The first semester (Design + Research) project
Introduction
Through this study, which is concerned with studying the availability of daylight in the classrooms, and the level of visual comfort, by studying a classroom in Jeddah at King Abdulaziz University, finding solutions related to the windows geometry, and studying its impact on the level of daylight and comfort of the occupants, in aim to reach the appropriate design For windows in each orientation, by applying and testing a number of models using climate-based measures.
Daylight performance analysis and enhancement of classrooms windows to maintain visual comfort levels and avoid direct sunlight exposure
3. Research sample analysis 1. Research objective
3.1 West fasade current situation
3.3 South fasade current situation daylighted space area (percentage)
-Increasing the student's visual perception quality by studying the level of daylight and visual comfort through studying direct sunlight -Evaluation performance of windows geometry for a classroom and design different alternatives of windows geometry -A number of recommendations will be proposed to improve visual comfort levels without requiring additional cooling loads that require for current WWR (23%).
100
DA 300/50% of Occupied Hours % 100
90
75
40
50
20
25
0
80 60 50 30
75
10
50 1
2
3
4
8
9
10
daylighted space area (percentage)
DA 300/50% of Occupied Hours % 100
Building a simulation model
sDA300/50% EAST
90 70 60 50
1
2
3
4
sDA300lux/50%
8
W
E
9
10
S
UDI100-2000
Type 8
Type 9
Type 10
Type 11
40 20 10 0 1
2
evaluation by sDA300/50% & UDI & ASE
model 1
60
12
70
50
10
60
40
8
UDI100-2000
4
20
10
2
10
0
0
E
S
N
0
W
E
S
1
N
model 3
model 6
model 8
DA 300/50% of Occupied Hours % 100
model 9
analyzing due to different condition of sky
75
and its repetition during the year
2
3
sDA300/50% EAST
sDA300/50% SOUTH
sDA300/50% NORTH
79, 18 model 12
76, 14
model 11
21, 0 10
20
79, 0
30
40 daylighted space area (percentage)
daylighted space area (percentage)
DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (west)
50
60
70
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (west)
80
90
15 10
0
100
alternatives that have achieved less than ASE average
ASE (floor area %) (west)
ASE > 250 h (area %)
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
25
0
model 12
sDA300/50% WEST
10
59, 21 59,19 58, 18 63, 16 54, 13 73, 14 current window 58, 12 52, 12
5
model 11
9
UDI 100 - 2000 daylighted space area (percentage)
25
(point in time illuminance based)
8
model 9
0
50
Static
4 5 6 7 Distance from the window
windows opening performance (West)
34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
20
DA
10
30
20
model 5
model 10
9
40
ASE
6
Daylight metrics
dust ,fog and sun path
8
50
2.1 metrics
(climatebased daylight modelling CBDM)
7
80
Recommendations
Sky conditions change according to clouds,
6
90
14
sDA300/50% daylighted space area
model 7
5
sDA300/50%
70
model 2
model 4
4
Distance from the window
100
Determine the best alternative
Dynamic
3
sDA300/50% NORTH
16
W
N
30
%
Type 12
(climatebased daylight modelling CBDM)
50
ASE
ASE > 250 h (area %)
output Type 7
60
25
4.1 West orientation analysis Results
Type 6
10
sDA300/50% NORTH
4 Design alternatives
Recommendations for the current situation
9
0
30
5
result
Type 5
7
80
0
window geometry Alternatives
6
Distance from the window
daylighted space area (percentage)
sDA300lux/50%
10
SOUTH
5
sDA300/50% EAST
15
EAST
8
70
50
0
20
WEST
7
80
75
10
25
sDA300/50% & UDI Analysis
6
90
DA 300/50% of Occupied Hours % 100
0
ASE Analysis
5
100
80
20
25
Field measurements
Type 4
daylighted space area (percentage)
30
50
Current situation Analysis
4
Distance from the window
0
40
daylighted space area (percentage)
3
sDA300/50% SOUTH
100
model Calibration
2
25
sDA300/50% WEST
75
Type 3
7
1
3.4 North facade current situation
Sample identification
Type 2
6
3.2 East fasade current situation
The methodology used for the work steps, from selecting the research sample to the final recommendations
Type 1
5
Distance from the window
sDA300/50% SOUTH
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
DA 300/50% of Occupied Hours % 100
70
0
2. Research Method
NORTH
daylighted space area (percentage)
W current (Daylight distribu�on)
20 15 10 5 0
DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (west)
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (west)
ASE (floor area %) (west)
DF
Sky conditions in Jeddah
sDA 300/50% UDI ASE DGP
ASE
ASE Annual Sunlight Exposure
WWR
WWR Window to Wall Ratio
WFR
WFR Window to Floor Ratio
DA
Daylight Autonomy
CBDM
climate-based daylight modelling
SDA
Spatial Daylight Autonomy
UDI
Useful Daylight Illuminance
DGP
Daylight Glare Probability
4.2 East orientation analysis Results
model 1
model 4
