Doubt by Le Zadig

DOUBT

8 March 201 6

Omar Doubt & Cucmber Anne Mentonese Manifesto Claire Clairosclerosis Ryan Sciences Po Pas Paris Nesma Bullshitocracy Berke Super Trouper Hardy A Case for Doubt Berke Cheating Death And Doubting Life Amine Pour une Europe Unie Denizalp Does Restricting Liberties Reinforce Security? Johanne Le ministĂ¨re du droit des femmes 201 6 Johanna Primaires Arianna & Silvia Les unions qui partagent Zeynep Umberto Eco Anne Stereotypes

8 March 201 6 Inside the Bubble

Omar Kamel On Doubt & Cucmber

Anne Whitney Mentonese Manifesto

Claire Harrison A Case of Clairosclerosis

Ryan Zohar Sciences Po Pas Paris

Nesma Merhoum Our Love-Hate Relationship with the Bullshitocracy

Berke Alikasifoğlu Super Trouper

Outside the Bubble

Hardy Hewson A Case for Doubt: To Question and to Mistrust

Berke Alikasifoğlu Cheating Death And Doubting Life as a Stambouliote

Amine Hafidi Plaidoyer pour une Europe Unie

Denizalp Goktas Does Restricting Liberties Reinforce Security?: The European

Johanne Fora-Porthault Le ministère du droit des femmes 201 6 : le doute ?

Johanna Villegás Cette année il y aura des primaires… mais pas pour tout le

Arianna Poletti & Silvia Rizzotto Les unions qui partagent

Zeynep Aksoy Comemorating Umberto Eco

Anne Whitney (A Selection of) Stereotypes

Asylum Crisis

monde

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

Editorial

oubt est, sans doute - ni mauvais jeu de mot, le thème qui a fait couler le plus d’encre sur les pages du Zadig. En choisissant la thématique du doute, nous voulons, pour la première fois, que Le Zadig prenne position vis-à-vis de son environnement. En effet, face à l’accumulation d’événements bouleversants ayant marqué ses précédents numéros, Frontiers et Transformations, Le Zadig estime qu’il est temps pour lui de formuler une opinion critique voire polémique, quant à l’évolution de son contexte proche - celui du campus de Menton, et lointain - à travers les thématiques, souvent politiques, chères à ses rédacteurs.

Aussi critique soit-il, Doubt est tout d’abord la plateforme où plusieurs étudiants vont s’exprimer à la première personne, et ce pour la première fois en cette année universitaire. L’introspection favorisée par la thématique du doute semble avoir “déverrouillé” la sensibilité de nos contributeurs, dont les écrits nous plongent dans l’intimité de leur ressenti face à “l’expérience mentonnaise”, avant de procéder à une évaluation plus critique de l’institution qui nous réunit dans cette la dernière ville française avant l’Italie - le campus mentonnais de Sciences Po. Le terme d’“expérience” semble approprié pour décrire les deux ans que nous passons à Menton. En effet, au delà d’une expérience éducative de Sciences Po, il nous semble que la formation cruciale qui caractérise le campus de Menton se joue avant tout dans l’interaction entre les étudiants - une impression qui semble partagée par beaucoup d’entre nous au fil des quinze articles de ce numéro. D’un point de vue plus général, la thématique du doute permet aussi aux étudiants du campus de Menton de revenir sur des thématiques politiques et sociales fréquemment évoquées dans Le Zadig, pour les interroger de façon plus critique. Ainsi, de la crise des réfugiés en Europe, révélant limites de cette dernière en tant qu’entité politique, au fléau terroriste qui s’acharne sur la Turquie, en passant par les remous de la vie politique - et notamment de la gauche - française, Doubt invite les étudiants à formuler leurs incompréhensions et leurs leurs inquiétudes quant au monde qui les entoure. À l’heure où les beaux jours sont de retour à Menton, c’est le moment pour la moitié des étudiants de préparer leur départ vers d’autres horizons, tandis que l’autre moitié commence à prendre racine dans la ville du citron. L’un et l’autre de ces deux groupes se trouvent ainsi face à une réalité indéniable : celle de l’impact - naissant ou avéré - de “l’expérience mentonnaise” sur soi. Pour cette raison, Le Zadig a jugé opportun d’interroger la nature de cet impact à travers le prisme du doute. La connotation pessimiste de ce terme est un parti pris par la rédaction, destiné à fournir un tremplin permettant aux étudiants de “sauter le pas” de l’analyse à la critique, voire la polémique. En somme, il s’agit de fournir aux contributeurs une raison de “dire - ou plutôt d’écrire - tout haut ce qu’ils pensent tout bas”. L’épaisseur de ce numéro (36 pages !) témoigne de la pertinence de ce choix éditorial vis-à-vis des préoccupations des sciencespistes mentonnais qui, visiblement inspirés par la thématique du doute, nous ont gratifiés de textes aussi divers qu’originaux, et surtout sincères. En remerciant les contributeurs et lecteurs qui lui donnent vie, Le Zadig est donc très fier de vous présenter Doubt, son premier numéro de l’année 201 6.

