Increasing energy efficiency in generic building models - Group A

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING Hatem Alshareef

Hamad AlnaďŹ e

Mohammad Hafazalla

Supervised By: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi AR 482 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Department of Architecture Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University

Musaed Almutlak

Riyadh Maghrabi

CONTENT . Introduction . Problem Statment . Study Objectives . Building Background . Building Energy Consumption (IDA) . Computatonal Fluid Dynamics Simulation (CFD) . Photovoltaic System (POLYSUN)

1. INTRODUCTION Along with the ongoing developments in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards vision 2030, sustainability has become among the major national goals. Office buildings consume lots of energy as they are required to meet users comfort effectively. The present study aims at implementing sustainability principle’s in an office building developed by king Abdulaziz University. The proposed framework based on the sustainable triple bottom line principle, includes resource conservation, cost efficiency and design for human adaptation.

Keywords: Energy Consumption - Offices - Comfort zone Fluid dynamics - Photovoltaic System. building energy consumption ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

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2. PROBLEM STATEMENT Buildings in Saudi Arabia accounts for almost 40% of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.

The sustainable building approach has a high potential to make a valuable contribution to sustainable development. Sustainability is a broad and complex concept, which has grown to be one of the major issues in the building industry. The idea of sustainability involves enhancing the quality of life, thus allowing people to live in a healthy environment, with improved social, economic and environmental conditions.

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

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3. STUDY OBJECTIVES

Natu ral Ga s

Con sum

Co al

Renewable

gy

Ene r

Power

pt i

on Petroleum

1. Reducing energy consumption

2. Using renewable energy

Soler Energy

r clea Nu

Natural Ventilation 3. Improve the indoor environment through the interaction of the wind with the building.

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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.1 Location Location: Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Latitude: 21.5 Longitude: 39.2

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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.2 Climate Analysis Location: Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Latitude: 21.5 Longitude: 39.2

Wind Rose 45%

45

N

40% NW

35

35%

NE

30% 25% 20%

30

15%

25

10%

Comfort

5%

20

W

E

0%

15 10 5 0

1

2

3

4

min.

5

6 7 Month max.

8

9

10

avg.

11

12

SW

SE

S

Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]

40

Ta - Outside air temperature [°C]

Relative Humidity 50

100

45

90

40

80

35

70

30

60

25

50

20

40

15

30

10

20

5

10

0

0

2

4

6

8

10 12 14 Daytime [h]

Outside air temperature

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

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18

20

22

24

Relative humidity [%]

Temperature

0

Relative humidity

7

4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.3 Render

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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.4 Plans

Ground Floor

Second Floor

First Floor

Third Floor

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4. BUILDING BACKGROUND 4.5 Elevations

North Elevation

East Elevation

South Elevation

West Elevation

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5. STUDIES METHODS Office Building Evaluation Evaluating Existing Condition Evaluation Case

Energy Consumption

Renewable Energy Generation

Daylight

PMV

CO2

PV System Polysun

Critical Cases Selection

New Energy Consumption Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5

Case 6

Case 7 IDA Final Mass

Window Opening

g-value

Wall U-value

U-value

Cooling System Shading Device Subtracting Offices

Optimization Strategies (Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems) in all Building Zones Corridors

Opening Control Windows

Entrances

Zones Scheduling

Modify

Total Energy Consumption

Existing Condition (Mass)

IDA Indoor Climate and Energy ( IDA ICE ).

ANSYS Eengineering Simulation.

Atrium

Polysun.

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BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION (IDA ICE)

6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.1 Definitions Energy Energy, in physics, the capacity for doing work. It may exist in potential, kinetic, thermal, electrical, chemical, nuclear, or other various forms. There are, moreover, heat and work—i.e., energy in the process of transfer from one body to another.

After it has been transferred, energy is always designated according to its nature. Hence, heat transferred may become thermal energy, while work done may manifest itself in the form of mechanical energy.

Comfort Zone The condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation. (ASHRAE 55+2010) As designs and builders, we need to Understand how to deal with it objectively.

