Centennial Edition English

February 10, 2012 100 years of mexican-american influence SP1 SinópsisArizona de Capítulos Special Centennial Edition 1912-2012 en Español

of Mexican-American Influence

Arizona, our History

Our soldiers in

wwII

100 Latinos:

their legacy

The Barrios:

A Complete History

Publication of La Voz Arizona

Culture, Religion,

Values and Traditions

Mexican Immigration

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Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

¡Felicidades Arizona!

There are moments in time when communities should pause and reflect on their past history, and celebrate those stories of people who significantly contributed to the greatness of the State of Arizona. These rich stories of families, culture, sacrifices and successes from our Mexican Arizonans have been captured in this Special Centennial Edition of La Voz. Raza Development Fund is deeply grateful to State Farm and Citi Foundation for their generous participation in this important project and for being part of this historical moment for our Latino Community in Arizona.

Hay momentos en la vida en que las comunidades deberían detenerse a pensar en su pasado histórico y celebrar lo que han hecho las personas que han contribuido significativamente al engrandecimiento del estado de Arizona. El periódico La Voz capturó las historias de nuestras familias méxico arizonenses y la riqueza de nuestra cultura, tradiciones, sacrificios y éxitos en esta Edición Especial de Centenario.

Raza Development Fund expresa su profundo agradecimiento a State Farm y la Fundación de Citi Bank por su generosa participación en este importante proyecto y por estar presentes en este momento histórico de nuestra comunidad latina.

Arizona

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February 10, 2012

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When Arizona became a state…

we were already here

By Luis Manuel Ortiz

A

n article that appeared in the first edition of La Voz on January 2000, had the same headline as the one above.

Today, 11 years later, the phrase has the same important meaning. And will continue to do so.

In 1912, Arizona became the 48th state of the Union. And that’s what we’re celebrating this February: a century’s worth of accomplishments and setting up the foundations for a better future.

Its new status gave Arizona a more formal “American” character. But not necessarily more Anglo-Saxon. It rather made it more diverse in what has characterized and enhanced this great country of immigrants, of ethnic diversity and cultural prevalence.

More so than many other entities in the country, Arizona is a diverse state. It has a deep and beautiful NativeAmerican culture and it boasts rich and colorful Hispanic traditions. Both are a fusion of the legacy stemming from the diverse values of the pioneers and European colonizers.

Today, it’s a cultural melting pot of languages, history and skin colors.

Today, as we celebrate Arizona’s 100th anniversary, Hispanics have a lot to celebrate. During this time, we’ve been an integral part of the state. We’ve written many of its history’s pages with our important accomplishments and that makes us proud.

We’ve left our footprints in every step of Arizona’s journey.

But it hasn’t been easy to get our accomplishments acknowledged and accepted.

Throughout this time, there have been critics who have gone against any logic and reason. But justice always pre-

vails and as we all know the birth and growth of a state or a nation is not exempt of great efforts, sacrifice and pain.

Just like Hispanics have contributed to the mosaic that built this state during this first century, we’ll continue to make our contributions. We will do so with the same determination, with our own beliefs, moral and family values. We will do it as a better educated and a politically involved community. We will do it with a greater self-awareness that we’re an integral part of this society.

La Voz wants to give our readers a glimpse of Hispanics’ contributions to our beloved state during this past century. In this special edition of La Voz, “100 years of Mexican-American influence in Arizona,” we offer a review of the most important events and pay tribute to the men and women who made Arizona a vibrant and important state.

To all of them, thank you for the efforts, bravery, struggle and heroism!

We recognize that the content of “100 years of Mexican-American influence in Arizona” may have errors and omissions, and for that we apologize. But rest assured that it wasn’t our intention.

Congratulations Arizona on our first centennial!

Cuando Arizona se constituyó como estado, nosotros ya estábamos aquí Por Luis Manuel Ortiz

Este encabezado tiene el mismo valor hoy en día que hace 11 años cuando salió la primera edición de La Voz. En 1912 Arizona se convirtió

en el estado 48 de la Unión Americana y hoy celebramos un siglo de logros.

La incorporación de Arizona a la Unión Americana le otorgó un carácter "americano" más formal, aunque no quiere decir que lo hizo más anglosajón.

Arizona es diverso, más que cualquier otro estado. Tiene una arraigada cultura indígena nativa sumada a las ricas y coloridas tradiciones hispanas.

Hoy que Arizona cumple 100 años de existencia, los hispanos tenemos mucho que celebrar. Durante todo este tiempo hemos sido una parte inseparable del estado. Hemos escrito muchas páginas de la historia con nuestros importantes logros y hemos dejado huella en cada paso que ha dado Arizona. Pero no ha sido fácil. Durante todo este tiempo también ha habido personas que han criticado nuestros logros. Sin embargo, siempre se impone la justicia y como todos sabemos, el nacimiento y el desarrollo de un estado o nación no están exentos de sacrificio y dolor.

Los hispanos han colocado su granito de arena para la construcción y el actual desarrollo del estado y lo seguiremos haciendo con la misma determinación, con las mismas creencias, valores morales y familiares. Pero ahora lo haremos como una comunidad con un mayor nivel de preparación y con una mayor participación política. Y también con una mayor conciencia de que somos una parte indispensable de esta sociedad.

En esta edición especial de La Voz, hemos hecho un breve repaso de los hombres y las mujeres que lograron que Arizona sea un estado importante y activo.

Queremos agradecerles a todos ellos por su esfuerzo, su valentía, su lucha y su heroísmo.

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IN THIS EDITION: Editorial – When Arizona became a state, we were already here

4 Arizona, Our Story from Raza Development 5 Message Fund 17 Arizona Symbols 19 Latino Barrios a town like no 21 Guadalupe, other in Arizona 26 For the Love of Our Country 28 Mexico Consulates in Arizona 32 Community Roundtable John Paul II and Mother 35 Pope Theresa’s Arizona Visits Influence in the Arizona 37 Latino Arts 39 Arizona’s Immigration History of the Catholic 42 Contributions Church to the Latino Community 45 Our Latino Stars 48 100 Latinos: Their Legacy

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Arizona

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Arizona, our history We have gone through good and bad experiences, but all of them have helped to form a strong community that looks forward for a bright future

By Paul Brinkley-Rogers Raza Development Fund

T

here has been no shortage of MexicanAmerican leaders, from the earliest days of the spectacular territory named by Spanish explorers “Arizuma” after the Aztec word that mean "silver-bearing."

Entrepreneurs.

Labor organizers. Teachers. Priests.

Publishers.

Physicians.

Lawmen and lawyers. War heroes. Local politicians and state politicians. Civil rights advocates. Miners, laborers and farmers. People of Mexican descent have helped make the stark landscape of Arizona a place of incredible

growth.

The earliest generations of Latino leaders have long since passed on. A youthful generation has inherited a birthright of culture and language built by their grandparents and great grandparents. Twentyeight per cent of the population of Phoenix is now Latino.

At some point in this decade, demographers say, Latinos will be Arizona’s majority population.

For those now in their 60s, 70s, 80s, and 90s, however, the past is vivid and real. The struggles they fought for quality and recognition are to be savored. Their accomplishments are now part of history. Their clubs and organizations live on, evidence of what

it took through the years to organize, assert, and lobby for equal rights as Americans.

There were struggles, but also phenomenal accomplishments. Relationships were built with state and local government agencies to create programs which allowed Chicanos to prosper and become entrepreneurs.

For example, the owner of the El Mesquite Mexican Restaurant in south Phoenix says that because she signed up to attend the Workforce Development Program of Chicanos Por La Causa, she was able to gain the knowledge to become a businesswoman.

There are still good stories to be told of what it meant to be Mexican-American when

Members of the Sociedad Mutualista de Obreros Mexicanos or Mexican Mutual Aid Society of Mexican workers, gathered in 1923. Courtesy of Ginny Jordan

Rosie y Joe Eddie López

Carlos Chavez/la Voz

Soul and Heart of the Chicano Movement Joe Eddie and Rosie López are, in real life, husband and wife… and they were the soul and heart of a movement social fight

By Paul Brinkley-Rogers Raza Development Fund

T

hey were the heart and the soul of the Chicano movement in Phoenix: Joe Eddie López and Rosemarie “Rosie” López, husband and wife.

They were a one, two, punch in those days in the 1960s when Mexican-Americans were clamoring for equal treatment and opportunity.

Joe Eddie worked night and day, 7 days a week, on community organizing and co-founded Chicanos Por La Causa in 1968.

There were many, many meetings at their home at 32nd Street and Lewis. Rosie made sure the energy level stayed high by always having a pot of steaming menudo ready to serve.

It was a life full of purpose.

But it was also a hard life.

Joe Eddie, ever thoughtful, talked about those times in the home he and Rosie share near South Mountain. They are both 72 years old. The bond is strong.

Rosie nodded her head in agreement and supplied extra details as her husband told the story.

He was born in December, 1939, in Duran, a hamlet that once was home to 300 people but is now a ghost town, 6,000 feet high, in central New Mexico.

He was born into a family of 10.

They were farm workers.

He grew up sitting in the back of an old Ford pickup shuttling between cotton and peanut fields in Texas, Colorado, New Mexico and California. He started working full time at the age of 9 and it was often so cold “my grandmother would take me home and feed me hot beans” to help keep him warm.

Rosie, a tall, strong woman, was born in Santa Monica, California. Her father, who worked as a busboy in the resort town of Del Mar, was from Rincon de Romos in Aguascalientes, Mexico, a small town that was once home to a priest named Padre Nieves who people believed made miracles.

Rosie’s father met his future wife

Arizona

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A message from Tommy Espinoza, President and CEO of the Raza Development Fund: T

he celebration of our state’s centennial has made me reflect on the history of our community throughout these one hundred years. We definitely have changed socially and politically, but our family values and our love for our country, culture, traditions and faith, have remained the same.

Our community has endured and prospered in spite of the suffering inflicted by racism, abuse and greed, thanks to the courage of people who have stood up against these injustices. Several organizations and movements have been created to fight for the rights of our people. The most important was the Chicano Movement, a national and coordinated effort during the 60s created out of the fight waged by Chicano leaders against segregation, discrimination and the lack of opportunities for Mexican-Americans trying to get a good education and better jobs.

Arizona played a key role in the movement. The Southwest Council of La Raza now National Council of La Raza was born in Phoenix. Cesar Chavez, Maclovio Barraza, Graciela Gil Olivarez, Joe Eddie and Rosie Lopez, Señora Guadalupe Huerta, Ronnie Lopez, Alfredo Gutierrez and the many others who gave their heart and soul, were important and valuable examples of the caliber of our state leadership.

Important as well was the priceless support we received from people in business, and other communities and backgrounds. They included Gene Rice, Bob Mathews, Don Bliss, Congressman Mo Udall,

Mark DeMichael, Congressman John Rhodes, Governor Bruce Babbitt, Council Calvin Goode, Pastor Warren H. Stewart, and many others.

The success of the Chicano Movement can be measured in many ways. It organized the largest social movement born in the Barrios. It changed the way the country perceived our community.

It led to the formation of labor unions and persuaded legislators to change policy, thus enabling our people to enter labor, government and academic institutions.

Our families now have access to health care, affordable housing, education programs and business financing, through community organizations, Community Development Financial Institutions, and various government programs.

There are Latinos in powerful positions, including elected officials or those working in major corporations, owning businesses, and working as educators and lawyers.

The success of the Chicano Movement was to bring down all the barriers. Today we are woven into the fabric of Arizona and the Nation.

The social challenges we are experiencing in Arizona today are not too different from the ones we have experienced in the past. The attacks on the Latino community, especially on immigrants and our religious values, are sophisticated and fostered within our own legislative and judicial system as well as in extremist groups that engender fear and hatred of our community.

But despite these attacks on the

Latino community we will flourish.

According to the 2010 U.S. Census, Arizona’s population has reached 6,392,017 with 1,445,632 residing in Phoenix alone. Of the 6 million Arizona residents 29.6 percent are Latino. Data from the Arizona Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, suggests that between 2000 and 2020, the growth of the Hispanic population in Arizona, is estimated to outpace that of non-Hispanic Whites by nearly 2 to 1. Along with population comes economic growth within our community. Research also shows Arizona as one of the top 10 states with large Hispanic market shares.

Despite markedly lower average income levels, Hispanic households spent more on groceries, telephone services, apparel and footwear.

Also, Hispanics spent a higher proportion of their money on dining out, housing, utilities and transportation, according to Shelby Publishing. Our contributions help enrich the state of Arizona and WE will continue to be a vital part of this great Nation of immigrants.

We live in the greatest country in the world. Yes, Arizona has its faults that with time are corrected through our democratic system.

So as Arizonans, let us enter the next 100 years with a new Latino movement which has as its core our experiences, sacrifices and wisdom in building an Arizona that has all families at its center. We can work for an Arizona that respects the human dignity of every person, an Arizona that measures economic success by creating opportunities for all families, regardless of their station in life.

We can create an Arizona that respects the freedom of religion and conscience, an Arizona that educates all our children to lead our state and country based on their love of family.

The late British writer and philosopher G.K. Chesterton once said: “When people begin to ignore human dignity, it will not be long before they begin to ignore human rights.”

Tommy Espinoza President & CEO Raza Development Fund

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schools were segregated, when medical care was denied to injured miners, when swimming pools were off limits, when Latinos were relegated to attending mass in a church basement, when they were “not permitted” to live north of Van Buren Street in Phoenix.

A very distant place These older leaders say that the many types of overt discrimination up to and through the 1960s are rare nowadays.

Street protests, lawsuits, subtle pressure on civic officials, appeals to reason, brought an imperfect equality. Today, because of the immigration issue, a new type of discrimination is being employed that is causing new protests and new lawsuits.

To go back to the beginning, more than 350 years before statehood, the land was once a remote outpost of Spanish Mexico.

Fray Marcos de Niza – whose name was lent to a “Mexicans only” housing project in the segregated year of 1941 – wandered north from Mexico in 1539. Coronado probed the Grand Canyon in 1546. A mission was founded on the Santa Cruz River in 1687. A trade route between Tucson and California was established in 1774.

But the United States won sovereignty over much of the Southwest including parts of Arizona in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo as the result of the MexicanAmerican War of 1846-48.

Only 6 years later Mexico ceded the southern third of Arizona in the so-called Gadsden Purchase, giving the United States sovereignty over rich mineral resources and farmland already being worked by Mexicans, and a railroad route to southern California. Mexican President Santa Ana, agreed to the $10 million purchase price, saying the land would have been soon lost to the Americans anyway.

Many Mexicans living in Sonora sought refuge in Arizona when the Americans attempted to exterminate the Apaches, and the Apaches

Ramon Jordan, one of five brothers who went to war together.

Courtesy of Ginny Jordan.

moved south into Mexico. Some of Arizona’s oldest MexicanAmerican families trace their history to this event.

Other families came north to work Anglo-run mining camps like Clifton and Morenci, working as laborers for one third the daily wages of Anglo workers. In the 1880s, Arizona Anglos outnumbered MexicanAmericans for the first time.

Cries of rebellion In the decade before statehood, Mexican-Americans working in the mines and in the railroads staged the first strikes for better wages and improved work and housing opportunities. This was the beginning of decades of Latino organizing. The roots of many key Latino advocacy groups of today can be traced back to these early demands for equality.

Self-help groups were founded to call attention to the plight of miners and to provide financial assistance to injured mine workers and families devastated by fatal accidents. These groups were the forerunners of many contemporary neighborhood organizations.

The Sociedad Mutualista de los Obreros Mexicanos, founded in the border city of Douglas in 1923 where the Phelps Dodge Corporation operated a copper smelter, still exists. Its meeting hall at 406 8th Street looks

100 years of mexican-american influence unchanged from those early days. There are 150 elderly members. Every year, that number shrinks, but the group is attempting to recruit young members who will cherish and safeguard its history.

Lupe Jordan, 86, and her husband, Ramon, 91, have been members since they were young. “The way my dad explained it to me,” Lupe Jordan said, “it got started when one of the workers for the railroad was injured and no clinic wanted to take him because he was Mexican.

“So many of us have died,” she said. “My dad; my husband’s father. But we still help. We give scholarships to Cochise College. If someone dies, we try to give the family $1,000. If a member is in hospital we help, but not very much because we don’t have the resources. So we give $4 per day for 20 days. It is a gesture of caring and respect.

“I became a member when I was very young. My dad said, ‘We need help. We Mexican people need to help each other.

“It was a very different world then. If you wanted a soda you might not get it because they didn’t want to serve a Mexican. At grammar school there were separate classes for Mexicans. If we spoke Spanish we were spanked. We were not allowed to go to dances. It was like that until the 1950s. Even now I feel hurt when I think about that. I’ve been carrying a chip on my shoulder about it for so many years.”

She said she finds it hard to forgive when she considers the fact that her husband and 4 of his 6 brothers all served honorably in the US Navy aboard the USS Marcasite during World War II. They all survived. Two other brothers served in the Navy after the war. She has a photo of the 7 Jordan brothers that show their faces arranged in a circle like a constellation of stars.

After the war ended, her husband confronted the school principal in Douglas to change the segregation policy. “After I fought for my country, you would do this to my family?”

in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico.

“I got into organizing by accident,” Joe Eddie recalled. “I wasn’t one to join a movement of any kind. I was a farm worker who travelled the migrant stream.”

Finally, in 1949, when he was 10, Joe Eddie and his five brothers settled permanently in Arizona. They had an uncle who was a general foreman at Arrowhead Ranch and Joe Eddie lived there for a while. Finally, his family put down roots at 16th Street and Apache in South Phoenix.

He liked to read. Even though he often had to get up at 3 AM to pick oranges, lemons and celery, he found time in the evenings to read something.

“I always hoped I could be a philosopher, or psychologist.

But people told me, ‘Don’t kid yourself.’”

He graduated from Peoria High School in 1957. In the 1960s he met Ascencion “Sonny” Najera who flew aircraft for the US Air Force in the Vietnam era and who had become involved in organizing young Chicanos in California, and then in Phoenix.

Najera “dragged” him to a meeting and he discovered “it was easy for me to understand what they wanted, especially when they were talking about farm workers. He was inspired by a speech he watched Cesar Chavez give at Phoenix College.

A 1971 publication distributed in Hispanic neighborhoods in Phoenix. It referred to the Garcia family.

Joe Eddie and Rosie met for the first time on the dance floor at the famed Riverside Ballroom, especially popular with young Mexican-Americans on Sunday nights. Soon they were organizing students at Arizona State and at other schools. MASO (Mexican-American Student Organization) was started at ASU and they poured all their energies into it. “That was fine on a campus,” he said. “But we felt the task of improving (opportunities for Chicanos) was going to come through community organizing.

Political rivalries in 1967 slowed down an attempt to establish a major Chicano organization in Phoenix, with the Phoenix-based Southwest Council of La Raza (SCLC) – the forerunner of the National Council of La Raza – looking on. But finally in 1968, Joe Eddie emerged as the leader, and Chicanos Por La Causa was founded with the help of seed money from the SCLC. As CPLC’s Co-Founder and Chairman, he directed the dramatic 18-month fight to improve conditions and opportunities for Latino students at Phoenix Union High School where a walkout had occurred after girl students were molested. But he also was working full time as a refrigeration steam fitter.

Joe Eddie was consumed by work. There

Arizona

she remembers her outraged husband said. As a result, the policy began to change.

Before and after the war The war gave MexicanAmericans who wore the uniform an opportunity to see the world outside their neighborhoods and barrios. They served with people from other cultures. There was often discrimination in the military too, but the experience of fighting for a good cause galvanized many young Latino men. About 450,000 Mexican-Americans from all over the nation served in the military.

Some of them felt this was their moment to show that they were Americans too. When Pearl Harbor was attacked, the Phoenix newspaper, El Mensajero, declared: “We should show that we are of the same disposition, ready to sacrifice all that we possess, even the precious blood of our sons.” Many of these sons decided that things were going to be different when they returned home.

Phoenix was a relatively small city in 1940. Its population was 62,414, including 9,740 Hispanics – 15 per cent of the population. At the end of the war the city had nearly 100,000 residents, of whom 16,000 were Latino. The count in the 2010 Census was 1.445 million residents, 40.8 per cent Latino.

The city’s boundaries ran from 24th Street on the east to 25th Avenue on the west, and from Thomas Road in the north to Buckeye Road west of Central Avenue and Buchanan Street east of Central. Latinos lived in five clearly defined barrios in often substandard housing much of which was outside the city limits.

Segregated housing When war started in 1942, one fact of life was that Latinos were relegated to the other side of the railroad tracks in south Phoenix. Movement south and north of Van Buren Street did not occur until the late 1940s and early 1950s when Latino military veterans

100 years of mexican-american influence

began demanding equal housing opportunities, and activist groups and lawyers started hammering at the doors of justice to set things right.

Silvestre Herrera, who was born in Chihuahua, Mexico, was one of many Phoenix Hispanics who earned medals for their service. But in his case he won the ultimate decoration: the Medal of Honor, for charging German gun emplacements with a bayonet fixed to his M-1 rifle. His feet were blown off by a mine, but he continued firing.

He survived and returned to Phoenix where he was given American citizenship.

Governor Sid Osborn designated Aug. 25, 1945, as Silvestre Herrera Day, officials flocked to Union Station to welcome home the hero, and he was guest of honor at a parade down Central Avenue.

However, only a few days before the honors, Latino community leaders preparing to welcome Herrera noticed that several downtown Phoenix businesses were still posting signs which read, “No Mexican Trade Wanted.” Furious lobbying convinced the Governor to order the signs removed.

When the war ended, Latinos began pressing for an end to segregation in housing.

Even federally-funded housing programs that had built better housing during the war for families working in defense industry plants were segregated.

In 1939 the Phoenix Housing Authority with Father Emmett McLoughlin as chairman, funded several segregated projects built in 1942: one for Anglos, one for African-Americans, and one for Mexican-Americans: the 225 homes of the Marcos de Niza project from Yavapai to Pima streets and First to Fourth avenues.

Many Latinos liked living in the project. But for those who wanted to live elsewhere, the door was barred. David Perez, who fought as a member of the Bushmasters during the war, tried to use the GI Bill to finance a home, but banks redlined him.

Amadeo Suarez, a veteran

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Silvestre Herrera, a Mexican native and hero of the U.S. war. The

Arizona Republic.

who tried to buy a home in Melrose Manor on North 7th Avenue, was turned down because of a restrictive deed that read, “No lot or tract, or any part thereof, shall be leased, let, occupied, sold or transferred to anyone other than to members of the white or Caucasian race except those of Mexican or Spanish ancestry, and this exclusion shall include those having perceptible strains of Mexican, Spanish, Asiatic, Negro or Indian blood.”

American Legion Post 41 There were many such examples. They infuriated young veterans who had risked everything fighting for their country.

Many civic organizations were started. One of the most influential was American Legion Post 41, founded in October, 1945, by Ray Martinez and Frank Fuentes.

Martinez said it was not just going to be a social group.

“When we got out of the service, some of us knew we had a mission,” Martinez told one historian. “Because we were not going to go back to the discrimination we had suffered before. We knew that was the time, right after the war…and we thought, well this is the time to make the move.”

The Post, which is still going

The López couple on their wedding day. Courtesy of Rosie and Joe Eddie López.

was the cause. There also was the need for a paycheck. The hours were long. Sacrifices were made that both Joe Eddie and Rosie have not forgotten because they had such an impact on their life as a family, and on their children.

“If I wanted to see Joe Eddie, it usually had to be at a meeting,” Rosie said. “It was the sacrifice we made. Lots of us in the movement had to make that sacrifice.

“I got to cook every night for those bearded guys. Our kids (Eddie and Debbie) suffered an awful lot. My son Eddie didn’t have a very close relationship with his dad. He (Joe Eddie) spends a lot of time with his son to make up for that.

“Because he was so involved, it affected our family life. I would take the kids to school and then go to CPLC. Then I would go back to school, and then there would be more meetings and I knew in my heart that I would have to be there, like Joe Eddie.

“There were the marches.

The boycotts. We would both be there. If I wasn’t doing that I was making big pots of menudo, or making enchiladas, to feed everyone” attending the so frequent meetings at the Lopez home.

Rosie said “In those days it was not kosher for a wife to be helping her husband” with leadership and ideology. “It was difficult for her. I was a causista (activist) from day one. I was kind of shy. I was not confident about speaking up. I was not recognized as a person on my own.”

But she did help recruit a group of older women, who were mostly mothers, to the board of CPLC, which gave the organization huge credibility it would not have had if all its leaders were young people.

“Without that group of women we would not have succeeded,” Joe Eddie said. Without (ASU Professor) Miguel Montiel giving guidance we wouldn’t have made it. You have to have a community organization that is representative of the community, if you are going to succeed.

The presence on the board of women like Zobeda Fritz, Hilda Valles, Antonia Diaz, Guadalupe Huerta, Carolina “Curly” Rosales and Terri Cruz, who is still with CPLC, created a “la familia” at CPLC. It helped blunt criticism and suspicion, in both the Anglo and Latino communities, “that

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strong at 2nd Avenue at Grant Park, helped end segregation at Tempe Beach swimming pool where Mexican-Americans were allowed one day a week.

It halted discrimination by builders in housing developments. It lobbied city council members to allocate funding for elementary schools needed for Latino children, upgraded Grant, Central and Harmon Parks in south Phoenix, and started a baby clinic.

Through the years, younger veterans joined Post 41 and, like their predecessors, often became major successes in life.

Arturo “Art” Othon, whose father Lencho was a World War II vet, enlisted in the Army from 1969 to 1972. “It made me grow up,” he said. “I was a punk before I went in. I matured real quick, and after I came back and saw what was going on (in the community’s fight for equal rights) I decided I was going to work the system.”

He worked in construction.

He was the first Latino to be executive assistant to Mayor Terry Goddard, and he held the same title with Governor Rose Mofford. He worked at the Department of Economic Security. He spent 18 years as director of Community and Economic Development with Arizona Public Service (APS).

He managed the Westside Training Center at 35th Avenue and Thomas for Chicanos Por La Causa, which he served as President from 1980-82. The group, now one of the largest Latino advocacy organizations in the nation, was started in 1967 by young MexicanAmerican men and women determined to improve the quality of life for Arizona’s Latinos.

Low-income student Othon, 62, is retired. But you would never know that, looking at his daily schedule.

He is deeply involved in the running of the family-owned El Bravo restaurants on Seventh Street and also at Terminal 4 of Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.

He is immediate past chair-

Art Othon, former President of Chicanos Por La Causa. Carlos Chavez/La Voz

man of Westmarc, a coalition of West Valley government, education and business leaders. He is chairman of the Victoria Foundation and a board member of the Valley of the Sun YMCA Hispanic/ Latino Advisory Council. He is chief Business Development Officer at Naff & Associates Insurance Services.

He has come a long way since he first left the military and as a young man eager to both learn and change the system at home, started attending city meetings “to see and understand what was happening.”

Early on, he realized that education officials were not funding predominantly Latino schools so that they were on a par with schools elsewhere. He looked at the 32 schools in the Washington School District, one third of which are in mostly Latino south Phoenix, and learned that schools there were not getting funding for music, art and physical education which meant that at graduation time Latino students were not competitive in access to higher education.

He helped change all of that.

He became a major figure in the business community. But he said that given the present climate of discrimination in Phoenix he can’t help feeling that “Those kinds of things are still happening today. In

100 years of mexican-american influence some ways we have advanced.

In some ways we have gone back.”

Othon is highly critical of SB1070. “They created all those lies,” he says of those who lobbied for the bill, including former State Sen. Russell Pearce, Governor Jan Brewer, former Maricopa County Attorney Andrew Thomas, and Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio. The “culture of fear,” he said, “as been ruinous for Arizona’s image.

“What Pearce has done,” Othon said, “has hurt our state. As director of economic development for APS, I would send teams to other states to recruit businesses.

But because of Pearce and the others, we were a laughing stock. Businesses asked why their employees would want to go to a state that doesn’t properly educate children.

Why would they want those children exposed to racism?

“Right now, I would say things are worse,” he said, compared with what he remembers from his youth. “Our (Latino) kids feel the effects of this racism. Anglo kids are asking our kids, ‘Where are your papers?’

“This is blatantly worse than it was in the 1940s, 50s and 60s. In the 1940s it was “Get off the sidewalk. Our culture then was humble. We respected authority. We didn’t challenge. But we did get a good education.”

Sons of the Legion Phoenix native Pete Garcia succeeded Othon as President and CEO of Chicanos Por La Causa in 1984, but his work with the large social service organization dates all the way back to 1972. He has just stepped down as CPLC’s leader. He is 67 now, a big relaxed guy with a baritone’s voice.

He also is a veteran. He often played football in Germany in 1962-65 when he was in the Army.

He has clear memories when he was a teenager, Garcia said, of “never going north of Van Buren and staying south of a ‘certain area.’

“It was not allowed,” he

Joe Eddie and Rosie López have a great family, though they devoted a lot of their time to activist work. Courtesy of Rosie and Joe Eddie López

we were radicals,” Joe Eddie said. It helped win the struggle for better medical services in south Phoenix. It helped bring curriculum reforms and better security at Phoenix Union. Young Mexican-Americans no longer were being steered into vocational training, They could aspire to become anything they wanted.

CPLC, born to activism, matured to become a major community development organization like Unity Council in Oakland, and TELACU (The East Los Angeles Community Union). They were founded about the same time as CPLC. Joe Eddie said honors came his way. He was offered fellowships or scholarships to Yale University and the University of California’s Hastings Law School in San Francisco.

But he was too busy.

Later, he served terms in both the Arizona House and Senate from 1991 to 1996, representing District 22.

“My biggest regret,” he said, “is that perhaps because of our efforts in getting the organization going, we caused a lot of families to split up. I regret that. In talking to some of them, they often say now it wasn’t the best decision.

They were sorry

it happened. I sometimes feel a little bad about those things.

“We chose to make the sacrifice. I see now how I neglected my son and daughter. I just pray that they understand this. My son, Eddie, had a great love for camping. He had to do it alone. I knew then when I was neglecting them, but I couldn’t explain it to them. I couldn’t say it was because we were doing something really important.”

Chicanos Por La Causa is now a large organization with hundreds of employees and massive community development programs affecting whole neighborhoods all across Arizona. The days of meeting in a small green building are long gone. The legacy and the memories are strong.

Arizona

said.

But the military broadened his exposure to the world outside of the public housing project where he grew up in central Phoenix. One moment he was just a kid from Phoenix.

The next moment, as a GI, he was monitoring the location of Soviet nuclear weapons in case the Russians decided to invade West Germany.

Returning to Phoenix, he decided to go to Phoenix College. Later he moved on to Arizona State University, earning a degree in education in 1972. He also was a loyal member of Post 41, and he helped start Sons of the Legion.

Sons of the Legion included sons and daughters of veterans. It gave young Latinos the opportunity to learn about organizing around Robert’s Rules of Order, and to go from being activists to providing opportunities for Chicano youth to get scholarships. In a way, members took the ideals veterans had fought for and began putting them into action.

“I did my homework there at the bar of the Legion” he said, laughing. “I am still a member. When I go there, everybody buys me a drink.”

Garcia cracks pretty good jokes.

But, like Othon, and other Arizona Latino leaders who have clear memories of the Pete Garcia, former president of CPLC and current president of the Victoria Foundation.

Carlos Chavez/ La Voz

100 years of mexican-american influence

injustices of the past, he does not joke about the injustices of the present.

“It’s a cultural shock for Anglos to come here and see the positions they (Latinos) are in, in terms of leadership,” he said. “Arizona is totally different from other states. The food. The culture. The religion.

They are all different.”

Anglo immigrants are susceptible to input from fear mongers, Garcia said. The rhetoric of fear dominates the moment.

But this also is the time when Latinos have never been more successful: more young people are going to college, even though college is less and less affordable. There are more Latinos in professional and executive positions. Latino representation is growing in local and state politics. Latino organizations are becoming effective.

Rapid demographic changes are pointing to a future in Arizona where Hispanics will be the majority population and those who say ‘I want my country back’ will be facing the inevitability of becoming the minority population.

It is a unique moment for the Latino community, Garcia said. It is a time of great opportunity and possibilities in terms of national influence.

The immigration debate has intensified as these changes happen, maybe because of these changes.

On the one hand, the Anglo majority “has a fear of the Latino population. They fear the possibilities. There is a phobia about the future. We hear about illegals, drugs, beheadings in the desert.

There is fear that the (Latino) population will revolt, or do something bad.

A Hispanic governor “But if you are objective, and you look at improvements made by Latinos, what do you see? There has

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Daniel Ortega:

It is up to us to stop the past from repeating again W

“I never accepted the word ‘minority.’ It degrades me as a human been. I am with the majority, born and raised in the United States.”

hat is the foundation of the Chicano community? It is family, and the values of that family, and there are many tens of thousands of young Latinos in high school and college who have high ambition because there are generations of successful role models in those families.

