ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING Hatem Alshareef
Hamad AlnaďŹ e
Mohammad Hafazalla
Supervised By: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi AR 482 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University
Musaed Almutlak
Riyadh Maghrabi
CONTENT . Introduction . Problem Statment . Study Objectives . Building Background . Building Energy Consumption (IDA) . Computatonal Fluid Dynamics Simulation (CFD) . Photovoltaic System (POLYSUN)
1. INTRODUCTION Along with the ongoing developments in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards vision 2030, sustainability has become among the major national goals. Office buildings consume lots of energy as they are required to meet users comfort effectively. The present study aims at implementing sustainability principle’s in an office building developed by king Abdulaziz University. The proposed framework based on the sustainable triple bottom line principle, includes resource conservation, cost efficiency and design for human adaptation.
Keywords: Energy Consumption - Offices - Comfort zone Fluid dynamics - Photovoltaic System. building energy consumption ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Buildings in Saudi Arabia accounts for almost 40% of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. The sustainable building approach has a high potential to make a valuable contribution to sustainable development. Sustainability is a broad and complex concept, which has grown to be one of the major issues in the building industry. The idea of sustainability involves enhancing the quality of life, thus allowing people to live in a healthy environment, with improved social, economic and environmental conditions.
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3. STUDY OBJECTIVES
Natu ral Ga s
Con sum
Co al
Renewable
gy
Ene r
Power
pt i
on Petroleum
1. Reducing energy consumption
2. Using renewable energy
Soler Energy
r clea Nu
Natural Ventilation 3. Improve the indoor environment through the interaction of the wind with the building.
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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.1 Location Location: Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Latitude: 21.5 Longitude: 39.2
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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.2 Climate Analysis Location: Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Latitude: 21.5 Longitude: 39.2
Wind Rose 45%
45
N
40% NW
35
35%
NE
30% 25% 20%
30
15%
25
10%
Comfort
5%
20
W
E
0%
15 10 5 0
1
2
3
4
min.
5
6 7 Month max.
8
9
10
avg.
11
12
SW
SE
S
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
40
Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]
Relative Humidity 50
100
45
90
40
80
35
70
30
60
25
50
20
40
15
30
10
20
5
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 Daytime [h]
Outside air temperature
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18
20
22
24
Relative humidity [%]
Temperature
0
Relative humidity
7
4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.3 Render
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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.4 Plans
Ground Floor
Second Floor
First Floor
Third Floor
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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.5 Elevations
North Elevation
East Elevation
South Elevation
West Elevation
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5. STUDIES METHODS Office Building Evaluation Evaluating Existing Condition Evaluation Case
Energy Consumption
Renewable Energy Generation
Daylight
PMV
CO2
PV System Polysun
Critical Cases Selection
New Energy Consumption Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
Case 4
Case 5
Case 6
Case 7 IDA Final Mass
Window Opening
g-value
Wall U-value
U-value
Cooling System Shading Device Subtracting Offices
Optimization Strategies (Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems) in all Building Zones Corridors
Opening Control Windows
Entrances
Zones Scheduling
Modify
Total Energy Consumption
Existing Condition (Mass)
IDA Indoor Climate and Energy ( IDA ICE ).
ANSYS Eengineering Simulation.
Atrium
Polysun.
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BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION (IDA ICE)
6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.1 Definitions Energy Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another. After it has been transferred, energy is always designated according to its nature. Hence, heat transferred may become thermal energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form of mechanical energy. Comfort Zone The condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. (ASHRAE 55+2010) As designs and builders, we need to Understand how to deal with it objectively. Sick Building Syndrome A term describes a situation in which occupants of a building have experienced acute health effects that seem to be correlated to time spent in the building, but a specific cause or illness cannot be identified.
g Value The solar gain represented by the "g" value is mainly of interest for transparent components. The "g" value is also called TSET (Total Solar Energy Transmittance), SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) or more simply solar factor. This expresses the share of solar energy that is transmitted through the element to the inside of a building. Façade One exterior side of a building, usually the front. ... In architecture, the facade of a building is often the most important aspect from a design. VAV Temperature Control A type of heating, ventilating or air-conditioning system. VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant temperature. VAV CO2 Control A type of heating, ventilating or air-conditioning system. VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant CO2 level.
U-Value A measure of the heat transmission through a building part (such as a wall or window) or a given thickness of a material (such as insulation) with lower numbers indicating better insulating properties.
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.2 Current Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption 17 16 15
kWh/m2
14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.3 Critical Cases Selection Six critical cases in six different orientations that describes the different zones in the building had been chosen to find the right criteria to deal with the offices in different places.
