The Food Oasis - Municipal market at Bab Doukkala Marrakech

THE FOOD OASIS MUNICIPAL MARKET AT BAB DOUKKALA MARRAKECH

Dipon Bose

Ivo Lazarski

Piotr Soltys Prajwal Mathad

“

Zero Hunger Under a Changing Climate”

COP 22 Marrakech

-Dr. David Nabarro

Special Adviser to the Secretary General on the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals

Acknowledgements

We are thankful to our professors, assistant professors and tutors for giving us this wonderful Opportunity to work in a global context of North Africa. It was a very diferent learning experience to situate our learning of architecture and urbanism in a Global South context, focussing on the rich and fertile research design ground of “in-betweens”.

We thank our professor Laura Montedoro , Alessandro Frigerio and Alice Buoli for guiding us through every stage of the project. It was a great insight to understand the African context in the lectures and situate ourselves to the urbanism theories.

We also thank our professors for helping us with our trip to Marrakech. We thank the Consulate of Morocco, Milan, who helped us to get the travel visa swiftly. We thank the shopkeepers, restaurant owners in Medina who allowed us to take photographs of their activities and also shared critical information with us regarding our design research.

We thank our key informants Mr. Yosef Ben Mier, Director of the High Atlas Foundation to share the work of his organisation regarding plantation of trees and changing nature of food chain in Marrakech. We thank Mr. Hassan El Hemer, founder of BioChar Maroc, to share his insights of entrepreneurial networks of food chain and food waste in Marrakech. We thank our team members for working together enthusiastically in all the stages of the studio. It was a good learning experience with the class.

When the stomach gets full, it tells the head to sing” -Old Moroccan

proverb

Abstract

Food and urbanism is a very complex domain of research and design for architects and urban planners. With increasing urbanisation of African cities along with the majority of the Global South, the traditional cities of Africa like Marrakech, see a complex dynamics of changing food production, processing and consumption that afects large swatches of formal and informal spaces in the city. National governments across the globe have now acknowledged, through the New Urban Agenda, the importance of local governments in achieving the 2030 Agenda, with food and good nutrition being a core element (FAO, 2018)

With increasing globalisation of the food market, more and more developing countries are seeing massive infow of supermarkets and new food products owing to the Western models of urbanisation coupled with wider acceptance of Western urban lifestyle and spaces associated with them. In urban areas, diets are shifting towards increased consumption of food away from home (from street vendors, modern fast food chain, restaurants) with a large share of packaged and processed food often rich in salt, sugar and fat, leading to obesity and associated diet-related non-communicable diseases such as heart disease and diabetes (Marocchino, Cabannes, 2018). In the case of Marrakech, similar patterns of urbanisation over the last decades has created some problems like nutritional shift and decreasing spaces of sales for fresh fruits and vegetables which was traditionally facilitated by informal vendors.

With a rich food culture and a society closely dependent on the act of food processing and food sales, the numerous varieties of food sale in the old Medina area of Marrakech becomes the polycentric model of food urbanism where social interaction, economic interaction and cultural interaction happens at the restaurants, street food stalls, food squares like the Jma el Fna, the fruit juice stalls, fruit, vegetable sellers, souks, marketplaces, spice markets etc. zeroing down to the smallest actors like juice sellers, cigarette sellers and nut - snacks sellers. In order to preserve the rich network of the food sale spaces and shopkeepers, it is imperative to create a hybrid urban space that caters to the diverse layer of food sale spaces as well as ft perfectly to the new modern urbanisation models of Marrakech.

Food Urbanism

In-Between

Informal vendors

Shared spaces

Hybrid market

This research and urban design project strategies to create a sustainable network of food producers, processors and consumers in Marrakech by making the food sellers the pivotal user type being catered to. The in-between urban space near Bab Doukkala bus stand has been designed as a polyfunctional, versatile, adaptive market space that absorbs the high fux of restaurant owners, street food stalls, informal fruit vegetable vendors and minor food sellers. The urban design insert functions in sync with the transportation networks around and also tries to grow incrementally adapting to the precarious site conditions. The wall of Medina stands as a backdrop to the new urban architecture that creates a safe food oasis among one of the busiest urban locations of Marrakech.