Sick Building Syndrome A term describes a situation in which occupants of a building have experienced acute health effects that seem to be correlated to time spent in the building, but a specific cause or illness cannot be identified.

g Value The solar gain represented by the "g" value is mainly of interest for transparent components. The "g" value is also called TSET (Total Solar Energy Transmittance), SHGC (Solar Heat Gain Coefficient) or more simply solar factor.

This expresses the share of solar energy that is transmitted through the element to the inside of a building.

Façade One exterior side of a building, usually the front. ... In architecture, the facade of a building is often the most important aspect from a design.

VAV Temperature Control A type of heating, ventilating or air-conditioning system. VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant temperature.

VAV CO2 Control A type of heating, ventilating or air-conditioning system. VAV systems vary the airflow at a constant CO2 level.

U-Value A measure of the heat transmission through a building part (such as a wall or window) or a given thickness of a material (such as insulation) with lower numbers indicating better insulating properties.

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.2 Current Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption 17 16 15

kWh/m2

14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.3 Critical Cases Selection Six critical cases in six different orientations that describes the different zones in the building had been chosen to find the right criteria to deal with the offices in different places.

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North East) Energy Consumption 26

37 32

25.7

22

25.4

17

25.1

°C

kWh/m2

27

12

24.8

7 2

24.5

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

Daylight 2500 2000

Lux

1500 1000 500 0

Daylight at desktop Case 1

Daylight at desktop Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North East)

ppm

CO2 580 560 540 520 500 480 460 440 420 400

CO2, ppm Case 1

CO2, ppm Case 2

PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

PMV Case 1

PMV Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North) Energy Consumption 16

26

14

25.7

10

25.4

8

25.1

°C

kWh/m2

12

6

24.8

4 2

24.5

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

Daylight 800 700 600

Lux

500 400 300 200 100 0

Daylight at desktop Case 1

Daylight at desktop Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North) CO 2 580 560 540

ppm

520 500 480 460 440 420 400

CO2, ppm Case 1

CO2, ppm Case 2

PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

PMV Case 1

PMV Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North West) Energy Consumption 37

26

32

25.7

22

25.4

17

25.1

°C

kWh/m2

27

12

24.8

7 2

24.5

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

Lux

Daylight 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Daylight at desktop Case 1

Daylight at desktop Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (North West) Energy Consumption 37

26

32

25.7

22

25.4

17

25.1

°C

kWh/m2

27

12

24.8

7 2

24.5

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

Lux

Daylight 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

Daylight at desktop Case 1

Daylight at desktop Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South East) Energy Consumption 26

37 32

25.7

22

25.4

17

25.1

°C

kWh/m2

27

12

24.8

7 2

24.5

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

Daylight 3500 3000

Lux

2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Daylight at desktop Case 1

Daylight at desktop Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South East) CO 2 560 540 520

ppm

500 480 460 440 420 400

CO2, ppm Case 1

CO2, ppm Case 2

PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

PMV Case 1

PMV Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South) 27

26

22

25.7

17

25.4

12

25.1

7

24.8

2

24.5

°C

kWh/m2

Energy Consumption

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

Daylight 3000 2500

Lux

2000 1500 1000 500 0

Daylight at desktop Case 1

Daylight at desktop Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South) CO 2 560 540 520

ppm

500 480 460 440 420 400

CO2, ppm Case 1

CO2, ppm Case 2

PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

PMV Case 1

PMV Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South West) Energy Consumption 42

26

37

25.7

27

25.4

22

°C

kWh/m2

32

25.1

17 12

24.8

7

24.5

2

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

Daylight 4500 4000 3500

Lux

3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

Daylight at desktop Case 1

Daylight at desktop Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (South West) CO 2 560 540 520

ppm

500 480 460 440 420 400

CO2, ppm Case 1

CO2, ppm Case 2

PMV 1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0

PMV Case 1

PMV Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.4 Critical Cases (Lecture Hall) Energy Consumption 122