Take the extended family of Phoenix attorney Daniel R. Ortega Jr., known to family and friends as Danny. Danny Ortega is in his third term as chairman of the board of the National Council of La Raza and he has been a relentless critic of SB1070 and Arizona politicians who backed that legislation. He also is a board member of the Cesar Chavez Foundation and since 1971 he has served 31 organizations in various positions.

Ortega, born in El Paso, Texas, comes from a big family.

Not so long ago it worked mostly in the fields. He reckons that more than 300 members from his father’s side of the family – uncles, aunts, cousins, brothers, sisters, and “all the children of those children,” plus more than 100 members from his mother’s family, live in the Phoenix area.

His father, Daniel R. Ortega, born in Laveen but raised in Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, and his mother, Elvira Avila Ortega, born in Torreon, Coahuila, Mexico, had 8 children.

“Of those 8 kids, 7 have bachelor’s degrees – 6 from ASU and the other from Grand Canyon College. Of those 7, four have professional degrees.

The remaining child is a com-

Daniel “Danny” Ortega Jr., lawyer and president of the board of the directors of the National Council of La Raza. Carlos Chavez/La Voz munity liaison worker for a Phoenix school district. Ortega and his brothers and sisters spent much of their childhood in both the American Southwest and in Juarez.

Ortega has three children, all graduates, like their father, of Arizona State University.

Reyna has a Bachelor of Science degree in nursing.

Daniel III has a bachelor’s degree in political science and just received his law degree, passing the state bar on the first try. His other son, Miguel, has a degree in Physical Education and wants to be a high school PE teacher.

“If you talk to immigrants today,” said Ortega, who is 60 and is a personal injury lawyer, “they are no different from my mom and dad. In the case of dad, he was a farm worker, but he had this dream that he would run a small business.

“It was a case of taking a negative and turning it into a positive. For my dad, salaried jobs were not available. He was Mexican. He didn’t have the education. However, the entrepreneurial spirit in a situation like that comes from opportunities denied in society.

“My dad never thought ‘They are not giving me jobs because I am a Mexican.’ He just said ‘I’m going to get ahead.’ Dad never said ‘Racism is holding me back.’ He always said. If you work hard you’ll be a success.’”

And his father was a success. He bought an old pickup truck in 1958 and started hauling vegetables and produce from the fields to the canneries, and he earned more income from that than he would ever earn picking oranges or cotton.”

Ortega’s father died 7

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years ago. His mother lives on Baseline Road in South Phoenix.

Ortega said many of the estimated 75,000 undocumented immigrants and supporters marching on the state capital to protest SB 1070 in May, 2010, soon after Governor Jan Brewer signed it into law, have similar dreams of starting a small business.

In his case, he said, he was working at the age of 5, helping to load and unload trucks coming from the fields. “At 8, I started mowing lawns. Then I got a newspaper route. My parents worked, worked, worked, as if there was nothing else to do. Work was the foundation of our family, the reason for its strength.”

Ortega went to Phoenix Union High School. He was a high achieving student.

He was class president and he excelled at cross country athletics. Anglo kids had no trouble getting into precollege classes. But Ortega’s teachers urged him to take shop classes “good for being an auto mechanic or a sheet metal worker or some other trade that Chicanos did.” He dug in his heels, and got the classes that he wanted.

All around him in Arizona and the Southwest, MexicanAmericans were organizing.

Ortega did not have much political awareness. He was a high schooler who “was very proud of being of Mexican descent, proud of our music, our food, and our family structure.”

His first exposure to political action came when “ASU students with MASO (Mexican American Student Organization organized in 1968) invited me to a LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens, founded in 1929 in Texas) meeting. I went, but mostly because I thought it get a scholarship to go to ASU.” Instead there was a confrontation between the two groups and Ortega discove-

Arizona

red he had much in common with MASO, founded by students like him.

He got his early mentoring in political action and awareness from activist veterans Joe Eddie Lopez and Rosie Lopez, who helped found Chicanos Por La Causa.

“I was only 17 then.

MASO then invited me to a meeting at Joe Eddie’s house at 39th Avenue and Lewis.

That house hosted so many meetings! They invited me to speak. It was all new to me, but I was happy to be around Mexican-Americans from the university. … From there, there was no turning back.”

It was an ideal time for a young Chicano to go to college, he said. The national struggle for civil rights – already in its eighth year – was rallying the Latino, AfricanAmerican, Native-American, and Asian communities.

Congress, universities and foundations were prompted to begin offering scholarships. Ortega won a Pell Grant. He passed the state bar in 1977.

Ortega said Arizona is at a critical point in its destiny.

The worst of the antiLatino, anti-immigrant, wave of prejudice, may be over, he said. “The pendulum is now swinging the other way. The middle class mainstream is beginning to say ‘This doesn’t feel right.’ States outside Arizona realize that politicians can ruin a state’s image – ruin it for business - which has happened here.

“I think we are going to get over this and come to a point where everyone recognizes that we (Chicanos) are contributors. We are going to be the majority in the future.

It is up to Latinos to behave in a way that does not repeat the recent past. We need to have the vision to understand what it means to be the ‘majority’.

“I never accepted the word ‘minority.’ It demeans me as a human being. I am with the majority, Americanborn and raised.”

100 years of mexican-american influence

Raul Castro was born in Sonora, Mexico but became the first Hispanic governor of Arizona and was U.S. ambassador. The Arizona Republic

been a Latino governor. Latino city council members. Latino congressmen. All of us who have been working since the early 70s to improve the availability of jobs and other things have a lot to be proud of.”

Garcia is proud of what he came from, as well as what he has done with his life.

His Victoria Foundation, a Phoenix philanthropic nonprofit with offices at 12th Street and Buckeye Road, started up in 2008. It makes grants that impact economic development, education, arts and culture and affordable housing.

The foundation is named after his mother, Victoria. “I gave it her name,” he said, “because she saved me from going to the penitentiary. She was born in Pima, Arizona, near Safford. She got there in a covered wagon all the way from Silver City, New Mexico, where my grandfather owned a farm.

His upbringing was stormy, he said. “My mom was a single mother with severe arthritis.

My dad was an alcoholic who torched the house. Out of that, Garcia made a life most people would envy. He even has fans and friends in far away Wales where he visits every now and then to see check on the progress of the credit union he helped get off the ground.

The credit union now has 5,000 members, including many blue collar workers.

It is proof, he said, that expertise gained working for a Chicano social services organization like CPLC is transferrable. He got a kick out of the fact that he, a former kid from the barrio, was able to chat with Prince Charles in Wales as a result of his work there.

The Prince is better known as the Prince of Wales.

National Council of La Raza’s roots There is a much larger organization than CPLC that works out of offices in Washington DC and lobbies in behalf of the Hispanic community in Congress and among leaders of industry. That organization is the National Council of La Raza (NCLR), the largest Latino advocacy organization in the United States.

But the organization that gave birth to NCLR – the Southwest Council of La Raza (SCLR) – was founded in February, 1968, in Phoenix with funding from the Ford Foundation, the United Auto Workers, and the National Council of Churches.

Herman Gallegos, SCLR’s first executive director, was an activist who came out of the

wave of community organizing in the Bay Area in the 1950s and 60s, aided by self help mentors like Saul Alinsky and Fred Ross.

The organizing resulted in groups determined to effect social change in urban areas, and labor movements groups like that led by Cesar Chavez working in behalf of farm workers mostly in California and also in the Yuma, Arizona, area where Chavez was born in 1927.

Gallegos, now 81, was working his way through college as a gas station attendant in San Jose when he first became involved with the Community Service Organization (CSO).

He has spent a lifetime pursuing a commitment to empower Mexican-Americans and other disenfranchised minorities ever since.

In 1960, at the age of 25, Gallegos became president of the National Community Service Organization and then moved from community-based organizing to pioneering work with non-profits. With other visionary Latino leaders, he helped establish SCLR, selecting Phoenix because it was a neutral ground between rival powerhouses of Hispanic activism in Texas and California, yet Phoenix had a growing Latino population base and emerging Mexican-American leaders of its own.

He displayed an ability to create helpful dialogue both with grass roots activists, and with leaders of government and major companies. As a result, he became the first Latino to serve on the boards of publicly traded corporations, and on the boards of the Rockefeller and Rosenberg foundations, and the California Endowment.

Gallegos has a past rich in experience. But he is looking to the future. Future leadership, he said, cannot come about as the result “of one day workshops in leadership training. Leadership happens when the marches are over.

“Also, when it is all said and done,” he said, “old organizational blood should ensure that we invest in training and development of indigenous leadership. If you have an

Arizona

employment program and that person gets a job and becomes a couch potato, that is not good.

You have to give back to the community.”

That was a less learned when he was a young organizer.

It was a lesson that served him well in Phoenix when the SCLR first began flexing its muscles. It was one thing for SCLR to give a loan that in theory would help establish Unity Council in Oakland, an investment which upset critics of community organizing in Congress. It took guts to then adapt to the Ford Foundation’s demand that SCLR invest only in “hard projects” which could be monitored and cause productive changes in troubled communities.

Gallegos left SCLR in 1970 when it moved to Washington DC to be closer to the center of political power and became NCLR. He lives in the San Francisco area today.

African Americans had their National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) which laid out a program of change backed up by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Economic Opportunity Act that same year.

That legislation, however, did little to help advance Mexican-Americans. There were no Mexican-American colleges. Powerful foundations that were a source of financial grants had only a minimal awareness of the Latino community. But with NCLR, Latinos were finally being heard in Congress.

Alex Zermeno, who is now 74, also worked out of the Phoenix headquarters of SCLR. He lives in Woodland, near Sacramento, California.

He graduated from San Jose State University and then received a Masters of Public Administration from Harvard University. Later he was NCLR’s deputy director and was a founding member of Oakland’s Unity Council, serving on that board for 15 years.

From Phoenix to DC In 1992 Zermeno was appointed to the Human Rights Commission of Contra Costa

100 years of mexican-american influence

In the 1970’s, the government violently suppressed a strike movement in Arizona’s mining towns where most workers were MexicanAmerican. The Arizona Republic

County. Skilled organizers were important in the early days of community activism in places like Phoenix and Oakland. But war veterans provided the drive and determination. “Thank God for those vets,” Zermeno said.

“That was the purpose of the Southwest Council…to build one voice, to harness all that energy brought home by those veterans, to influence DC to create social services.”

Zermeno chuckled as he recalled the Ford Foundation’s frantic signals to stop “agitating” and halt “giving away money with no strings attached.” The Foundation was under pressure from Congress to assist with community development that could be audited and monitored, instead of financing “agitation.” SCLR sent him to Washington to open an office there to better understand the mood in Congress.

He said that Phoenix was “a safe place to be” for a Latino organization attempting to confront Congress. “In terms of national politics, the Republicans hated us. But (Barry) Goldwater was pretty decent. He had an understanding of what Latinos in the Southwest were all about. We were learning what the rules were.”

SCLR’s modest offices in a building on Adams in downtown Phoenix were a cockpit to watch what Latino activists were trying to do nationwide. Cesar Chavez and the United Farmworkers Union were doing their thing. Young leaders in Phoenix were estab-

lishing Chicanos Por La Causa.

“Cesar and CPLC were sort of rivals,” he said.

“We were trying to understand Chicano politics.

California could not deal with Texas. New Mexico had ruthless politics. Colorado had its problems. There was internal warfare among Chicano leaders. Arizona was middle ground and Phoenix was a safe place for Chicanos. It was a kind of ‘nothing is happening’ place.”

Everyone was on edge.

“Eventually we (SCLR) broke up and we gave a $10,000 grant to CPLC. I thought it was a good investment,” he said. “I almost got fired for that. But, the nice thing about CPLC was that it produced good results.

They did not abuse the money.

They set up good programs.

And they knew politics.”

The miners’ struggles It has been 30 years since the strike by the mostly Mexican-American mine workers against the Phelps Dodge Corporation’s open pit copper operation in Clifton/Morenci.

The bitter labor struggle lasted from 1983-86. Mexican immigrants built and founded the city of Clifton and they gambled everything – their livelihood, their homes, their small town culture and neighborhoods – when they walked out for better wages and working conditions.

They fought and lost.

The strike was the last hurrah for Latino labor organiz-

ers. Phelps Dodge brought in replacements, both Anglo and Latino, to work the mine and break the strike. The strikers confronted the hated “scabs” but Gov. Bruce Babbitt sent in hundreds of state policemen to keep order, which in effect meant blocking the ability of the strikers to shut down the plant.

Out of this white hot battle, two unlikely heroes emerged.

Dr. Jorge O’Leary and his wife, Anna Maria Ochoa O’Leary, were heroes as far as the strikers were concerned. The company did not know quite what to make of them when they became, in effect, spiritual leaders of the strike even though they were not miners.

Dr. O’Leary had been the company doctor but Phelps Dodge fired him when he sided with the strikers and opened the “People’s Clinic” in a former feed store.

The doctor, born in Hermosillo, Sonora, had a fiery, rebel streak in him which he attributed to his Yaqui and Irish ancestors. Anna O’Leary was born in Clifton into a mining family. While Doctor O’Leary delivered babies, bound up wounds suffered in clashes, and denounced his former employers, his wife began organizing Clifton’s women who became a force to be reckoned with on the picket line.

The doctor, now 71, retired some years ago. But he got bored and is practicing medicine again in Tucson. Anna O’Leary, 57, is assistant professor of Mexican-American Studies at the University of Arizona, examining migration and immigration issues with a focus on gender.

Doctor O’Leary looks back on the strike experience with nostalgia and sadness.

“The unions lost,” he said.

“If we had won, it would be history.

“The Democratic Party didn’t help, although the Governor was a Democrat…

During those political times Presidents Regan and Bush were against unions. Arizona Governors were anti-union.”

The strikers were proud, but that was not enough.

Surprisingly, O’Leary

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said the present moment in American history gives him some hope that the labor movement, which at times helped Latino workers earn wage parity and benefits, may have life in it yet despite decreasing numbers of members.

“In the last couple of years I have seen signs of strength,” he said. “When wallets get thin, people get organized.”

For Mexican-Americans, getting organized means getting out the vote, O’Leary said, so that the community can earn meaningful respect at the national level. Voting power, plus more Latino membership in unions, could mean political power, and not much will change until Latinos see their fast growing strength in numbers translated into elected officials at all levels of government.

Anna O’Leary said that her studies are revealing the size and power of the Latino work force across the United States.

“Latinos make up the bulk of the working class across this country,” she said. “By and large, Chicano and MexicanAmericans have made up 75 per cent of the working class, and that has not changed in 100 years, with or without immigration.”

Globalization vs jobs Globalization has meant that many Americans have seen their jobs go overseas where wages are lower. But Latinos have shown resiliency. Some work categories are now dominated by Hispanics. “You can’t move some jobs overseas,” she said. “Restaurant workers. The hotel industry. Many service jobs…those have to be done here.

“Those are the jobs we are locked into as MexicanAmericans because we are not able to go to college. Because we are locked into being the working class it really keeps our population from nurturing the economy and from having a say in the intellectual direction of the country.”

Arizona’s more recent role as a receiver of large numbers of immigrants, she said, means that eventual the presently

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February 10, 2012

soured political climate will have to change. “Descendents of immigrants – their children – can vote. Their children are going to be the foot soldiers of the Mexican-American people and they won’t stand for their parents receiving abusive treatment.”

In many ways, the Latino experience in the border communities of Arizona has been distinctly different from what has happened in Tucson, Phoenix and other cities that do not have daily contact with Mexico.

A greater percentage of residents in the Somerton and San Luis area, and in Nogales, Naco and Douglas, speak Spanish, although many of them acknowledge that their daily language has become a mix of Spanish and English.

They may have frequent contact with relatives in Sonora.

Latinos are the majority population in these communities.

But their daily language, more often than not, is a mix of Spanish and English. Their families may have lived in those border towns since the 1880s..

Ray Borane Jr., a Douglas native, served 12 years mayor, stepping down in 2008. He is a former superintendent of schools in Douglas, and taught Spanish in Douglas schools after studying languages at universities in Bogota, Colombia, and Guadalajara, Mexico. He is a former deputy State Superintendent of Public Instruction. In his youth he was an FBI special agent in Washington, DC. At this time. Borane serves on the Southwest Border Task Force as an advisor to Homeland Security director Janet Napolitano. He is frequently interviewed on news programs, he has written Op-Ed pieces on immigration in the New York Times, and he has been an outspoken critic of SB1070, vigilantes, and border fences.

The border’s way Borane, 73, was born into a Lebanese-Mexican family in one of the poorest neighborhoods in Douglas: Barrio

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence Prieta. His efforts have been appreciated in that Mexican city of 200,000 people: a neighborhood there has been named “Colonia Ray Borane” and the mayor of Agua Prieta, a cattleman named Vicente Teran, has signed up Borane to be his adviser on border issues.

Determination in their DNA Rey Borane, former mayor of Douglas (bottom left) with his basketball team. Courtesy of Rey Borane Jr.

de le Hilacha (hilacha means ‘ragged’).

“I have been bilingual all my life,” he said. “Spanish was my first language. My dad (who was assistant port director of the border crossing) spoke English. But my mother spoke Spanish at our home.”

His maternal grandmother was born in Arizpe, Sonora.

“There is a tremendous difference in growing up in a community away from the border, and what life is like here. Douglas and Agua Prieta (the much larger neighboring Sonora city) were one community as far as Latinos were concerned.

“We went back and forth with ease.” Borane said “militarization of the border” is destroying those connections.

“My mother was part-Mexican and constantly going across the border to visit family and friends. We shared the music, the language, the food, the culture.”

Latinos may have been the majority in Douglas. But Anglos often dominated city government, businesses and the school system. The last Census showed that 86 per cent of the 14,500 people living in Douglas are Latino.

“When I coached basketball years ago, all my kids spoke Spanish. A Tucson newspaper covered one of our games and they wrote, ‘If you play basketball for Ray Borane you have to speak Spanish.’

“That caused a big negative reaction in Douglas, he said.

“The superintendent called me into his office and he said that a board member had objected.

‘Ray,’ he said. ‘You have to speak English.’ I said, ‘I have to speak what the kids are comfortable with.’ He didn’t really take any action. He was just going through the motions of reprimanding me.”

Borane says he remembers separate home rooms for Anglo and Latino children in junior high school. “If an Anglo girl dated a Mexican, they talked about her. It wasn’t acceptable. Some Anglo families they became very upset, very upset by it.” There were separate dressing rooms and showers for workers at the Phelps Dodge smelter, which closed in the early 1980s.

Unlike the big cities, equality demands by Latinos were rare. In a small city, discrimination mostly died a quiet death as Hispanics gained political clout. It still exists, but in Douglas, with old neighborhoods where people know each other, such issues rarely create controversy.

Exceptions have been the prosecution in 1980 and in 2009 of Anglo ranchers for allegedly assaulting undocumented immigrants they stopped and detained on their property located near Douglas.

Borane said he received death threats in his second term in office as mayor when vigilante groups said they would come to Douglas and he convinced the city council to pass a resolution “saying you are not welcome in our town.”

Borane says that hate rhetoric has not persuaded him to back down. It also has not caused him to sever his ties with life in neighboring Agua

if she intended to have 8 children, like her mother. Then the doctor asked his father, ‘Do you want to get black lung disease (a fatal lung disease caused by dust inside mines)?’

His parents soon moved first to Tucson and then to southern California where his father went into sheet metal work.

His parents had only one more child. His dad did not get lung disease. His mother, Bertha Ruiz, went to school after she was widowed. She earned a bachelor’s degree in Spanish at the age of 55.

One year later she earned a master’s degree She worked several jobs with the State of California. Bertha will be 85 in May: she is retired and lives in Oro Valley just north of Tucson.

Ruiz said that in discussions with his mother he has learned that some schools attached to mining camps offered a good education.

These schools also were often segregated. “My mom was a straight A student in school,” he said. “Her friend, Pearl Rojo, asked my mom why her name was not on the A list posted at the school. She went looking for her name – Bertha Navarro – and it was true.” Her name was not mentioned. “Was this because she was Mexican?” Ruiz asked. “It makes you wonder.”

Ruiz said that when he was a youngster, Latino veterans of the World War II had already

Some Arizona Latino families have had determination and ambition in their DNA for long, long time.

Art Ruiz, for example, who is the new director of State Farm’s Multicultural Business Development Group, has been with the insurance company for 31 years. Recently, the company “lent” him to help start Arizona State University’s Center for Community Development and Civil Rights, which had been founded by Raul Yzaguirre, former CEO of the National Council of La Raza. Ruiz also serves on the board of the Raza Development Fund in Phoenix.

Ruiz, 63, was born in Bisbee.

He said his family has lived, and prospered, in Arizona for more than 100 years.

His paternal grandparents came from Bacoachi, Sonora, and Chihuahua. His maternal grandparents were from Alamos and Hermosillo, Sonora. Part of the family was Flemish, originally from Belgium.

Some of those grandparents were ranchers and business people in Mexico. They came north during the period from 1908 to 1911 to escape unrest, caused by the Mexican Revolution, in Sonora. They went into business or worked in the mines after they relocated to Arizona. His father, Arturo, worked in the copper mine in Bisbee. An uncle, Rafael Ruiz, was the first Hispanic elected to the Bisbee City Council.

A cousin was postmaster in Bisbee Ruiz, who only lived in Bisbee until he was 2, said his family moved out after subtle urging from a Doctor Silva who worked at the Phelps Dodge company hospital.

He said the doctor delivArt Ruiz, State Farm Insurance ering him asked his mother

Arizona

Bertha Navarro

laid the groundwork to change the discrimination status quo.

The practice of paying Anglos miners much more than Hispanics doing exactly the same work came to an end.

Segregated schools merged.

“The soldiers came back to the United States having served and they said, ‘We paid our dues. We are Americans. We were born here.’ They took advantage of the GI Bill. There was to be no more nonsense for them.”

Democrat and republican Armando Ruiz (not related to Art Ruiz), who served in the Arizona House and Senate from 1983-93, said that he is a strong believer in the fact that what he calls “The 3 Fs” – Faith, Family, and Food and Fiesta – have sustained Mexican-Americans for decades, through times good and bad.

Those qualities, he said, are special and will enable the community to strongly influence the direction of the United States now and in the future.

“They (Latinos) will shape the conscience of the country and the future of Arizona,” Ruiz said.

“Neither party – Republican or Democrat – has yet captured the loyalties of this large voting block. Hispanics are in a position to influence the live of this country.”

Ruiz, 55, said he is fortunate to have had “a unique life experience” which has enabled him to be optimistic, to view issues from all sides, and not

100 years of mexican-american influence

be haunted or encumbered by injustices of the past.

He was born in Lordsburg, New Mexico. His parents settled in south Phoenix near Central Avenue. He said “they had the foresight to send me” to Brophy High School. “I was from south Phoenix but I was educated with middle class kids. I had the experience of living in both worlds.”

He was a Democrat. But he also went to work for former Republican Gov. Fyfe Symington as executive assistant. “I got the perspective of working for both parties.”

After his work in government, Ruiz went into Catholic lay missionary work. He did a marriage ministry and last year founded Missionaries of Mary.

In addition, he helped establish three “Espiritu” charter schools in Phoenix, built around a legacy grant from the National Football League’s proceeds from two Super Bowls.

My experiences have given me a unique perspective,” Ruiz said.

“I have always been aware of the struggles (for equal rights) and the leaders in those struggles. But at the same time I was aware of the fruits of those struggles. Because I was younger, I was able to enjoy being involved in politics and the new media.”

He said he believes Arizona is “in a new time” in its history.

It is a pivotal moment, he said, that fills him with hope.

“The sheer numbers of Latinos in Arizona are changing society,” Ruiz said. “Those

Armando Ruiz, former State Senator. Carlos Chavez/La Voz

numbers will allow Hispanics to mold the conscience of this country.”

He said the 3 Fs are common to both Hispanic Catholics and evangelicals.

“Faith shapes the perspectives of life,” he said, “and desires of what that life should look like.

“The extended family experience – the grandparents, the uncles, the aunts, the cousins, the children and grandchildren – is very different from most other communities. Food and fiesta: that is all about the idea that life should be celebrated.

We celebrate the hard times: the funerals. We celebrate the good things: births and birthdays.”

Miguel Montiel, Southwest Borderlands Scholar and Professor Emeritus in the School of Transborder Studies of Chicano Studies at Arizona State University, was born in Nogales, Arizona. He received his doctorate at the University of California, Berkeley.

Montiel’s father, born in Phoenix, was from a family of “great landowners and ranchers” from Magdalena, Sonora, who were “castaways,” he said, “because they backed the wrong side” in the Mexican Revolution. His mother is from Tepic, Nayarit, in Mexico.“I am different” said the 70-year-old Montiel, who during the early years of Chicano activism was both academic and activist, a voice that lent good counsel, and ardent and familiar advocate for Mexican-Americans both in the universities and in the streets. “My perspective is both” Mexican-American and college professor. “As a kid I used to go to the village in Mexico” where his father’s people were from.

Montiel first came to ASU in 1974 and held assignments in social work, at the Hispanic Research Center and in public affairs. In the 1980's, he served as assistant vice president for academic affairs. It was during this period that he attended the Institute of Educational Management at Harvard University. He worked for the City of Phoenix as a loaned executive, chaired the city’s Human Services Commission,

and served on the Board of the Arizona Center for Public Policy and as a member of the Arizona Judicial Council. His most recent book is Resolana: Emerging Chicano Dialogues in Community and Globalization, published in 2009, a study of how Latinos gather, talk and decide on a course of action.

Observer of the Chicano struggle Over the years, Montiel has become both an astute observer of efforts by Arizona Chicanos to organize their community, and he also has lent advice from the Academic sidelines to those organizing many of the pioneer Latino community groups. He said he believes the Mexican-American community as, “no different from any group” of people in Arizona.

“The Mormons, settlers, Native Americans … all these groups have melded together, some better than others.”But Latinos, he said, “blended into the fabric” of the founding and making of Arizona from its earliest days as a territory and then as a state. MexicanAmerican “made great contributions to the defense of this country in World War II and in Iraq, although I don’t know how much of a contribution they made when they went to Vietnam. They have been a very brave people. You can’t point to their great wealth, but you have to recognize their industry and the personal sacrifices.“Their ‘rich’ part is their history,” Montiel said.

However, their accomplishments are often lost or ignored by other Arizonans because “we are the people who lost (as a result of the MexicanAmerican War and the Gadsden Purchase).

The people who won get to write our history.”

But what about future history? Will the inevitable Latino majority in the state result in Latino power in government, in commerce and industry, in access

February 10, 2012

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to the kind of housing and neighborhoods that are home to so many Anglos? “Numbers and birthrate are not the best indicator of what is going to happen in the future,” he said.

Birthrate will remain high.

“Immigration is strictly a function of economics. It happens where there are good opportunities. If things improve economically in Arizona, there will be a pickup in immigration.”

Looming ahead, he said, is “a generational gap.” That gap – a difference in how things will be done in Latino organizations and even in Latino families – is probably already here.

He quoted Spanish philosopher Jose Ortega y Gasset (author of Revolt of the Masses, 1930) as saying “what propels history if generations are in accord with each other.” The generation of Mexican-Americans who won their leadership and organizing spurs in the 1960s and 1970s “is not in accord with young people.” That fact, like the demographic change and getting out the Chicano vote, is going to affect what happens in the next century.

Sitting next to Jan Brewer Mexican-Americans in Arizona are increasingly earning recognition in the arts: painting, ceramics, crafts, Stella Pope Duarte, well-known Latina writer. Carlos Chavez/La Voz

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February 10, 2012

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence Sheriff Joe) Arpaio is next.

“The truth about Anglos is that once the fear is gone, they are not afraid of Latinos. And that fear of us is definitely dissipated among young people.”

A basketball referee

Tommy Nuñez of Phoenix was the first NBA Hispanic referee. Carlos

Chavez/La Voz

sculpture, music and literature.

Stella Pope Duarte, who was raised in the Sonorita barrio in south Phoenix, did not start writing until 1995.

But she has already received national recognition for her two novels and two collections of stories, all of which deal with the experiences of Latinas.

Her most recent novel, the American Book Awardwinning If I Die In Juarez, focuses on the wave of murders of young women, most of whom are maquiladora workers, in Ciudad Juarez, which shares the border with El Paso, Texas. Her most recent published work is Women Who Live In Coffee Shops and Other Stories, published in 2010.

The current climate of hostility on some parts of Arizona toward Latinos has historical roots in Anglo attitudes toward Mexico and Chicanos, Duarte said.

“I call it backlash and scapegoating,” she said. “When things are bad, blame it on drugs.

If it is unemployment, it is caused by these Mexicans here.

It’s all about ‘We are going to find ways to get them out of here.’

“This is not new. A backlash is nothing new. I didn’t know this kind of thing would come back. It’s sad they would use it again, that they would say.’

The reason why we are in this bad economic situation is that these people are taking

our jobs.’

Duarte said that at a recent ceremony at Phoenix College celebrating the 90th anniversary of the founding of the school, she was invited to take a seat on the stage along with Governor Brewer. “I said, ‘This governor has done nothing but come after the Latino population and I won’t sit on stage with her.’”

She said she has had positive dialogues with Anglo audiences when she talks about her books and her view of contemporary Arizona. At a recent speech she gave before 800 people from the mostly Anglo retiree community of Green Valley south of Tucson, “I told them I am from the Mexican nation, the nation of the Aztecs and the Mayas.

They didn’t know that. But it’s not their fault they didn’t know.”

Duarte sees a very positive force in the next 25 years. She says “we know what we need to do. So let’s get it done.”

In addition, organized voting by Latinos “will change the ability of Anglos to persecute us. The voting we see now is already showing that. Instead of saying ‘We hope, we hope,’ and crossing our fingers, we are not doing that anymore. We are learning how to use organized power.

(Senator Russell) Pearce is ousted. (Maricopa County

Tommy Nunez, 73, of Phoenix was the first Latino referee in the National Basketball Association. He is an optimistic, high energy, former Marine Corps corporal who grew up at 9th Street and Washington and whose life continues to be packed with acclaim and accomplishments.

He is self-effacing too. His colorful life with the NBA, he said, “is no big deal.” Prejudice and discrimination exist, but he does not let it get to him.

There is too much to enjoy, he said.

Nunez played some basketball. “But I was more of a bench warmer,” he said. “The thing about bench warmers is that they can make good referees because they become good observers. That was me. That’s how I got into refereeing.”

When the Phoenix Suns franchise was started in 1968, Nunez said, he went to work for the team. By 1970 he was refereeing the occasional “rookie game” for the Suns.

In 1971 there were many more rookie games. In 1972, he was

invited to referee some preseason games. And in 1973 he signed on full time with the NBA, spending “30 years on the floor” and 5 years with NBA administration.

“I don’t make any big deal out of all of this,” Nunez said.

He was lucky he was a kid from Phoenix and the Suns started playing here. No one selected him to be “the first Latino” referee. He got that job because he was good at it, that’s all, he said.

There is another side to Nunez: his deep connections with the Phoenix Chicano community and his willingness to work with Latino youth.

He became involved with the birth of a summer youth program in 1974 at the urging of Chicanos Por La Causa. He worked with state officials for 20 summers to put on sports programs for disadvantaged youngsters.

For 31 years he has been running a Labor Day Weekend basketball extravaganza – The National Hispanic Basketball Classic – which has grown to include 72 teams playing 167 games in 6 gymnasiums.

Nunez said he is too busy to worry much about anti-Latino sentiments.

“It’s about 10 per cent – that’s about it – of people who don’t like us. Most of them are from out of town. Most of

them haven’t spent much time around Mexicans.

“We get a lot of bad publicity be cause of what is happening on the border. Yes, there are people who are anti-Latino.

But as far as I am concerned, this is not about a struggle for acceptance. There will always be racists and racism.

“The good thing is that there are more and more intelligent, well-educated Latinos. When I was a young man I didn’t go to college. Most of us didn’t go to college. We had to go to work.

It was the sons and daughters of miners who led the way, who started going to college because their parents raised them to do that. I think that was just great.”

Fiestas Patrias for everybody Doctor Mary Jo Franco French, a dynamic woman whose energies have touched and improved lives in both the United States and Mexico, was born in Phoenix in January, 1936.

Her parents were Jesus Franco, Mexico’s consul in Phoenix, and Josefina Carrascoso de Franco, publisher and editor of the Spanish language weekly newspaper, El Sol. She married Doctor Alfred Robert French, an ophthalmol-

For many years Dr. Mary Jo Franco French spearheaded the Independence Day celebrations.

Chavez/La Voz

Carlos

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

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Raza Development Fund: Building the future on our past strengths Family Faith Charity

T

he Raza Development Fund (RDF), founded in Washington D.C in 1998, is a unique entity.

Technically it is called a “community development financial institution.”