Contents

Stage 1

1.1 Marrakech - situating in the in-betweens

1.2 Pintrest Reconnaissance survey

1.3 Food Urbanism - Why do cities need to think about food?

1.4 Changing Morocco - food, hunger and healthy cities

1.5 Why should we bother about food and the city?

1.6 The inequalities in food access - Europe & Africa

1.7 Marrakech - A haven of food (History of food)

1.8 Actor-Network Diagram

Stage 2

2.1 The Territorial scale : Maghreb, Atlas and the valleys of food

2.2 The strategic location - in between the desert and Atlantic

2.3 Existing case of food production, and consumption in Marrakech

2.4.1 Interviews : Mr. Yosef Ben Mier

2.4.2 Interviews : Mr. Hassan El Hemer

2.5 The Problem setting at territorial level

2.6 The strategy at territorial and metropolitan level

2.7 The long road - Mobility

2.8 The Mother-Sister relationship

2.9 Case studies & theoretical framework

2.10 Manifesto

Stage 3

3.1 The Urban site - Bab Doukkala

3.2 Urban Problem Setting

3.3 Introduce site - photos and diagrams (maps)

3.4 Urban strategy

3.5 The Markets as a Urban architecture

3.6 Hybrid spaces - in between the formal and the informal

3.7 Transport as a primary foundation to food mobility

3.8 The Architecture Strategy

3.9 The Design

3.10 Visualisations and physical model

References and bibliography

STAGE 1

SPATIAL AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF CONTEXT

Marrakech and the food chain

1.1 Marrakech - situating the in-betweens

Marrakech is a 1000 year old city founded at the start of the second millennium. Majorly ruled and developed by Arabic chieftains, this geography of Marrakech is a melting point of many diferent layers of Maghreb history. The city was founded at the foothills of the Atlas mountains which was primarily dominated by Berber tribes and farmers. The position of Marrakech in between the mountain and the desert, in between the trade routes, in between the Mediterranean and Sahara desert and lately in-between Europe and Africa has set the city to many interesting urban conditions.

The topography of Marrakech is relatively fat with river valleys in East, West and North. The Atlas mountains are on the South side. The rainfall on the mountains brings water all around the city and supports agriculture and food cultivations like olive, oranges, wheat etc. The herders in the mountains and the desert traditionally supplied good quality meat and poultry products to the city. Being on of the important trade stops in the Maghreb, the city evolved into a rich food culture destination over the centuries.

1.2 Understanding Marrakech - Media report

The frst exercise done in order to get acquainted with the city of Marrakech was to collect online data and photograph resources with respect to the chosen theme of food. The photos were collected in Pintrest as a library of photographs. It could be noted that most of the photographs showed a surreal imagination of the Oriental markets and food culture of Marrakech. Most of the photographs belonged to the Medina area with colourful food, kitchen and serving utensils that showcased local art, craft and love for social spaces.

The internet based resources were used to collect news and media reportings on the current state of the art topics related to urbanism. The issue of food production, changing agriculture patterns and new food chains were reported in the news and research reports. Reports of international agencies like Food and agriculture Organisation (FAO), Morocco World News and research papers of leading universities in Morocco, Europe and USA were used to zero down to the issue of food chain

The frst exercise done in order to get acquainted with the city of Marrakech was to collect online data and photograph resources with respect to the chosen theme of food. The photos were collected in Pintrest as a library of photographs. It could be noted that most of the photographs showed a surreal imagination of the Oriental markets and food culture of Marrakech. Most of the photographs belonged to the Medina area with colourful food, kitchen and serving utensils that showcased local art, craft and love for social spaces.