26

102

25.7 25.4

62

°C

kWh/m2

82

25.1

42

24.8

22 2

24.5

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

case 1 op temperature

Case 2 op temperature

CO2 700 650

ppm

600 550 500 450 400

CO2, ppm Case 1

CO2, ppm Case 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.5 Existing Condition Vs Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems Energy Consumption 1402 1202

kWh/m2

1002 802 602 402 202 2

case 1 Exis�ng Condi�on

Case 2 Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems

Total Energy Consumption 700.K 600.K

kWh.a

500.K 400.K 300.K 200.K 100.K .K

Existing Condition

Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (North East) Energy Consumption 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature

case 1 Energy Consumption

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (North West) Energy Consumption 11 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption 11 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature

case 1 Energy Consumption

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (South East) Energy Consumption 11 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption 11 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature

case 1 Energy Consumption

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.6 Opening Control Windows (South West) Energy Consumption 11 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

case 1 Energy Consumption

Case 2 Energy Consumption

Energy Consumption 11 10 9

kWh/m2

8 7 6 5 4 3 2

30 degrees window angle 25 c temperature

case 1 Energy Consumption

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.7 Existing Condition Vs Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems Vs Opening Control Window

Energy Consumption

Total Energy Consumption 700.K

18

600.K

16 14

500.K

kWh.a

kWh/m2

12 10 8 6

300.K 200.K

4

100.K

2 0

400.K

January

February

March

Existing Condition

April

May

June

July

August September October November December

Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems

.K

Existing Condition

Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems

Opening Control Window

Opening Control Window

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.8 Comparison

Energy consumption comparison

100

100

80

80

kWh/m

kWh/m

Energy consumption comparison 60 40

60 40 20

20 0

0

January Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Energy consumption comparison

Energy consumption comparison 100

100

80

80

kWh/m

kWh/m

February

60 40

60 40 20

20

0

0

April

March Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.8 Comparison

Energy consumption comparison

100

100

80

80

60

kWh/m

kWh/m

Energy consumption comparison

40 20

60 40 20

0

0

May Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Energy consumption comparison

Energy consumption comparison

100

100

80

80

kWh/m

kWh/m

June

Case 1 NE

60 40 20

60 40 20

0

0

July

August

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.8 Comparison

Energy consumption comparison

100

100

80

80

kWh/m

kWh/m

Energy consumption comparison 60 40 20

60 40 20

0

0

September Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Energy consumption comparison

Energy consumption comparison

100

100

80

80

kWh/m

kWh/m

October

60 40 20

60 40 20

0

0

November

December

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

Lecture 2

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6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.9 Zones Scheduling (Lecture Hall)

Energy consumption comparison 100 90 80 70

kWh/m

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Months Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

Lecture 2

38

6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.9 Zones Scheduling (Lecture Hall) By changing in the lecture hall occupancy to 4 hours a day (10am - 2pm).

Energy consumption comparison 100 90 80 70

kWh/m

60 50 40 30 20 10 0

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Axis Title Case 1 NE

Case 2 NE

Case 1 NW

Case 2 NW

Case 1 N

Case 2 N

Case 1 SE

Case 2 SE

Case 1 SW

Case 2 SW

Case 1 S

Case 2 S

Lecture 1

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

Lecture 2

39

6. BUILDING ENERGY CONSUMPTION 6.10 Existing Condition Vs Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems Vs Opening Control Window Vs Zones Scheduling

Energy Consumption

Total Energy Consumption 700.K

18

600.K

16 14

500.K

10

kWh.a

kWh/m2

12

8 6

300.K 200.K

4 2 0

400.K

100.K January

February

Existing Condition

March

April

May

June

Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems

July

August September October November December Opening Control Window

Zones Schedueling

.K Existing Condition

Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems

Opening Control Window

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

Zones Schedueling

40

COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION (CFD)

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.1 Introduction Standard model

Poten�als 7.5 M

A

Poten�als A

A

A

7.5 M

B

C

Ground floor

Typical floor

A

A

A

A

Corridors

B

Entrances

C

Atrium

A

D

Offices Subtraction

Section

Output Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Output Entrance

Atrium

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.2 Methodology Grid Independence Analysis 6 5 4

Δp

Wind Profile The wind speed increases with height. The decisive determinant of the vertical profile of the wind speed is the respective terrain roughness which is usually based on the urban situation of the site. This might be natural roughness in the form of woods or manmade roughness in the form of buildings.