Nesma Merhoum, au nom du BoardEditorial de Le Zadig

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On Doubt & Cucmber Omar Kamel

Screenshot from www.urbandictionary.com

dumbstruck reader to the radically enlightening sentence. Initially, he is confronted with a sentiment of uncertainty, provoked by a mix of surprise and confusion at such an unexpected definition. As he engages in a stupefied double-take, hesitation closely ensues in the form of interrogation as to the adequacy of such a phrase in context. Finally, suspicion, manifested as an aspect of self-preservation, is activated in reaction to the initially implicit yet obtuse and flagrant (albeit fantastic) attempt at vulgarity.

reputable reference on the hermeneutic definition of words, Urban Dictionary outstandingly and accurately defines the concept of doubt as “A nun doing situps in a cucmber field.”

Despite an egregious spelling of the word cucumber, user JoeMama has arguably accomplished the impossible and achieved a revolutionary feat in capturing the essence of the notion, mayhaps in what could arguably be the most involuntary groundbreaking revelation of the English language since Andyet, in the breath ofone Buzzfeed told us that the word heavily connotatedsexual No one can pretend to be “literally”, literally did not vulgarity, linguistic wonder able to explain the gist of mean what we all thought. nuanced and delicate JoeMama has arguably come this concept in a single word. very close to conveying the This unusual conceptualization And yet, in the breath of meaning ofdoubt, of our subject matter bears a one heavily connotated surprising amount of sexual vulgarity, linguistic importance in what it entails. Indeed, in the wonder JoeMama has arguably come very next few articles of this issue, you will be close to conveying the meaning of doubt, confronted with a variety of definitions, though not necessarily through providing a perceptions, and impressions of what traditional definition, as expected. Rather, “doubt” embodies for the average person. he achieves this by invoking the exact multiRespectively, each explanation will adopt a layered feeling of doubt in the hearts and singular, individual assessment of which minds of his readers. contexts are prone to incur a feeling of doubt; whether it be through perceptions of So, next time you think you are sure of the uncertainty, hesitation, or even suspicion. meaning of a word or ostensibly certain of your facts, think back to the pious, veiled What our dear, misunderstood literary elderly woman, shredding her ripped abs in genius JoeMama has done in this case the midst of the cucmber field and surpasses all else when it comes to the remember that whether it be positive or summation of possible interpretations of the negative, doubt is everywhere. idea. This phenomenon innocently takes Even in the definition of doubt. place during the opposition of our LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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Mentonese Manifesto Anne Whitney

Credits: Nesma Merhoum.

he sky’s slightly grayer than overcast morning light, I distinctly remember being and a collective melancholy looms taken aback by the bright blues, mountainous over campus. But why, why do we greens and distinctly Mentonese yellows that time and time again let our spirits dampen met my eyes. All the more amazed that just a with the seaside fog? Maybe it’s just me, but I quick train ride away was not only one feel there’s this collectively ironic pit-in-thecountry but two, and that the school library stomach syndrome. As May approaches full looks out on the most striking combination of speed ahead, we drown Maybe it’s just me, but I feel the Alps, Mediterranean, an ourselves in early onset there’s this collectively ironic international border, and a nostalgia, this urgency to pit-in-the-stomach syndrome. town nothing short of cram as many Diagon-Alley painted every Mediterranean adventures and dinner parties color of the rainbow. This town, which was and nights at Bastion to solidify these everything I could have possibly dreamed, eighteen-month-old friendships that’ll last us could not have been my home. But, shaking the rest ofour lives. with joy, I knew that somehow, it was.