The internet based resources were used to collect news and media reportings on the current state of the art topics related to urbanism. The issue of food production, changing agriculture patterns and new food chains were reported in the news and research reports. Reports of international agencies like Food and agriculture Organisation (FAO), Morocco World News and research papers of leading universities in Morocco, Europe and USA were used to zero down to the issue of food chain

1.8 Actors network diagram a simplifed variant

ENTERPRENEURS FINANCIAL AND MICRO CREDIT INSTITUTIONS

CADI AYYAD UNIVERSITY AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT

CENTRES OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH (IDGAR)

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AGRONOMIC RESEARCH

governmental 3rd party inbetween

retail consumption

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TRACTOR COMPANIES

CIVIL WORKERS

RETAIL CORPORATIONS MARJANE HOLDING ASWAK ASSALAM

REGIONAL HYPER MARKETS SUPPLY DISTRIBUTORS

RETAIL STORAGE

RETAIL CORPORATIONS MARJANE HOLDING ASWAK ASSALAM

SMALL “MOM AND POP” MARKETS OTHER SUPERMARKETS

STREET FOOD INFORMAL MARKETS

FOOD QUALITY CONTROL AGENCY

IMPORTED RETAIL

AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY AND TRACTOR COMPANIES

CERTIFIED/INFORMAL FARMERS INFORMAL MILK PEDLARS

DEGREEOFURBANITY

FOOD GARDENS MOBILE GAS STATIONS ON THE RUN

CLEAN CITY AND VILLA PROPRE ONLINE APP

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRANSPORT ASSOCIATION

CREDIT AGRICOLE DU MAROCCO production food processing agricultural foods import /export

EXPERT FIELDS’ PROGRAMMES STARTUP ENTHUSIASTS’ FUNDS FARMERS’ UNIONS/ COOPERATIVES

SHELL GAS STATIONS WASTE RECYCLING COMPANIES CIVIL WORKERS

FOOD AND AGRI. CORPORATIONS SLAUGHTER

INTERNATIONAL FUNDING

GOVERNMENTAL AND INSTITUTIONAL SUBJECTS

AGRICULTURAL AGENCIES, OFFICES, DIRECTORATES

WASTE PRODUCT SUBJECTS

FARMERS’ COOPERATIVES

MINISTRY OF AGRI. BREEDING QUALITY CONTROL AGENCIES DAIRY COLLECTION POINTS

DCQ (QUALITY CONTROL DIVISION) OFFICE OF AGRICULTURAL AFFAIRS

MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE

MEAT; MINT; LEMONS; OLIVES; ARGAN OIL; MILK

AGENCE NATIONALE DES PORTS

NATIONAL OFFICE FOR FOOD SAFETY

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT

MARJANE HOLDING ASWAK ASSALAM

COMPAGNIE MAROCIANI DE NABIGATION ( SHIPPING ) ON RANCH TOURISTIC RESTAURANTS

RETAIL HR SECTOR

CITY MAYOR

STAGE 2

URBAN STRATEGY

Linking the farm to the plate from peri-urban Marrakech to Medina

2.1 The territorial scale: Maghreb, Atlas and the valleys of food

The problem as being set on the territorial scale, it was approached to investigate through analytical maps and trend diagrams. Some of the main challenges for Marrakech at a territorial scale include the seasonal wastage of food and especially during Ramadan; The lifestyle disorders and health issues; a lot of green spaces and agroland taken over by construction; poor and innefcient connection and distribution of goods. Some of the factors causing these problems include:

the lacking of efcient storage spaces, large transport distances, lack of circular economy loops, decreasing sources of healthy food sales points, lack of traditional food production processes, lack of nutrition/health/ftness awareness, increasing urbanisation, lack of integration of green spaces in new urban planning, less popularity of agriculture in urban areas.

Consumption

CONSUMPTION

2.2 The strategic location: in between the desert

and the Atlantic

Spatialization of the analysis into synthetic cartographic representation, with multiple points of view of separate diagrams are at overlap. Here we want to locate the key spaces and areas we have been focusing on. Some early ideas about the potential area(s) of intervention.