It is a bank. But it is a not-for-profit bank. It also is not a bank where customers do personal banking and write checks.

Born out of the fight for equal rights waged by the Chicano Movement, RDF’s purpose is to lend funds to community organizations seeking to build or improve charter schools, health clinics, community centers and affordable housing, primarily to serve Latino and poor families in communities all over the United States.

The roots of RDF are linked to the birth of the Chicanos Movement and organizations like Chicanos Por La Causa, which began in Phoenix in 1969 as an activist organization and later became a Community Development Corporation. RDF is also linked to the growth of the National Council of La Raza, the largest Latino civil rights organization in the United States, and is, in fact, a support corporation to NCLR. The key figure behind the genesis of the Hope Fund, now RDF, is Tommy Espinoza, the fund’s President and CEO. Espinoza, who was born in a South Phoenix barrio, was assisted by a team of community development experts and visionaries in persuading Bank of America, State Farm Insurance, Citi Bank and several major American corporations to help bring it to life financially.

Espinoza is not a banker himself. But early on in life he saw his community’s need and he had the vision.

He did his share of picketing in the days when Chicanos in Phoenix were building CPLC in order to challenge the status quo – a status quo which dictated that MexicanAmericans worked mostly as laborers and which did not offer quality education for the children of the barrios. Like other key CPLC leaders, Espinoza also worked to gain political power for the Chicano community.

Embodied in RDF is a philosophy also connected with Espinoza’s past and present: the need to serve Latino families and, above all, and the kind of guidance and desire to help the poor that comes from his Mexican family upbringing, devotion to the Virgen de Guadalupe and being a

devout Catholic.

He had experiences as a youth with discrimination and resolved to fight against injustice from an early age. In the late 1960s, demands for civil rights and equality came from all the nation’s minorities.

It was a time when young Chicanos in Phoenix began creating CPLC, Valle De Sol and organizing the Latino barrios of Phoenix to make demands on the city, school districts, and on banks.

Espinoza, who had been working for the city creating programs for Latino youngsters, volunteered to install carpets for free at CPLC and got to know CPLC pioneers like Joe Eddie Lopez, Ronnie Lopez, Danny Valenzuela and Luz Baeza, Antonio Diaz . For the first time in his life “I was doing something for a cause – for the Movimiento (Chicano Movement),” he said.

Chicano tactics and expectations were changing rapidly. “Ronnie Lopez Executive Director of CPLC was smart,” Espinoza said. “He understood the power of politics. He knew where to take CPLC.” The Chicano leaders decided to become involved with all the 1972 Democratic Party’s Presidential candidates, who also included New York Mayor John Lindsay, a former Republican.

It was a brilliant tactic, Espinoza said, because for the first time it gave Chicanos access to political positions formerly denied to them. Espinoza became a Lindsay delegate. Alfredo Gutierrez was elected to the state Senate. Joe Eddie Lopez was elected to the county Board of Supervisors. “This gave the Chicano Community a sense of success. It had created political power.”

But Nixon was elected. Most federal programs which helped community organizations like CPLC were frozen. In 1974, Espinoza became CPLC executive director, a position he would hold for a decade, and he began attempting to talk with leading public officials in Arizona.

A dialogue was established with Phoenix Mayor Margret Hance. NCLR had opened offices in Washington D.C in 1974

and Raul Yzaguirre, CEO of NCLR, allowed Espinoza to use NCLR facilities and access leaders in Congress.

He also decided to get real estate and mortgage broker licenses. CPLC now was able to work from within the business establishment. When Espinoza left CPLC in 1984, he had ensured that its board members were elected from within the Latino community so that CPLC leaders could be truly aware of community needs.

He wanted to push for economic development. When he did that, elected board members like Lupe Huerta asked him, ‘Ok. But what are you doing for the elderly?

We need a community center. We need affordable housing.’”

As a result, in 1980, apartment complexes like Casa de Primavera – a $5.45 million project with 163 units - were built.

CPLC, using this asset base to leverage more building, was recognized as one of the nation’s strongest community development organizations.

It also got Espinoza invited to a meeting at the White House with President Carter, with Graciela Gil Olivarez, the Phoenix Spanishlanguage radio personality who was a childhood mentor, in attendance. She helped CPLC get access to large grants.

At the same time, Yzaguirre made phones calls supporting CPLC’s efforts to get more funding. In the mid 1970s, when NCLR expanded its membership to include all U.S. Latinos and became the largest Hispanic civil rights organization, Espinoza was selected as a board member.

Looking back on that period, Espinoza said “The success of CPLC was not so much the buildings we built. It was the young leadership developed from our dream team” that built the organization. These personalities included Elisa de La Vara, Peggy Hirsch, Art Othon, Pete Garcia, Art Portillo, Ralph Velez, Larry Chavez, Danny Ortega and Judge Noel Fidel, the first nonChicano to be CPLC Board Chair (1978-82) to name a few.

Yzaguirre called Espinoza in 1997 and asked him to come to Washington to run

community development projects and reconfigure NCLR’s relationships with its affiliates. He looked at the framework Yzaguirre had created that linked the millions of Latinos and he realized that there was no way that NCLR could provide grants to all of those affiliates and neighborhoods needing help.

In 1998, he used his experience with CPLC, and his business and political knowledge, to develop something new: Partnerships of Hope.

“This was an idea,” he said, “that takes the best from Saint Mother Theresa’s organization (in the slums of Calcutta) and uses it for our community. She built an international community development organization. She started schools and hospices for the dying. She helped the poor. This was all a matter of practicality and faith.”

With the help of Mark Van Brunt, Charles Kamasaki, Bernardo Ramirez, Arabella Martinez and Yzaguirre, the idea became the Hope Fund now RDF. Espinoza was named President and CEO. Van Brunt is Chief Operating Officer. Kamasaki served as board member and is NCLR’s Executive Vice President. RDF established its headquarters in Phoenix were it presently operates.

RDF was designed to lend money to projects originating from the community up. Communities wishing to establish charter schools, health clinics and community centers contact RDF with funding requests.

RDF assesses those requests and finances the best of them, closely monitoring their progress and giving advice as the projects get underway. But in order to accomplish its mission to serve Latino and poor families RDF needed national financing partners to believe in its vision to provide capital to develop community development projects, the first to join in RDF's Hope Fund partnership was Bank of America, State Farm Insurance and Citi Bank.

“With our financial partners we have leveraged over $1 billion of loans since the birth of RDF,” he said. “We have $70 million-plus loans in our portfolio. “All of that passion, expertise and experience that came out of the Chicano Movement, ended up creating the largest Latino community development bank in the country,” Espinoza said.

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February 10, 2012

ogist. The couple has delighted in being involved in community affairs at all levels.

Mary Jo attended Xavier High School and graduated from Arizona State University.

But she earned her medical degree at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico.

She served with Mexico’s Ministry of Health and Welfare, Mexico City’s 1968 Olympic Games Medical Committee, and the National Institute of Nutrition of Mexico. In 1952, in behalf of the Mexican community of Phoenix, she presented a medal to President Miguel Aleman of Mexico.

In Phoenix, Mary Jo was publisher and editor of El Sol from 1970-80. She handled various assignments from the Diocese of Phoenix during the Papal visit of 1987, and did work for Alma de la Gente.

She was a member of the U.S. Defense Advisory Committee for Women in the Services. She was Executive Director of the Hispanic Health Coalition.

As a woman knowledgeable with both Mexican history and culture, and the lives of Mexican-Americans in Arizona, she took it upon herself to make sure that one’s Mexican heritage could be celebrated in Phoenix, with gusto.

Her parents, and later Mary Jo herself, were organizers of Fiesta Patrias on a grand scale, making it not only popular – especially during the 1960s - with Latinos, but also with Anglos who she said had tended not to socialize much with MexicanAmericans.

Fiestas Patria as one big event free and open to all to enjoy, was popular for a long time. But more recently the celebration has become fragmented and “commercial.”

Mary Jo said the first Fiestas Patrias started in the early 1920s with what she said were “little events.” The celebration was not city-wide until 1936. She has an original program for the 1936 event when her father was President of the Mexican Blue Cross.

“When my dad first came to Phoenix there was a lot of discrimination. But the fiestas were

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

The beloved Father Tony Sotelo has for many years been the “priest of the people.” Carlos Chavez/La Voz

the beginning of some understanding between the Anglo and Hispanic communities.”

Eventually, “Fiestas Patrias became a really, really large event. There was the coronation of the queen. There was the ‘Grito’. In the 1930s there was the grand banquet to which all the Anglo authorities were invited.

“But now it has all become commercialized. That’s too bad. There are even low riders, which don’t have any historical significance in Mexico. Now the events make a lot of money.

They even charge to get in.

“There is no single unified Fiesta Patrias anymore. It was a very important event. You could say that in the 1960s, Fiestas Patrias was actually the beginning of the socialization of the two groups (Anglos and Latinos). A lot of Anglos used to go.”

The celebration helped end some of the more outrageous discrimination, she said.

“When my mom and dad first came to Phoenix, Riverside Park on South Central had a swimming pool.

There was a sign there: ‘No Mexicans or Dogs Allowed.’

Sometime in the mid-1950s my dad got the mayor of Phoenix

to remove that sign.

“The bishop and St. Mary’s (Basilica) decided (in 1919) that Hispanics could not go to mass with everyone: they had to go in the basement – even though 3,000 Mexican Catholics living in Phoenix help raise the funds to build the church in 1881.

Spanish was not spoken at masses in the basement.

Immigrants missed the music and pageantry of masses back in Mexico. That is why Hispanics built Immaculate Heart Church (dedicated in 1928 at 909 E. Washington).

“There were places where Mexican people simply could not go,” Mary Jo said. “There were restaurants that wouldn’t serve them. Children were not allowed to speak Spanish at school. But in the 1950s, all of that started slowly going away.”

Some institutions that shunned Latinos, such as the Arizona National Guard, suddenly had lots of Latino members. In the 1970s - she said “there was an artillery brigade of all Mexican kids from small towns.”

The present situation, she said, “is sinister.” On a recent trip back from Nogales

it seemed at an immigration checkpoint “as if they were stopping every single person who had dark skin. I say it the discrimination is sinister, or veiled, because it comes from officials. Every time it is brought up they say it doesn’t happen.

“But what I know makes me think. It makes me realize that it (prejudice) is much more widespread than you might think. People like Arpaio represent evil of some sort. They represent non-caring hearts. There have been times in history where there have been people like that.”

Father Tony Sotelo served for 13 years at Immaculate Heart, from 1985 until 1998.

He has been in Arizona since 1977 and he was also parish priest at Saint Catherine of Siena and Saint Augustine churches in Phoenix.

Nowadays he celebrates mass at federal prisons every day except Saturday, the Lewis and Maryvale state prisons, and at the Durango and Estrella county jails.

A priest of the people Father Sotelo, 79, has long been what could be called “a

people’s priest.” He marched with the tens of thousands of immigrants on the state capitol in May, 2010, to protest SB1070.

He has been involved in scores of protests and demonstrations.

But he believes in dialogue.

“I encourage people to talk to each other,” he said.

“When we come to the end, we are not going to remember our enemies. We will remember those who stood behind us.”

One of the father’s most memorable moments, he said, came in 1989 when MexicanAmerican Catholic faithful said they saw the image of the Virgin of Guadalupe in a twisted flowering stalk of a yucca plant growing at a Mexican restaurant at 11th Street and Van Buren.

Father Sotelo responded to the religious fervor by lifting up the stalk and leading a march with it to Immaculate Heart: the church of the Virgin Mary, the historical center of faith for Chicanos.

To the faithful, he said, the image “was a reminder that the community is blessed by the Virgin Mary. It was a recognition of everything that is important to Latino people.

These are very proud people, not afraid to stand up for their rights.”

The Mexican-American community of Phoenix has a long history, he said.

People who were dying or who needed help have said they did not want to see “a Mexican priest.” He said, “I know this to be true.

“I remember my mom was fined for speaking Spanish in her El Paso (Texas) school.

The other day, I gave a sermon and I said, ‘You know what! I’ve never heard a public servant praising children for being bilingual.’

“Three months ago I was going into a Walmart with two people fluent in both English and Spanish. At that moment they were speaking Spanish, but someone came up behind them and said loudly – rudely - ‘Speak English!’

“I love this country,” Father Sotelo said.

“But why do these things happen?”

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

February 10, 2012

Arizona, nuestra historia

En este relato sobre la experiencia de los latinos en Arizona, más de una docena de veteranos del movimiento que organizó a la comunidad chicana y que mejoró las condiciones laborales, los servicios médicos y educativos y registró miles de nuevos votantes, nos cuenta sus vivencias.

Si bien Arizona está celebrando 100 años de fundación, la historia de los hispanos en el estado data de por lo menos 350 años, época en que el territorio era visto como un lugar remoto del México de la colonia de española. Los conquistadores lograron llegar hasta el Gran Cañón, ubicado al norte del estado.

Finalmente, los sacerdotes españoles fundaron las misiones en los territorios de los indios estadounidenses donde se desarrollaron los asentamientos.

Arizona pasó a formar parte de los Estados Unidos a consecuencia de la Guerra entre México y los Estados Unidos que se libró, de 1846 a 1848, y tras la posterior Compra de Gadsden del extremo sur de Arizona seis años después.

Los habitantes anglosajones contrataron a los mexicanos como peones, mineros, obreros de carreteras y empleados domésticos. Los residentes latinos de Arizona eran en algunos casos maltratados o explotados ya que eran sometidos al prejuicio.

Las raíces del Movimiento Chicano de la década del 60 y 70, creado para exigir la igualdad de oportunidades, se remonta a las primeras luchas laborales cuando los mexicoamericanos intentaron protegerse o manifestar sus preocupaciones.

Algunos mexicoamericanos fundaron sociedades mutualistas o de ayuda mutua para ofrecer ayuda financiera y moral a los mineros y trabajadores que caían enfermos o que se quedaban sin trabajo. Una de las organizaciones mutualistas de latinos más antiguas, fundada en los años 20 y que aún sigue operando, está ubicada en la ciudad fronteriza de Douglas, al sureste de Tucson.

Posteriormente, los veteranos latinos que participaron en la Segunda Guerra

Mundial, regresaron a sus hogares en Arizona y decidieron que no iban a permitir más actos de discriminación. Ellos habían servido a su país con honores y habían trabajado codo a codo con los soldados, los marineros, los infantes de la Marina y de la Aviación. A través de la guerra habían descubierto el mundo - y visto en lo que se podía convertir fuera de los límites de Arizona.

En muchos casos, los veteranos lograron combatir el prejuicio. Después de todo, ellos habían cumplido con su deber en la guerra como los otros estadounidenses. La organización que fundaron en Phoenix, American Legion Post, les dio la oportunidad no solo de socializar, sino también de intercambiar opiniones y hablar sobre el desarrollo de la comunidad.

El movimiento nacional por los derechos civiles en el que participaron todos los grupos étnicos, motivó a los estudiantes de las escuelas y universidades a iniciar huelgas e intentar organizarse. Asimismo, estos esfuerzos lograron que los organizadores en estados como

California y Texas empezaran a formar los sindicatos de trabajadores agrícolas y otros grupos integrados por muchos latinos.

Uno de los esfuerzos de la organización regional se dio en los años 60 cuando el Southwest Council of La Raza (SCLR) se estableciera en Phoenix.

La organización fue financiada por la Fundación Ford y por algunos grupos religiosos. La SCLR empezó a trabajar en una estrategia que pudiera mejorar las condiciones laborales, educativas y de vivienda de los latinos.

Como resultado del trabajo de esta organización, los activistas lugareños fundaron a su vez Chicanos Por La Causa que se centró primero en el activismo y luego en el desarrollo de la comunidad. La sede del SCLR se mudó a Washington DC y se convirtió en la National Council of La Raza. Para la redacción de esta nota, se entrevistó a muchos de los hombres y mujeres que participaron en el activismo en representación de la comunidad latina de esos años.

ARIZONA’S SYMBOLS AND FACTS • Statehood: February 14, 1912. Arizona was the 48th state to join the United States.

• State Flag: Adopted in 1917, the lower half of the flag is a blue field. The upper half is divided into thirteen equal segments, six light yellow and seven red.

In the center of the flag is a copper-colored five-point star. The red and the blue are the same shades as the flag of the United States of America, and it measures four feet high and six feet wide.

• State Seal: Arizona's main enterprises and attractions are represented in the seal, which was adopted in 1911. In the background of the seal is a range of mountains with the sun rising behind the peaks.

At the right side of the mountains are a water storage reservoir and a dam, with irrigated fields and orchards. There are cattle grazing on the right, and a quartz mill and a miner with a pick and shovel on the left.

Population and Geography

• Total Population: 6.5 million

• Hispanic Population: 30% • State Capitol: Phoenix • Largest Cities: Phoenix, Tucson, Mesa, Glendale and Scottsdale • Border States: California, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah • State Size: 113,909 square miles State Symbols • State Motto: Ditat Deus (“God Enriches”) • State Nickname: Grand Canyon State • State Songs: "Arizona March Song" and "Arizona" • State Flower: Saguaro Cactus Blossom • State Gem: Turquoise • State Tree: Palo Verde • State Bird: Cactus Wren • State Fossil: Petrified Wood • State Mammal: Ringtail • State Reptile: Arizona Ridge-Nosed Rattlesnake • State Fish: Apache Trout • State Amphibian: Arizona Tree Frog • Official Neckwear: Bola Tie Source: The Arizona Office of Tourism

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Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

UN FUERTE ABRAZO

For celebrating with us 100 years of our history, culture and traditions

Por celebrar con nosotros 100 aĂąos de historia, cultura y tradiciones

ÂĄMuchas Gracias!

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

February 10, 2012

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Latino Barrios: a landmark in history

By Valeria Fernández (Synopsis and adaptation from a story ran in La Voz in 2006)

P

hoenix was founded in 1868, roughly 20 years after signing the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which marked the end of the war with Mexico and Mexicans lost part of its territory.

Jack Swillings, a businessman, and his wife, Trinidad Escalante, of Mexican origin, are considered the founders of the city, though Phoenix didn’t become the state’s capital until 1889.

Phoenix at the time, was merely a patch of farms scattered throughout the vast desert that perhaps belonged to some Mexican families who lived there prior to Arizona becoming part of the United States.

The international border was practically open and people could freely travel between the two countries. That allowed Mexicans to come here to work in agriculture. South Phoenix was merely patches of tiny farms near the Rio Salado area.

In 1870 Hispanics were 52 percent of the city’s population. The majority of homes were made of adobe, similar to the construction used in Mexico at the time.

History repeats itself The arrival of the railroad, between 1879 and 1895, boosted employment and gave merchants the chance to sell produce outside of the state.

“There had to be workers.

And who will they be? The Mexicans,’’ said historian Chris Marin.

There were frequent ten-

Food City was established at the turn of the century in various Hispanic neighborhoods (16th Street and Mohave). In the 1990’s, the Bashas’ family acquired it. The Arizona Republic.

sions between the immigrant community of south Phoenix and Anglos, said Frank Barrios, a historian and board member of the Central Arizona Project.

As more Anglos arrived in Phoenix from other parts of the country lured by jobs, the Latino population shrunk and problems began, Barrios said.

Pro-Mexican organizations such as La Liga Protectora grew out of tensions between the two races at the turn of the 20th century, according to a report by James D. McBride.

Around 1914, the state Legislature began launching a series of anti-Mexican laws.

One of them, sponsored by Rep. W. D. Claypool, prohibited anyone from hiring for at-risk jobs people who were deaf or who couldn’t speak English. The initiative effectively eliminated the opportunity for many Mexicans to get jobs in industries such as min-

ing, McBride said.

The proposal was immediately viewed as a direct attack against Mexicans, and as a result the Liga Protectora Latina, a mutual aid society, was created with its leader Pedro G. de la Lama, a former Mexican soldier who moved to Phoenix.

The league started to recruit members using the slogan “One for all and all for one,” and began offering bilingual educational workshops to counter the effects of the laws.

At the turn of the century, the Mexican barrios or neighborhoods began to grow south of Van Buren Street, pushed by the segregation sentiment.

Between 1900 and 1920, nearly 47,000 Latinos arrived in Phoenix, according to data from the Phoenix Historic Preservation Office. But not all of them came from the neighboring country to the south.

Some came from nearby towns such as Miami and Bisbee.

The newly arrived founded barrios like Sonorita, Cuatro Milpas, El Mezquital, Las Avenidas, Canal Seco and El Campito. The neighborhoods were mostly nestled between Jackson and Henshaw (now Buckeye) Streets and 16th Avenue to 48th Street.

The history of these neighborhoods is narrated in a report created by Athenaeum, a consulting group hired by the city of Phoenix to document the historic heritage of Hispanics and identify buildings and neighborhoods of historic significance. The consultants studied more than 200 constructions and 19 neighborhoods that still show Latino historical traces.

Neighborhoods’ growth In the 1940s, Phoenix had

grown from 5,500 residents to about 65,000 residents. During that decade the Hispanic population was about 15 percent.

Phoenix was nestled in the midst of cotton and farm fields. The irrigation canals stretched to Jefferson Street and 1st Avenue, which is now downtown Phoenix, recalls Arturo Luera, who grew up in the public housing complex Marcos de Niza between Pima and First Streets.

Luera worked in the cotton fields since he was 5 and until he was 14 years old. There were laws prohibiting child labor and when teachers protested the answer at home was simple. “Tell the teacher to come work so you can eat.”

Phoenix was a town that boasted homes with vast land and plantations, Luera remembers. There were homes without refrigeration, chickens roaming and fences falling down.

The barrios or neighborhoods were home to clusters of folks from different Mexican states such as Sinaloa and Sonora.

“My grandfather used to say, ‘Be careful crossing the street because you’ll be in Sonorita and people there carry machetes'", Luera said.

But before enlisting to go to WWII, youngsters entertained themselves going dancing at the famous Riverside Ballroom near Salt River and Central Avenue. Movie theaters like Azteca and Ramona featured such favorites as “Alla en el Rancho Grande.”

But good memories are also clouded with the painful reminders of segregation.

Mexicans could only use the swimming pool at Riverside on Fridays; a day before the pool’s dirty water had to be

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Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

Elvira Espinoza Publisher elvira.ortiz@lavozarizona.com Luis Manuel Ortiz Editor in Chief luis.manuelortiz@lavozarizona.com Lisa Simpson Sales Manager lisa.simpson@lavozarizona.com Graphic Art Design Luis Solano Barbara Morales Advertising Coordinator barbara.morales@lavozarizona.com Editors Marco Arreortúa, Nadia Cantú Reporters Samuel Murillo, Eduardo Bernal Special Contributors Valeria Fernández Paul Brinkley-Rogers Carlos Chávez Elvia Díaz Ruby Mejía Elisa Córdova Carlos Molina Ben García www.lavozarizona.com

La Voz: 200 E Van Buren St, Phoenix, AZ 85004 Phone: (602) 444-3800 Fax: (602) 444-3894 All the content of this publication is protected by La Voz Publishing copyrights. Any reproduction of these materials, partial or total is prohibited.

of Mexican-American Influence

Cover Photos: César Chávez The Arizona Republic The Espinoza Family, Crowning of Dr. Mary Jo Franco French

Father Albert Braun, standing, at a Latino celebration in one of the Sacred Heart salons. Courtesy of Frank Barrios.

The Ramona Theater was a favorite of the Hispanic Community.

drained. And movie theaters like Fox assigned the balcony to Mexicans.

“The discrimination was subtle”, remembers Hortensia Ortiz, founder of the young women’s group “Flamingo Club”. “When we got to the movie theater they would escort us to the balcony, and for me it was marvelous because we could see even better. I loved going up the dazzling stairway”.

The Second World War took with it the lives of many Hispanics that were at a personal level friends and colleagues.

Many veterans hoped that upon their return from the war the discrimination would come to an end. But it was not so.

the historic research suggested for 3 neighborhoods to be declared historic: Grant Park, Harmon Park and Santa Maria.

The experts also identified in their research various buildings that meet the criteria to be considered historic: Sacred Heart Church, American Legion Post 41, the home of Adam Díaz, Phoenix’s first Hispanic Councilman, Friendly House, El Portal and Santa Rita Center, where César Chávez fasted for 24 days in 1972.

For the new generations of Latino immigrants that have settled in Phoenix and the rest of the state, to know this history makes sense, if they want

In 1945, once back at home, many founded the club that is today known as the American Legion Post 41, located on 2nd Avenue, across Grant Park. The organization united Hispanics of the time even more.

Preserving History The Hispanic legacy in Phoenix is still preserved in the memories of those that wrote history with their own lives. But this will also be conserved for the future generations within their respective neighborhoods and historic buildings.

The group of investigators hired by the city of Phoenix for

Courtesy of Frank Barrios.

to adopt this place as their new home, says Luera.

His grandfather, Sixto R. Luera Rubio, moved from California to Phoenix at the beginning of the century when it was only a small town. On a good day Luera asked him, “Why Phoenix, if the family is in California?”

His grandfather replied, “Arturo, in the future there will be buildings here, they will close the streets for celebrations here. Phoenix will be a beautiful city.”

Luera pauses for a moment, and says thoughtfully: “My grandfather was right, it is already happening!”

Los barrios hispanos: Toda una época Por Valeria Fernández

La ciudad de Phoenix se fundó en 1868, aproximadamente 20 años después de que México perdiera la mitad de su territorio a consecuencia de la guerra con Estados Unidos.

Jack Swilling, un exsoldado confederado originario de Missouri, y su esposa mexicana, Trinidad Escalante, son considerados los fundadores de Phoenix, que en ese tiempo era simplemente un terreno muy amplio.

A pesar de que Arizona por esos años formaba parte del territorio estadounidense, no había una frontera, por lo que la gente podía transitar libremente por ambos países. En 1870 la población hispana de Phoenix llegaba casi al 52 por ciento. La mayoría de las casas eran

fabricadas con adobe, un estilo de construcción similar al que se utilizaba en México. Entre 1879 y 1895, la llegada del ferrocarril impulsó el empleo y les dio la posibilidad a los comerciantes de vender sus productos agrícolas fuera del estado.

Con la llegada de más anglosajones a Phoenix, la población latina, cuya mayoría habitaba al sur de la ciudad, se redujo considerablemente y aumentaron las tensiones entre las dos razas.

Hacia 1914 la Legislatura estatal empezó a impulsar una serie de leyes contra la comunidad mexicana. Una de ellas, por ejemplo, prohibía la contratación de trabajadores sordos o que no hablaran inglés. Esa ley provocó el enojo de los latinos, quienes comenzaron a organizarse.

Tras el cambio de siglo, los barrios mexicanos empezaron a emerger al sur

de Van Buren Street, impulsados por el sentimiento de segregación.

Entre 1900 y 1920, cerca de 47,000 latinos llegaron a Phoenix, aunque no todos venían de México. Algunos llegaron de ciudades aledañas como Miami y Bisbee.

Los recién llegados fundaron barrios como Sonorita, Cuatro Milpas, el Mezquital y las Avenidas.

En los años 40, los habitantes de Phoenix sumaban aproximadamente 65,000. Sin embargo, durante esa década la población hispana solo llegaba al 15 por ciento.

Desde su creación, los latinos han sido una pieza fundamental de la cultura de la ciudad. Y a pesar del paso de los años, ya no viven segregados al sur de Phoenix, aunque las luchas políticas y raciales aún continúan.

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Guadalupe, a town like no other in Arizona

known as La Cuarenta or modern day Guadalupe.

Glaser reported that in May, 1910, a widow named Marian Higgins offered to donate the 40 acres of land which is now present day Guadalupe.

This land, located between Tempe and Phoenix, has been the place were both Yaquis and Mexicans have lived intertwined since 1910.

By Ben Garcia

H

ombre, Takaa, Man. These words in Spanish, Yaqui and English are examples of the three languages spoken in the Town of Guadalupe, a community in which two distinct cultures, Yaquis and Mexican are living together under similar shades of brown and next to each other in houses built by one another.

If one didn't know any better, visitors could easily mistake the residents of Guadalupe for being all Mexican or all Yaqui.

In fact, outsiders passing by on I-10, which walls in Guadalupe on its west side, probably would not know that a distinct community – a town with its own government and unique history and customs and language - exists just yards away from their vehicle. Tempe squeezes up against Guadalupe on its east side, reducing it to a kind of enclave inside the vast Phoenix metropolitan area.

While the different cultures have their own story to tell, there is one thing the people of Guadalupe all share. It is what makes the town so special and is by far the most important thing shared by its 6,000 residents (in which the population split of Yaquis and Mexicans is believed to be just about 50/50 according to the Guadalupe Town Manager Bill Hernandez): a sense of community and togetherness.

Gabriel Alvarez, Town Mayor from 1981-83 described it best when he said that Guadalupe is like a Mayberry. He was referring to the small fictional town that was the setting for the Andy Griffith television show, and to the likelihood that if one house burnt down, there’d be five neighbors in line ready to lend a hand in the rebuilding of the house.

The Incorporation

The Guadalupe municipal building. Courtesy of Guadalupe City Hall.

Examples of this include a whole “Self Help” subdivision.

This subdivision, located in the southeastern part of Guadalupe, was built by the families that occupy the houses now. Everyone would chip in and do their part in the construction of one house for a family and when that house was finished they would move on to the next.

Families helping families is a quality communities all around Arizona are losing due to the popularity of suburban housing developments in which families come and soon leave, which means that families never establish roots.

Just like everything else, change has affected Guadalupe but the one thing that remains a constant after all these years is the people working together for the better of their cultures and future generations.

Coming to America Yaquis originally come from the area around the Yaqui

River in Sonora, Mexico.

Leah Glaser, an Arizona State University graduate student who in 1996 wrote her thesis on the town of Guadalupe, describes why Yaquis left their homeland in Sonora for what is now Guadalupe. The Mexican government wanted the irrigated and fertile land belonging to the Yaquis.

The Yaquis had fought for their land in that area since the 17th century when they first encountered Europeans.

By the 18th century, the resistance had turned into all out warfare with the Mexican government.

Alvarez, in about as serious manner possible, said that Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz was, for Yaquis, equivalent to Libya's oppressive leader Muammar Gaddafi and Egypt's Hosni Mubarak.

Yaquis fought Diaz but never won the battle. After much blood was shed, Diaz “instituted an indiscriminate persecution and deportation

program against all Yaquis.

Hundreds were deported to the Yucatan region of southern Mexico to be used for slave labor, while others escaped to the United States.”

Those who fled to the United States did so as refugees, which Websters Dictionary defined as “someone who flees a foreign country or power to escape danger or persecution.”

While in the United States, the Yaquis began working alongside Mexicans as cheap labor, and helped with the building of new railroads and in the dangerous mines.

Unlike many other Indian tribes, Yaquis had the reputation of being good workers which helped them to find jobs.

The original settlement of the Yaquis, in the metro Phoenix area, which is located just a few miles north of Guadalupe, was named Our Lady of Guadalupe. Due to its small size and economic value, the Yaquis relocated to what is

For the Yaquis, life has always been a struggle to keep their ways and culture from changing. Some of them felt that if Guadalupe - which by now had had a strong foundation of Yaquis occupying the territory for 50 plus years was to incorporate and become a town, they would lose many of their traditions.

They also didn’t feel comfortable with change and the old school or traditionalist mentality saw any type of change as bad for the people and bad for traditions.

Alvarez, who was not one of these people, said “we saw what was happening to other barrios in Phoenix: for example the barrios on 16th street and Buckeye were uprooted because of the airport.” Along with many others, he felt that in order to protect their culture and traditions, an incorporation was necessary.

Alvarez credits an “outsider” by the name of Lardo Garcia for setting up meetings in Guadalupe to inform the people of what was coming.

Garcia who was head of the Guadalupe Organization (G.O. was a social agency organization that along with many other great things helped people get the first G.E.D for a Guadalupe resident) put the thought of incorporation in

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people’s minds in order to protect the Yaqui traditions.

According to Alvarez, the incorporation helped the town in many ways.

One major way Alvarez believes the incorporation helped the town preserve it's culture was to be able to make town ordinances. The most famous ordinance, which Alvarez himself was an author of, is Ordinance 27.

A drive through the streets of Guadalupe warns outsiders of the Ordinance that states “it will be a misdemeanor to photograph or otherwise obstruct any Yaqui ceremony or fiesta.”

Failure to obey the Ordinance could result in a fine of up to $300 and/or six months in the County jail.

Ordinance 27, also referred to as the no picture taking ordinance, reflects a strong will by the Yaquis to keep their traditions sacred. Since the celebrations are based around religious events this shows how strong the faith plays a role in everyday

A Yaqui dancer getting ready for a dance performance.

The Arizona Republic

100 years of mexican-american influence

Guadalupe, una ciudad única en Arizona The façade of one of the churches in Guadalupe. The Arizona Republic

life to Guadalupe residents. In fact, Hernandez believes the churches have had the biggest impact on the Guadalupe community from its inception to present day.