2.3 Sample selection Ceiling height = 3 m Capacity = 35 students Area = 69 square meters WFR = 7.5 % WWR = 23 % Number of windows = 3 Window area = 1.72 m2
model 7
model 2
model 5
model 8
model 3
model 6
75
Eleva�on of selected classroom
25 model 10
model 11
model 3
0
model 12
current window
model 2
22, 0 0
daylighted space area (percentage) 25
10
20
72, 0
30
40
model 2
model 3
9.2 m Satellite image of 535 building
Plan
2.4 Model building
model 4
model 5
model 6
Parameters
Materials properties
Simulation parameters
-ab ambient bounces
-ar ambient resolu�on
descrip�on
daylight
Set the number of ambient bounces to N. This is the maximum number of diffuse bounces computed by the indirect calcula�on. A value of zero implies no indirect calcula�on. Set the ambient resolu�on to res. This number will determine the maximum density of ambient values used in interpola�on. Error will start to increase on surfaces spaced closer than the scene size divided by the ambient resolu�on. The maximum ambient value density is the scene size �mes the ambient accuracy (see the -aa op�on below) divided by the ambient resolu�on.
Surface op�cal proper�es
Building element Window Double clear glazing
7
Value (%)
Visible Transmission (VT)
55
Ceiling
model 7
Internal wall
Reflectance %
Floor
40 30
Furniture
50
daylighted space area (percentage)
DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (East)
20 15 10 5 0
model 11
model 12
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (East)
1800
-aa ambient accuracy
stores calculated ambient values in a file for re-use in subsequent simula�ons
0.1
1600 1400 1200
25 20 15 10 5 0
200 0 10
9
8
7 6 5 4 Distance from the window ab = 2
ab = 4
3
2
ab = 6
Measurement
242
model 1
model 2
model 3
1
ab = 8
model 5
model 6
10:30 AM - 11:00 AM 29/Oct
169
117
94
76
68
170
116
91
78
model 8
model 9
100
70
LUX 500 375
290
178
127
89
79
75
76
125
50
Climate data
SAU_MK_Jeddah-Abdulaziz.Intl.AP.410240
occupancy
2869 houres / year (7:00AM - 5:00PM) weekdays
245
167
124
98
76
76
248
115
176
93
76
25 model 10
75
Furniture
50
Space between simula�on points
1.25* 1.3 meters
simula�on points hight
0.76 meters
67, 23 69, 21
90, 21
100, 23 model 5
50, 8
0
20
40
60
80
100
daylighted space area (percentage)
daylighted space area (percentage)
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (South)
ASE (floor area %) (South)
ASE > 250 h (area %)
120
model 9
alternatives that have achieved less than ASE average
UDI 100 - 2000 daylighted space area (percentage)
10
100
8
80 60
6
40
4
20
2
0
0
windows opening performance (North)
model 11
model 12
model 5
model 3
58, 19 53, 17 58, 16
current window
44, 8 50, 9 47, 7 60, 7
17, 0
Occupied Hours %
0
10
20
68, 17 66, 12
43, 12
model 9
66, 0 30
40
50
60
70
80
UDI 100 - 2000 daylighted space area (percentage) daylighted space area (percentage)
DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (North)
daylighted space area (percentage)
15
5 0
90
100
alternatives that have achieved less than ASE average
ASE (floor area %) (North)
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (North)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
0 DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (North)
300 250 200 150
simula�on measurements
100
Distance from the window
70 40
100, 33 89, 32 94, 32 100, 29
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (North)
ASE (floor area %) (North)
5. Conclusion
55 %
Floor (Polished granite)
current window
10
0
Reflectance %
model 4
70, 27
20
250
Internal wall (white)
76, 32 71, 30
34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 sDA300/50% 16 daylighted space area 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 DA 300/50% of 0
400
model 7
80
�ΔϠγϠγ
ASE (floor area %) (South)
600
250
Ceiling (flat)
ASE (floor area %) (East)
ASE > 250 h (area %)
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (South)
800
10:30 AM - 11:00 AM
-
34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 sDA300/50% 16 daylighted 14 space area 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
100
alternatives that have achieved less than ASE average
DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (South)
4.4 North orientation analysis Results
model 4
Material proper�es
90
windows opening performance (south)
0
1000
2.4.1 Calibration
Window Double glazing
80
lux 2000
20
Visible Transmission (VT) %
70
UDI 100-2000 (floor area %) (East)
35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0
25
60
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (South)
50
model 10
ambient sampling
glazing proper�es
DA 300/50% of Occupied Hours % 100 75
70
100
Set the number of ambient super-samples to N. Super-samples are applied only to the ambient divisions which show a significant change.