RESULT

Some early ideas about the potential area s of inter ention

URBAN FARMLAND

HABITAT AND ACTIVITIES

IMPORTANT PUBLIC MARKET

2.3 Exhisting case of food production and consumption in Marrakech

Food chain: “The series of processes by which food is grown or produced, sold, and eventually consumed.”

Marrakech Export Network

Food factories and warehouses are mainly distributed in the northwest corner of the city, white scattered in the West and southwest. Transportation facilities mainly spread to the north, west and southwest.

estaurant distribution

It can be seen that the distribution of restaurants in Marrakec h is concentrated in some areas of commercial acti ities. These areas ha e many places for dining, accommodation, and shopping, and they are located in the west and middle part of the city.

Natioanl Export Infrastructure

These seaports are mainly connected by railways and highways. Morocco's railway has not yet formed a national network, mainly distributed along the main cities in the west. Marrakech is,ton nected to the nearest seaports of Safn and Essaouira by railway and highway

elationship between restaurants and other places

In terms of location, There are many connections between restaurants, souks, and religious places that people often go t o . t the same time, these areas are also closly connected to the ro ads of the city.

Food Chain in Marrakech

MAIN FOOD PRODUCTS OF MARRAKECH

2.6 The strategy at territorial and metropolitan level

The strategy to make the food chain efcient is catered by solving the spatial problems of the target areas through interlinking, accentuating, adding, eliminating and organising the urban elements of the spaces in examination. The structural typology and their adjacencies were strategically solved to facilitate the accessibility of fresh fruits, vegetables and other foods to all groups of population.

01 Unidirectional monumental open space

Articulation of vending space in modular space to cater festival crowd pattern

02 BOTTLE NECKING Street intervention + waste management Creating breathing and buffer spaces

01 Unidirectional monumental open space

Articulation of vending space in modular space to cater festival crowd pattern

01 Informal parking spaces

02 Unused Intermediate buffer spaces

02 Undefined entry and exit points

Integrating with river bank and connecting it to market

Introduction of funnel spaces to accommodate and distribute crowd 01 Disorganized space

Reassigning breathable supportive functions related to market

DE BAB EL KHEMIS

BAB DOUKKALA

JEMAA EL-FNA

BAB

2.7 The long road: Mobility

SYSTEM FOR URBAN DESIGN

LINEAR SITE SYSTEM FOR URBAN DESIGN

SISTER SITE 1

SISTER SITE 2

SISTER SITE 1

SISTER SITE 2

SISTER SITE 3

MOTHER SITE 1

SISTER SITE 3

MOTHER SITE 1

2.8 The Mother-Sister relationship spaces

As one of the challenges we foresaw in previous stages, was the not-so-efcient distribution, connection, processing and trade of goods. This is why one of the strategies on a territorial scale we are proposing is the so-called mother-sister system, where spaces of bigger hierarchy support the smaller ones, creating a hierarchical network for better distribution thorughout. Here we show a diagramatic schema of how the system would work.

BUILTBETWEEN BORDERANDCITY

STAGE 3

URBAN DESIGN EXPLORATION

Creating a hybrid market for formal and informal fruit, vegetable and food sellers In-between the wall of Medina and Villa Nouvel

3.1

The Urban site - Bab Doukkala

The rhythm of daily life

After in-depth analysis of Five strategical location in and around the periphery of medina which was selected on the basis of few Thematic parametersof food and social structure around it, we decided to choose Bab Doukkalaas a potential urban intervention site which can address some of the bellow urban evolution problems and challenge of solving it as a process of Thematic studio.

Reasons for selecting the site include:

1. Socio-Economical Conjunction: The intervention area is in between the conjunction of two social-economical strata of urban settlement , one side medina being structurally dense and economically lower part of the city with touristic footprints and another side a new urban development with lots of commercial spaces and lavish villas owned by higher start of society.

2. Transportation hub: Urban site is a ground of transportation node with public bus stand , city bus service and taxi station for daily commuters, forigen tourists and nation wide travelers. Traveling activities has a interconnection with hunger, hence it creates a scope for a shopping and food zones.