3 2 1 0

0

200000

400000

600000

800000

1000000

1200000

Elements Fine

5H

Low

10

H

5H

5H

5H

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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.3 Case 1

Ground floor

Typical floor

Sec�on Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

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7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.4 Case 2

Ground floor

Typical floor

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Sec�on

Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

45

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.5 Case 3

Ground floor

Typical floor

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Sec�on

Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

46

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.6 Case 4

Ground floor

Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Typical floor

Entrance

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

47

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.7 Case 5

Ground floor

Typical floor

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Sec�on

Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

48

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.8 Case 6

Ground floor

Typical floor

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Sec�on Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit, sed diam nonummy nibh euismod tincidunt ut laoreet dolore magna aliquam erat volutpat.

Simulation no. Corridor Entrance Atrium 1 Ut wisi enim ad minim veniam, quis 2 nostrud exerci tation ullamcorper 3 suscipit lobortis 4 5 6 7 8

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

49

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.9 Case 7

Ground floor

Typical floor

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Sec�on

Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

50

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.10 Case 8.1

Ground floor

Typical floor

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Sec�on

Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

51

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.11 Case 8.2

Ground floor

Typical floor

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Velocity

Movement

Age of Air

Sec�on

Simulation no. Corridor 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Entrance

Atrium

s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

52

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.12 Results

Building Form

Subtracting

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

53

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.13 Results Case 1

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

54

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.14 Results Case 2

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

55

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.15 Results Case 3

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

56

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.16 Results Case 4

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

57

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.17 Results Case 5

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

58

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.18 Results Case 6

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

59

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.19 Results Case 7

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

Simulation no.

Opening Percentage

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70%

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

60

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.20 Solution

Ground floor

Typical floor

Ground floor

First floor

Second floor

Third floor

Sec�on

s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

61

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.20 Solution

Age of Air

Ground floor

Typical floor

Movement Sec�on

Velocity s m/s

190 180 170 160 140 130 120 110 100 90

80

70

60

50

40

25

10

00

8.5 8.0 7.5 7.0 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0

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62

7. COMPUTATONAL FLUID DYNAMICS SIMULATION 7.21 Solution Results Energy Consumption 18 16 14

kWh/m2

12 10 8 6 4 2 0

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August September October November December

Existing Condition

Facade Treatment & Cooling Systems

Zones Schedueling

CFD Stratigies

Opening Control Window

Total Energy Consumption 700.K 600.K

kWh.a

500.K 400.K 300.K 200.K 100.K .K

Existing Condition

IDA Stratigies

Opening Control Window

Zones Schedueling

CFD Stratigies

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

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PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM (POLYSUN)

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.1 Systems With Battery & Without

Sunlight U�lity Grid Solar PV Panels

---

Sunlight

Meter -

+ +

U�lity Grid

-

Ba�ery Bank

Inverter

AC Loads

Solar PV Panels

Inverter

AC Loads

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

65

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.2 PV Layers & Types

Serial System

+

-

+

-

24V X 5A 120W

P.V. Dimensions

Parallel System

1.00 m

͘ 1.65 m

+

-

+

-

12V X 10A 120W

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.3 Inverters Types 1. String Inverters

These are the most common type of inverter, usually used for residential purposes. It is called a string inverter because there are many strings connected on them.

2. Central Inverters

There are a large variety of inverters that are used for the solar systems in the few megawatts to the hundreds of kilowatts. Central Inverters look like big metal cabinets. It can handle up to 500kW per enclosure. They are not suitable for homes and generally used for utility-scale solar farms or large commercial installations.

3. Microinverters

Micro inverters are basically tiny solar inverters about the size of the paperback book. For this, you need one paperback book per solar panel. There are various advantages of micro inverters where they optimize each solar panel ndividually. It delivers more energy especially if you have partial shade conditions. In this, the emphasis is only one inverter that you keep first on the list.