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North East) Energy Consumption 26
37 32
25.7
22
25.4
17
25.1
°C
kWh/m2
27
12
24.8
7 2
24.5
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
Daylight 2500 2000
Lux
1500 1000 500 0
Daylight at desktop Case 1
Daylight at desktop Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North East)
ppm
CO2 580 560 540 520 500 480 460 440 420 400
CO2, ppm Case 1
CO2, ppm Case 2
PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
PMV Case 1
PMV Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North) Energy Consumption 16
26
14
25.7
10
25.4
8
25.1
°C
kWh/m2
12
6
24.8
4 2
24.5
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
Daylight 800 700 600
Lux
500 400 300 200 100 0
Daylight at desktop Case 1
Daylight at desktop Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North) CO 2 580 560 540
ppm
520 500 480 460 440 420 400
CO2, ppm Case 1
CO2, ppm Case 2
PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
PMV Case 1
PMV Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North West) Energy Consumption 37
26
32
25.7
22
25.4
17
25.1
°C
kWh/m2
27
12
24.8
7 2
24.5
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
Lux
Daylight 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Daylight at desktop Case 1
Daylight at desktop Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North West) Energy Consumption 37
26
32
25.7
22
25.4
17
25.1
°C
kWh/m2
27
12
24.8
7 2
24.5
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
Lux
Daylight 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0
Daylight at desktop Case 1
Daylight at desktop Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South East) Energy Consumption 26
37 32
25.7
22
25.4
17
25.1
°C
kWh/m2
27
12
24.8
7 2
24.5
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
Daylight 3500 3000
Lux
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Daylight at desktop Case 1
Daylight at desktop Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South East) CO 2 560 540 520
ppm
500 480 460 440 420 400
CO2, ppm Case 1
CO2, ppm Case 2
PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
PMV Case 1
PMV Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South) 27
26
22
25.7
17
25.4
12
25.1
7
24.8
2
24.5
°C
kWh/m2
Energy Consumption
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
Daylight 3000 2500
Lux
2000 1500 1000 500 0
Daylight at desktop Case 1
Daylight at desktop Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South) CO 2 560 540 520
ppm
500 480 460 440 420 400
CO2, ppm Case 1
CO2, ppm Case 2
PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
PMV Case 1
PMV Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South West) Energy Consumption 42
26
37
25.7
27
25.4
22
°C
kWh/m2
32
25.1
17 12
24.8
7
24.5
2
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
Daylight 4500 4000 3500
Lux
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
Daylight at desktop Case 1
Daylight at desktop Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South West) CO 2 560 540 520
ppm
500 480 460 440 420 400
CO2, ppm Case 1
CO2, ppm Case 2
PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0
PMV Case 1
PMV Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (Lecture Hall) Energy Consumption 122
26
102
25.7 25.4
62
°C
kWh/m2
82
25.1
42
24.8
22 2
24.5
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
case 1 op temperature
Case 2 op temperature
CO2 700 650
ppm
600 550 500 450 400
CO2, ppm Case 1
CO2, ppm Case 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.5 Existing Condition Vs Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems Energy Consumption 1402 1202
kWh/m2
1002 802 602 402 202 2
case 1 Exis�ng Condi�on
Case 2 Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems
Total Energy Consumption 700.K 600.K
kWh.a
500.K 400.K 300.K 200.K 100.K .K
Existing Condition
Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (North East) Energy Consumption 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature
case 1 Energy Consumption
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (North West) Energy Consumption 11 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption 11 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature
case 1 Energy Consumption
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (South East) Energy Consumption 11 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption 11 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature
case 1 Energy Consumption
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (South West) Energy Consumption 11 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
case 1 Energy Consumption
Case 2 Energy Consumption
Energy Consumption 11 10 9
kWh/m2
8 7 6 5 4 3 2
30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature
case 1 Energy Consumption
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.7 Existing Condition Vs Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems Vs Opening Control Window
Energy Consumption
Total Energy Consumption 700.K
18
600.K
16 14
500.K
kWh.a
kWh/m2
12 10 8 6
300.K 200.K
4
100.K
2 0
400.K
January
February
March
Existing Condition
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems
.K
Existing Condition
Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems
Opening Control Window
Opening Control Window
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.8 Comparison
Energy consumption comparison
100
100
80
80
kWh/m
kWh/m
Energy consumption comparison 60 40
60 40 20
20 0
0
January Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Energy consumption comparison
Energy consumption comparison 100
100
80
80
kWh/m
kWh/m
February
60 40
60 40 20
20
0
0
April
March Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.8 Comparison
Energy consumption comparison
100
100
80
80
60
kWh/m
kWh/m
Energy consumption comparison
40 20
60 40 20
0
0
May Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Energy consumption comparison
Energy consumption comparison
100
100
80
80
kWh/m
kWh/m
June
Case 1 NE
60 40 20
60 40 20
0
0
July
August
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.8 Comparison
Energy consumption comparison
100
100
80
80
kWh/m
kWh/m
Energy consumption comparison 60 40 20
60 40 20
0
0
September Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Energy consumption comparison
Energy consumption comparison
100
100
80
80
kWh/m
kWh/m
October
60 40 20
60 40 20
0
0
November
December
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
Lecture 2
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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.9 Zones Scheduling (Lecture Hall)
Energy consumption comparison 100 90 80 70
kWh/m
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Months Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
Lecture 2
38
6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.9 Zones Scheduling (Lecture Hall) By changing in the lecture hall occupancy to 4 hours a day (10am - 2pm). Energy consumption comparison 100 90 80 70