3. Medina’s Raids: The touristic activities in Raids of medina generates grater tourist foot prints on our site for food consumption and diferent informal activities

4.Bab doukkala: Being one of the prominent gate which has monumental open space just after medina has unconsciously become public plaza for the celebrations, marches, protests which strengthens our concept of social integration with the space selected.

5. Sport center: The football practice court near site caters a new user group with lots of youngness and a vibrant activity by itself has lots of open ended facilities required which can be integrated with our functions c

3.2 Urban problem setting

Evolution of our site area is by logical analysis of contextual interventions , analysis of complex urban layers, conjunction of living pattern and the spatial problem setting in and around the site.

1.Urban Connectivity:

Since the intervention space is left with lot of unassigned at the same time complex circulation pattern resulting in unconnected urban patches , which needs circulation analysis and connectivity’s like staircase, underpass and material assignments to demarcate functions, Architectural chiseling of spaces and level demarcation

2. Informal origination of market spaces.

Due to unplanned distribution and assignment of land use in this region created lots of small corridors, empty plaza, informal vendors in open spaces , which needs more organization and special demarcation which will make the function work more better than existing

3. Conservation of wall as heritage element .

Wall being endless architectural element created sense of private space for daily vendors who occupy a grid of space against wall as a imaginary business space which results in running the structure of wall by physical damage which further needs articulation of surround space and protect heritage identity of the wall.

4. Unorganized plaza.

The monumental open space in front of Bad Doukkalais giving a common platform for lots of public gathering at the same time too much openness is creating chaos in public movement and daily activities, transportation, which need a functional container

5. Transportation and circulation pattern

Vehicular and pedestrian trafc is overlapping with other activities on site

6.Taxi drivers service problems.

The contextual Taxi station accommodates 180-220 taxies which has a huge footprint of users who needs

Blocks

Open spaces

Unbuilt block spaces

Built up space + blocks

Unbuilt space + blocks

3.4 Urban strategy

URBAN KNOTCH: Linking the garden by a Underground tunnel opening up to existing public park with a defned sense of approach and monumental staircase , A pop up wall with vibrant color in a urban space as a demarcation of underground urban space. We have assigned ownership of the subway spaces to existing book stall near the wall, who will be relocated which gives the sense of privatization to the space and avoids illegal activities and keep tunnel user friendly. We have also introduced light wells and light courtyards to enhance living quality.

RECESSED PUBLIC SQUARE: As second intervention we made a proportional sunk in the available empty land around the existing built form of land foot print which acts as a urban container to cater existing functional overlapping of spaces and provide a cavity space for private shop ownerships for longer run and restates for the medinas tourist and travelers, contextual user group.

BARRIER FREE ACESS: As a third intervention we have worked out on vertical travel of people in an unconscious sense by providing cascading steps and introducing new functions like fruit and vegetable shops which was already existing the same location and has been articulated and relocated in new design.

COMMUNITY CANOPY: This is the negative volume of space consciously created by contextual design devices like roof being one side and wall being another physical barrier where the triangular plaza is acting as urban courtyard which pulls existing informal urban crowd and unorganized economical modules which will result in enhancing the quality of public space.

TRANSPORTATION INTERGATION : As per the agenda of our problem setting, vehicular and pedestrian circulation pattern is one of the major issue which needs to be addressed, resulting we have connected and integrated the exiting city bus stop by a tunnel extension from park and creating a shade canopy for the travelers gives a strengthened connection between our intervention , bus stop , taxi station and city bus stop.

ADAPTIVE DESIGN: Getting the borders of the new parcel defned We make sure that becuase the bus station is not going to be there forever, to give enough space for manouvering for whatever other public building comes there on that parcel. Managing the space in time gives possibilities for further development and articulation.