Religion The name Guadalupe comes from the Catholic Patron Saint, Our Lady of Guadalupe, shows a strong tie between the Yaquis and religion.

The Catholic and Presbyterian Churches have always had the back of the Yaquis which is the reason to this day faith in God and religion has a special place in the hearts of Yaquis.

The first structure built in the town of Guadalupe was the Our Lady of Guadalupe Catholic Church which still stands to this day.

Hernandez, a 3rd generation Guadalupe resident, remembers the stories his tata told of building the Church.

“My tata way back in the early 1900's helped build that church.

It was built by local residents and they just patterned it after the San Xavier missions and according to my tata the men just sketched

it out and then built it” said Hernandez.

The Virgin of Guadalupe celebration, that takes place in December, and the Easter celebration are both big events for Yaquis and Mexicans in Guadalupe.

The Virgin of Guadalupe celebration is a Catholic celebration where residents celebrate by decorating and lighting candles by shrines of the Virgin Mary in honor of the Patron Saint of Mexico. The residents start decorating the shrines on December 12 and they can be seen in front yards of many Guadalupe residents.

Glaser states that “the sides of religious ceremonies integral to both Yaqui and Mexican culture, the Presbyterian, Catholic, and Yaqui churches, as well as the plaza land (which is the land located in front of the town's Catholic and Tribal churches), are symbolic landmarks on the unique cultural landscape. Together, they recall the historical and cultural identity of the community.”

Even though the Lenten season in Guadalupe has a Yaquis spin, Mexicans in the town have fully embraced the Yaquis way of celebrating.

During the Lenten season which starts on Ash Wednesday and ends on Easter Sunday, various celebrations, including the dancing of the Matachines, occur.

The Matachines, dressed in traditional costumes that have bright colors and feather head-

Guadalupe es una ciudad única en Arizona. La comunidad de Guadalupe es una, pero está compuesta por yaquis y mexicanos. Desde principios de 1900, los yaquis y los mexicanos han vivido juntos en la pequeña ciudad de Guadalupe. Los yaquis, quienes enfrentaron luchas políticas y violencia en su país natal de México, huyeron a Estados Unidos en busca de asilo durante el gobierno del presidente mexicano Porfirio Diaz.

Aunque la historia de los yaquis en Guadalupe se remonta a mucho antes del año 1910, la ciudad recién celebró las elecciones para su incorporación en 1975.

Se consideró su incorporación como una manera de proteger la cultura y las tradiciones de los yaquis al permitirles crear ordenanzas como la que prohibe dresses, perform a dance that is symbolic of the struggles between good spirits fighting off evil spirits.

The celebrations during the Lenten season, attracts many outsiders who come to experience the fascinating religious culture of Guadalupe.

Two churches of Guadalupe located side by side show the distinct cultures within the town. The original church serves as a traditional Catholic practicing church while just a few feet to the south sits what is known as the Tribal Church.

This Tribal Church was built and used primarily for the Yaqui celebrations, as to not interfere with the Catholic ceremonies.

These two churches working harmoniously side by side is similar to how the Yaquis and

tomar fotografías de sus sitios sagrados. Para los yaquis, la religión ha sido siempre una parte importante de su vida cotidiana.

Incluso el nombre de la ciudad, que proviene de la Santa Patrona Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe, nos indica la importancia de la religión para esta comunidad. Durante la Pascua, los yaquis siguen las mismas tradiciones que los católicos, aunque a su manera.

Las celebraciones durante esta temporada atraen a muchos extranjeros quienes buscan vivir la experiencia de una cultura rica en historia. La celebración de los próximos 100 años de existencia traerá cambios sutiles en Guadalupe. Sin embargo, la unión entre la comunidad yaqui y la mexicana es algo que nunca cambiará.

Mexicans have worked together side by side in establishing their cultures and histories in the Town of Guadalupe.

What does the next 100 years have in store for Guadalupe?

Hernandez believes there won't be much change as he said, “In the 60 years I’ve been here I haven’t seen much change so who is there to say the next 100 years will bring any change.”

Only time will tell but if Hernandez theory stands true, the next hundred years will be nothing more than a force that continues to blur the separation of gene pools between Yaquis and Mexicans.

Ben Garcia – a Communications Specialist for Raza Development Fund - is a member of the Pascua Yaqui tribe

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The Fiestas Patrias tradition in Phoenix

Throughout history

Apparently, The Fiestas Patrias or Independence Day celebration began in 1900, thought it wasn’t until 1934 that the celebration was formalized.

A

ccording to The Arizona Republic, the Phoenix's Fiestas Patrias, which commemorates the beginning of Mexico's fight for independence from Spain, were first celebrated in 1900 when Dolores Valencia Coidorrens was crowned Queen of the Fiestas Patrias.

But the celebrations were sporadic and informal until 1934 when Mexican consul Jesus Franco and his wife Josefina – both founders of the Mexican Patriotic Board – sponsored the event. The festivities featured a parade along main city streets, floats, fireworks, war bands and a re- enactment of the traditional Grito de Dolores.

These types of celebrations had never been seen in the Valley of the Sun, but they were instituted as formal festivities and the Franco family continued with the tradition until 1974 when the organiza-

tion known as the Alma de la Gente by Chicanos por la Causa was created.

Made of volunteers, Alma de la Gente took the responsibility to continue the tradition of the Franco legacy.

The couple’s daughter, Mary Jo Franco-French, a group volunteer, was an ardent supporter of the festivities arguing that the most important part of the commemoration was the ceremony of the Grito de Dolores – always true to its historic aspects of the Mexican Independence.

Las Fiestas Patrias de Alma de la Gente, recognized as the official Mexican Independence celebration in Phoenix, and carried out with the city’s help, ended in 2003.

Today, there are various festivities around the city and generally not pegged to accurate historical facts. There are mostly done in a more commercialized spirit.

Members of the Mexican Patriotic Board, founded by Mexican consul Jesus Franco.

Color Guard “Guardia del Sol” in a ceremony commemorating Mexican Independence Day. Archive photos of Dr. Mary Jo Franco French.

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A war band from the Mexican state of Sonora participated in the celebrations.

Mrs. Josefina Franco, a tireless advocate for the Independence Day festivities.

Independence Day parade in central Phoenix.

Mrs. Dolores Valencia de Coidorrens, first queen of Mexican Independence Day in 1900. Mexican Consul Arturo Elias was in charge of her coronation. The arizona republic

A float participating in the Independence Day parade.

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The history of KTVW

By Juan Villa

T

he history of mass media in Arizona couldn’t be explained without showing the impact Univision has had throughout the years.

Univision Arizona 33 is the number 1 station in Arizona in any language. Its high audience levels show its success and the social and economic impact it has had. As we celebrate Arizona’s Centennial, it’s important to emphasize the key role the station has played in the state’s history. After all, this year marks the 33rd anniversary of the station’s establishment. Thirty-three years providing services, information and entertainment to the Hispanic community.

Before turning into what it is today, the Spanish International Network owned KTVW. In 1979, it became the first station to transmit Spanish-language programming at full power frequency.

That year, an article in the Arizona Republic highlighted the debut of KTVW’s as a station “with a programming completely in Spanish live via satellite from Mexico.”

The Hispanic population in Phoenix was growing exponentially and so the expansion of media outlets was imminent.

“There are approximately 300,000 Spanish-speaking residents. This population deserves a full service station,’’ said at the time Rene Anselmo, the visionary president of Spanish International Network. KTVW began airing the same programming as other stations across the country. Programs ranged from entertainment, novelas or soap operas, movies, sports and special events for children.

Implementing local news in the programming was more than necessary.

Enrique Bulnes was among the first

Old building that housed Spanish-language channel 33 in south Phoenix. Courtesy of Univision.

Modern building housing Univision today.

Cortesía Swaback Partners, pllc - Fotografía de Image Quest

journalists to lead this department. In the 80’s, the station hired journalist Juan Antonio Garces, who inaugurated the first news set brought from Miami, Florida. Garces, who came from El Paso, Texas, was hired as the first news director. He gets emotional remembering when he launched the 5 p.m. live newscast with the help of anchor and sports reporter Miguel Quintana.

“It’s gratifying to see the progress of 33. Thanks to new

technology, they have done things worth admiring. I watch the news and I feel honored to have been part of a news movement. I become nostalgic.

I believe a newsman or newswoman is one for life, we carry that in our blood and that can’t be changed.”

Like Garces, it’s worth mentioning many people who are part of the history of 33 news such as Enrique Bulnes and Rosa Carrillo, Jose Ronstadt, Fernando Verder, Anita Luera,

Sergio Pedroza, Carlos Jurado, Paty Moraga, Johnny Dilone, Rafael Romo, Rolando Nichols, Lorena Schmit, Claudia Rivero, Virginia Silva and Gonzalo Moreno.

Nobody knows the Univision 33 newsroom as Virginia Luna, who is executive assistant in the station’s administration.

She happily remembers when she first started her career in 1989. “It was a smaller building across the street. I remember getting the first computer.

It was a Toshiba, which we used for our correspondence and to write the scripts.”

She treasures the newspaper clips, photographs and any other information about the history of channel 33 she keeps. Nobody doubts her passion to preserve the station’s history.

Also in 1989, the station launched “Teledía”, which became the platform to showcase local talent. Jose Ronstadt led the project, showcasing new characters such as “Doña Chona,” “La Calaca,” and “El Torito.”

Gina Santiago, production assistant at channel 33, devoted more than 22 years of her life to Teledia and says that

for her it is more than just a television program. “For me, Teledia touched the hearts of the Hispanic community in Arizona. It was something real.

Our guests were from the most humbled to the most powerful. But the most important aspect was the public service it offered. We always had live music, personalities and cultural activities.”

In 2011, Univision changed the management team, who injected new energy to the job.

New initiatives are focused on health, education and civic participation, which have revitalized its commitment to the community. Univision Arizona has a direct connection with its audience. Viewers trust the station enough to call seeking help and information.

In addition to covering important news, anchors and reporters participate in community events. It’s common to see Mary Rabago emceeing an event, Karla Gomez in Tucson moderating a public service event or Felipe Corral interviewing a “una promesa del futuro” (promises of the future).

Unlike other stations, Univision Arizona covers the entire state. Its offices, antennas and repeaters in Tucson, Douglas and Flagstaff enable it to offer extensive coverage.

Through its Internet site, UnivisionArizona.com, thousands of people have access to the news of the day and future exclusive coverage. And thanks to its radio affiliates, there is an unprecedented synergy.

Celebrating Arizona’s Centennial gives us the opportunity to reflect on Channel 33’s contributions to Latinos and the loyalty and generosity of the people to the station.

After all, Univision 33 turns 33 years serving the community.

In 2012, Univision renews its commitment to the community and it looms as a communications leader in Arizona.

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For the Love of our Country In War World II many stories of courage were written

by Hispanic Men and Women

By Elisa Cordova and La Voz

P

atriotism, pride and love for our country were just some of the feelings MexicanAmerican longed for as they served in the U.S. Armed Forces during World War II. Little did they know that their devotion to our country, while fighting for the red, white and blue would only be recognized during the war. Nevertheless, while on the front fighting side by side, all roots joined as one fighting against the enemy.

With the invasion of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 the United States officially entered the war. Although a sudden feeling of anxiety fell over the people of Pearl Harbor, concern also grew among the people of the United States.

Not knowing what might happen tomorrow or in the weeks to come only made the country stronger, uniting those who were willing to defend the flag. Mexican-Americans also joined in. According to the National World War II Museum, in New Orleans, between 250,000 and 500,000 Hispanics served in the U.S. Armed Forces. Among them, many joined the ranks of the Army, Marine Corps, and the Navy as volunteers.

Women's Support Thousands of Hispanic women joined the Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps (WAACs) and Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES). Through these programs women were able to serve as nurses and

Arthur Van Buren, Jr. in his plane during an air raid mission.

also played a role in administrative positions.

Although many MexicanAmerican, those who were at war and those who remained at home, didn’t necessarily feel like they were being recognized for their triumphs many stood proud feeling a sense of accomplishment within themselves. Some even managed to leave a permanent mark in our history and are today recognized as true heroes of our country, especially within the Hispanic community.

Silvestre Herrera the Heroe Several of those who served during the war came from the soil of our land, here in Arizona. Silvestre Herrera, born in Camargo, Chihuahua, Mexico, was the first Arizonan to win the Medal of Honor during World War II, also wore Mexico's highest honor (“Premio al Mérito Militar”) for valor on the field of battle, making him the only person to earn both. In 1945, Herrera was awarded the Medal of

the arizona republic

Honor, by president Harry Truman, for saving his platoon from machine-gun fire near Mertzwiller, France, not far from the German border. The Army private first class with the 36th Infantry Division took out one emplacement, then charged through a minefield toward a second, losing both feet to explosions.

The eight Germans manning the machine-gun nest threw down their weapons and surrendered. Despite risking his life, Herrera once said he didn't consider himself a particularly brave man.

"I was one of the lucky ones, to live to be awarded the Medal of Honor," he said proud. (Source: The Arizona Republic)

Van Haren, Jr. downed 12 enemy plans Arthur Van Haren, Jr. was a World War II fighter pilot and the top fighter ace from Arizona. He may, in fact, be one of a handful of highly decorated Mexican-American aces in the history of aerial

warfare. Born in Superior in 1920 to Rose Valenzuela and Arthur Van Haren, Sr., he was attending the U of A when he joined the Navy during the war. He was a member of U.S. Navy Fighting Squadron Two (VF-2 "Rippers").

He downed 12 enemy planes and earned numerous military decorations.

After the war, he received his law degree from the U of A in 1948. He served as a deputy Maricopa County attorney, as legal counsel to the Maricopa County Planning and Zoning Commission, and Silvestre Herrera, won a Medal of Honor for his heroic combat actions. the arizona republic

Arizona

as a Phoenix judge. Van Haren died in August, 1992. (Source: The Arizona Republic)

Stories that are Legacies Gilberto C. Estrada of Nogales, AZ., was promoted to Private First Class after his extraordinary performance of heroism in Jan., 1944. According to the war department citation, Estrada, an infantryman, had killed two enemy machine-gunners while his company in New Georgia was under attack. Other Hispanics were also recognized for their bravery including Anthony Santestebán of Winslow, recipient of the Purple Heart for wounds suffered in battle on the New Georgia Islands against the Japanese.

Robert V. Espinoza, 90, from Phoenix, fought in Guam and was wounded in 1946.

Despite his wounds, he helped a group of his company’s sol-

100 years of mexican-american influence

diers to reach their battalion.

“A marine never leaves a soldier behind”, he proudly comments. Robert received the Purple Heart from President Harry Truman. Robert’s pride of serving his country is shared by his kids, grand kids and great grand kids.

Mexican American women quickly contributed as well as they supported the war.

PFC Carmen Martinez of Phoenix, AZ., served with the U.S. Marine Corps Women’s Reserve as a typist and filing clerk in the message center at the Marine barracks in Quantico, Virginia. Others from Phoenix such as Cpt. Matilde Yanez served as chief nurse in a combat zone hospital on the island of Luzon, and Pvt. Carmen C. Contreras became the 750th woman from Arizona to join the Army.

Fernando Navarrete Cordova, 75, of Tucson, AZ., recalls the day his older brother Raul was drafted. Raul

Navarrete, of Phoenix, left home at 18-years-old to join the Navy where he served on the destroyer USS Bullard.

“There were many stories that Raul would tell me about the war,” said Cordova. “Even though he was considered a minority it was as if one’s race no longer mattered during battle… Everyone united.”

Cordova remembers one story in particular that shows his brother’s bravery. “One time they knocked down a Japanese plane right out of the sky and it landed right in the ocean,” said Cordova. “The pilot was still alive so Raul and others swam out to rescue him but the soldier pulled out a gun to try to kill them.”

Fortunately his brother survived the incident however; others lost their lives during the episode.

Historically, it is during the most difficult times, like WWII, that everyone stands together and no one is left behind.

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Robert V. Espinoza, fought in Guam during WWII and got wounded.

Carlos Chavez/the arizona republic

Por amor a la patria Por Elisa Córdova

Los mexicoamericanos que prestaron servicio en las Fuerzas Armadas de los Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial fueron tan patriotas como los demás combatientes. Sin embargo, su devoción al país solo se reconocería durante la guerra.

Con la invasión a Pearl Harbor el 7 de diciembre de 1941, Estados Unidos entró oficialmente en guerra.

Los mexicoamericanos se unieron a los ciudadanos de todos los orígenes en respuesta a este hecho inesperado. Según el Museo Nacional de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, ubicado en Nueva Orleans, entre 250,000 a 500,000 hispanos prestaron servicio en las Fuerzas Armadas de Estados Unidos.

Miles de mujeres hispanas también quisieron ayudar y ya que no podían entrar en combate, decidieron colaborar a través del Women's Army Auxiliary Corps y Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service.

Las mujeres se desempeñaron como

enfermeras y realizaron tareas administrativas.

A pesar de que los mexicoamericanos no fueron reconocidos por su servicio, se sintieron realizados. Algunos dejaron una huella imborrable en nuestra historia y son reconocidos como héroes.

Algunos de los mexicoamericanos que se enlistaron en la guerra provenían de Arizona.

Silvestre Herrera, nacido en Camargo, Chihuahua, México, fue el primer arizonense en ganar la Medalla de Honor durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial y se le otorgó también el "Premio al Mérito Militar", el máximo reconocimiento que otorga México. El presidente Harry Truman le concedió la medalla por salvar a su pelotón de una ráfaga de balas de ametralladora cerca de Mertzwiller, Francia, a unos cuantos kilómetros de la frontera con Alemania.

"Fui uno de los que tuvieron suerte, viví para recibir la Medalla de Honor", declaró.

Finalmente a Herrera le llegó el reconocimiento de su propia gente. En

1956, su nombre fue colocado en una escuela primaria ubicada en 1350 S. 11th St. en Phoenix. En 2002 el Ejército inició la construcción del Silvestre S. Herrera U.S. Army Reserve Training Center, en 6158 S. Avery St., en Mesa.

(Fuente: The Arizona Republic) Arthur Van Haren Jr. nació en Superior en 1920 y se unió a la Marina cuando estaba en la universidad.

Recibió varios reconocimientos por derribar 12 aviones enemigos. Una vez terminada la guerra se graduó como abogado y ocupó varios puestos públicos en el Condado Maricopa.

Gilberto C. Estrada de Nogales, Arizona, fue ascendido a la Primera Promoción Privada luego de su extraordinaria muestra de heroísmo en enero de 1944. Según la mención del Departamento de Guerra, Estrada, un soldado de infantería, mató a dos enemigos con ametralladoras mientras su compañía se encontraba defendiéndose de un ataque en Nueva Georgia.

Otros de los hispanos reconocidos por su valentía son Anthony Santestebán de Winslow, que recibió el Corazón Púrpura por las heridas que sufrió en combate contra los japoneses en las Islas de Nueva Georgia.

Robert V. Espinoza, ahora de 90 años y originario de Phoenix, luchó en Guam y fue herido en 1946. A pesar de sus heridas, ayudó a un grupo de

soldados de su compañía a alcanzar a su batallón. "Un oficial de la Marina nunca deja a un soldado abandonado", afirma Espinoza, quien recibió el Corazón Púrpura.

Las mujeres de ascendencia mexicana también dejaron huella.

Carmen Martínez de Phoenix participó en la U.S. Marine Corps Women's Reserve como mecanógrafa y archivista en el centro de mensajes de la barraca de la Marina en Quantico, Virginia. Entre otras mujeres de Phoenix se encuentran la capitán Matilde Yáñez, quien se desempeñó como jefa de enfermeras en un hospital de la zona de combate en la isla de Luzon y Carmen C. Contreras, soldado raso, se convirtió en la mujer número 750 de Arizona en unirse al Ejército.

Fernando Navarrete Córdova, de 75 años y de Tucson, recuerda el día en que su hermano mayor Raúl fue reclutado. Raúl Navarrete de Phoenix se unió a la Marina donde tripuló el destructor USS Bullard.

Córdova recuerda la valentía de su hermano. "Una vez derribaron un avión japonés que cayó en el mar", cuenta Córdova. "El piloto aún estaba vivo y entonces Raúl y los demás nadaron para rescatarlo, pero el soldado sacó un arma e intentó matarlos". Su hermano sobrevivió al incidente, pero los demás perdieron la vida.

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Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

The Mexican Consulates in Arizona

Here for the past 130 years The first Mexican Consulate opened in Tucson in 1882, followed by Nogales, Phoenix, Yuma and Douglas.

Special for La Voz

I

n 2012, the consular relations between Mexico and Arizona turns 130 years, and during this time the co-existence of the two communities has been consolidated while improving the protection, assistance and orientation of Mexicans living in the states.

According to the archives of the Mexican Foreign Relation Office, the first consulate opened in Tucson in 1882 when that city was the state capital as a result of the increasing economic bilateral relations and the increasing growth of the Mexican population who demanded their activities be guaranteed.

The history takes us back to the last quarter of the 19th Century when Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico, who during this third presidential term focused on improving the country’s economic growth, thus opening the doors to foreign investment that expanded throughout the nation.

Railroad networks grew, the industry expanded as did mining and thus the economic relations increased, especially with Border States of the American nation such as Arizona that urged legal representation.

Paradoxically with the industrial and economic growth, also grew the social inequality and Mexicans started to look for better opportunities and jobs in the United States. The amalgamation of these two situations during the Porfiriato sparked the demand despite the lack of budget resources to finance consular representation.

After Tucson, the Consulate of Nogales followed in 1885; Phoenix in 1892; Yuma in 1901 and finally Douglas in 1903. The first tasks included making sure promises were kept, commercial agreements honored, and according to some documents, they carried out investigations to detect any arms trafficking during the Mexican revolution.

Parallel of the political, social and economic change in both countries during the three centuries (19th, 20th and 21st centuries) the consular offices in Arizona have increased the cultural, academic and tourist trade.

Similarly, the consular offices are pivotal to help Mexicans. For instance, when the anti-immigrant law SB1070 was enacted in 2010, the five offices launched a joint campaign to prevent any type of abuses against Mexicans. The Arizona Consular Network Center offered help 24 hours a day, the 365 days of the year.

Again in 2011, the five consular offices showed their unity when they signed a memorandum of understanding with the U.S. Department of Labor to protect workers’ right regardless of their immigration status.

Leaders in charge of the Tucson Consulate Office The Mexican Consulate in Tucson opened in 1882 with Consul Lomeli as its head. Here are who followed him.

Lomelí 1882-1912 Enrique V. Anaya 1913 Fernando Díaz Duffoo 1913 Enrique V. Anaya 1913-1916 Consular office closed because of lack of funds 1916

Leaders in charge of the Nogales Consulate Office The Nogales Consulate established in 1885 at a cost of $300.00. Leaders in charge are:

J. E. Anchondo 1929-1933 Daniel Chávez 1934 (Chancellor Officer in charge) Adolfo de la Huerta Oriol 1955-56 (Vice Consul) Cosme Hinojosa 1956-58 Cosme Hinojosa 60-65 (year he died and when the consulate office closed) José Antonio Rivera Cortés 1987-1996 Carlos Torres García 1997-2001 Carlos Flores Vizcarra 2001-2003 Juan Manuel Calderón Jaimes since 2004 to date SOURCE: MEXICAN FOREGIN RELATIONS OFFICE. MANUAL OF ORGANIZTION OF THE CONSULATE IN TUCSON, ARIZONA, U.S.A.

Javier Osornio 1936 - 1937 Adalberto D. Berlanga 1937 - 1938 Manuel Tomas Morlet 1939 - 1941 Hermelao E. Torres 1941 - 1942 Federico Gutiérrez Pastor 1942 - 1943

Felipe A. Labadie 1885 - 1892

Francisco Torres Pérez 1943 - 1944

Carlos Fernández Pasalagua 1892 - 1893

Rodolfo Rubio Rojo 1944 - 1945

Manuel Mascareñas 1893 - 1909

Alejandro C. Villaseñor 1947 - 1954

Daniel E. Montes 1909 - 1912

Efraín Garza Domínguez 1954 - 1956

Ricardo Gayou 1912 - 1913

Roberto S. Urrea Quiróz 1956 - 1959

Ángel Aguilar 1913 - 1914

Carmen González Bojorques 1959 - 1965

Alejandro Alnslie 1914

Jorge Alcocer Carregha 1965 - 1968

Jesús N. González 1914

Carmen González Bojorques 1968 - 1971

Gastón Ramírez 1914

Margarita Manríquez Chacón 1971

Luis G. Velásquez 1914 - 1915

Héctor Ignacio Mena López 1973

Gustavo Padres 1915 - 1916

Fernando Vega Mora 1973 - 1975

Baldomero Aldama 1915

Carlos Troyo Contreras 1976 - 1978

José H. Delgado 1916 - 1918

Germán Sánchez Trujillo 1978 - 1979

José Garza Zertuche 1918 - 1919

Alberto Becerra Sierra 1979 - 1983

Emiliano Taméz 1919 - 1920

Álvaro Carranco Ávila 1983 - 1985

Alberto G. Monteverde 1920 - 1921

José Antonio Rivera Cortés 1985 - 1986

Ismael Magaña 1921 - 1922

Jorge Luis Rico Rangel 1986 - 1990

Joaquín Terrazas 1921 – 1925

Emerenciano Rodríguez Jobrail 1990 - 1991

Carlos Palacios Roji 1925 - 1928

Raúl López Lira Castro 1993 - 1995

Ismael M. Vázquez 1928 - 1929

Roberto Rodríguez Hernández 1995 - 2001

Rafael Aveleyra 1929

Carlos Ignacio González Magallón 2001 – 2005

José Antonio Valenzuela 1929 - 1930

María Luisa Beatriz López Gargallo 2005 - 2010

Francisco Alfonso Pesquería 1930 - 1932

Jaime Paz y Puente Gutiérrez 2010 –

Carlos Palacios Roji 1932 Joel S. Quiñónez 1933 - 1935 Ignacio G. Gaxiola 1935 - 1936

SOURCE: MEXICAN FOREGIN RELATIONS OFFICE. MANUAL OF ORGANIZTION OF THE CONSULATE IN NOGALES, ARIZONA, U.S.A.

Arizona

Leaders in charge of the Phoenix Consulate Office Consulate representation has existed for more than 100 years here, and because of its importance and the huge number of activities it covers means it has been constantly growing exponentially. This growth prompted the designation of Consulate General in 1995.

Leaders in charge are: LEADER POSITION Martín Arce Consul León Vargas Navarro Consul Joaquín Díaz Prieto Consul Alberto Piña Consul Arturo M. Elías Consul Enrique C. Llorente Consul Arturo M. Elías Consul Ricardo Bravo Consul J. E. Castillón Consul Tristán Garza Castillón Consul Francisco Peredo Consul Gonzalo Cordero Consul Manuel Esparza Consul Roberto E. Quiroz Consul Vicente Rendón Quijano Consul Manuel G. Prieto Consul Alejandro V. Martínez Consul Aurelio Luis Gallardo Consul Juan Prieto Quemper Consul Luis F. Castro Consul Manuel Payno Mariscal Consul Luis F. Castro Consul Renato Cantú Lara Consul Ernesto E. Cota Consul Renato Cantú Lara Consul Ernesto E. Cota Consul M. Tomás Moerlet Consul Julián Saenz Hinojosa Consul Morelos González Vice Consul/Enc. Jesús Franco Consul Elías Colunga Consul Arturo Garza Cantú Consul Victor Manuel Pesqueira Juvera Consul Rafael Reyes Spíndola Consul Edgardo Briones Martínez Consul Rene Luis Morlet Castro Consul Roberto Ramírez Vargas Consul Raúl Lópezlira Castro Consul Raúl Lópezlira Castro General Consul Frumencio Saldaña Alcalá Consul Javier Aguilar Rangel Consul Bulmaro Pacheco Moreno Consul Nicolás Escalante Barret Consul Nicolás Escalante Barret** General Consul Luis Cabrera Cuarón General Consul Salvador Cassian Santos General Consul Rubén Alberto Beltrán Guerrero General Consul Carlos Flores Vizcarra General Consul Victor Manuel Treviño General Consul

PERIOD 1893 -1894 1897 1901 -1903 1903 1908 1908 1909 1911 1913 1914 1918 - 1919 1920 1921 -1922 1922 1922 1923 1923 1923 1924 -1925 1930 1930 1931 1932 1932 1932 1933 -1935 1935 -1936 1936 1936 - 1945 1947 - 1949 1954 - 1956 1957 - 1960 1964 - 1969 1969 - 1971 1972 - 1975 1975 -1978 1978 - 1981 1981 - 1984 1984 - 1988 1988- 1991 1991 1991 - 1992 1992 - 1994 1995 1995-1998 1999 - 2001 2001-003 2003-2009 2009-

** In Nov. 16, 1995, the Mexican Consulate in Phoenix was designed as Consulate General.

SOURCES: FOREIGN RELATIONS OFFICE AND MEXICAN CONSULATE IN PHOENIX, ARIZONA, U.S.A.

100 years of mexican-american influence

Leaders in charge of the Yuma Consulate Office The Mexican consulate in Yuma reopened its office in October 19, 2001. The office’s history dates back to May 13, 1901. After 30 years of service, Mexico closed the consular offices and transferred all its records to El Paso, Texas in December of 1931.

Leaders in charge of the Douglas Consulate Office The Consuls who have been in charge are the following: Vice Consul Antonio Maza 1903 Consul Alberto López Montero 1954 Consul Alberto Güido Carmelo 1954-1967 Consul José Jiménez Hurtado 1967-1968

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Since its inception until its closure, 15 Consuls served.

Consuls since 2001 to date: Hugo Rene Oliva Romero 2001 to 2006 Miguel Escobar Valdez 2006-date SOURCE: MEXICAN FOREGIN RELATIONS OFFICE. MANUAL OF ORGANIZTION OF THE CONSULATE IN YUMA, ARIZONA, U.S.A.

Consul Manuel Esparza 1968-1969 From 1969 to 1975 this office remained closed.

Consul Raúl Aveleyra Fierro 1975-1977 Consul Francisco Medrano Campos 1977-1982 Consul Víctor Torres 1982-1987 From 1987 to 1997 the consulate was closed again.

Consul Ecce-Iei Mendoza Machado 1997-1999 Consul Oscar Antonio de la Torre Amezcua 2006 to date SOURCE: MEXICAN FOREGIN RELATIONS OFFICE. MANUAL OF ORGANIZTION OF THE CONSULATE IN DOUGLAS, ARIZONA, U.S.A.

This document, dated on 1893, shows when the Mexican Foreign Relations office named Mr. Martin Arce as the first Mexican Consul in Phoenix

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CALENDAR OF EVENTS Feb 2- 11

¡VIVAN LAS ARTES! Celebration that will include cultural activities and art exhibits.

When: Thursday Feb. 2 to Saturday, Feb. 11 Where: Several locations BUILDING COMMUNITY THROUGH THE CHURCH: 100 YEARS OF CATHOLICS IN ARIZONA 1912-2012 Special Mass with Bishop Thomas J. Olmsted St. Mary’s Basilica in downtown Phoenix.

Wednesday, Feb. 14 at Noon

A reception and historical exhibit featuring the history of the Church in Arizona after Mass.

Exhibit Hours: February 12 – 10 a.m – 1 p.m February 13 – 10 a.m – 3 p.m February 14 – 10 a.m – 4 p.m Where: St. Mary's Basilica 231 N. 3rd St. Phoenix, AZ 85004 Admission: Free Contact: Archives Office (602) 354-2475

Throughout February

SATURDAY PROGRAMS Events with some samples of Starlight Planetarium for children 5 to 12 years old.

When: Every Thursday afternoon Where: Tempe Public Library Children's Library 3500 South Rural Road Tempe, AZ Admission: Free. Must RSVP. Contact: (480) 350-5522

Admission: Some activities are free. Others range $5 to $12.

Feb. 9 to Feb. 19

STATEHOOD DAYS Pioneer Village has the original log cabin where Senator Ashurst was born and raised.

When: From Thursday, Feb. 9 to Monday, Feb. 19 from 9:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. Tuesday, Feb. 14 is the big event.

Where: Pioneer Living History Museum 3901 W. Pioneer Rd. Phoenix, AZ 85086 Admission: Those under 18 years old pay $5, adults pay $7, and veterans pay $6.

Contac: http://www.pioneeraz.org/

Feb. 20 to Feb. 25

WINTER RANGE The family event will feature displays of period militaria, exhibitions of western skills and crafts. Entertainment will include singers, cowboy bands, trick roping, trick horses and cowboy entertainment.

When: Monday, Feb. 20 to Saturday, Feb. 25 from 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m.

Where: Ben Avery Shooting Range 4044 W. Black Canyon Blvd.

Phoenix, AZ 85086 Admission: $7 adults. Children 5 to 17 are free.