kWh/m
60 50 40 30 20 10 0
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Axis Title Case 1 NE
Case 2 NE
Case 1 NW
Case 2 NW
Case 1 N
Case 2 N
Case 1 SE
Case 2 SE
Case 1 SW
Case 2 SW
Case 1 S
Case 2 S
Lecture 1
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
Lecture 2
39
6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.10 Existing Condition Vs Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems Vs Opening Control Window Vs Zones Scheduling
Energy Consumption
Total Energy Consumption 700.K
18
600.K
16 14
500.K
10
kWh.a
kWh/m2
12
8 6
300.K 200.K
4 2 0
400.K
100.K January
February
Existing Condition
March
April
May
June
Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems
July
August September October November December Opening Control Window
Zones Schedueling
.K Existing Condition
Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems
Opening Control Window
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Zones Schedueling
40
COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION (CFD)
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.1 Introduction Standard model
Poten�als 7.5 M
A
Poten�als A
A
A
7.5 M
B
C
Ground floor
Typical floor
A
A
A
A
Corridors
B
Entrances
C
Atrium
A
D
Offices Subtraction
Section
Output Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Output Entrance
Atrium
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.2 Methodology Grid Independence Analysis 6 5 4
Δp
Wind Profile The wind speed increases with height. The decisive determinant of the vertical profile of the wind speed is the respective terrain roughness which is usually based on the urban situation of the site. This might be natural roughness in the form of woods or manmade roughness in the form of buildings.
3 2 1 0
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
Elements Fine
5H
Low
10
H
5H
5H
5H
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.3 Case 1
Ground floor
Typical floor
Sec�on Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Entrance
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.4 Case 2
Ground floor
Typical floor
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Sec�on
Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Entrance
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
45
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.5 Case 3
Ground floor
Typical floor
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Sec�on
Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Entrance
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.6 Case 4
Ground floor
Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Typical floor
Entrance
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.7 Case 5
Ground floor
Typical floor
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Sec�on
Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Entrance
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.8 Case 6
Ground floor
Typical floor
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Sec�on Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat. Simulation no. Corridor Entrance Atrium 1 Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis 2 nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper 3 suscipit lobortis 4 5 6 7 8
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.9 Case 7
Ground floor
Typical floor
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Sec�on
Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Entrance
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.10 Case 8.1
Ground floor
Typical floor
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Sec�on
Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Entrance
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.11 Case 8.2
Ground floor
Typical floor
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Velocity
Movement
Age of Air
Sec�on
Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Entrance
Atrium
s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.12 Results
Building Form
Subtracting
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
53
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.13 Results Case 1
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
54
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.14 Results Case 2
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
55
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.15 Results Case 3
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
56
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.16 Results Case 4
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
57
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.17 Results Case 5
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
58
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.18 Results Case 6
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
59
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.19 Results Case 7
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
Simulation no.
Opening Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
60
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.20 Solution
Ground floor
Typical floor
Ground floor
First floor
Second floor
Third floor
Sec�on
s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
61
7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.20 Solution
Age of Air
Ground floor
Typical floor
Movement Sec�on
Velocity s m/s
190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90
80
70
60
50
40
25
10
00
8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0
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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.21 Solution Results Energy Consumption 18 16 14
kWh/m2
12 10 8 6 4 2 0
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August September October November December
Existing Condition
Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems
Zones Schedueling
CFD Stratigies
Opening Control Window
Total Energy Consumption 700.K 600.K
kWh.a
500.K 400.K 300.K 200.K 100.K .K
Existing Condition
IDA Stratigies
Opening Control Window
Zones Schedueling
CFD Stratigies
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM (POLYSUN)
8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.1 Systems With Battery & Without
Sunlight U�lity Grid Solar PV Panels
---
Sunlight
Meter -
+ +
U�lity Grid
-
Ba�ery Bank
Inverter
AC Loads
Solar PV Panels
Inverter
AC Loads
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
65
8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.2 PV Layers & Types
Serial System
+
-
+
-
24V X 5A 120W
P.V. Dimensions
Parallel System
1.00 m
͘ 1.65 m
+
-
+
-
12V X 10A 120W
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.3 Inverters Types 1. String Inverters
These are the most common type of inverter, usually used for residential purposes. It is called a string inverter because there are many strings connected on them.