simulation
model 9
80
Set the number of ambient divisions to N. The error -ad in the Monte Carlo calcula�on of indirect 1500 illuminance will be inversely propor�onal to ambient divisions the square root of this number. A value of zero implies no indirect calcula�on. -as
model 8
L
ambient parameter
50
UDI 100 - 2000 daylighted space area (percentage)
4.3 South orientation analysis Results
model 1
model 7
68, 14 51, 12 54, 11
49, 12
DA300lux/50% (floor area %) (East)
1.069 m
61, 20 61, 18 79, 18 64, 17 74, 16
45, 17
100
model 9
50
Photos of western classroom
windows opening performance (East)
34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 sDA300/50% 16 daylighted space area 14 12 10 8 6 4 DA 300/50% of 2 Occupied Hours % 0
50 0 6
simulation measurements error rate
5
4
3
2
mean lux 126.6 129 1.8604651
The Department of Architecture (KAUARCH) Faculty of Architecture and Planning King Abdulaziz University
1
By analyzing the performance of existing windows and proposed alternatives in all building orientations, it is possible to improve daylight conditions and visual comfort through the following: - For each orientation there are specific conditions that require different designs for window geometry, analyzes showed high differences between the performance of the same window in different interfaces. -The three criteria that were used to evaluate daylight in the study proved to be effective. They accurately described the performance of windows even with the unification of their areas and the properties of their materials. - Fore North orientation the architectural designer can use proposed models and evaluate them according to the standards that have been applied, to develop a special model to suit the specificity of the building. - Fore North orientation the results showed that there is no exposure to sunlight on the northern side, so the window size can be changed to address the lack of daylight or change the type of window glass, and 80% transparency with U value = 1 W/(m2k) was tested and the and the value of sDA300 increased from 8 to 18%. -Model 5 achieved sDA300/50%, up to 112.5% more than the current design, and an 31.8% increase in UDI. Although Model 5 showed better results than the current window by more than twice as much, the level of daylight is still low than the required level, so the study recommends that additional studies be conducted on the increase of WFR and the extent of this impact on energy demand and available materials with high efficiency.
Hamed mohammed Alhalawani Supervisor: Dr-Ing. Mohannad Bayoumi
-For East and West orientation they are exposed to direct sun light at a narrow angle that is difficult to handle architecturally, but it can be treated administratively by occupying the classrooms in the eastern orientation from 12 o'clock until sunset, and applying this to the western orientation from seven o'clock to twelve. - For East , West and south orientation , it is recommended to change the polished floor to reduce the sun's reflection on the floor and the use of rough materials. - For East and West orientation it is recommended to change the place of the blackboard from north to south of the classroom to avoid exposure to sunlight and improve the student's visual perception, and conditions of vision for the teacher. -For South orientation sunlight Exposure is low, with high daylight up to the rest of the orientations, so it is advised to design this fasade as classrooms to provide more daylight. -Sunbreaks and reflectors can be installed on the southern façade because the sun's angle is large and reaches 45 degrees in the winter solstice, which is less valuable. - for West orientation Model 9 achieved sDA300/50%, up to 58.3 % more than the current design, and an 13.5 % increase in UDI. - For East orientation Model 3 achieved sDA300/50%, up to 50 % more than the current design, and an 54.9 % increase in UDI. - For South Model 4 achieved sDA300/50%, up to 39 % more than the current design, and an 40.3 % increase in UDI.