Contact: (623) 582-8313 www.azgfd.gov/

Feb. 18 to Feb. 26

LA FIESTA DE LOS VAQUEROS The event includes bull riding, bareback and saddle bronc riding, steer wrestling, tie-down roping, team roping and women’s barrel racing. Also featured each day are kids’ events.

When: Saturday, Feb. 18 to Sunday, Feb. 26 from 11:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m.

Where: Tucson Rodeo Grounds From I-10: Exit Park Ave. Turn right to Irvington Rd. From I-19: Take Irvington Road Exit East.

Tucson, AZ Admission: $5 per person. Children under 13 with an adult come in free.

Contact: www.tucsonrodeo.com

March 3-4

HEARD MUSEUM INDIAN FAIR MARKET One of Arizona's most significant cultural events, the Heard Museum Guild Indian Fair and Market is a world-acclaimed festival that draws nearly 20,000 visitors and over 700 of the nation’s most outstanding and successful American Indian artists.

When: Saturday, March 3 and Sunday March 4 from 9:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.

Where: Heard Museum 2301 N. Central Ave. Phoenix, AZ 85004 Admission: Fee is $20. Students pay $10.

Contact: 602-251-0205

March 10-11

CIVIL WAR IN THE SOUTHWEST Each year hundreds of spectators descend on Picacho Peak State Park to watch re-enactments of an Arizona Civil War skirmish.

When: Saturday, March 10 and Sunday, March 11. Doors open from 9:30 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. The event is from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.

Where: Picacho Peak State Park Pinal, AZ Admission: $7 per vehicle with 4 adults.

Children under 12 are free. There is a $3 parking fee per day. No pets.

Contact: (520) 586-2283

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CALENDAR OF EVENTS March 24-25

GLENDALE FOLK & HERITAGE FESTIVAL Workshops throughout the weekend focus on providing a non-intimidating environment for new musicians/ songwriters to learn and grow their skills as well as introducing instruments and music to children in a fun atmosphere.

When: Saturday 24 and Sunday 25 Where: Sahuaro Ranch Park Historic Area 9802 North 59th Avenue Glendale, Arizona 85302 Admission: Free.

Sept. 7

VALLE DEL SOL PROFILES OF SUCCESS Where: Memorial Hall Steele Indian School Park 3rd St. & Indian School Road Phoenix, Arizona Admission: Between $10 and $20. For the reception, dinner and entertainment, $125.

May 12

NATIONAL TRAIN DAY On May 10, 1869, the Transcontinental Railroad was completed. To celebrate this great achievement and to promote riding the rails on passenger trains Amtrak started National Train Day in 2008.

April 12

CHICANOS POR LA CAUSA ANNIVERSARY DINNER When: Thursday, April 12, 6 p.m. – 9 p.m Where: Arizona Biltmore 2400 E. Missouri Ave., Phoenix, AZ

When: Saturday, April 14

When: June 29 to July 4 Where: Springerville-Eagar Rodeo Grounds Contact: http://www.eagaraz.gov/

When: Friday, September 7 11:30 a.m.

Where: Phoenix Convention Center (North Ballroom)

Nov. 19

CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION Maricopa's Centennial Celebration with the First Ladies: Harvest our Heritage When: Monday, Nov. 19 Where: Maricopa High School 45725 W Honeycutt Avenue Chandler, AZ 85248

When: Saturday, May 12

Admission: $25. Need to RSVP.

Where: Arizona Railway Museum 330 E. Ryan Rd. Chandler, Arizona 85286

Contact: Patricia Brock 480-821-0604 Email: hpbrock@cox.net

Contact: (480) 821-1108

April 14

CENTENNIAL SERENADE

racquetball tournament, and arts reception that will feature wine, cheese and information workshops. There will also be two nights of dancing in the rodeo fields.

June 29 to July 4

“100 YEARS: OUR PATH” Community events that include breakfast, skateboarding competitions,

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Triumphs Became Failures and…

Failures Became Triumphs

By Valeria Fernández

L

a Voz organized a roundtable discussion with Latinos of different ages, backgrounds and perspectives.

The meeting, which gathered business owners, politicians, religious leaders, journalists, undocumented students and artists, was the culmination of the investigation, reporting, analysis and writing necessary to produce this special edition of Arizona’s Centennial.

Moderated by Tommy Espinoza, President and CEO of Raza Development Fund, the roundtable discussion offered future predictions and anecdotal contributions of the Chicano Movement.

“Some of our victories were failures then, but turned out to be tools we used later,’’ said Pete Garcia, founder member and former President and CEO of the non-profit Chicanos Por La Causa.

Garcia, who now heads the Victoria Foundation, which offers scholarships to encourage Latinos to continue their education, recalled that one victory was the creation of a Mexican food processing plant under the same logo.

“We paid a lot of consulting money to get advised and then to be presented with name “Mi Casa,’ Garcia said. “We didn’t know anything about Mexican food, other than to eat it.”

Establishing the line of food products under the same name captured the attention of the national media and increased demand from small Mexican business owners. Newspapers baptized episode as the battle of the tortillas.

“It started as a failure but ended up as a victory,’’ Garcia said. “The most important change for us was the fact

Fernando Shipley, first Hispanic mayor of Globe, Juan Villa, Univision news director, and father Ernesto Reynoso of the Diocese of Phoenix.

FOTOS CARLOS CHAVEZ

that we changed the attitude of what we were capable of accomplishing.”

Among the panelists linked to CPLC was Elisa de la Vara, a representative of Congressman Ed Pastor, Judge and law professor Noel Fidel, Edmundo Hidalgo, President and CEO of CPLC. “What CPLC did was organized the Hispanic community to accomplish its objectives, not to tell them what they needed to do,” said Noel Fidel, the first Anglo Saxon to become a board member of CPLC at the end of the 1960’s.

“Eliminating the prejudices in people’s hearts will be a lifelong battle.”

De la Vara recalled the diversity of the group, which began with the basics.

“In the mid-1970’s, we were 15 o 20 workers in a shed,’’ she said. “Some of us had universities degrees and others didn’t.

But all of us promoted education. At the time, we had the luxury of making mistakes, but not today.”

Opening doors During the round table discussion, young Latino leaders had the chance to express their opinions such as State Farm agent Yolie Aleman Rodriguez, artist and muralist Gennaro Garcia, engineer and member of the Arizona Dream Act Coalition Dulce Matuz, Father Fernando Reynoso of the Diocese of Phoenix, Remax real estate Manager

Victor Vidales, Univision 33 News Director Juan Villa, RDF Communication Director Star Reyes and RDF’s Communication Specialist Ben Garcia.

“Everything you did encouraged me to fight for the young people who don’t have the educational opportunities,’’ said Vidales, remembering his Chicano history courses at Phoenix College. “I didn’t know whether I was Mexican.

I didn’t know whether I was American. I was a confused Chicano.”

Yolie Aleman grew up in farming fields with her family and was able to own a subsidiary of State Farm, buying a $500,000 building. But it was hard at first. Even though she had a college degree, she had to translate everything to her colleagues in Spanish.

“It was frustrating that they didn’t hire Latinos, Chicanos o bilingual people,” said Rodriguez, who proposed the creation of a national bilingual center. “Now, we have Harvard

Yolie Aleman Rodriguez of State Farm Insurance.

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Victor Vidales, owner of two real estate franchises of REMAX

Tom Espinoza, President of Raza Development Fund (RDF) moderated the roundtable.

experts translating the right way – professionally.”

Fernando Shipley said he was able to become the first Latino Mayor of Globe thanks to the Chicano Movement.

“We must continue teaching our kids that this struggle hasn’t yet ended,” he said Dulce Matuz, engineer and an activist of the DREAM ACT, a proposed law to legalize students like her, voiced the concern of the new generations.

“Your victories have taken a step backwards,’’ said Matuz, who’s inspired by the Chicano Movement. She added that it’s necessary to offer more educational opportunities to Latinos in all fields including science.

“At some point we acquiesced ourselves and stopped fighting,” she said. “It breaks my heart to see these young people giving up. We see this with the Dreamers who killed themselves or are clinically depressed.”

Arizona’s changing demographics featuring 1.6 million Latinos means greater opportunities but also challenges for Hispanics.

“There is a wave of Chicanos and Chicanitas in

public schools, where they represent 50 percent. I don’t care what people like (state lawmakers) Russell Pearce, Montenegro or Kavanagh think. It doesn’t matter what they say, they won’t be able to stop this wave,” said Edmundo Hidalgo about the anti-immigrant politicians.

“In some ways, this is forcing our community to become active again. It’s forcing our community to recognize its economic power, which is necessary so our community can make a difference, he added

The future goals Juan Villa, Univision 33 News Director, talked about the importance of education.

“Education is key. We must find a way to encourage more Latinos to go to college,’’ he said.

Artist and muralist Genaro García agreed. “We have to instill in them the love for art, just like we do with sports,” he said. “Art might open other doors to their future.”

Hidalgo said it is important not only to create economic wealth but social capital as well for the future generation of Latinos, and to benefit from the increasing interest

of corporate America has of the Latino market.

“Many corporations want a piece of the pie,’’ he said.

“They refer to us as an emerging community as if they had just discovered us. And we have been here for 200 years.”

Father Ernesto Reynoso stressed the importance of not forgetting the values that give strength and inspiration to the community.

“God is important as part of our Hispanic cultural because at the end of the day, faith gives the hope necessary to create something bigger than our own,’’ Reynoso said.

Everyone agreed that Arizona’s diverse population will continue to grow and that all must work together.

An example of how forming coalitions benefit the community is the recent recall of former State Senate President Russell Pearce, said Espinoza.

That coalition clearly showed the key role undocumented students played mobilizing the Latino vote in Mesa, which goes beyond the Dream Act, he said.

All agreed that

the anti-immigrant attacks have strengthened the community. De la Vara talked about the importance of adding to the dialogue the concept of sacrifice and commitment as part of the new generation’s effort to open up opportunities.

They floated the idea of having even more diverse roundtable discussions to form support networks for students and to unite experienced activists with Dreamers.

How to sit down and nego-

tiate with groups of people who have a different view of immigration” asked Elvira Espinoza, La Voz Publisher.

“We must understand all elements of the opposition,’’ said judge Fidel. “Some are educated but we can’t persuade them saying that all of them are racists.”

The panelists agreed that the future of Latinos in Arizona is bright if they rely on the increased college opportunities, solidarity, family, art, and celebrating diversity.

But nothing will be easy, said Fidel. “There will always

Edmundo Hidalgo – President of Chicanos Por La Causa.

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100 years of mexican-american influence

Gennaro Garcia, local talented artist.

be a fight ahead of us, a Pearce to defeat, there will always be change, there will always be a Dream Act to pass. The fight never ends. Conflict is part of life. “ At the end, the panelists imagined some of the headlines to be published in La Voz during the next 100 years.

“The light rail train to San Luis, Sonora, is completed.”

Ben Garcia, Star Reyes y Paul Brinkley-Rogers, Raza Development Fund.

Judge Noel Fidel and Pete Garcia of the Victoria Foundation.

“President Espinoza under pressure by the Latino community.”

“The Hispanic President of the United States brought down the borders.”

“The Diocese of Phoenix joins the Diocese of Durango again.”

“Pete García dies at age 167.”

“Humans reach Titan, one of Saturn’s moons.”

“The largest corporation of Hispanic engineers find a new

form of renewal energy.”

“90th anniversary of the collapse of the border.”

And you dear reader, what headline would you add?

Triunfos que fueron fracasos y...

Fracasos que fueron triunfos Por Valeria Fernández

La diversidad de los latinos en Arizona quedó reflejada en una Mesa Redonda organizada por La Voz, en la que participaron líderes, activistas, empresarios, políticos, religiosos, periodistas y artistas, además de estudiantes indocumentados hispanos de diferentes edades, procedencias y experiencias quienes reflexionaron sobre los éxitos alcanzados por las generaciones pasadas y predijeron un futuro brillante.

La reunión dio por terminado el proceso de investigación, reporteo, análisis y redacción que fue necesario efectuar durante semanas para preparar esta edición especial de La Voz dedicada a la celebración por el Centenario de Arizona.

Tommy Espinoza, presidente y director ejecutivo

de Raza Development Fund (RDF), actuó como moderador. Entre los asistentes se encontraron también excolaboradores de la organización Chicanos Por La Causa (CPLC), como por ejemplo, Pete García, exdirector ejecutivo de CPLC y actual presidente de la Fundación Victoria; Elisa de la Vara, funcionaria de la oficina del congresista Ed Pastor; el juez y catedrático de leyes Noel Fidel; y Edmundo Hidalgo, actual presidente y director ejecutivo de CPLC. En la Mesa Medonda también se escucharon las voces de jóvenes latinos como Yolie Alemán Rodríguez, agente de State Farm; Genaro García, artista y muralista; Dulce Matuz, ingeniera y activista de Arizona Dream Act Coalition; el padre Ernesto Reynoso, de la Diócesis de Phoenix; Víctor Vidales, especialista en bienes raíces de

Remax; Juan Villa, director de noticias de Univisión 33 y Star Reyes y Ben García, director y especialista en comunicaciones de RDF, respectivamente.

Fernando Shipley, el primer alcalde latino de Globe, afirmó que logró ocupar ese cargo gracias al movimiento chicano y enfatizó que la lucha aún continúa. Por otro lado, Dulce Matuz, Víctor Vidales y Juan Villa reiteraron la necesidad de mayores oportunidades educativas para los latinos.

Metas a futuro Hidalgo destacó la importancia de ayudar a las futuras generaciones para que se beneficien del repentino interés de las corporaciones en el mercado latino, "como si recién nos hubiesen descubierto... y nosotros hace 200 años que estamos acá".

Los participantes coincidieron en que Arizona con-

tinuará desarrollándose como un estado multicultural donde todos los grupos deben trabajar juntos por el futuro del estado.

Asimismo, Espinoza mencionó que la destitución del senador republicano, Russell Pearce, encabezada por el activista Randy Parraz, fue un claro ejemplo de la forma cómo trabajan las coaliciones. "Dejó en claro el papel que desempeñaron los estudiantes indocumentados para movilizar el voto en la ciudad de Mesa yendo más allá de la lucha por el Dream Act".

Todos coincidieron en que los repentinos ataques antiinmigrantes, considerados por muchos como antilatinos, han fortalecido a la comunidad.

La idea es continuar organizando mesas redondas incluso mucho más diversas, formar redes de apoyo para los estudiantes y conectar a los activistas experimentados

con los nuevos "dreamers".

"Pero ¿cómo sentarse a la mesa a negociar con grupos que tienen una visión diferente para resolver el tema de inmigración?", preguntó Elvira Espinoza, directora general del periódico La Voz. "Tenemos que entender a la oposición. Podemos educar a algunos, pero no podemos persuadirlos diciendo que son todos unos racistas", manifestó el juez Fidel.

Los participantes concluyeron que con el apoyo de mayores oportunidades universitarias, la solidaridad, la familia, el arte y celebrando la diversidad y la dignidad de todos los arizonenses, el futuro de los latinos en Arizona es brillante.

"Pero nada será sencillo.

Siempre va a haber una lucha por delante, un Pearce que vencer... un Dream Act que aprobar", reconoció el juez Fidel.

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They impacted many lives In 1987, John Paul II visit to Phoenix made history

Hispanics in the organizing committee The Diocese of Phoenix created an executive community to organized all aspects of the visit.

Bishop O’Brien named Dr. Mary Jo Franco French director of operations and Tom Espinoza coordinator of special guests and politicians.

By Jon Kamman The Arizona Republic

H

e was the most distinguished world leader ever welcomed in the hospitality-rich Valley of the Sun. He stayed only 24 hours but touched the lives and hearts of hundreds of thousands of Arizonans, many in ways they will never forget. Pope John Paul II came to metropolitan Phoenix on Sept. 14, 1987, as part of a ninecity, 10-day tour of the United States.

He packed a remarkable array of events into a short time in Phoenix, from comforting gravely ill children to celebrating a Mass before a huge crowd in the Arizona State University stadium in Tempe that, ironically, is otherwise known as the lair of the Sun Devils.

In between, he revealed something of himself as a mortal.

He laughed about, then joined in singing, the incongruous World War I-vintage song It’s a Long Way to Tipperary at a lunch with Bishop Thomas J. O’Brien and other leaders of the Diocese of Phoenix.

He asked for a snack of chocolate cake and cookies as he retreated for his afternoon rest.

Like any good tourist, he used the Arizona picture postcards left for him in his desk to send greetings back to friends in Europe.

And, at the end of a grueling 16-hour day, he nodded off for a few moments while being driven across town with O’Brien.

The pope was emphasizing a different topic in each city as he made his way from Miami to San Francisco, and he chose

A huge mass was held at Arizona State University Stadium.

Courtesy roman catholic Diocese of phoenix' archives

Mother Teresa of Calcutta’s visit In May 1989, Mother Teresa visited Phoenix to look for a place to house the nuns of her order the Sisters of the Charity. As part of the activities, she attended Mass at Simon and St. Jude churches and visited a homeless shelter. It is said that it was a cold morning

health care as his principal focus in Phoenix.

Yet, in what was described as the busiest day of his U.S. itinerary, the pope’s pastoral affirmations also embraced such themes as compassion for the poor, harmony among races, spiritual renewal amid the Southwest’s fast-paced economic development and the need for continued commitment to evangelism and missionary work.

Arriving on a Monday morning at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport in the chartered "Shepherd One" jet, the pope was greeted by thenGov. Evan Mecham and other dignitaries.

He was whisked to St. Joseph’s Hospital and Medical Center, where he blessed children in the pediatrics ward before speaking briefly to the assembled hospital staff.

The public then got its first

and mother Teresa was shoeless and didn’t have anything to cover herself with. A woman, expressing her compassion, gave her a sweater. The nun smiled in gratitude and immediately took the sweater and put on a woman at the shelter. U.S. Marshall Al Madrid was in charge of security logistics during Mother Theresa’s visit.

look at the man who, then age 67 and a month away from completing his ninth year as pope, was leader of the world’s 800 million Roman Catholics.

The pontiff waved from his bulletproof "Popemobile" as it slowly made its way down Central Avenue, Phoenix’s main thoroughfare, amid flags in the white and yellow papal colors.

Spectators, some of whom had waited since dawn, showed

both joy and solemnity, many cheering and waving, others weeping or quietly praying.

A huge paper banner dangling from one of the high-rises along Central Avenue bore the simple greeting of "Yo, Pope!"

Through nearly a year of detailed planning for his visit, estimates of the crowd expected along the motorcade route and at St. Mary’s Basilica in downtown Phoenix soared as high as 1 million. But in reality no more than 100,000 turned out.

Planners later conjectured that many people had chosen to watch blanket television coverage of the pope’s visit rather than brave a potential human gridlock.

The historic basilica, built in 1915, had been given a $300,000 face lift in preparation for the pope’s visit.

The refurbishing wasn’t just for cosmetic purposes but literally to keep paint and plaster from flaking onto the pontiff as he delivered an address from the basilica’s balcony to 25,000 faithful gathered in Phoenix Civic Plaza.

The pope hailed Arizona as living proof of its state motto, Ditat Deus, meaning God enriches, and gave special greetings in English as well as Spanish for the Hispanic community, which he said had brought "great strength, vitality and generosity" to the

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John Paul II gave his goodbye to Phoenix In Spanish His visit was covered in full for a radio station by the current Editor in chief of La Voz

By Luis Manuel Ortiz When John Paul II visited Phoenix, I worked for radio station KPHX, and we had the satisfaction of being the only Spanish-language media outlet to cover every public event of the pontiff. I had double duties: reporting and doing commentaries.

I went to the airport to report the details of his departure, when he was getting in the airplane and the overall atmosphere as John Paul II prepared to continue his trip to the United States.

Reporters, photographers and videographers were assigned to a raised-platform where we could see when the Pope’s automobile arrived right next to the airplane.

In front of us the a small crowd of folks who were previously invited to come to send him off were kept behind a makeshift fence to prevent them from getting too close to Pontiff’s airplane. But John Paul decided to approach the crowd – I supposed in a spontaneous personal decision – to

United States.

Caveat on growth Acknowledging that Arizona faces "challenges of amazing growth," the pope cautioned that "a humanism which is oriented toward God" must be kept at the core of development.

"Development can never be reduced to economic expansion alone or to values that are strictly temporal," he said.

Moving on to a national gathering of Catholic Health Association professionals, he saluted their commitment to

shake their hands and bless them.

We in the press had strict instructions not to leave the platform. We had to do our work from there. But as I saw that John Paul II was approaching the people I decided to ignore the orders and jumped to the pavement, walking briskly and pushing people away to get close to him.

My entire reporting equipment was a cell phone, which made it easier to narrate everything I was seeing. While I pushed people away, I spoke on the phone and my voice came on live on the air. “At this moment, we’re trying to approach the pontiff,” I recalled saying. The moment I got to the rope, the famous visitor was passing in front me.

I extended my cell phone and asked him: Your Holiness, do you have any last words for the Hispanic community?”

With absolute serenity as it was his style the pontiff answered me in clear Spanish: “I sent my regards and my blessing to the Hispanic community.”

Those were the last words John Paul II uttered in Phoenix.

following Christ’s example as a healer and defined their top priority as ensuring that everyone has access to health care, especially in view of the ravaging effects of the AIDS epidemic.

At a meeting with clergy and laity at SS. Simon and Jude Cathedral, his message underscored the need for Roman Catholics to continue worldwide missionary activities.

Apology to Indians Later, in the first U.S. meeting of a pope with American Indians, he lamented the

A huge crowd gathered in front of St. Mary’s Basilica to hear the word and receive the blessing of the illustrious visitor. the arizona republic

church’s "mistakes of the past" in dealing with Native Americans but said, "We must work together for reconciliation and healing."

His address at Veterans Memorial Coliseum to more than 10,000 people at the annual assembly of the Tekakwitha Conference, an organization of Native American Catholics founded in 1939, put him in front of representatives of about 200 tribes from across the nation, many of them in colorful traditional dress.

As the pope entered the arena, members of the audience spontaneously passed a baby over their heads to the stage.

The pope cradled and kissed 11-month-old Naomi Miguel, daughter of Gerald and Nellie Miguel of the village of Chui Chu near Casa Grande, before passing her back to her father.

The evening Mass at ASU drew 75,000 to 80,000 people, including chartered busloads from around Arizona and adjoining states plus caravans from more distant points and Mexico.

The pope delivered his homily, much of which explained the anointing of the sick, from a pulpit set up on the southern side of the stadium.

He pointed out Phoenix’s

Groups from all the state and the country gathered along the path of John Paul II showing him their love.

traditional role as "a place to which people come for relief of suffering."

Behind him rose a luminous, vivid mural of the Grand Canyon and the phoenix bird.

In front of him, a 65-foot, copper-trimmed cross pointed to the heavens. The cross now is installed at SS. Simon and Jude Cathedral.

The next morning, the pontiff surprised and delighted well-wishers by walking among the 2,000 invited guests who

the arizona republic

had come to see him off at the Air National Guard terminal at Sky Harbor.

The Pope’s visit cost $1.5 million dollars, half of which was used to secure ASU’s football stadium and St. Mary’s Basilica’s restoration project.

Approximately $225 thousand dollars worth of gifts and volunteer hours were provided by companies or volunteer groups and additional cash donations were presented by individuals, corporations, and parishes.

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Arizona :

Following the Paths of our culture

By Eduardo Bernal

T

he Mesoamerican cultural influence in the southwestern part of the U.S. –the ones that developed in central and southern Mexico as well as Central America—dates back to at least 500 years B.C. Historical records show the existence of the commercial relationship between the two regions and provide evidence of a tight connection between Arizona and the cultures that develop before, during, and after the Spanish Conquest.

The Latino cultural influence in Arizona dates back to the first colonists who settled in this region before Arizona joined The Union.

The culture of any ethnic group is bound to its roots; this is the one that bloomed in Arizona as a consequence of the immigration influx that increased in the mid XVIII and XIX centuries.

The quest to strengthen the Latino identity dates back to the region’s first settlements and the desire to express a collective Mexican-American or Latino voice has been established through music, theater, film, literature and visual arts.

These artistic manifestations are visible from the first frescos painted in Catholic Churches such as San Xavier del Bac mission in Tucson, through theatre companies created in the 1800s, (Teatro Lírico, Teatro Cervantes or Teatro Carmen), through music like the Club Filarmónico de Tucson, Orquesta Navarro, Los Music Makers de Pete Bugarin, the Mariachi Changuitos Feos

The cultural influence of Latinos in Arizona dates back to early settlements in the area

The Pete Bugarin orchestra became an icon in the Valley. Courtesy of Frank Barrios.

or the Mariachi Cobre -the latter founded in the early 70’s and which was the first professional group of this genre in the state.

Many Latino writers influenced the region’s cultural landscape, specifically with greater force after World War II. Writing (through poetry, essays, stories, novels and theatre scripts) was a determining factor in showcasing the Mexican-American experience.

Their contributions through literature played a pivotal role in expressing the Mexican-

American identity and experience.

Among the notable writers are Amado Robles Cota, Carmen Beltran and Mario Suárez (the first Latino to be published in Arizona Quarterly).

During the Chicano Movement of the 1960’s and 1970’s, Latino authors such as Octavio Romano (El Espejo) and Miguel Mendez (Peregrinos de Aztlan), who are bastions of the Chicano Literature in the southwest, sought more opportunities at publishing houses.

Also notable are Gary Keller, (Tales of the el Huitlacoche),

Patricia Preciado Marín, Alberto Ríos, Margarito CotaCárdenas and contemporary Stella Pope-Duarte and Eduardo Barraza.

Similarly, the film industry in Arizona gained notoriety during the 1940’s because it was less costly to film here than in California or other states.

Movies were a widely form of entertainment and an information outlet to the rest of the world. Among the traditional movie theaters in Arizona were the Orpheum, Rex, El Azteca in Phoenix and The Plaza in Tucson. Some movies filmed

totally or partially in Arizona and which were popular are “The Gunfight at OK Corrral (1957), “Easy Rider,” (1969), “Stagecoach” (1939), and many others .

Most recent films by cotemporaries like Paul Espinoza and Dan Devivo touch on topics like immigration, border and social injustice issues.

Artistic expression revealed the ideological and cultural values of a community from its inception, showcasing its pride and its settlements.

From the urban neighborhoods to rural ranches, MexicanAmericans and Latinos found outlets to express themselves, which were crucial factors in creating their identity.

In the 1970s, the visual arts catapulted in Arizona with MARS (Movimiento Artístico del Rio Salado) and Xicanindio in 1975, through artists like Zarco Guerrero and Antonio Pazos’ murals. Other upcoming artists were Raúl Guerrero, Patssi Valdez and Gaspar Enriquez.

Several of the artistic Latino groups grew out of civil rights movement including MECHA, Chicanos Por La Causa, Valle del Sol, Barrio Youth Project, Friendly House and most recently The Rise Project, which teaches art to at-risk youth in low-income neighborhoods in Phoenix.

These organizations not only helped artists but also opened the door to a cultural understanding in the state. Until the 60’s, when the Latino civil rights movement began, the visual artists in Arizona were limited to painting backdrops of theatre plays, posters and

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February 10, 2012

some advertisement, but not really exposed in galleries.

But with the Civil Rights Movement, urban arts began to flourish and artists were given spaces for sharing their visual interpretations of society.

Currently, there are hundreds of murals Latinos painted in Tucson and Phoenix and other key Arizona cities.

In the Pazos’ tradition and influence, urban muralists such as Lalo Cota, Pablo Luna, El Mac, El Moisés, Breeze, Gennaro García and Carlos Rivas, continue this artistic expression.

Similarly, there are other artists who have explore other formats and done some unique work such as Claudio Dicochea, Fausto Fernández, Ceci García, Adam CooperTerán, Daniel Martínez, Marco Albarrán, Martín Moreno and Ignacio Farías.

Toward the end of the 1800s and the turn of the past century, theatre companies like Teatro Cervantes, El Lírico, and Treatro Carmen among others, emerged. Then came Borderlands Theater, which addressed social inequality and existential issues.

Now, plays by its contemporaries such as Teatro Bravo!, New Carpa Theatre, Teatro Wirrarica o Teatro Meshico in Phoenix, display the same characteristics, though they explore the individual’s role in society.

In the music industry, nationally acclaimed groups or individuals are Larry Hernandez, Mariachi Batiz , Mariachi Fuego del Sol, Fatigo, Shinning Soul, Fayuca and Snow Songs among others.

The Latino Culture remains firmly rooted in Arizona as it was from the beginning, constantly evolving, connecting ethnicities, leaving its footprint of historical and cultural legacy. Amid this framework, galleries, museums and cultural centers began showing Latino work and local government began promoting Latino Culture.

Organizations such as ALAC (Arizona Latino Arts Cultural Center), CALA (Celebración Artística de Las Americas), Centro Cultural Calaca and

100 years of mexican-american influence

Por los Caminos de la Cultura

A mural by Gennaro Garcia, part of the Calle 16 project. courtesy gennaro garcía

Zarco Guerrero, one of the leading ambassadors of Chicano Art. The arizona republic

Xico, Inc. promote the work of artists who represent their cultural environment and the ever-

evolving Latino identity as the state becomes multicultural and glances at this new century.

La influencia cultural mesoamericana en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos data de los años 500 A.C. Sin embargo, las contribuciones artísticas latinas a esta región se iniciaron con la llegada de los conquistadores españoles, mucho antes de que Arizona formara parte de la Unión Americana.

La cultura de cualquier sector de la población está ligada a sus raíces y Arizona se desarrolló con el flujo de inmigrantes que empezó a crecer aceleradamente en la segunda mital del siglo XIX. Desde los primeros asentamientos, los latinos buscaron expresarse a través de la música, el teatro, el cine, la literatura y las artes plásticas.

Estas manifestaciones artísticas quedaron reflejadas en los frescos pintados en las iglesias católicas, como la Misión San Xavier del Bac en Tucson y en las compañías de teatro creadas en 1800, así como en la música como en el Club Filarmónico de Tucson, los Music Makers de Pete Bugarin y el Mariachi Cobre, este último fundado en 1971.

Muchos escritores latinos influyeron en el ambiente cultural de la región, especialmente luego de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Sus contribuciones a través de la poesía, los ensayos y las novelas fueron fundamentales para expresar la identidad mexicoamericana.

Entre los escritores destacados se encuentran: Amado Robles Cota, Carmen Beltrán y Mario Suárez.

Durante el movimiento Chicano de 1960 y 1970, las casas editoras prestaron mayor atención a autores latinos como Octavio Romano y Miguel Méndez.

Así mismo, la industria cinematográfica en Arizona cobró importancia durante la década de los 40 ya que era menos costoso producir películas en el estado que en

California u otro lugar. El cine era una forma popular de entretenimiento y una ventana informativa al mundo.

Entre los cines tradicionales en Arizona se encontraban el Orpheum, Rex y El Azteca.

Películas como “The Gunfight at OK Corrral (1957), “Easy Rider,” (1969), y “Stagecoach” (1939) se realizaron en Arizona.

Sin embargo, películas más recientes realizadas por cineastas contemporáneos como Paul Espinoza y Dan Devivo tratan temas como la inmigración indocumentada y otros temas migratorios.

En la década de los 70, las artes plásticas se desarrollaron enormemente con artistas como Zarco Guerrero y con los murales de Antonio Pazos.

Muchos de los grupos artísticos latinos se originaron de los movimientos por los derechos civiles como MECHA, Chicanos Por La Causa, Valle del Sol y Friendly House.

Estas organizaciones no solo ayudaron a los artistas, sino que abrieron las puertas para un mayor entendimiento de la cultura latina en el estado.

Durante el movimiento por los derechos civiles, el arte urbano empezó a florecer.

Existen más de una docena de murales pintados por artistas latinos en Tucson y Phoenix.

Hacia finales de los 1800 y a inicios del nuevo siglo, surgieron compañías teatrales como Teatro Cervantes, El Lírico y Teatro Carmen.

En la actualidad, compañías contemporáneas como Teatro Bravo y New Carpa producen obras con las mismas características, aunque se centran más en el individuo y su posición dentro de la sociedad.

La cultura latina sigue siendo una parte importante de la identidad del estado, que evoluciona constantemente, establece vínculos con personas de diferentes razas y etnias y deja una huella histórica tras su paso.

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Blood, sweat and tears

By Valeria Fernández

A

rizona’s immigration history grew out of conflict and achievements, rejection and resistance. When the U.S. Mexico border was drawn, a history of dramas was also etched.

“It’s a border that grew out of violence. It’s not a peaceful relation how this began. It’s the result of war,’’ said Raquel Rubio-Goldsmith, head of a binational immigration institute at the University of Arizona.

Since then, oral history registered the struggle of Mexicans who became foreigners in their own land and fought to preserve their cultural identity and traditions, she adds.