1. Built area context

2. In between land

3. Creation of levels

4. Connections

5. Creation of shade

6. Creation of spaces for informalities

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3.5 The Markets as Urban Architecture

Nowadays with all our consumer needs just a click away, the notion of ‘real time’ shopping in physical shops is under threat, a threat made even more impending considering the homogenization of the high street. Certain retail typologies however appear to be bucking the trend. The local market, whether accommodated within an architectural set piece or informally organized within the existing urban context, is not only surviving but thriving. Our intervention in Bab Doukkala, Marrakech will illustrate how architecture, a space of sensory experience, social interaction and three-dimensional poetry, can revitalize and channel a program that not only goes far beyond retail, but advocates shared spaces that bring disparate communities together. Hence in an era that is luring African cities toward a global constellation of mega-cities, the urbanization of traditional aspects of society, such as the marketplace, provide an identity to local commerce not found in many contemporary urban developments.

3.6

Hybrid

spaces: in-between the formal and the informal

Our urban spatial intervention justifes the notion of hybrid space because of its capability of serving existing multi functional urban spaces in a single container which is architecturally articulated to increase the efciency of the space used, As a general overview the site will witness and address diferent socio economical strata of the user group in one junction of space

SOCIO ECONOMICAL PARAMETERS: the site becomes meting point for two layers of society one being medina and other being contemporary high class crowd.

FUNCTIONAL COMPLEXTY : The intervention area is flled with too many layers of functions , like bus stand, Taxi station, foot ball grounds, city bus sop, park, medina, shopping mall which has its own user groups and their food needs

SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: with plenty of empty space creates a new problem of informal accumulation of economical modules like vegetable shops, book shops, textile shops ectwhich need a organization.

NATIVE USER GROUPS AND THEIR SPACIAL NEEDS: As site has functional complexity the service men’s who cater to the user group is also a crowd by itself who needs a service space requirements

3.7 Transport as a primary foundation to food mobility

As per our urban analysis and on site analysis we found that the intervention area being part of transportation hub as a primary functional parameter which provides us the maximum of foot print , as per study of commuters and travelers we fgured out few daily life pattern, where people are directly or indirectly interconnected between transpiration hubs and food.

Case 01: A person travelling outside destination of Marrakech will buy vegetables and fruits available near the intervention every time he visits Marrakech

Case02: Florigen visitors travelling in Taxies and city bus stand during their start and end of the trip will happen from the food hub , where they will buy a snack or breakfast.

Case03(secondary user group): Medinas Tourist who are staying in Raids need a cultural food exploration near to their stay , they will choose our intervention.

Case04(Tertiary user group): The site itself has a potential foot print of people like taxi and bus drivers, servicing community, vendors themselves , need a daily routine of food pattern

Case05:(Public Gatherings) :Bab Doukkalagenerally is a place for public gathering which pulls lots of crowd every often and during festivals and national events with which shopping mall will also cater few group of people who like to explore traditional food

3.8 The architectural strategy

The architectural infrastructural element of tunnel, underpass , staircase was used to create a semi basement to link the diferent grades of trafc and pedestrian fow in and around the site. While having a architectural preservation strategy of protecting the Seven Saints towers, the access to the taxi stand was refned and organized using street networks and level diference. In order to facilitate shading in the hot arid climate of Marrakech, large canopy with overhangs was used to protect from Sun and Rain . At the same time it will provide an open airy volume for marketplace activity . The Barrier Free design was facilitated by the large cascading steps in the central portion of the site along with a ramp that leads people to the semi basement without a sharp level drop cognition . The landscape feature in the semi basement allow for passive cooling using fountains and optional water channels that have been inspired from the traditional Islamic fountains and water basins of Marrakech.

A bufer space of 20 meters have been given from the wall of Medina in order to restrict encroachment of the wall perimeter . Also greenery has been given with promenade for people to appreciate the historic wall on one side and the market place activity subtlety happening at semi basement level on the other

2 community canopy

3 recessed square

4 park recessed square

Medina

References and bibliography

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Anguelovski, I. 2016. ‘Healthy Food Stores, Greenlining and Food Gentrifcation: Contesting New Forms of Privilege, Displacement and Locally Unwanted Land Uses in Racially Mixed Neighborhoods’,

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