1. String Inverters

2. Central Inverters

3. Microinverters

4. Hybrid Inverters

It is also known as multi-mode inverters. It allows you to plug batteries into your solar power system. This inverter interfaces the battery by using a technique called ‘DC coupling’. Electronics coordinate the discharging and charging of the battery. There is a limited choice on the hybrid inverters. We have listed all the ones. Check it out if you consider buying several batteries connected with your solar power system.

5. Battery Inverters

It simply converts your battery power into the 230V AC. Then it feeds it into your switchboard where you require grid power if possible.

4 . Hybrid Inverters

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

5. Battery inverters

67

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.4 Cleaning Techniques Manual - Range from 50$ to 1100$

Robotic - Range from 1500$ to 3500$

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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.5 Photovoltaic Dimensions

P.V. Dimensions 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

F

F

E

E

D

D

DN DN

C

C

B

B

P.V. Height

1.2 ͘ m

A

A 1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.6 Shade and Shadow Analysis

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

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8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.7 Manual PV Layout Total Energy Consumption

227755

kWh/m

= 562m

= I g horizontal ×

2.a

2700

0.15

kWh/ m

2.a

2

Number of units x 270 = Energy from PV 406 x 270 = 109620 = 48.1% of total Energy Consumption

× 0.15 6

5

4

3

2

7

6

5

4

3

2

F

7

8

1

8

9

F

E

E

D

D

DN DN C

C

B

B

A

A 1

9

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

71

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.7 Manual PV Layout

Number of Panals X Watt Per One Panal = Max Array Power 87 X 300 = 26100 Watt

Inverter Capacity = 30000

6

5

4

3

2

7

6

5

4

3

2

F

7

8

1

8

9

F

E

E

D

D

DN DN C

C

B

B

A

A 1

9

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

72

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.8 Roof PV Energy Production Overview photovoltaics (annual values) Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings

585.8 m² 174,237.8 kWh 166,308.4 kWh 102.6 kW 74.8 % 1,621 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 166,308.4 kVAh 89,208 kg

Overview electricity (annual values) Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

227,700 kWh 106,859 kWh 64.3 % 46.9 %

73

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.8 Roof PV Energy Production

Energy Flow Diagram

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

74

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.9 Elevations PV Energy Production Overview photovoltaics (annual values) Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings

507 m² 80,369.6 kWh 73,133.8 kWh 88.8 kW 71.9 % 824 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 73,133.8 kVAh 39,229 kg

Overview electricity (annual values) Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

227,700 kWh 72,996 kWh 99.8 % 32.1 %

75

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.9 Elevations PV Energy Production

Yield Photovoltaics AC [Qinv]

kWh

Total electricity consumption [Ecs]

kWh

Energy Flow Diagram

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

76

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.10 Result Overview photovoltaics (annual values)

Overview photovoltaics (annual values) Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings

585.8 m² 174,237.8 kWh 166,308.4 kWh 102.6 kW 74.8 % 1,621 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 166,308.4 kVAh 89,208 kg

Overview electricity (annual values) Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency

Total gross area Energy production DC [Qpvf] Energy production AC [Qinv] Total nominal power DC Performance ratio Specific annual yield Phase imbalance Reactive energy [Qinvr] Apparent energy [Qinva] CO2 savings

507 m² 80,369.6 kWh 73,133.8 kWh 88.8 kW 71.9 % 824 kWh/kWp 0 kVA 0 kvarh 73,133.8 kVAh 39,229 kg

Overview electricity (annual values) 227,700 kWh 106,859 kWh 64.3 % 46.9 %

Annual consumption Self-consumption Self-consumption fraction Degree of self-sufficiency

227,700 kWh 72,996 kWh 99.8 % 32.1 %

Total Self Sufficiency 79 %

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

77

8. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM 8.10 Result

Total Energy Consumption 700.K 600.K

kWh.a

500.K 400.K 300.K 200.K 100.K .K

Existing Condition

IDA Stratigies

Opening Control Window

Zones Schedueling

CFD Stratigies

ENERGY EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF A GENERIC OFFICE BUILDING - AR 482 Fumentals of Renewable Energy

After Energy Production

78

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