In Arizona, the arrival of farm workers has always been tied to the need for cheap labor.

“There was a duality in the form immigration law was applied. During harvest time, people were allowed to cross without problems. They (the border patrol) closed their eyes. When harvest was over, they became demanding,’’ Goldsmith said.

In 1850, Mexicans began their journey up north seeking work in the mines and agriculture.

“It was circular migration, they left their families in Mexico and then they would return,’’ Goldsmith explains.

“That was seen as beneficial for both Mexico and the U.S. It was a way of exploiting Mexican labor and it was an important foundation for Arizona’s economic development.”

The abuses against migrant workers were noticeable from the start.

Migrants and miners In 1904, the MexicanAmerican workers in the

Arizona’s history would not be complete if, at the time to tell it, the immigration story wouldn’t be included on each of its chapters and moments.

A group of migrant workers gathered to get donated clothing and other items. The arizona republic

mines of Morenci and Clifton began the first strikes in the Southwest, protesting wage disparity.

The start of the World War 1 in 1914 sparked a shortage of farm workers, which meant a higher demand for Mexican laborers. During the Great Depression of the 1930’s, Mexican cheap labor wasn’t welcomed anymore. This led to a wave of political rhetoric against “illegal immigration.”

It promoted the idea that immigrants were criminals and they should be deported.

In the city of Tucson, thousands of Mexicans whether legally or not in Arizona were deported under a partnership between local and federal authorities. The historic event, which was known as the “Repatriation” resulted in half of million people deported in the Southwest, Godsmith said.

The segregation Latinos intensified in all aspects of daily life. In cities like Phoenix, Hispanic neighborhoods were separated.

“They looked at the physical aspect of the person. The Mexican citizens have always been a second-class citizen,’’ Goldsmith explains.

The U. S. involvement in World War II called for collaboration between Mexico and the U.S. creating the Bracero program in 1942. Again, the country needed cheap farm work labor to replace the hundreds of thousands of young soldiers who went to war.

Between 1942 and 1964, nearly 4.5 million Mexicans joined the Bracero program working in the fields. Critics decried the poor working conditions and exploitation of the workers.

There is still a dispute

today because the Mexican government hasn’t yet given Braceros or their descendants a portion of the salary the government withheld to create a savings fund.

When Mexicans, who had joined the armed forces, returned after World War II, they faced sharp discrimination and their anger prompted them to fight for their civil rights. And thus that’s how a new movement began in the 1960’s designed to give Latinos a political identity.

“The Chicano movement was important because for the first time that segment of the population had a name,’’ Goldsmith said.

Border security Arizona’s immigration history is tied to U.S. foreign policy.

With the economic globalization that begins in the 1970’s, the U.S. begins to export jobs, Goldsmith said.

“People see Mexicans arriving looking for work, they believe it’s the immigrants fault without realizing it’s the result of a structural change,” she said.

In 1994, The North American Free Trade agreement went into effect between U.S. Mexico and Canada. President Bill Clinton and his administration argued that as part of the treaty, the U.S. would help Mexicans stay in their country. But it has had the opposite effect, making it hard for Mexican farmers to compete with the heavily subsidized corn industry in the U.S. The result was an increased migration to the north.

The same year, California passed Prop. 187, which denied public education to undocumented immigrants. Their proponents blamed the federal government for the increased illegal immigration. That prompted the Clinton administration to begin re-enforcing the border, launching operations Gatekeeper in California and Hold the Line in Texas.

When parts of the border were fortified, human smugglers or coyotes began using the Arizona desert to help immigrants cross the border, putting their lives in danger because of the scorching summers.

“The federal government knew people would die,” said activist Isabel Garcia, founder of a human rights coalition in Tucson. The coalition estimates that since the mid 1990’s, about 5,000 have lost their lives trying to cross the border illegally.

The state became the entryway for about 50 percent of the undocumented immigrants crossing the border illegally.

At the same time, the immi-

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grants who routinely returned to Mexico began settling in the state to raise their family. Federal immigration policies on border security made Arizona the epicenter of the most divisive illegal immigration debate in the country.

Growing anti-immigrant sentiment Arizona’s anti-immigrant sentiment surfaced in the 1990’s but the focus shifted from the border to urban centers. In 1996, the state Legislature approved a law requiring immigrants to show proof of legal status to get a driver license. Former state Senator Russell Pearce, who then was in charge of the motor vehicle division, pushed for the law.

A year later, immigration and local authorities raided several Chandler neighborhoods, arresting 340 Latinos.

The attacks against Latinos went beyond immigration focusing also on education. In 2000, Arizona voters approved a law banning bilingual education. In 2001, Pearce wins a seat in the state House of Representatives and begins promoting his idea that Latinos bring with them crime and abuse public services.

The 9/11 terrorist attacks helped fuel the fire linking illegal immigration to national security. Pearce’s long-term strategy was to make life extremely difficult for immigrants in the state until they were forced to leave.

The Pearce, a Republican politician, lobbied and continues to lobby states to pass tougher anti-immigrant laws, arguing the federal government has failed to stop them from crossing the border.

In 2004, Pearce proposed Prop. 200 with the help of the California-based group Protect Arizona Now. The organization received a financial shot in the arm by groups associated with White supremacists sympathizers such as American Federation for Immigration Reform. The initiative passed with 60 percent of the vote.

The law put state agencies between a rock and a hard place because it required them

Arizona

to report anyone suspected of being an undocumented immigrant seeking public benefits.

The law was the backdrop for armed border vigilantes such as the Minuteman in 2005, which patrolled the border with the help of citizens from across the country.

The Minuteman attracted racists groups to Arizona.

Their plan to secure the border failed but they succeeded politically. A year later, Democratic Gov. Janet Napolitano, who had opposed militarizing the border, asked that the National Guard be stationed at the border. Arizona voters approved four anti-immigrant laws, among them Prop. 300, which required undocumented students to pay out-of-state tuition to attend college. Other laws included making English the official language of the state, denying undocumented the right to post bonds and the right to sue for punitive damages from employers.

The sleeping giant wakes up Amid an increasingly hostile atmosphere toward undocumented workers, the pro-immigrant movement began to take shape in 2006 similar to the protest during the Viet Nam war.

On March 24, 2006, more than 24,000 people marched in downtown Phoenix, protesting the federal initiative HB4437, sponsored by Congressman James Sensenbrenner, to criminalize the presence of undocumented immigrants.

It was a spontaneous movement sparked by activists such as Linda and Tony Herrera, Magdalena Schwarts, Antonio Velasquez, and Roberto Reveles. But on April 10, the group Somos America convinced more than 200,000 residents to take to the streets to protest Sensebrenner’s proposal and to demand a federal immigration reform that included legalization.

With the slogan, we march today, we vote tomorrow, the march united activists who normally wouldn’t work togeth-

100 years of mexican-american influence er like Salvador Reza, Alfredo Gutierrez, Lydia Guzmán, Elías Bermudes, Martin Manteca, Martin Herández, Carlos García and Ben Miranda.

“It was the largest march in Arizona’s history,’’ said Reveles. “It was the first event when all the organizations united into one coalition.”

Arpaio in action The tumultuous marches scared a segment of the population even more, and some politicians took advantage of it. In 2006, former Maricopa County Attorney General Andrew Thomas and Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio joined forces to push for a state law making it a crime for immigrants to hire a human smuggler or coyote. Hundreds of immigrants were jailed or deported under this

law.

A year later, Arpaio signed a federal agreement knows as 187g allowing him to train 160 of his agents to verify the immigration status of immigrants in jail or on the streets.

America’s toughest sheriff began his crime-sweeps primarily in heavily Latino neighborhoods, detaining drivers for minor traffic infractions and asking them to show their papers.

Critics decry the sheriff’s tactics and several lawsuits were filed claiming Arpaio used racial profiling during his crime-suppression sweeps.

Before leaving office to become Homeland Security Secretary with the Obama administration, Napolitano signed the employer-sanction bill into law, penalizing employers who knowingly hired undocumented A border patrol agent in the 1920s.

The arizona republic

immigrants. Arpaio uses the law as another tool to raid businesses and arrest undocumented immigrants.

Latinos counter-attack SB1070 is approved into law amid massive deportations under the Obama administration, and greater cooperation between the federal government and local police agencies.

On April 23, 2010, Gov. Jan Brewer signed SB1070 into law, which Pearce sponsored, who by then was president of the state Senate.

The detention of immigrants turned out to be good business for federally subsidized private jail companies. Youth, religious and pro-immigrant rights activists organized a series of civil disobedience activities.

It’s estimated that more tan 100,000 immigrants left Arizona

Arizona

between 2010 to other estates trying to avoid deportation and thus being separated from their families after SB1070 was signed into law.

Arizona’s tourism industry lost more $140 million because of an international economic boycott against the state protesting SB1070. But the Arizona law inspired many other states to follow suit, though only a few actually became law. A year later, private businesses stopped a package of five antiimmigrant bills, which among other things would deny citizenship to the children of undocumented workers.

The contributions of immigrants with or without proper papers began to be acknowledged after the economic collapse provoked by the antiimmigrant atmosphere.

In 2011, a bi-partisan coalition called Citizens for a Better Arizona led by Randy Parraz collected enough valid signatures to force a recall elec-

100 years of mexican-american influence

Currently, the borderline is a tall and costly fence.

tion against Pearce in Mesa’s District 18. Jerry Lewis won the election, replacing Pearce.

“This victory is tied to the

February 10, 2012

The arizona republic

marches of 2006 and their message of “we march today, we vote tomorrow,” said Reveles about efforts to get out the

Latino vote.

A federal investigation showing Arpaio violated Latinos’ civil rights put the sheriff on a

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tough spot.

This is the beginning of the end of the extremists’ politics in Arizona, said Reveles.

On April 25, the U.S. Supreme Court will hear arguments for and against SB1070, in a historic debate over who ultimately has control over immigration issues.

This year, Arizona is celebrating its centennial but also Tucson school district suspended its ethnic studies program. Its critics say it promotes an anti-American sentiment while supporters argued that one is bound to repeat our past mistakes if history is forgotten. The controversy inevitable leads to some reflection, especially when Latino contributions have not been fully documented or acknowledged.

“It’s our history and the struggle for that history will continue,’’ said Goldsmith.

“Education is the knowledge of who we’re in making history.”

La historia de la inmigración en Arizona Por Valeria Fernández

La historia de la inmigración en Arizona ha estado ligada al drama y conflictos con los países extranjeros.

"Es una frontera que nació de la violencia", afirma Raquel RubioGoldsmith, directora del Instituto Binacional de Inmigración de la Universidad de Arizona.

La larga lucha migratoria de los mexicanos empezó cuando pasaron a ser extranjeros en la región suroeste - cuando México perdió su territorio luego de la guerra con Estados Unidos - y empezaron a conservar sus tradiciones culturales. Al mismo tiempo, la mano de obra barata ha sido el centro de la lucha migratoria en el estado.

En 1850 los mexicanos empezaron a trasladarse hacia el norte de Arizona para buscar trabajo en las minas y en la agricultura. En 1904 los trabajadores mexicoamericanos en las minas en Morenci y Clifton iniciaron las primeras huelgas en el suroeste del país para protestar por la desigualdad salarial.

El inicio de la Primera Guerra Mundial en 1914 generó una falta de

trabajadores agrícolas, por lo que causó un incremento en la demanda de mano de obra mexicana. Sin embargo, esa situación cambió con la Gran Depresión en los años 30, época en la que se originó el sentir contra la inmigración indocumentada.

En Tucson, cientos de miles de personas de ascendencia mexicana fueron deportadas, independientemente si se encontraban en el país con o sin documentos. En líneas generales, se deportó a medio millón de personas en el suroeste del país, manifiesta Goldsmith.

Durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial, Estados Unidos y México acordaron crear del Programa Bracero, cuyo objetivo era reemplazar de manera efectiva a los cientos de miles de jóvenes soldados que tuvieron que salir del país para luchar en la guerra. Entre 1942 y 1964, cerca de 4.5 millones de mexicanos se inscribieron en el Programa Bracero para trabajar en el campo. Los críticos condenaron las malas condiciones laborales y la explotación que enfrentaban los trabajadores.

Al regresar de la Segunda Guerra

Mundial, los mexicanos, que se habían enlistado en las fuerzas armadas, se encontraron con un agudo clima discriminatorio que motivó su indignación y la creación del Movimiento Chicano.

La globalización económica de los años 90 impulsó a Estados Unidos, México y Canadá a firmar el Tratado Norteamericano de Libre Comercio (o NAFTA, por sus siglas en inglés). Este tratado se anunció como una forma para que todos pudieran competir económicamente por igual. Sin embargo, tuvo un efecto contrario en algunos sectores. Al mismo tiempo, el estado de California aprobó la Proposición 187 que prohibía la educación pública de los inmigrantes indocumentados.

Ese fue el motivo por el que el gobierno de Clinton empezara a reforzar la frontera. Desde los años 90, cerca de 5,000 personas han perdido la vida por intentar cruzar la frontera sin documentos.

En la década de los 90, afloró el sentimiento antiinmigrante en Arizona.

En 1996, la Legislatura aprobó una ley que les negaba el derecho a los indocumentados de obtener una licencia

de conducir. Un año después, las autoridades migratorias iniciaron redadas en varios vecindarios de Chandler, en las que 340 latinos fueron arrestados, algunos de los cuales eran residentes legales.

En 2001, Russell Pearce logró ocupar un cargo en la Cámara de Representantes de Arizona y empezó a trabajar en leyes que deportaran a los inmigrantes indocumentados. Pearce patrocinó algunas de las leyes más severas de todo el país, entre las que se encuentran la Proposición 200, que negaba todo tipo de servicios a los inmigrantes indocumentados y la SB1070, que fue recientemente aprobada.

Los líderes e inmigrantes latinos reaccionaron con indignación a la campaña antiinmigrante, convocando a cientos de miles de personas a marchar en las calles. Asimismo, presionaron al presidente Barack Obama a que realizara una reforma integral y protestaron amargamente ante el Departamento de Justicia por las prácticas de perfil racial y las redadas realizadas por el alguacil Joe Arpaio. Sin embargo, hasta ahora no han tenido éxito.

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Faith Moves Mountains

C

Especial La Voz

atholic priests and Catholic religious orders played a key role in neighborhood life, building the first churches, low-income housing and schools designed to serve Mexican-Americans.

Monsignor Edouardo Gerard founded St. Mary’s church in 1881 in downtown Phoenix. Mexican-American contributed with construction and re-construction of the now St. Mary’s basilica.

In 1915 when father Novatus Benzing arrived from Germany, the life of parishioners changed because he assigned the first floor of the church to the Englishspeaking mass and the basement for Spanish masses. The increased discontent among Hispanics led to the construction of the Immaculate Sacred Heart in 1928 at 9th Street and Washington. To date, the church is considered the Sanctuary for Mexicans but welcomes parishioners from all sectors of the city.

At the end of the 1930’s, father Emmett McLoughlin, a priest from Santa Maria, noticed the tremendous need for low-income housing and decided to take upon himself the titanic task of finding the necessary help to build among others, the Marcos de Niza neighborhood for Hispanics.

His work didn’t stop there.

He established a mission to offer medical care to pregnant women in what became the first prenatal care clinic.

Despite the precarious times, father McLouhlin was able to create a hospital in the early 1940’s, which later turned into the Phoenix Memorial Hospital. Under his guidance, St. Pius X church was built.

Fr. Albert Braun, a veteran and hero of WWI and WWWII, was another priest who helped the Hispanic neighborhood known as Golden Gate. Nearby residents asked him to help build a church and his answer was quick

Sacred Heart Church in South Phoenix.

Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish.

and swift. “Bring me a brick and together we’ll build one.”

And that’s how in 1956 Sacred Heart Church was built at 16th street and Buckeye.

The church became a symbol of resistance when nearby Latinos stopped the city from demolishing it when Phoenix bought all the homes and relocated 6,000 people to expand Sky Harbor International Airport. The struggle took years but finally in 2011, the Arizona’s Historical Advisory Commission recognized the church as a historic building. Several religious

The arizona republic

The arizona republic

Father Albert Braun Courtesy catholic Diocese of Tucson's archives

100 YEARS OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS IN ARIZONA 1913 Phoenix was recommended as the headquarters to mobilize the Arizona National Guard in case of war with Mexico.

1913 (April) MexicanAmericans protested Arizona's anti-alien ownership law, which took away their prior property rights.

1915 The Liga Protectora Latina, a fraternal and mutual aid society, was formed in Phoenix and incorporated throughout Arizona, with 30 lodges remaining active. In 1917, the Liga played an important role in the unification of Mexican-American copper miners.

1917 During World War I, Mexican farm workers, railroad laborers, and miners are allowed to enter the United States to work temporarily.

1917 (February) Congress passes the Immigration Act of 1917, imposing a literacy requirement on all immigrants aimed at curbing the influx from southern and eastern Europe, but ultimately inhibiting immigration from Mexico.

1917 (July 12) The Bisbee Deportations. Two months after the U.S. entry into World War I, copper miners in Bisbee, southeastern Arizona walked out on strike. Vigilantes rounded up more than 1,000 strikers, most of whom were MexicanAmericans, shipped them out of Arizona by rail, and left them out in the New Mexico desert in boxcars without food or water.

Although charges were brought against the vigilantes because of their inhumane actions, no

court action resulted.

1920 (July) Two hundred Mexican laborers employed in Arizona cotton fields were refused their pay and sent to Nogales. Arizona Gov. Thomas Campbell began an investigation after charges that the laborers had been abused surfaced.

1920 The Ku Klux Klan became active in Globe-Miami, Phoenix, Tempe, Prescott, and Tucson, maintaining its strong anti-Mexican philosophy.

1920 Phoenix Americanization Committee founded Friendly House with the objective to teach English and citizenship to foreign-born clients. From the 1920s to the mid-1960, Friendly House maintained a program to teach immigrants English and citizenship and placing women in jobs as domestic workers. During the mid-1960's, Friendly House began to broaden its focus with programs for senior citizens, establishing a social work department, training women for jobs other than as domestics and expanding its youth programs.

1921 Limits on the number of immigrants allowed to enter the United States during a single year are imposed for the first time in the country's history. A depression in Mexico causes severe destitution among Mexicans.

1923 Pedro Guerrero starts a Phoenix tamale stand that grew to become Rosarita Mexican Foods. The Mesa plant closes in 1999.

1924 Congress creates the Border Patrol. The Border Patrol expanded to 450 officers. Recruits furnished their own horse and saddle, but Washington supplied oats and hay for the horses and a $1,680 annual salary for the agents.

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100 YEARS OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS IN ARIZONA

Monsignor Edouardo Gerald

Courtesy catholic Diocese of Tucson's archives

St. Mary’s Basilica.

The arizona republic

Father Emmett Mcloughlin

Courtesy roman catholic Diocese of phoenix' archives

Sacred Heart Church in Prescott.

orders worked tireless to offer religious and social services, and to open schools in predominantly Hispanic areas in the state. The Sisters of the Charity arrived in Arizona in 1933 to begin their mission SS. Peter and Paul school in Tucson. From 1944 to 1967, they started several schools in the area, including St. Catherine of Siena in Phoenix, Immaculate Conception in Ajo, Seton High school in Chandler, Our Lady of Perpetual Help in Scottsdale and Therese School in Phoenix. The Sisters of the Charity celebrate this year their 75th anniversary of service in Arizona. Faith in the Hispanic community and the The arizona republic

1924 Mexican-Americans built the Immaculate Heart of Mary Catholic Church in Phoenix as a response to the racial prejudice and segregation at St. Mary's Catholic Church, where they were forced to hear mass in the basement of the church.

1926 (March) The Arizona Cotton Growers' Association started lobbying in Washington for changes in immigration laws, which would permit growers to bring in more Mexican labor.

1927 César Chávez, organizer and labor leader and charismatic head of the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee, was born near Yuma. Chávez dedicated himself to fight for the rights of all farm workers and challenged agriculture's insistence on its right to an unlimited supply of cheap labor.

1933 (March 4) President Franklin Delano Roosevelt created the Civilian Conservation Corps to provide employment to men in need of work during the Great Depression. Thousands of Mexican-American men enrolled, living and working in CCC camps throughout the U.S. In Arizona, they built forest roads, range fences, and erosion control channels; they planted trees, constructed armadas and trails and improved the forests. They earned $30 a month, and kept $5; the remaining $25 was sent home to their families.

1933 Mexican Americans built the first Catholic Church in Scottsdale. Originally built on the corner of Brown Avenue and First Street, the Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church served the Mexicans who lived in Scottsdale and worked in the area as laborers and cotton pickers.

1939 The Mexican Methodist Church, known as the "Powder Box Church" of Jerome, was built by Sabino Gonzalez in 1939 and completed in 1941. The church was built for the MexicanAmerican miners and their

families who experienced racial prejudice at the hands of the Anglo Methodists who refused to allow Mexicans into their church.

Gonzalez built his church with disassembled wooden blastingpowder boxes.

1941 The Fair Employment Act is passed, prohibiting racial discrimination by all federal agencies, unions, and companies engaged in war-related work.

1942 Hundreds of thousands of Latinos serve in the armed forces during World War II. 1942 The Asociación Hispano-Americana de Madres y Esposas, the Mexican-American Mothers and Wives Association, was founded in Tucson by Rosa Rodriquez Caballero. The organization was founded to help support the war effort in Tucson, and to provide economic and moral support to the MexicanAmerican soldiers abroad in World War II. The women published a community newspaper, The Chatter, and raised over $1 million in war bond sales in a 12-month period.

1942 The Bracero Program, created under a joint U.S.-Mexico agreement, permits Mexican nationals to work in U.S. agricultural areas on a temporary basis and at wages lower than domestic workers.

1945 Mexican-American veterans of World War II organized the first American Legion post for Mexican-Americans in Phoenix. Frank Fuentes and Ray Martinez funded the Thunderbird Post No. 41 1950 Immigration from Mexico doubles from 5.9 percent to 11.9 percent and in the 1960s rises to 13.3 percent of the total number of immigrants to the United States.

1951 Court Case: González v.

Sheely, Attorney Ralph Estrada of the Alianza Hispano Americana successfully argued to abolish segregation in Tolleson. School districts in Arizona often establis-

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help of religious people and organizations helped knock down prejudices and has contributed to overcome past injustices.

Today, Catholic Hispanics are an important part of the Dioceses of Arizona and the nation. Since 1960, Latinos account for 71 percent of the Catholic Church’s growth in the nation and a substantial percentage comes from Arizona, according to Episcopal Conference.

Hispanics represent 35% of Catholics in the nation.

The arrival of Auxiliary Bishop Eduardo Nevares to Phoenix is the recognition of the continued growth of

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100 years of mexican-american influence

Hispanic parishioners in the Catholic Diocese of Phoenix.

Proof of that is the mega event at Jobings.com arena in Glendale on Aug. 8, 2009 were 20,000, mostly Spanish speaking people gathered to celebrate la Virgen de Guadalupe.

Monsignor José Gómez, archbishop of Los Angeles and moderator of the Catholic Association of Latino Leaders, said during an interview with catholic.net that the Hispanic influence is the future of the Catholic Church in this country.

Sources: Arizona Republic and La Voz archives and catholic.net,

100 YEARS OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS IN ARIZONA

Fr. Jose R. Hurtado

Courtesy roman catholic Diocese of phoenix' archives

La fe mueve montañas Los sacerdotes y las órdenes religiosas de la Iglesia Católica cumplieron una función fundamental en la construcción de las primeras iglesias, así como de viviendas para personas de escasos recursos y escuelas destinadas a los mexicoamericanos.

Monseñor Edouardo Gerard fundó la Iglesia St. Mary en 1881, ubicada en el centro de Phoenix.

Los mexicoamericanos contribuyeron a la construcción y reconstrucción de la nueva Basílica St. Mary.

En 1915 la llegada del sacerdote alemán Novatus Benzing a St. Mary cambió la vida de los feligreses al ordenar que en el primer piso de la iglesia se realizaran las misas en inglés y en el sótano, las misas en español. En 1928 el descontento de los hispanos motivó la construcción de la Iglesia Inmaculate Heart of Mary, ubicada en la Calle 9 y Washington. A la fecha, es considerada la iglesia de los mexica-

nos y recibe a feligreses de todos los sectores de la ciudad.

A finales de la década de los 30, el padre Emmett McLoughlin, un sacerdote de St. Mary, se dio cuenta de la gran necesidad de viviendas que había en las comunidades más pobres por ejemplo, en el barrio hispano Marcos de Niza, y se dedicó a buscar la manera de construir casas, Asimismo, estableció una misión que ofrecía atención médica a mujeres embarazadas y un hospital que posteriormente se convirtió en el Memorial Hospital de Phoenix. Con su ayuda, también se edificó la Iglesia St. Pius X. Por su parte, Albert Braun, veterano y héroe de la Primera y Segunda Guerras Mundiales, apoyó al barrio hispano Golden Gate. Cuando los residentes del lugar le pidieron que los ayudara a erigir una iglesia, no tardó en apoyarlos. "Tráiganme un ladrillo y juntos construiremos una", respondió. Y es así como se construyó

la Iglesia Sacred Heart en 1956 en la Calle 16 y Buckeye. La iglesia se convirtió luego en el símbolo de la resistencia cuando los latinos del lugar impidieron que las autoridades del Ayuntamiento la demolieran, después de que el mismo comprara todas las casas del área y reubicara a 6,000 personas para expandir el aeropuerto internacional Sky Harbor. La lucha duró muchos años, pero finalmente en 2011 la iglesia fue reconocida como un sitio histórico.

En 1933 las Hermanas de la Caridad llegaron a Arizona para iniciar su misión en la escuela SS. Peter and Paul en Tucson.

De 1944 a 1967, empezaron a funcionar varias escuelas en el área.

Actualmente los hispanos católicos conforman una parte importante de las Diócesis de Arizona y de la nación. Desde 1960 los latinos representan el 71% del crecimiento de la Iglesia Católica en el país y un porcentaje considerable es de Arizona.

hed separate "Mexican Schools" for Mexican American students.

Districts argued that segregation was necessary because of students' poor English skills. The segregation of Mexican American students in Arizona's public schools was not an isolated practice but occurred in tandem with other discriminatory practices that restricted the social rights of Mexican Americans, many of whom were American citizens.

In this case, Judge Dave Ling declared segregation unconstitutional over three years before the Supreme Court's historic decision in "Brown v. Board of Education".

1954 Peoria School District, the last school to desegregate in the state, ends the practice.

1954 It is the beginning of Operation Wetback and which goes on until 1958. The government effort to locate and deport undocumented workers results in the deportation of 3.8 million persons of Mexican descent.

Only a small number of them are allowed to have deportation hearings. Thousands of U.S. citizens of Mexican descent are also arrested and detained.

1955 Court Case: Baca v.

Winslow United States District Court No. Civ-394-Pct. A court suit to enjoin discrimination in furnishing swimming pool facilities; the segregation pattern consisted of permitting use of the swimming pool every other day to MexicanAmericans, American Indians, and Blacks only. The Anglos used the pool only on the day it was cleaned. Upon pressing the court case, the City of Winslow stipulated to discontinue the segregation.

1955 Court Case: Ortiz v. Jack, U.S. District Court of Arizona, No. 1723. After filing of court case, the Board of Education of Glendale agreed to discontinue the segregation and discrimination of Mexican school children.

1955 Court Case: Gonzalez v.

Sheeley: Opinion by United States District Judge Dave Ling, Phoenix.

The Court injunction effectively barred segregation of Mexican school children. The ruling anticipated a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in the Negro school segregation cases.

In the course of the decision, the Court declared: "...a paramount requisite in the American system of public education is social equality. It must be open to all children by unified school association, regardless of lineage."

1956 Father Albert Braun a veteran of World War I and II, and resident of the Golden Gate Barrio build The Sacred Heart Church located on the northeast corner of 16th Street and Buckeye Road in southeast Phoenix. The Sacred Heart Church was the center of civic and religious life for Mexican-Americans in that neighborhood. After a prolonged struggle with the city government, the Golden Gate Barrio neighborhood was purchased and razed to make room for the expansion of Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport.

The last regular church mass was held on Dec. 29, 1985. Since the closure of the church, the BraunSacred Heart Center has hosted an annual Christmas Mass every year in the Old Sacred Heart Church.

1960 (March) Tempe annexed the Mexican-American Community of La Victoria, known as Victory Acres. The area was named "Victory Acres" during a three-day celebration of the U.S. conquest in World War II. The community remained a MexicanAmerican community until it was annexed.

1960 The American Coordinating Council of Political Education (ACCPE) was founded in Phoenix to provide a political support base to elect a MexicanAmerican principal in the Phoenix Elementary School District.

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

Our Sport’s Stars

From Michael Carbajal to Henry Cejudo, several Hispanic sports’ figures have left their prints in Arizona

By Carlos Molina

H

ispanic athletes have done well professionally and in amateur sports throughout Arizona’s history, Half a century ago, Arthur Van Haren Jr., whose parents had Mexican roots was born in Superior and became the quarterback for Phoenix Union High School and later at the University of Arizona.

His father, born after Arizona joined the Union, was a popular boxing judge and baseball umpire. He later was inducted into the Arizona Sports Hall of Fame.

Benny Garcia was the first Latino from Arizona to participate in the 1956 Olympics, winning third place in the javelin throw.

In 1957 he represented the University of Arizona in the NCAA Meet and won 5th place.

In his last college year, he was named MVP of the university’s track team.

Tommy Nuñez was the first Mexican referee in the NBA, he shared his best games with the best basketball players in history, Nuñez was part of the All-Star games, and playoff games. He refereed his last game when Michael Jordan played his last game too.

“I was born in Santa Maria, California and later went to Phoenix. My grandmother was from Hermosillo, Sonora while his grandfather traced

Michael Carbajal, great boxing champion.

his roots to Spain. But me, I’m a true Mexican,” Nuñez said.

A champion In boxing, the bantam weight Michael Carbajal put Phoenix and Arizona on the map when he won a silver Olympic medal in 1988. He was world champion of the International Boxing Federation and the World Boxing Organization in that weight category. Carbajal, who was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of

the arizona republic

Fame, retired in 1999.

He’ll be remembered for his three epic fights against Mexican Humberto “La Chiquita” Gonzalez.

In the Majors, CubanAmerican Luis Gonzalez left his mark as one of the best hitters for the D-Backs. His best years were from 19992006 before he announced his retirement in August of 2009.

In 2010, “Gonzo” as he was commonly known became first player in D-Backs history whose number 20 also

February 10, 2012

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100 YEARS OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS IN ARIZONA

1962 The United Farm Workers Union organizes under the leadership of Cesar Chávez to win bargaining power for Mexican-Americans farm workers in California. Chávez considered by many as the equivalent to a Latino Martin Luther King follows a non-violence philosophy in the fight for farm workers rights.

1965 Cesar Chávez organized the successful Delano grape strike and first national boycott.

It becomes part of the AFL-CIO in 1966. Today the union is known as the United Farm Workers of America.

1965 The end of the Bracero Program forces many Mexicans to return to Mexico. They settle near the U.S. border. To provide jobs for them, the Mexican and U.S. governments begin border industrialization programs, allowing foreign corporations to build and operate assembly plants on the border. These plants, known as maquiladoras, multiply rapidly, transforming the border region. The maquiladoras attract companies because they provide cheap labor close to American markets. They employ hundreds of thousands of Mexicans in assembly work, but often in poor working conditions.

1966 Miranda v. Arizona was another case that helped define the due process clause of the 14th Amendment. At the center of the case was Ernesto Miranda, who had confessed to a crime during police questioning without knowing he had a right to have an attorney present.

Based on his confession, Miranda was convicted. The Supreme Court overturned the conviction, ruling that criminal suspects must be warned of their rights before police questions them. These rights are: the right to remain silent, to have an attorney present, and, if the suspect cannot afford an attorney, to have one appointed by the state. The police must also warn suspects that

any statements they make can be used against them in court.

Miranda was retried without the confession and convicted.

1967 A group of young Latino men and women came together to collectively strategize on how to improve the quality of life for Arizona’s MexicanAmerican population. Chicanos Por La Causa, (CPLC) was born out of long meetings and discussions. Recognizing their desire and dedication, the Southwest Council of La Raza, which would later grow to become the National Council of La Raza, made an initial investment in the newly formed organization.

With the financial assistance, CPLC implemented programs targeting rural development issues.

Additionally, CPLC lent much needed support to Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers.

1968 Arizona State University students organized the Mexican American Student Organization (MASO) as part of a trend to press education officials to meet the needs of Latino communities.

1969 University of Arizona students Salomón “Sal” Baldenegro, Raúl Grijalva and Lupe Castillo found the Mexican American Liberation Committee (MALC), which organized walkouts in Tucson to fight overcrowding.

1970 Valle del Sol was founded to fill a gap in behavioral health and social services available to the Latino community with nowhere else to turn.