2. Central Inverters
There are a large variety of inverters that are used for the solar systems in the few megawatts to the hundreds of kilowatts. Central Inverters look like big metal cabinets. It can handle up to 500kW per enclosure. They are not suitable for homes and generally used for utility-scale solar farms or large commercial installations.
3. Microinverters
Micro inverters are basically tiny solar inverters about the size of the paperback book. For this, you need one paperback book per solar panel. There are various advantages of micro inverters where they optimize each solar panel ndividually. It delivers more energy especially if you have partial shade conditions. In this, the emphasis is only one inverter that you keep first on the list.
1. String Inverters
2. Central Inverters
3. Microinverters
4. Hybrid Inverters
It is also known as multi-mode inverters. It allows you to plug batteries into your solar power system. This inverter interfaces the battery by using a technique called ‘DC coupling’. Electronics coordinate the discharging and charging of the battery. There is a limited choice on the hybrid inverters. We have listed all the ones. Check it out if you consider buying several batteries connected with your solar power system.
5. Battery Inverters
It simply converts your battery power into the 230V AC. Then it feeds it into your switchboard where you require grid power if possible. 4 . Hybrid Inverters
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
5. Battery inverters
67
8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.4 Cleaning Techniques Manual - Range from 50$ to 1100$
Robotic - Range from 1500$ to 3500$
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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.5 Photovoltaic Dimensions
P.V. Dimensions 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
F
F
E
E
D
D
DN DN
C
C
B
B
P.V. Height
1.2 ͘ m
A
A 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.6 Shade and Shadow Analysis
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.7 Manual PV Layout Total Energy Consumption
227755
kWh/m
= 562m
= I g horizontal ×
2.a
2700
0.15
kWh/ m
2.a
2
Number of units x 270 = Energy from PV 406 x 270 = 109620 = 48.1% of total Energy Consumption
× 0.15 6
5
4
3
2
7
6
5
4
3
2
F
7
8
1
8
9
F
E
E
D
D
DN DN C
C
B
B
A
A 1
9
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.7 Manual PV Layout
Number of Panals X Watt Per One Panal = Max Array Power 87 X 300 = 26100 Watt
Inverter Capacity = 30000
6
5
4
3
2
7
6
5
4
3
2
F
7
8
1
8
9
F
E
E
D
D
DN DN C
C
B
B
A
A 1
9
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.8 Roof PV Energy Production Overview photovoltaics (annual values) Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings
585.8 m² 174,237.8 kWh 166,308.4 kWh 102.6 kW 74.8 % 1,621 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 166,308.4 kVAh 89,208 kg
Overview electricity (annual values) Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
227,700 kWh 106,859 kWh 64.3 % 46.9 %
73
8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.8 Roof PV Energy Production
Energy Flow Diagram
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.9 Elevations PV Energy Production Overview photovoltaics (annual values) Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings
507 m² 80,369.6 kWh 73,133.8 kWh 88.8 kW 71.9 % 824 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 73,133.8 kVAh 39,229 kg
Overview electricity (annual values) Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
227,700 kWh 72,996 kWh 99.8 % 32.1 %
75
8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.9 Elevations PV Energy Production
Yield Photovoltaics AC [Qinv]
kWh
Total electricity consumption [Ecs]
kWh
Energy Flow Diagram
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
76
8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.10 Result Overview photovoltaics (annual values)
Overview photovoltaics (annual values) Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings
585.8 m² 174,237.8 kWh 166,308.4 kWh 102.6 kW 74.8 % 1,621 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 166,308.4 kVAh 89,208 kg
Overview electricity (annual values) Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency
Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings
507 m² 80,369.6 kWh 73,133.8 kWh 88.8 kW 71.9 % 824 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 73,133.8 kVAh 39,229 kg
Overview electricity (annual values) 227,700 kWh 106,859 kWh 64.3 % 46.9 %
Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency
227,700 kWh 72,996 kWh 99.8 % 32.1 %
Total Self Sufficiency 79 %
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
77
8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.10 Result
Total Energy Consumption 700.K 600.K
kWh.a
500.K 400.K 300.K 200.K 100.K .K
Existing Condition
IDA Stratigies
Opening Control Window
Zones Schedueling
CFD Stratigies
ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy
After Energy Production
78
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