISCONNECTED TO URBAN CENTER
Minha Casa Minha Vida in Bahia. 2012.
3.224.529 homes in favelas
MONOTONOUS HOUSING
Favela in São Paulo, 1920.
FIRST PUBLIC HOUSING BUILT IN RIO DE JANEIRO, 1930.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
POOR CONSTRUCTIVE
FAVELA OF SANTA MARTA, RIO DE JANEIRO. 1950.
DOES NOT SOLVE ILLEGALITY
MARXIST/ SOCIALIST IDEALS
1800s
1880s Housing was already seen as an issue
1848 Public Health Act
1887
1893
STATE HOUSES THE WORKING CLASSES
THE GREAT BRITISH HOUSING DISASTER
COUNCIL HOUSING (1919)
The Garden City Movement (1898)
THE OBSESSION WITH PROPERTY WORLD WAR 1I (1939 - 1945)
“A land fit for heroes”
1919
1922
1935 New council housing becomes labelled for the very poor,
Bloody Sunday Riots and Homeless people
GREAT DEPRESSION
1947 With over one million homes damaged or destroyed in the war, in London alone, housing was in short supply.
FACTORY PRODUCTION OF HOUSING
“The only answer is more housing” Minister of housing
First Garden City - Letchworth
RISING COSTS The Blair Years
1980
Housing = strategy : construction industry | improve the economy. 119,000 in 1964
133,000 in 1965
Housing Associations!
142,000 in 1966. Non profits that cater to minorities
SLUM CLEARANCE PROJECTS
Demolish poor quality housing and replace with new build.
The Great Recession 1974
1963
The numbers game
Sunray Estates - Housing built by London Council
“Buildings from a social housing complex on Rio de Janeiro, still not concluded, are presenting serious structural issues and will have to be destroyed for further reconstruction.” 2013.
MONOTONOUS HOUSING
STUDENT MANIFESTATIONS
WORLD WAR 1 (1914 - 1918)
DISCONNECTED TO URBAN
residents in favelas
CONJUNTO HABITACIONAL D. CAMARA, ALAGOAS. 1945.
1200 homes in Pará. 2013.
Housing = strategy : construction industry | improve the economy.
11.425.644
UNITED KINGDOM
New housing develoment in New York by HOPE VI
Aerial View of Levittown in Pennsylvania, PA
Working Class
GOVERNMENTAL INVOLVEMENT
Housing Law : Proper building codes and sanitation
poor sanitation, disease juvenile delinquency, crime, social disorder.
BRAZIL
HOPE VI (1992)
1968
1950s
Replacing with Mixed- Income developments
1997
The rise of Housing Associations.
RIGHT TO BUY Move of some of the best stock from public tenement to private owner occupation.
Council housing stock transferred to housing associations.
1945 Prefab Housing Fully fitted kitchens and bathrooms.
Rookeries -London
London’s Rookeries - Jacob’s Island
1984 Glasgow Tower Blocks
Building of new homes in larger peripheral estates Houses at Chepstow Garden City
Local Authorities build their own homes
Ballymun Flats, Dublin Becontree- Housing built by London Council
Flats built in Bristol center where slums used to be located
Prefab Kitchen in Bristol
Prefab Housing unit in Bristol
No research about construction techniques. Contractor was the designer, producer of the materials and supervisor of the process
“The estimate of people living in deffective housing was 6 million people”
High rents
Favela-style housing in suburbs such as Newham and Southall - overcrowding and unauthorised developments in back gardens and yards.