1970 Dr. Manuel P. Servin, noted and most prominent scholar, educator, and writer of Mexican and Borderlands history, came to ASU in Tempe to head the new American Studies Program in the College of Liberal Arts. Servin taught Chicano history courses as part of the program's goal to offer minority history courses to ASU students.

1970 The Hayden Library at ASU in Tempe established

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100 years of mexican-american influence

retired with him. He’ll always be remembered for his winning hit during the 2001 World Series against the New York Yankees.

100 YEARS OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS IN ARIZONA

An American dream Wrestler Henry Cejudo won a gold medal during the 2008 Olympic Games in Peking. Cejudo, now 25, overcame many obstacles to success including the fact that his Mexican parents came to the U.S. illegally and not knowing English.

His humble origin and the many obstacles he faced, the emotional ceremony the emotional ceremony when he wrapped himself with the U.S. flag to receive his medal became a symbol of the American dream.

“It’s an American dream, and why not, is a Mexican dream too because blood is stronger than anything else,” he told journalists after his Olympic triumph.

Mexican Luis Zendejas did well as college place-kicker for the Sun Devils at Arizona State University and when he graduated he held the record in the NCAA. For eight years he played professionally for various teams in the United States Football League with the Arizona Outlaws, with the Dallas Cowboys and the Philadelphia Eagles. He also played for the Rattlers in Arizona and in the Canadian Football League with Barracudas de Birmingham.

A native of Mexico City, he was NFL champion with the Arizona Rattlers in 1994 and was selected for the All-Star game in 1993.

Another Mexican to play for the NFL is Rolando Cantu, who in 2005 became the first Mexican to join the Cardinals. He came from Los Borregos del Tec de Monterrey. His only game with the NFL was during the 2005 season. He now

Luis Gonzalez, a great idol. the arizona republic

works as business manager for the Cardinals.

Other notable athletes are Mexican baseball players Erubiel Durazo, Karim Garcia, Armando Reynoso and Rodrigo Lopez, who played with the D-backs and in golf Mexican player Lorena Ochoa who did well with the University of Arizona team before joining the 2003Tour of the LPGA.

Henry Cejudo, Olympic Medalist.

Valle del sol

the first Chicano Studies Library Project in Arizona. Christine Marín, native of Globe, was named Director of the library's collection development program and library project.

1971 Ramona Acosta Bañuelos, native of Miami, was named by Richard Nixon to become Treasurer of the United States.

1974 Raul Castro, born to indigent parents in Cananea, Sonora, Mexico, became Arizona's first Mexican-American Governor.

1974 Margarita Alcantar Reese became the first MexicanAmerican woman mayor of El Mirage.

1974 Regina Rivers was the first Mexican-American woman from Arizona appointed to a service academy, the United States Merchant Marine Academy at Kings Point, NY. 1975 (April) The first Arizona conference for Spanish-Speaking Women was held in Tucson and was sponsored by the Tucson League of Mexican-American Women.

1977 The Hanigans of Douglas, the father and two sons, were accused and later acquitted of torturing and robbing three Mexican nationals who crossed their ranch along the U.S.-Mexico border looking for work. The incident sparked bitter controversies over the rights of alien workers and touched off bitter and numerous demonstrations against the American court system.

1977 Graciela Gil Olivares, native of Sonora, Arizona, was selected by President Jimmy Carter to head the Community Services Administration program in Washington, DC. 1979 Ramona Cajero became the first Mexican-American woman to pass the physical abilities test of the Tucson Fire Department.

1980 (October) A 3-figure bronze sculpture of MexicanAmerican World War II servicemen was unveiled by Congressional

Medal of Honor recipient Silvestre Herrera at the Escalante Community Center in the community of Victory Acres. The memorial honors all Mexican-Americans who served their country in WWII. 1983 Mary Rose Garrido Wilcox, native of Superior, became the first Mexican-American woman elected to the Phoenix City Council.

1983 Louis P. Rodriguez, native of Superior, was the first Mexican-American Superintendent of the Phoenix Elementary School District. He was appointed by unanimous vote of the district's 5-member board.

1983 The Phoenix Elementary School District board voted to select 25 eighth-grade MexicanAmerican women and their mothers to participate in a pilot program previewing campus life at Arizona State University in Tempe. The "Hispanic MotherDaughter Program" was funded through the federal Women's Educational Equity Act and began in January 1984.

1984 (May) Arizona's first Hispanic Convocation was held at Guadalupe, Arizona. The Hispanic Convocation ceremony honors all Mexican-American graduates of Arizona State University in Tempe.

1984 (August) Phelps Dodge Corp. ordered Mexican-American Sears employees to stop speaking Spanish during their lunch and work places, sparking bitter racial and ethnic confrontations over the rights of Mexican-Americans in the Morenci store.

1985 (January) The United Steelworkers of America formed District No. 39 in order to give Mexican-Americans a voice in the union hierarchy. The new district covered Arizona, California, Nevada, and New Mexico.

1986 After more than a decade of debate, Congress enacts The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA), creating a process through which undocumented immigrants could get

their legal status. To quality, the applicants had had to be in the United States illegally since Jan. 1, 1982. President Ronald Reagan signed IRCA into law.

1987 Pope John Paul II visits Arizona.

1988 Los Abogados, a civic group of Latino attorneys, is founded. Its objective is to educate the Latino community about its rights.

1989 Governor Rose Mofford signed a law to make Martin Luther King Jr. Day a paid holiday, making it possible for the state to hold the Super Bowl.

1990 According to U.S Census data Latinos represent 25.3 percent of the Arizona population, becoming the fastest growing segment of the population at the state and federal level.

1991 Ed Pastor becomes the first Latino congressman.

1992 A Nogales’ family files a lawsuit known as Flores v.

Arizona, against the way Arizona’s English language learners programs are being implemented.

1992 The first Hispanic Women’s Conference takes place at Arizona State University.

1993 Mary Rose Wilcox becomes the first Latina to be elected to the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors.

1993 Farm workers’ rights leader, César Chávez dies in Yuma, Arizona.

1997 Hundreds of Hispanic immigrants are targeted by the police on what it comes to be known as the “Chandler roundups.” The City of Chandler is sued and the plaintiffs win.

1998 The Arizona Supreme Court repeals as unconstitutional a voter-approved law requiring English to be the official language of the state to handle state government meetings.

1999 President Bill Clinton visits Chicanos por la Causa in south Phoenix and participates in a round table focused on the development of small businesses.

2001 The U.S. Census Bureau

Arizona

Nuestras contribuciones al deporte A mediados del siglo pasado, Arthur Van Haren Jr., nacido en Superior e hijo de padres de ascendencia mexicana, se convirtió en mariscal de campo de la Phoenix Union High School y posteriormente de la Universidad de Arizona. Su padre nació en la época en que Arizona ya formaba parte de Estados Unidos y era un popular juez de boxeo y ampáyer de béisbol. Posteriormente ingresó en el Salón de la Fama del Deporte de Arizona.

Benny García fue el primer hispano arizonense en participar en las Olimpiadas. García quedó en el tercer lugar en el lanzamiento de jabalina de la AAU y en el quinto lugar en los Juegos Olímpicos de 1956 y 1957, respectivamente. En 1955 ganó el sexto lugar en el NCAA Meet, representando al estado de Arizona.

Tommy Núñez fue el primer árbitro mexicano en la NBA y compartió los mejores juegos con los basquetbolistas mejor reconocidos de la historia. Núñez ha participado en los Juegos de las Estrellas y en los playoffs.

Incluso arbitró su último partido el mismo día en que Michael Jordan también se retiró del básquetbol.

Por su parte, Horacio Llamas hizo historia al convertirse en el primer mexicano en jugar en la NBA cuando hizo su debut con los Phoenix Suns en 1996.

Durante las dos temporadas jugó para los Suns, razón por la que el originario de Sinaloa, México, causó un gran impacto entre los latinos.

En el boxeo, Michael Carbajal, luchador de peso gallo, puso en alto el nombre de Phoenix y Arizona al ganar una medalla de plata en las Olimpiadas de 1988.

Además, fue campeón mundial de la Federación Internacional de Boxeo y de la Organización Mundial de Boxeo en esa categoría. Carbajal, que ingresó al Salón de la Fama del Boxeo, se retiró en 1999. El boxeador mexicano será recordado por sus tres grandiosas peleas contra el mexicano Humberto "La Chiquita" Gonzalez.

En cuanto al béisbol de

las Grandes Ligas, El cubanoamericano Luis González dejó huella como uno de los mejores bateadores de los D-Backs. Su mejor época fue de 1999 a 2006 antes de que anunciara su retiro en agosto de 2009. En 2010 el popular "Gonzo" se convirtió en el primer pelotero en la historia de los D-Backs cuyo número 20 ha sido retirado. Siempre será recordado por el bateo con el que el equipo ganó el juego contra los Yanquis de Nueva York en la Serie Mundial de 2001.

Por otro lado, Henry Cejudo, luchador de estilo libre, ganó una medalla de oro durante los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008. Cejudo, ahora de 25 años, superó muchos obstáculos para lograr el éxito, dentro de los que se incluye el hecho de que sus padres mexicanos llegaran a los Estados Unidos sin documentos y sin saber inglés. Su lucha y posteriormente la conmovedora ceremonia en la que se envolvió con la bandera estadounidense para recibir su medalla, se convirtió en un símbolo del sueño americano.

El mexicano Luis Zendejas destacó como "placekicker" universitario con los Sun Devils de la Universidad de Arizona y cuando se graduó obtuvo un récord en la NCAA. Durante ocho años jugó profesionalmente para varios equipos de la United States Football League con los Arizona Outlaws, con los Vaqueros de Dallas y los Águilas de Filadelfia. Además, jugó para los Rattlers de Arizona y en la Canadian Football League con los Barracudas de Birmingham.

Originario de México, D.F., fue campeón en la AFL con los Arizona Rattlers en 1994 y fue seleccionado para el Juego de Estrellas en 1993.

Otro mexicano que jugó en la NFL es Rolando Cantú, que en 2005 se convirtió en el primer mexicano en integrarse a los Cardinales. Cantú venía jugando en Los Borregos del Tec de Monterrey. Su único partido en la NFL fue durante la temporada 2005. Actualmente trabaja como gerente de negocios de los Cardenales.

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100 YEARS OF MEXICAN-AMERICANS IN ARIZONA

of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce reveals that Hispanic population has increased, reaching 35.3 million, 20.6 million of those are people of Mexican origin.

2003 The Macehuali day-labor center is founded in Phoenix’s Palomino neighborhood. The center coordinated by activist Salvador Reza from the non-profit Tonatierra ease concerns from businesses in the area about day laborers looking for work and loitering in their property. Most of the men are Latinos, some are Mexican immigrants.

2005 The Arizona Women’s Heritage Trail, designated as a “legacy” program by the Arizona State Centennial Commission, has honored the contributions of Latinas & their “historic trails”: Graciela Gil Olivarez of Sonora, Arizona; Placida Garcia Smith & the Grant Park Block in south Phoenix; the Latinas of the camps in Litchfield Park, who picked cotton for the Goodyear Farms in the periods of 1916-1986; the women whose families built Our Lady of Mt. Carmel Catholic Church in Tempe in 1903; and Tucson’s cultural artists, Carmen Beltran, Luisa Espinel, & Carmen Vasquez.

2006 Arizona’s Gov. Janet Napolitano establishes the Raul H. Castro Institute, a non-profit organization with a focus on issues that affect the Latino community of Arizona, with an emphasis on civil rights, education, health & human services & leadership.

2006 On March 24 more than 20,000 people in Phoenix rally for migrants in the city’s biggest demonstration ever as part of a national wave that calls for the legalization of millions of undocumented immigrants living in the country.

2006 A crowd of between 125,000 to 200,000 people marched two-and-a-half miles from the state fairgrounds to the state capitol in a national day of action to support immigrant reform.

2007 Salt River Project publishes the first Arizona Business Study: Focus On Minority-Owned Business. The study shows that 67 percent of Hispanic businesses are family-owned and that 13 percent of Hispanic businesses have reputable business partners.

2007 Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio signs a 287(g) agreement with the Department of Homeland Security that deputizes 160 of his agents to enforce immigration laws.

2007 Gov. Janet Napolitano signs an employer sanctions law to go after businesses that knowingly hire undocumented workers. The business sector calls it a death penalty for companies.

2008 Arpaio launches crimesweeps in Latino neighborhoods. His deputies stop Hispanic motorists for broken taillights and cracked windshields drawing allegations of racial profiling. The American Civil Liberties Union files a civil rights lawsuit against his office.

2009 President Barack Obama delivers a Commencement Address at Arizona State University on May 13 and urges graduates to find the greatness that lies within each of them.

2010 The Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) recognizes the historical significance of La Santa Cruz de Globe, Arizona, built in 1936 by Mexican & Mexican American Catholics atop a hillside in Ruiz Canyon. The state’s Historic Sites Committee advances its nomination of La Santa Cruz de Globe to the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C. 2010 The Chicana/o Research Collection & Archives at the Hayden Library at ASU is awarded a $155,576 grant from the Council on Library & Information Resources & the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation to support the “Labor Rights Are Civil Rights” project. The Chicana/o Research Collection & Archives is Arizona’s

first archival repository to receive this CLIR grant.

2010 E-Latina Voices, an online organization comprised of Latinas in Arizona, announces its advocacy for the civil, political, social & economic rights of Latinas & Latinos statewide. Founded

by Olga Aros, the on-line organization maintains a website & provides information to help Latino communities resolve issues that affect them. Membership to E-Latina Voices is free & is open to all.

2010 Republican Gov. Jan Brewer signs SB1070 into law on April 23, making it a state crime for an undocumented immigrant to be in Arizona. Federal judge Susan Bolton stops certain sections of the law. The PUENTE Movement and religious groups launch civil disobedience actions.

A national boycott is launched against the state.

2011 Republican Senator Russell Pearce –the sponsor of SB1070 and president of the Senate is recalled, he is replaced

by Jerry Lewis.

2011 The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) informs that the Maricopa County Sheriff’s Department was involved in civil rights violations against Latinos.

2011 A federal judge in the ACLU lawsuit on MCSO racial profiling orders the sheriff’s office to stop using traffic stops to inquire about people’s immigration status.

Sources: United States Supreme Court.

State of Latino Arizona.

The Arizona Latino Research Enterprise.

The Arizona State University Department of Transborder Chicano/a and Latina/o Studies and ASU Office of Public Affairs.

Hispanic Historic Property Survey, City of Phoenix Preservation Office.

University of California Berkeley.

The Chicano Research Collection, Arizona State University.

Archives of La Voz Newspaper and The Arizona Republic.

Braun Sacred Heart Center.

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Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

100 Latinos: their legacy Throughout Arizona’s 100 years of statehood, many Latinos have left a permanent legacy of their work and contributions. For this segment, we have selected a series of individuals who represent a diverse field of the community. Some chosen (see the list) don’t appear here because they are mentioned in other sections of this special supplement. Similarly, we are aware that there may be omissions but they are strictly unintentional and for that we apologize. During 2012, however, we will continue to publish topics and profiles of notable Latinos as part of a permanent special section of La Voz. We’re grateful for your understanding.

Alex Zermeño Armando Ruiz Art Ruiz Arturo Othon Ascencion “Sonny” Nájera Benny García Daniel Ortega

Valdemar Aguirre Córdova The legacy of césar chavez His memory will always be alive César Chávez legacy transcends the famous phrase Si, Se Puede (Yes, it can be done). Born into a family of farm laborers in San Luis, Arizona in 1927, the work of the legendary activist on behalf of farm workers has inspired generations to fight for health, educational and civil rights equality for all.

When Chávez was in eighth grade, his family lost its farm in 1937 during the Great Depression, prompting them to move to California in search of work. Chávez joined the Marines and four years later returned to work in the fields with his family, where he discovered the horrible working conditions that farm workers faced daily.

With no formal education, Chávez educated himself and in 1962 formed what later became the United Farm Workers of America and devoted his life to improve working conditions and wages for laborers. He advocated non-violence, gaining national attention through fasting, boycotts, strikes and pilgrimages.

In 1968, he fasted for the first time. Then U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy joined 8,000 farm workers to celebrate the end of Chávez’ 25-day fast, designed to re-energize his non-violence movement.

Chávez fasted for the second time to protest a law that prohibited laborers to strike and a third time in 1988 to call attention to pesticides’ harmful damage to health.

Chávez’s dream was to unite Hispanics, which still remains a challenge in the United States.

After gaining international fame, Chávez died the same way he lived his life – humble. He died April 23, 1993 in his native San Luis.

First Hispanic Superior Court Judge for Maricopa County and in the nation Valdemar Aguirre Córdova was born on Dec. 6, 1922, to Luis and Carmen Cordova, in Phoenix, AZ. Cordova was one of eight children and grew up in the Grant Park neighborhood of South Phoenix.

Just like his father, Córdova wanted to make a difference in his community and become successful.

Luis Córdova, a boilermaker for the Southern Pacific Railroad, assisted the Latin American Club in fighting prejudice against the Latino community in Phoenix. Luis also played a role in creating Grant Park and making it a place for children to play, including his son Valdemar.

Córdova attended Lowell Elementary School in Phoenix and Phoenix Union High School. At age 17 however, he joined the United States Army in Aug. 1940, in which he later served in the Army Air Corps as a first lieutenant during WWII. Córdova’s service ended when he became a prisoner to the enemy after his plane was shot down during a bombing. He remained a prisoner in Stalag Luft

I in Barth, Germany for 18 months where he experienced much adversity. He was honorably discharged in Nov. 1945 and returned to Phoenix after the war.

Upon his return Córdova completed his high school education and pursued his college education.

He attended both Arizona State University and the University of Arizona, from which he received his BA. Enrolled in law school at the U of A, he became president of the law school student body in 1949, and in 1950 he graduated from the College of Law placing second in the Arizona State Bar Exam.

Upon returning to Phoenix he served on the Phoenix Board of Adjustment from 1945-’55, the Phoenix City Council from 1955-’59, the Phoenix Civil Service Board from 1961-’65, the Advisory Board for the Boy Scouts of America, Roosevelt Council in ’66, and was on various other boards. On June 1, 1965 he was appointed by Gov. Samuel P. Goddard as the first Hispanic Superior Court Judge for Maricopa County. In 1967 he left the bench and became Gordon Cooks partner at his law firm, which became the firm of McKesson, Renaud, Cook, Miller & Córdova. After suffering a severe heart attack, however, Córdova decided that the best thing for him to do would be to assume the position of a judge once more and in 1976, Gov. Castro appointed him a second term on the Maricopa County Superior Court. Córdova served until ’79 when he was then appointed by President Carter on July 3, 1979 to serve as a federal district court judge on the United States District Court, District of Arizona. After President Carter’s appointment Córdova became the first Hispanic federal judge, not only in AZ, but also in the nation.

Danny Valenzuela Dr. Mary Jo Franco French Elisa de la Vara Fernando Shipley Fr. Tony Sotelo Gennaro García Graciela Gil Olivarez Guadalupe Huerta Jesus & Josefina Franco Joe Eddie & Rosie Lopez Luz Baeza Maclovio Barraza Magdalena Schwartz Miguel Mendez Miguel Montiel Pete Garcia Raul Grijalva Silvestre Herrera Tommy Espinoza Tommy Nuñez Victor Vidales

Arizona

Banco Pan american

Ramona AcostaBañuelos Firs MexicanAmerican appointed U.S. Treasurer Ramona Acosta Bañuelos was born to poor Mexican immigrants in Miami, Arizona on March 20, 1925.

Her family moved to a relative’s ranch in Sonora, Mexico, when the U.S. government deported thousands of Mexican-American families during the Great Depression.

Ramona married and at the

Most Rev. Eduardo A. Nevares First Hispanic Auxiliary Bishop of Phoenix Most Reverend Eduardo A. Nevares was ordained as the first Auxiliary Bishop for the Diocese of Phoenix on July 19, 2010, at St. Thomas Aquinas Parish in Avondale. He began his priesthood as a Missionary of Our Lady of La Salette on July 18, 1981, and

age of 18 had two sons, Carlos and Martin. She later divorced.

Ramona lived in Juarez, Mexico where she crossed the border to work in El Paso, Texas.

She moved to Los Angeles where she found work as a dishwasher and waitress. She married Alejandro Bañuelos and saved enough money to start her own tortilla factory, Ramona’s Mexican Food Products, Inc. Today it is a multi-million dollar family business.

With the growing success of the Mexican food products business, Bañuelos soon found herself in the banking business after several businessmen recruited her to help start Pan American in 1964.

She was selected to serve as chair of the bank’s board of directors in 1969. She eventually served three terms as bank president while simultaneously serving as president of Ramona’s.

In 1970, President Richard Nixon chose Ramona to serve as the 34th Treasurer of the United States. On Dec. 17, 1971 she became the first Hispanic to serve in that position.

was later incardinated into the Diocese of Tyler, Texas, in May 2007.

Prior to his arrival in Phoenix he served as Vice Rector of the Pontifical College Josephinum in Columbus, Ohio, after serving as the Co-Director of Vocations in the Diocese of Tyler, Texas, from 2002 until 2008. Before serving in Tyler, he was the Pastor of St. Patrick Parish in Lufkin, Texas. For 25 years, Bishop Nevares served as a Missionary of Our Lady of La Salette before he sought incardination to the Diocese of Tyler.

Bishop Nevares was born on February 19, 1954 and he grew up in a loving, stable Roman Catholic family. His parents were not rich, yet they sent all of their children to Immaculate Heart of Mary Parish School. As his mother would leave the four older children at school, they would both attend daily Mass together. It was seeing his mother’s love and devotion for the Eucharist that began to instill in Bishop Nevares a desire to be a priest.

100 years of mexican-american influence

First Latino Congressman from Arizona

Ed Pastor

Born on June 28, 1943 in Claypool, Arizona, Ed Pastor was the first member of his family to attend college, graduating with a degree in chemistry in 1966.

Pastor started his teaching career at North High School in Phoenix and later kicked off his

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community work with the nonprofit Guadalupe Organization Inc., He later returned to college to get his law degree and subsequently became an assistant to former Arizona Gov. Raul H. Castro.

He became the first Hispanic elected to the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors, a post he resigned to pursue a successful congressional bid in Congressional District 2 in 1991. He has been in Congress ever since.

First Latina to serve as a federal judge in Arizona

Judge Mary H. Murguia President Obama nominated Mary H. Murguia to the United States Court of Appeals

The Bancroft Library/BANC MSS 81/ vol.1 frontis

Esperanza “Hope” Acosta Schechter

First Latina council woman at the City of Los Angeles Esperanza Acosta Schechter easily moved between social, political and cultural groups, catapulting her presence in the labor and political circles of California.

She was born in Miami, Arizona on July 10, 1921 but her parents

for the Ninth Circuit on March 25, 2010. However, it wasn’t until Dec. 22, 2010, that the U.S. Senate confirmed her.

A native of Kansas, Murguia graduated from the University of Kansas with two bachelor’s degrees in 1982 and in 1985 she received a law degree from the University of Kansas Law School. After completing her studies, Murguia devoted

her career to public service and in 1998 she was elected to serve in the Executive Office for U.S. Attorneys, becoming director in 1999. On July 21, 2000, she was nominated by President Clinton to a newly created seat in the district of Arizona and became the first Latina to serve as a federal judge in the state.

moved to Los Angeles when she was only a year old. Her mother, a Mexican-native refused to learn to speak English in part because she didn’t see the need for it since everyone in her life spoke Spanish.

Esperanza had a hard time in school where she felt an outcast.

She recalled her unhappy school days because she couldn’t wear what other girls wore and the fact that her parents couldn’t afford bread for her to take a sandwich to school. “You’d try to hide the fact you were eating tortillas instead of sandwich,” she said during an interview.

When she was 17, she left school and she went to work in the garment industry, where she started organizing other young women to join the union. Esperanza joined the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and she ended up organizing Mexican women. In 1948 she completed the Harvard University Trade Union Fellows Program and the same year the

union hired her as an organizer and business agent in the sportswear division.

In 1949, she became the first Mexican-American to join the Los Angeles City Council. She helped found the Community Service Organization and as chair of the group’s Labor Relations Committee, she supervised education, strike support, fund-raising, and lobbying.

She became the liaison with Congressman Chet Holifield's congressional office, served as a delegate to the national Democratic Party conventions during the Johnson administration and worked with the Peace Corps and Project Head Start.

In 1955, she married Harvey B. Schecther and a year later graduated from Hollywood High School and passed the necessary exams to become a certified shorthand reporter. Much later, in 1995 she earned a bachelor’s degree in history from California State University, Northridge.

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100 years of mexican-american influence

ALFREDO GUTIéRREZ

Mary Rose Garrido Wilcox First Latina elected to the Phoenix City Council and the Maricopa Board of Supervisors A native of the mining town of Superior, Wilcox is fourth generation MexicanAmerican. She was the first Latina on the Phoenix City Council and later on the first Hispanic woman elected to the Maricopa County Board of Supervisors where she’s serving her fourth term representing District 5.

Wilcox has spearheaded several programs to help families and communities, including low-income housing. Mary Rose cast the deciding vote to finance America West Arena (now US Airways Center) and Chase Field in downtown Phoenix.

She’s a key member of a movement supporting saving neighborhoods and pushed to revitalize and develop south Phoenix and Laveen.

Mary Rose Wilcox has become notorious for defying and criticizing the inappropriate tactics of Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio and his crime-sweeps, targeting Latino neighborhoods. That prompted Arpaio to try different ways to discredit her, including accusing her of abusing her public post. Wilcox, however, succeeded proving that the charges were baseless.

Lalo Guerrero His music won the hearts of Latin America and people in the United States.

A Tucson native, Lalo Guerrero wrote hundreds of songs during his seven-decade career including the classic folk song “Canción Mexicana”, Mexico’s most traditional folk song.

At the height of his recording years in the 1940s and 1950s, he released several albums and dominated the Latin American and U.S. charts as a vocalist and songwriter.

Many major Mexican artists performed several of his songs including Lucha Reyes, Jorge Negrete, Lola Beltrán, and the legendary Trio Los Panchos among others.

Celebrating his bicultural roots, the Tucson native was an early pioneer writing and recording bilingual songs and was the first to bring American swing and boogie to Spanishlanguage music in the ‘40s with a string of hit records.

The Smithsonian Institution declared him a National Folk Treasure and his countless other honors include induction into the Tejano Hall of Fame and the Mariachi Hall of Fame. He received the National Medal of Arts from President Bill Clinton.

Guerrero made his European debut in 1998 at the Cite de la Musique in Paris, France at the age of 82.

The beloved artist died at the age of 88.

Adam Díaz Arizona’s first Hispanic City Councilman Adam Díaz was born on Sept. 2, 1909 in Flagstaff, AZ but lived in Phoenix for 87 years. Well-known for having been Phoenix’s first Hispanic City Councilman, Díaz first began working as a messenger boy with Western Union at the age of 13. He later was an elevator operator in one of the buildings owned by businessman George Luhrs in downtown Phoenix. Luhrs became his mentor and later named him superintendent of his properties until his retirement.

In 1948 Díaz was elected to the Phoenix City Council where he served four years, and one year as vice-mayor.

Later Díaz served five years in the Phoenix Elementary School District 1 while involved in several key projects that benefited downtown Phoenix. He assisted in renewing the urban area, organizing many of the downtown buildings and residential areas.

Díaz has served on the board of directors of Friendly House and Chicanos Por La Causa and was active in the League for United Latin American Citizens (LULAC), the Arizona Centennial Commission, and the Governor's Conference on Youth, the Boy Scouts board of directors, and Vesta Club.

Díaz received several awards including the 1994 Profiles of Success Hall of Fame award from Valle Del Sol, Inc., and the Valley of the Sun Humanitarian Award in 1995.

Alfredo Gutiérrez, born and raised in Miami, Arizona, has been a force in Arizona politics and business for four decades.

Gutiérrez served three years in the U.S. Army and attended Arizona State University. From 1972-1986, he was a member of the State Senate, where he was both the majority and minority leader.

In 1986 he founded Jamieson and Gutiérrez, Inc., which quickly became the state’s leading public relations and public policy firm with offices in Phoenix and Washington D.C., and clients throughout the United States.

In 2001 he sold the firm to his partners in 2001 and launched a campaign for governor.

He lost to Janet Napolitano.

Arturo R. Moreno

First Hispanic to own a major baseball team in the United States Arturo R. Moreno, a native of Tucson, AZ, was born on July 31, 1946, and is the oldest of 11 children. After graduating high school he was drafted into the Army in 1966, fighting in the Vietnam War. When he returned, Moreno enrolled in the University of Arizona graduating in 1973.

Moreno made history on May 5, 2003, when he purchased the Anaheim Angels from the Walt Disney Company, becoming the first Hispanic to own a major sports team in the United States. In 1997 Moreno and his wife also established The Moreno Family Foundation.

General Armando de León First lieutenant in the Judge Advocate General’s Department, U.S. Air force Reserve General Armando de León was born in Nogales and earned his bachelor’s and law degree from the University of Arizona.

He’s known for receiving a direct commission in 1959 as first lieutenant in the Judge Advocate General’s Department, U.S. Air force Reserve. General de León was allocated as Reserve judge advocate at Luke Air Force Base in Arizona in 1966.

In 1987 he was promoted to brigadier general and became assistant to the staff judge advocate Headquarters Strategic Air Command, Offutt Air Force Base in Nebraska.

Barbara Rodriguez Mundell Arizona’s first female and first Hispanic presiding judge of the Maricopa County Superior Court Barbara Rodriguez Mundell is Arizona’s first female and the first Hispanic presiding judge of the Maricopa County Superior Court (1989-2010).

During her tenure as a trial judge she handled case assignments including mental health, probate, criminal, family court, juvenile, and civil. Mundell specialized in worker’s compensation and social issues.

She has received several awards including the State Bar of Arizona, the James A. Walsh Outstanding Jurist Award (2010) and Valle del Sol’s 16th Annual Profiles of Success.

Arizona

Arthur Van Haren Jr. Arthur Van Haren, Jr. was a World War II fighter pilot and the top fighter ace from Arizona.

Van Haren was born in Superior in 1920 and was passionate about sports.

After the war ended, he received his law degree in 1948.

In public service, he served as a deputy Maricopa County attorney, as legal counsel to the Maricopa County Planning and Zoning Commission, and as a Phoenix judge. Van Haren died in August of 1992.

DAVE GONZALES

Benito C. Almanza State President Bank of America As the state president for Bank of America Arizona, Almanza is responsible for coordinating all lines of business efforts in Arizona encompassing 13,300 associates. He has been with Bank of America for 34 years.

He has held leadership positions in a variety of areas within Bank of America. A native of Hanford, CA, Benito is a graduate of Stanford University and the University of Santa Clara.

He serves on the Board of Directors of Teach for America Arizona, the Phoenix Aviation Advisory Board and Greater Phoenix Leadership.

He also led an appeal that raised $10.3 million for the Catholic Diocese of Phoenix to help families.

Ben Miranda

Vice president of State Farm Insurance

A champion for Hispanics

Dave Gonzales is senior vice president for State Farm Insurance Companies in the Great Western Zone. After three decades he rose to top-level positions.

Between 1988 and 1990, he was assigned to a property damage claim unit, moved to a bodily injury unit, appointed assistant manager in Dallas, Texas, auto division manager and fire division manager.

Gonzales held several toplevel positions between 1992 and 2000, including executive assistant at Corporate Headquarters and Regional Vice President in Arizona.

Gonzales earned a bachelor's and master's degree from the University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.

Ben Miranda, former state lawmaker and lawyer, continues his leadership championing Hispanic causes.

Miranda, who comes from a family of farm workers, grew up in the public housing complex of Marcos de Niza in downtown Phoenix with 11 siblings. After graduating from a Phoenix Union high school, he joined the armed forces and served in the Vietnam War. He attended the University of Phoenix and later earned a law degree from Arizona State University.

In 1994, the city of Phoenix honored him with the Martin Luther King Jr. “Living the Dream Award.”

100 years of mexican-american influence

CARLOS GALINDOELVIRA Carlos Galindo-Elvira is vice president of philanthropy and community relations for Valle del Sol, a nonprofit group in Phoenix.

Prior to joining Valle del Sol, he was special assistant to former U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini, worked for the Pinal County Recorder’s Office and with the YMCA. He was the first Hispanic mayor of the town of Hayden and served as a Magistrate Pro Tempore for the Hayden Magistrate Court. He’s a graduate of the Hispanic Leadership Institute and Valley Leadership.

Galindo-Elvira earned a bachelor’s degree in Spanish from Arizona State University.

David Cavazos First Latino City Manager at the City of Phoenix David Cavazos, a Chicago native, joined the city of Phoenix in 1987 as a member of the Phoenix management intern program.

After completing the program, Cavazos joined the Economic Development Department, helping expand the city’s economic base. He was interim director of Sky Harbor International Airport during a period when the airport was experiencing great growth.

Cavazos was appointed city manager in Oct. 2009, though he had held that post since 2006 on an interim bases.

Other major accomplishments include the opening of CityScape, and the ground breaking of the Health Sciences Education building at the Phoenix Biomedical Campus of Phoenix.

Carmen de Novais Guerrero Community activist and musician Carmen de Novais Guerrero was born on Sept. 2, 1950 in Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.

She and her husband, Zarco Guerrero, who live in Mesa, have devoted their lives to promote the arts. And though her work consumes most of her time, the artist participated in the campaign to recall state Senator Russell Pearce.

Guerrero is a musician, artist, singer and community activist. She teaches piano, guitar, charango (a South American stringed instrument of the lute family), vibraphone and percussion.

Carmen is a theater and visual arts producer for Zarkmask.com.

DELIA DE LA VARA

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Daniel Hernandez

Daniel Hernandez went from obscurity to international fame overnight. The 21-year-old senior at the University of Arizona is largely credited for saving the life of Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords when during a public event a gunman shot her in the head.

Hernandez is lauded as a hero for his medical training and quick thinking during the tragedy, though he constantly rejects the title.

He was a guest of honor of President Barack Obama during the 2011 State of the Union address in Washington, D.C. Hernandez began his political activism in 2007 working on the Hillary Clinton presidential campaign.

Eddie Basha

Community work at NCLR

A champion of education

Delia de la Vara is vice-president of the National Council of La Raza in California. She oversees NCLR’s strategy to boost relations among affiliates through training, development, organizational, leadership and fund-raising initiatives. She’s also responsible of the organization and production of the National Council of La Raza ALMA Awards.

She joined NCLR in 1998 in the Affiliate Relations division where key projects included developing membership processes and creating the affiliate council.

She has a bachelor’s degree in Regional Development and Latin American Studies from the University of Arizona.

Eddie Basha has deep roots in Arizona. Born and raised in Chandler, Basha’s advocacy for children and education is legendary.

Eddie is the great-grandson of settlers who came to America in 1884. His grandparents were Arizona pioneers who opened a general store in the mining community of Ray, Arizona, in 1910, two years before statehood. Bashas’ is the only family-owned supermarket chain in Arizona.

Gov. Rose Mofford in 1990 appointed him to the Arizona Board of Regents. He served a 13-year term on the Chandler School Board and was appointed by Gov. Bruce Babbitt to the State Board of Education.

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Arizona

February 10, 2012

Edmundo Hidalgo President and CEO of Chicanos Por La Causa (CPLC) Edmundo Hidalgo, a native of San Luis, AZ, is President and CEO of Chicanos Por La Causa, Inc. Before assuming the position, he was the agency’s Chief Operations Officer, beginning in 1999. He has been president of the Maricopa Community Colleges Foundation, the Treasurer of Sonoran Bank, a member the Chase Community Advisory Committee of Chase and the Diamondbacks Diversity Council.

In 2005, was named Minority Small Business Champion of the Year by the U.S. Small Business Administration’s Arizona District Office. Edmundo earned a bachelor’s degree in economics in 1988 and a master’s degree in business administration from Arizona State University.

GONZALO DE LA MELENA Gonzalo de la Melena spends most of his time helping Latino business owners. As President and CEO of the Arizona Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, de la Melena represents more than 60,000 Hispanic businesses in the state.

Gonzalo is the founder of edmVentures, LLC a small business investment company with holdings in Arizona restaurant franchise - Pollo Campero and Phoenix airport concessions – Sir Veza’s Taco Garage at Sky Harbor International.

He has done business in more than 30 countries during his 20-plus years working in management, business development and Latino marketing.

Gonzalo began his career in consumer products with Coca-Cola Enterprises before joining The Dial Corporation in 1993.

He has a master’s degree from Thunderbird School of Global Management and earned his undergraduate degree in business from Arizona State University.

ERICA GONZáLEZMELéNDEZ A lawyer who fights for community rights Erica González-Meléndez is chairwoman of the board of directors of Chicanos Por La Causa, and in that capacity she publicly asked Gov. Jan Brewer not to sign SB1070 into law.

González-Meléndez is an attorney for Snow and Carpio, which specializes in workers’ compensation. She also manages her own law firm: Law Offices of Erica González-Meléndez where she takes primarily family law cases.

She was a prosecutor for the city of Phoenix and as an Assistant Attorney General for the Arizona Attorney General’s Office in the Medicaid Fraud Control Unit.

González-Meléndez is active at Sacred Heart Catholic Church and helps write grants to fund church programs.

Recently, Erica received the Daniel R. Ortega Public Service Award from Valle del Sol’s Hispanic Leadership Institute.

HENRY GARFIAS First Marshal of Phoenix Most of Enrique "Henry” Garfias’ feats of bravery far surpass those of the more famous lawmen of the Old West.

Garfias was born in 1851. At the age of 20, he moved to Arizona, settling in Wickenburg and three years later he moved to Phoenix.

Garfias became county deputy sheriff and quickly the Latino lawman’s reputation began to spread. When Phoenix was officially incorporated into a town in 1881, he was appointed town marshal.

Later, through a formal municipal election, he became the highest elected official of Mexican descent in the Valley during the 19th century. He was the city’s first marshal.

100 years of mexican-american influence

Eugene Acosta Marin Excellence in education

Francisca Montoya Hispanic research center/ arizona state university

Eugene Marin made his mark in the 1960’s and 70’s in education and government. His educational and professional accomplishments inspired many of his generation and others.

Marin spent a major part of his professional career working for educational institutions and government. For instance, he was the first Latino to be appointed as state director of the Arizona Office of Economic Opportunity.

In 1972, Marin directed the Office of Student Financial Aid and coordinated Student Assistance Programs at Arizona State University. He worked in the late 1970’s with the U.S. Department of Education.

Born in Christmas, Arizona in 1922, Marin earned several college degrees, his doctorate degree from California Western University in 1972.

JACINTO OROZCO First Spanishlanguage DJ in Tucson

Arizona Historial Society/Tucson AHS 64451

Born in Zacatecas, Mexico in 1898, Jacinto Orozco lived in Jerome, Arizona for a period of time. He started his DJ career at a small, low frequency radio station. At the crack of dawn, he started his show with the song “La Marcha de Zacatecas.”

In 1938, Orozco moved to Tucson and immediately joined KVOA radio station where he began airing his popular show “La Hora Mexicana". There he informed the community of important events.

Jacinto Orozco died in 1971 and though a lot of people don’t remember him, his radio contributions are etched in Arizona’s history.

Community Activist

Frank Barrios Author of the book “Images of America: Mexicans in Phoenix”

For decades, Francisca Montoya has worked for various boards and organizations that help Latinos.

Montoya, the Friendly House director of strategic development, has worked for other national groups such as MALDEF and the César E. Chávez Foundation.

She was executive director of The Stardust House, a neighborhood resource and learning center at South Ranch II. From 1996 to 1999 Montoya was the neighborhood coordinator for Phoenix.

During 1993-1996 she served as assistant to Phoenix City Council District 7, where she did everything from neighborhood issues relating to gangs, crime, and infrastructure improvements projects.

A descendent of immigrants from the former Yugoslavia and Sonora, Mexico, Frank M. Barrios was born in Phoenix on April 8, 1942.

In 1966, he earned a bachelor’s degree in engineering from Arizona State University.

During the first years of his professional career, Barrios worked for the Central Arizona Project until the mid-1970s and subsequently worked for the Arizona Water Commission.

After retiring, Barrios started researching history and devoted himself to gathering documents, which he used to publish his book “Mexicans in Phoenix.”

He was a member of the board of director of the Central Arizona Project and is member of the Arizona Centennial Commission and the Arizona Centennial Foundation.

Jaime Gutiérrez

Jaime Molera

Political leadership at the state Legislature Jaime Gutiérrez is a Tucson native. In 1971 he earned a bachelor’s degree in political science from the University of Arizona and has done postgraduate work there as well.

He’s vice president of external relations and associate vice president of the Office of Community Relations at U of A. Gutiérrez was estate senator for 14 years where he served minority whip and assistant to the minority leader.

During his final years at the Legislature, he was a member of the Appropriations, Budget and Ethics committees.

Arizona’s former superintendent of public instruction Jaime Molera, one of the most well known Latinos in Arizona, devotes much of his time to improving education.

Molera has held several top high-level posts, including Arizona’s Superintendent of Public Instruction from 2001-2003 and top advisor on policy and legislative affairs to Gov. Jane Dee Hull.

In 2008, then Gov. Janet Napolitano appointed him to the State Board of Education and more recently Gov. Jan Brewer reappointed him. He is now the president of that board.

Recently, Molera led the legislative effort to help secure nearly a half a billion dollars needed to expand the University of Arizona’s College of Medicine.

Arizona

James E. García Artistic director of New Carpa Theater James E. García is essayist, journalist and consultant. He’s founder and artistic director of the company New Carpa Theater Co., and the author of at least 20 theater productions, including The Eagle and the Serpent: A History of Mexico Abridged and Amexica: Tales of the Fourth World (co-written with Alberto Rios).

He was born March 12, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois. He moved dozens of times during his childhood to various cities around the United States, gaining a broad perspective of the world. He studied journalism at the University of Texas and did his postgraduate work in Literature at Arizona State University.

José Ronstadt

Jesús Meléndrez Founder of El Mensajero Newspaper Jesús Meléndrez came from Yuma, Arizona in 1878. He worked as a clerk for the Salt River Valley Herald and later for the Arizona Gazette.

He founded his own newspaper, El Mensajero, in 1990.

El Mensajero published local, national and international news stories. His journalistic theme included “The best medium to reach the Spanish speaking home.” Residents could subscribe to the paper for $1.50 a year. Meléndrez helped found the organization known as “La Liga Protectora Latina” to fight civil rights.

JULIA SOTO ZOZAYA

100 years of mexican-american influence

Jesús “Jesse” Armenta Writing for famous artists A native of Buena Vista, Sonora, Armenta began writing songs since his teenage years.

But it was in Phoenix where he got a break when local groups and singers started recording some of the songs he wrote.

He catapulted to the top when the internationally known group Los Tigres del Norte recorded his song “Vivan los mojados” in 1976. For a few years, Armenta recorded mainly for Los Tigres but others such as Conjunto Primavera, Rieleros del Norte, Banda El Recodo, Banda Costeña, Pablo Montero and Graciela Beltran also recorded his songs.

Armenta’s talent has been recognized through numerous awards throughout his successful musical career in Mexico and the United States.

Liliana De León Hispanic

Successful career in mass media A native of Nogales, Sonora, José Ronstadt has paved the way for many generations of professional Latinos in mass communications.

Ronstadt is host and executive producer of KVEA-TV, Channel 52's morning news and entertainment program in Los Angeles. He began his professional career at the PBS channel at Arizona State University where he obtained a scholarship as one of the top students. Every year he emcees ASU’s Hispanic Convocation ceremony.

He was among the pioneers of local station Univision where he was vice president and general manager.

Spanish-language research center/ arizona radio pioneer state university

Born in 1926, Julia Soto Zozaya was the first Latina to buy a radio station in Phoenix.

Sozaya, who had only one child with her husband Steve, studied business at Lamson Business College in Phoenix.

She worked for several local groups such as the League of United Latin American Citizens, Arizona Department of Economic Security, and U.S. Senator Dennis DeConcini's Arizona office.

Zozaya established Arizona's first 24- hour Spanish language radio station KNNN. The Arizona Real Estate Bulletin in 1992 reported how she overcame the fact that she was legally blind.

Art in continuous movement Liliana De León is a ballerina, choreographer and educator.

Though her focus is Flamenco dance, she has created a mix of Mexican folkloric and traditional Latin American dances.

She started dancing since early age becoming a professional dancer during her teenage years. She has traveled throughout Mexico, Costa Rica, Spain, Germany and the United States.

De León has produced concerts, has choreographed dance festivals and has taught at high schools, community colleges and universities.

She has a bachelor’s degree in modern dance from Arizona State University and did postgraduate work from the University of California in Los Angeles.

José Canchola First Hispanic member of the New York Stock Exchange José Canchola was born in Parsons, Kansas, but grew up in Chicago’s West Side.

In the 1950’s, he was the first Hispanic to join the New York Stock Exchange. In 1976 he opened the first McDonald's restaurant on the international border in Nogales, Arizona.

He contributed to the Ronald McDonald House in Tucson providing hundreds of scholarships to journalism undergraduate students, as well as business graduate students.

He was chairman of the U.S. Hispanic Chamber of Commerce and became mayor of Nogales.

In 2002, President George W. Bush appointed him to the National Commission on Educational Excellence for Hispanics.

Linda Jean Córdova Carter Actress, singer and songwriter Linda Jean Córdova Carter is best known for her role in The New Adventures of Wonder Woman. She was born on July 24, 1951, in Phoenix.

Though she enrolled at Arizona State University, she quit to pursue her musical career. In 1970 she joined the group The Garfin Gathering and Lynda Carter.

In 1972 Carter entered a local beauty contest in which she gained national attention and won Miss World USA, representing Arizona. She reached the semifinals in Miss World USA competition. She later went to New York to take acting classes.

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José A. Cárdenas Senior Vice President and General Counsel for Arizona State University Since 2009 José Cárdenas has been the senior vice president and general counsel of Arizona State University.

Cárdenas heads the legal counsel, a representative of the ASU Foundation, the Sun Angel Foundation, and the ASU Alumni Association.

In 1974 Cárdenas received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Nevada at Las Vegas and in 1977 graduated from Stanford University Law School.

In 1978 Cárdenas joined Lewis and Roca and became partner in 1982. In 1999 he was named Lewis and Roca’s first chairman.

Cárdenas is a member of The Fellows of the American Bar Foundation and is member of Los Abogados.

Linda Mazon Gutiérrez President and CEO of the Hispanic Women’s Corporation Linda Mazon Gutiérrez is president and CEO of the Hispanic Women’s Corporation. Founded in 1981 as a result of challenges women faced socially and culturally and the lack of opportunities.

HWC has become a national force that has drawn over 2,000 attendees to the Executive, Professional and Youth Leadership Institutes.

Gutiérrez was elected secretary to the Girl Scouts USA National Board of Directors where she’s serving her second term. She is a member of the board of directors of National Council of La Raza in Washington, D.C.

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Linda Ronstadt The queen of rock Linda Ronstadt, also known as the queen of rock, is a Tucson native. Though she started her career singing folkloric music with her group “The Stone Poneys” in the 1960’s, she’s internationally known as a soloist.

Linda studied at Arizona State University where she met guitarist Bob Kimmel. The duo moved to Los Angeles where guitarist and singer Kenny Edwards joined them. The Stone Poneys became a sensation in California, recording their first album in 1967.

Her first hit as a soloist was the 1970 song “Long, Long Time.”

Manuel T. Pacheco University of Arizona’s 17th President Manuel T. Pacheco was born on May 30, 1941 in Rocky Ford, Colorado.

In 1962, Pacheco received his bachelor’s degree in languages from the New Mexico Highlands University. Pacheco earned a master’s degree in Spanish in 1966 as well as a doctorate in foreign language education in 1969, from Ohio State University. He was appointed president of the University of Arizona in 1991.

During his term as president at the U of A Pacheco built the Integrated Learning Center (ILC) and promised to build the Student Union Memorial Center simultaneously. The ILC was named in Pacheco’s honor on Oct. 6, 2004. Ten years earlier, he helped the university obtain the Science and Technology Park, a research and development facility.

LORRAINE LEE Former executive vice president of CPLC (Tucson)

100 years of mexican-american influence

LUIS AVILA An advocate for students’ rights in Arizona

At an early age, Lorraine Lee learned what discrimination is.

Her father, of Chinese descent, emigrated from the Philippines to the United States, and her mother of Chinese and Mexican descent came from Mexico.

Lorraine was born in 1956 in Tucson and earned a degree in psychology from the University of Arizona in 1978.

She attended the University of California Los Angeles where she earned a master’s degree in urban planning. When she returned to Arizona, she joined Chicanos Por La Causa where she was executive vice president in the Tucson office.

She died Oct. 31 of 2007 after losing a battle with cancer.

Luis Avila was born in Culiacan, Sinoloa, Mexico but lived part of his youth in Queretaro where at 16 he founded a youth publication to give students a chance to voice their opinion on social and political issues.

In 2004, Avila participated in the 40th anniversary of the New American Freedom Summer program registering minority voters in Mississippi and Arizona.

In 2005, Majority Leader, Senator Harry Reid, invited Avila to participate at the first Hispanic Youth Leadership Conference in Washington, D.C. He has been a member of several coalitions that defend the rights of students across the country.

Margie Emmermann

Michael Nowakowski

Executive Director for the Arizona-Mexico Commission and Gov. Brewer’s policy advisor for Mexico and Latin America In 2009 Margie Emmermann was named executive director for the Arizona Mexico Commission and Gov. Jan Brewer’s policy advisor for Mexico and Latin America.

Emmermann was policy advisor on Mexico issues for governors Fife Symington and Jane Hull and was Hull’s liaison to the Hispanics.

She was the director of the Arizona Office of Tourism and director of the Arizona Department of Commerce.

Emmermann was vice president of Bank of America and has held various positions with such companies as US West Communications.

She received the prestigious OHTLI award, which the Mexican government gives to residents of Mexican descent who have made great contributions.

Hispanic Phoenix Councilman His tireless community and political work helped Michael Nowakowski get elected to the Phoenix City Council.

Nowakowski is the vice president of Communications of Radio Campesina, a network of 10 nonprofit Spanish-language radio stations created by the late farm worker leader César Chávez.

He worked with the Catholic Diocese of Phoenix where he served as assistant director of the Office of Youth and Young Adult Ministry. He was executive vice president of the communication fund of the Cesar Chavez Foundation and served on the city of Phoenix Historic Bond Committee.

LUZ SARMINA

A civil rights advocate Luz Sarmina was president and general manager of Valle del Sol until 2011. She took a strong position against attempts in the Arizona Legislature to deny citizenship to children of undocumented immigrants who were born in the United States. Luz Sarmina spoke out against that initiative, which defied the 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.

Valle del Sol provides behavioral health, social services and Latino leadership development.

Sarmina earned a master’s of science degree in social work from Arizona State University.

NANCY JORDAN An educational legacy for Arizona Nancy Jordan is a former teacher at the Roosevelt School District. She has been responsible for managing advocacy programs, constituent outreach, special events, special programs and community relations and outreach at Arizona State University.

She served as associate executive director of the ASU Alumni Association from 1996 to 2000.

Before joining the university, Jordan was executive director of the Genesis Program, Inc. She was dean of school and community relations for Phoenix College, and served as executive assistant to the chancellor of Maricopa Community Colleges. She earned a bachelor’s degree at the University of California, Riverside, and a master's of counseling from Arizona State University.

Manuel “Lito” Peña Working for a better future for the youth Born in a cattle ranch in Cashion, Arizona on Nov. 17, 1924, Manuel “Lito” Peña, Jr. attended Tolleson Elementary School. He dropped out of Tolleson High School to do different types of jobs in the agriculture industry.

His political career spans more than 30 years, serving three terms in the Arizona House of Representatives pushing for laws to protect farm workers.

Peña has been involved in several organizations and community services including Phoenix’s Human Relations Commission, vice chairman for Movimiento Unido Mexicano, and Secretary/ Treasurer of the Phoenix Catholic Labor Society, Phoenix Council for Civic Unity, Careers for Youth, Phoenix Urban League, and the Community Service Organization.

Paul J. Luna President and CEO of Helios Education Foundation Paul J. Luna is president and CEO of Helios Education Foundation, the largest nonprofit organization in Arizona and Florida focusing exclusively on education.

Luna has more than 25 year of professional experience in the public and private sector where he has had diverse leadership roles.

He was president of United Way, an organization that offers different programs and services to the community. He is a member of the Arizona Governor’s education council and a member of the Sky Harbor International Airport’s citizen advisory board.

Arizona

PETE BUGARIN Latinos danced to his music

Pete Moraga Hispanic research center/ arizona state university

Born in 1917 as Pedro Cheretin Bugarin in Marinette, now Sun City, Pete became a fixture in the music business. He began his music career at Phoenix Union High School, playing the guitar and singing in Spanish.

Bugarin did everything from playing Mexican music and commercials. But he got his break acquiring the orchestra "Los Caballeros Alegres". He later created live music and recordings with his 10-piece orchestra, the Music Makers, including Carmen and Laura, jukebox favorites.

The orchestra made Arizona history because of weekly dance hall appearances at the Calderón, Casino, and others.

Ralph Velez City manager of San Luis, Guadalupe and Calexico Ralph Velez, the city manager of San Luis, has worked in local government for three decades.

He was the city manager in the Town of Guadalupe and Calexico, California, and worked for Tolleson for 22 years.

He was born in Ray, but raised in the neighboring town of Sonora, Arizona. He attended Arizona Western College in Yuma and Arizona State University before joining the U.S. Army in April 1969.

Spent 18 months as a medic in Germany during the Vietnam War, worked for Valley National Bank, Chicanos Por La Causa and owned La Mascota Deli and Bakery in Guadalupe.

100 years of mexican-american influence

PETE RIOS

Petra Falcón

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Placida Elvira Garcia Smith Community Activist

A JOURNALISM LEGACY Born and raised in Tempe, Arizona, Pete Moraga devoted his life to improving the image of Latinos in electronic media.

In 1949, after graduating from Arizona State University, Pete became a member of the original group of KIFN, the first Spanish-language radio station in Phoenix.

Pete joined the Foreign Service in 1961 and worked as a press assistant with the U.S. Embassy in Mexico.

In 1969, he joined the KNXCBS radio in Los Angles and subsequently worked at KMEXTV in that city. In 2001, he was inducted into the National Association of Hispanic Journalists Hall of Fame.

RANDY PARRAZ Made history recalling Russell Pearce Randy Parraz accomplished what few believe to be possible.

Oust Senate President Russell Pearce, Arizona’s most powerful politician who gained national attention for his anti-immigrant laws.

Parraz spearheaded a grassroots campaign to recall Pearce, who sponsored many laws targeting undocumented immigrants including SB1070.

Parraz’s group, known as Citizens for a Better Arizona, now wants to oust Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio.

Randy is a graduate of U.C. Berkeley, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, U.C. Berkeley’s Boalt Hall School of Law and a member of the California Bar.

First Hispanic to serve as President of the Arizona Senate Former state senator Pete Rios grew up in Hayden-Winkelman.

He earned his bachelor’s degree in sociology and master's degree in social service administration from Arizona State University.

Professionally, Rios has worked in a variety of social services settings with particular emphasis on services to children and families. From 1978 to 1980, he was Children's Adoption Coordinator for the state.

In 1982 he was first elected to the State where he became the Democratic Whip and Democratic Assistant Leader.

In 1991, he was elected presiding officer as President of the State during the 40th Legislature, making him the first Latino to hold that post in state’s history.

Rebecca Flanagan First Latina to head the Field Office of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in Phoenix In 2002, Rebecca Flanagan took the helm of the Field Office of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development in Phoenix.

She began her career with HUD 34 years ago as an Equal Opportunity Specialist in Denver, Colorado.

In 1990, Rebecca moved to Phoenix when she was named deputy manager for the Phoenix HUD office. During her tenure, she developed key policies including the use of “cash on hand”

by FHA borrowers.

Flanagan has a bachelor’s degree in sociology from the University of California at Los Angeles.

An exemplary leadership Behind the most recent historic Latino voter participation is Petra Falcón, who has been instrumental in convincing the new U.S. citizens to register to vote.

With more than 25 years of community experience, Falcón’s group Promesa Arizona grew out of SB1070 that put Arizona on the forefront of the fight against illegal immigration.

As a leader of the National Immigration Forum, Falcón has trained more than 800 volunteers, primarily young immigrants to join the movement using “the construction of the movement", and an innovative training method.

René Díaz First Hispanic Superintendent of Phoenix Union For more than 35 years, René Díaz has worked to educate the youth, becoming the first Latino to head the Phoenix Union High School District and the Phoenix Elementary School District.

Díaz grew up in Tolleson with eight other siblings. His father managed a ranch while his mother was a devout volunteer at a Catholic church. He was educated in Catholic elementary and high school.

As the head of South Mountain High School, Díaz created several innovative academic programs, which earned him the School of the Year in Arizona award. He played a key role establishing César Chávez High School and was named Superintendent of the Year in Arizona in 1998.

Placida Elvira Garcia Smith was born on Aug. 7, 1896 in Conejos, Colorado and became the deputy county treasurer.

In 1929, Smith and her husband, Reginald G. Smith, moved to Phoenix where she took a job with what is now known as the Phoenix Newspapers, Inc. She worked as a substitute teacher at Phoenix Elementary School and Phoenix Union High School.

However, in 1931 Smith took on the directorship of Friendly House, a nonprofit organization that helped immigrants assimilate. Smith also organized the first Spanish-American Boy Scout Troop in 1932 and in 1953 received Daughters of the American Revolution Award of Merit. In 1962 was chosen as Phoenix Woman of the Year by the Phoenix Advertising Club.

Robert Ortiz Business leader Robert Ortiz is vice president of Sales & Marketing for Bashas’, the family-owned grocer that operates Bashas’, Food City, AJ’s Fine Foods, Sportsman’s Fine Wines & Spirits, Eddie’s Country Store, and Bashas’ Diné supermarkets.

He is responsible for all strategic sales, marketing and merchandising decisions for the 128-stores grocery chain.

Under his leadership, Food City has been recognized with many awards, including the USA Rice Federation’s “Retailer of the Year” in 2005, Progressive Grocer magazine’s “Hispanic Retail Excellence Award” in 2007.

Ortiz serves on the Board of Directors of Chicanos Por La Causa.

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Ronnie López First Latino to be appointed as a governor’s Chief of Staff Ronnie López was born in the Arizona mining town of Miami.

He served as president of Phoenix International Consultants consulting in contract negotiation, political, and marketing strategies.

Politics and community development have been López’s passions. He served as field representative of the Arizona Civil Rights Commission, and later as President and CEO of Chicanos Por La Causa.

He was a Maricopa County Justice of the Peace and was former Gov. Bruce Babbitt’s chief of staff & executive assistant.

He was Finance Chair for Ed Pastor's Congressional campaign and was a member of the National Democratic Business Council and the Arizona ClintonGore Committee.

Salvador Reza A people’s warrior Salvador Reza’s name is synonymous with pro-immigrant rights. Reza is a pioneer of the movement to improve the working conditions of day laborers in Arizona.

Reza, who came to Arizona in 1992, identifies with the indigenous movement, an attempt to unite Native people worldwide to protect the human rights of Indians.

A native of Chihuahua, Mexico, Reza moved to the Valley in part because he wanted to live in the center of Aztlán, the legendary homeland of the Aztec civilization. Through his organization, Tonatierra, and the help of Phoenix, Reza founded a day labor center in north Phoenix.

He has been a key player in the most recent movement of the pro-immigrant rights in Arizona.

100 years of mexican-american influence

STEPHEN MONTOYA A Latino rights advocate Stephen Montoya graduated from the University of New Mexico and obtained his law degree from Yale University in 1987. He began his career as a clerk for Federal District Judge Carl A. Muecke in Phoenix.

Montoya has specialized in civil rights cases in federal court. He’s former president of El Colegio de Abogados and former president of the Phoenix Human Relations Commission.

His work has earned him several awards including the recognition from the State of Arizona Bar as one of the 100 most influential men or minority lawyers in the state.

Trinidad escalente Swilling Salt River Valley pioneer Trinidad Escalante Swilling was born in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico and later moved to Tucson; at 17 she married Jack Swilling, the first White settler in the Salt River Valley.

Swilling organized the Swilling Irrigating and Canal Company, which established the town site of Phoenix and with Mexican laborers dug a modern canal system, enabling a dependable delivery of water, earning Swilling the title "the father of Phoenix".

The Swilling's original adobe home was near 36th and Washington streets. When Trinidad died in 1925, The Arizona Republic called her "one of the best-known pioneer figures of the Salt River Valley".

Tupac Enrique Acosta The voice of the Indigenous people in Phoenix Tupac Enrique Acosta is the coordinator and founding member of Tonatierra, an Indigenous communitybased organization in Phoenix, Arizona.

Enrique Acosta has worked diligently on indigenous issues locally and internationally, bringing attention to human rights issues.

He’s also supported community development causes, always adhering to his Indigenous roots and beliefs.

Zarco Guerrero Founder of Xicanindio Artes, Inc. Zarco Guerrero was born on April 7, 1952 in Mesa, Arizona and has been a major impact in the art scene in the state.

Guerrero is the founder of Xicanindio Artes, Inc., a nonprofit organization aimed at improving the understanding of the Latino and Native American arts and cofounded Cultural Coalition, Inc. in Phoenix, Arizona.

Guerrero has participated in the Artist in Education program of the Arizona Arts Commission and has held workshops all throughout the United States since 1972.

In 1993 he was awarded the Governor’s Arts Award for his artistic input within the community.

We celebrate with the State of Arizona 100 years of Our History

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

February 10, 2012

Congratulations to the Hispanic community For 100 years of perseverance and contributions to the state of Arizona.

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100 years of mexican-american influence

¡Gracias!

¡MUCHAS GRACIAS!

Thank you!

• State Farm Insurance, la Fundación de Citi y Raza Development Fund, por creer en este proyecto y patrocinarlo.

• State Farm Insurance, the Citi Foundation, and Raza Development Fund, for believing and sponsoring this project.

• Tommy Espinoza, por dedicar su tiempo y parte de su personal a labores de investigación y apoyo editorial.

• Tommy Espinoza, who dedicated his time and his staff's to help out with research and editorial content.

• Historiador Frank Barrios, por permitirnos integrar en este suplemento parte del valioso material de su libro “Images of America – Mexicans in Phoenix”.

• Historian Frank Barrios for allowing us use content from his book “Images of America – Mexicans in Phoenix.”

• Diócesis de Phoenix, por brindarnos acceso a sus archivos.

• The Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix for giving us access to its archives.

• Dra. Mary Jo Franco-French, por compartir con nosotros sus recuerdos y fotografías históricas.

• Doctor Mary Jo Franco-French, for sharing her memories and historical photos.

• Dra. Christine Marin, Profesora Emérita de la Universidad Estatal de Arizona, por su disponibilidad y ayuda.

• Dr. Christine Marín, professor emeritus at Arizona State University, for her support.

• Univisión 33 y Univisión Radio, por recibir y respaldar con entusiasmo el proyecto (¡Gracias Juan y Gerardo!).

• Elvia Díaz y Carlos Chávez, por ayudarnos durante sus horas de descanso.

• Univision 33 and Univision Radio for enthusiastically embracing the project (Gracias Juan & Gerardo!).

• Elvia Díaz and Carlos Chavez, for their help during their time off.

• Valeria Fernández, por su apoyo editorial y su amor por el periodismo en español.

• Valeria Fernández, for her editorial contributions, and her love for journalism.

• Paul Brinkley-Rogers (Raza Development Fund), por sus contribuciones editoriales.

• Paul Brinkley-Rogers (Raza Development Fund), for his editorial contributions.

• Star Reyes y Ben García (Raza Development Fund), por su dedicada colaboración.

• Star Reyes and Ben García (Raza Development Fund), for their steadfast commitment.

• Elisa Córdova, estudiante de la Escuela de Periodismo Walter Cronkite de ASU, por su entusiasmo y dedicación al trabajo.

• Elisa Córdova, a journalism student at Walter Cronkite at ASU, for her enthusiasm and dedication.

• Luis Manuel Ortiz, Marco Arreortúa, Luis Solano, Nadia Cantú, Samuel Murillo, Eduardo Bernal y Ruby Mejía por las horas interminables de trabajo que dedicaron para producir esta publicación.

• Centro de Información del Arizona Republic.

• A todas las personas y organizaciones (imposibles de enumerar) que de alguna forma colaboraron en la elaboración de este suplemento.

• A la comunidad hispana por sus contribuciones, sus sacrificios, sus logros y por ser parte de la grandeza de nuestro estado y nuestra nación.

• Luis Manuel Ortiz, Marco Arreortúa, Luis Solano, Nadia Cantú, Samuel Murillo, Eduardo Bernal and Ruby Mejía, who devoted countless hours to produce this publication.

• The Arizona Republic’s Information Center.

• To all the people and groups (which are impossible to name all) who collaborated in producing this supplement.

• To the Hispanic community for its contributions, sacrifices, and successes, and for being a part in the making of this great state and of this great nation of ours.

¡A todos, nuestro eterno agradecimiento!

To everyone, our deepest appreciation!

Elvira Espinoza Directora General

Elvira Espinoza Publisher

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence

Happy 100th Anniversary!

Always With You

February 10, 2012

SP59

SP60

February 10, 2012

Arizona

100 years of mexican-american influence