But then, there’s this urgency to put it all What continues to shake me is the behind and get out of this old hospital of a abundance of apathy for it. Perhaps apathy campus controlled (or not controlled) from a is not the right word, nor ignorance, but handful of third-floor rather the mundane offices, some deeply- 24 August 2014: Way too much normalcy of it all. Let’s not rooted desire to leave this grow numb just yet. 90 baggage in tow, I arrivedin part of our lives behind Menton as bright eyed, bushy days from the finish line, without remembering how eyes on the prize, don’t tailedandwith no inkling of it built our very beings. And leave it behind. Or at least, what lay ahead. I have no clue how to not yet. Challenge yourself reconcile this undying love to remember the very and perpetual agitation that fuel our moment you passed your concours, you read campus. your acceptance letter, you first stepped foot on this campus. Relish these moments, 24 August 2014: Way too much baggage in the fuel that brought you here. Moreover, tow, I arrived in Menton as bright eyed, bushy take a step back and take a look at just how tailed and with no inkling of what lay ahead. far you’ve come since those moments: What As I slung open the curtains to the early you’ve learned,here you’ve been, and who LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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has become an irreplaceable part of your life.

Untypographifiable. We are privileged to have the rare opportunity for the world to be our oyster. We ought relish it, every bit. Dabbling 28 May 2015: Swirling in a sea of everyin new languages and growing up in faraway colored Sciences Po sweatshirt, amidst cheers lands and arguing the potential longevity ofa in heaven knows what language, I’m taken political system halfway around the globe and aback. Not taken so much by the tears of2A’s trying kebabs from every main street swearing this is their final everywhere - that, my goodbye, but rather by the Let’s not grow numb just yet. 90 friends, is the exception. fleeting notion that this days from the finish line, eyes on Our lives, these lives, in this goodbye is necessary, it’s the prize, don’t leave it behind. microcosm of a world we incredible, it’s a very literal call home in Menton, our passport to the world. Come lives are exceptional. August, pink sweatshirts will have invaded South America, and oranges the world south But it’s not just us who are the exception. It’s of the Sahara. Here I am, standing in an old our lives, these lives, these precious gym on the outskirts ofNancy in a room full of eighteen months we’ve been given in this people who love each other, with a beautiful corner of the world. So how can irreplicable composition of students who are we, such exceptional students leading about to find themselves in every last corner exceptionally fortunate lives, fail to revere ofthe world. such an exceptional Here I am, standing in an old opportunity? How do we These two years are our gym on the outskirts ofNancy in pass our days slamming on ticket to the world. Never, I a room full ofpeople who love our administration when know, never, would I have each other, with a irreplicable we could hop on a train been itching to see the composition ofstudents who and be across a continent world for all its colorful are about to findthemselves in in a matter of hours? I worth had I not arrived every last corner ofthe world. could go on, oh I could go here in the first place. Here on. Of course, I have my we play verbal ping-pong bad days too. My threeover dinner parties, sharing stories of wars deadlines-and-four-club-meetings-and-aand cafés from Bangkok to Buenos Aires, little-homesick-and-a-little-actually-sick kind making plans to conquer the world one of days. And it’s okay to get bogged down. congé at a time. We revel in our Franglais, We all do. But don’t get that bogged down. our biggest stress lay in deciding on which continent - which continent! - to pass our A super scientific survey - and by that I been third years. We go home, we see our friends, small talk over Christmas cocktails we realize how different we are. Or how reminded me that no university is perfect, different we’ve become, all but we’re pretty damn We revel in our Franglais. Our thanks to this little retiree close. No one loves their town which we are so biggest stress lay in deciding on administration. No one which continent - which blessed to call home. loves all their lectures. continent! - to pass our third Wifi fails and vending years. 19 November 2015: “Vous machines run empty in êtes,” M. El Ghoul paused to every student center on ponder the question, “l’exception,” as he Earth. Moreover, we have the ultimate responded to a question about classifying us privilege of not facing the pervasive issues a distinctly unique cohort of international our peers around the world must address students and TCKs and the like - in terms of everyday--tragic drunk driving accidents, the Huntington Class of Civilizations thesis fatal drug overdoses, date rape, rampant which he had presented. We just don’t fit. hazing, eating disorder epidemics, students LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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loans following them for the rest of their taking in the view of the Old Town. Never days, to name even just a few--all real stories forget the sunshine, the languages, the late from real friends. No need nights at the bakery. Your Our lives, these lives, in this Gala pictures are priceless. to feel guilty, just take a moment to appreciate microcosm ofa worldwe call You grew up at Bistrôt. everything you do not home in Menton, our lives are You sipped three buck exceptional. encounter.You’re here and Chardonnay by the Italian your life is everything you’ve wanted with all border. You protested the destruction of a the greatest people who one day will be on refugee camp. You went to a Mika concert in the front page of the BBC and Al Jazeera Monaco. For free. You met ambassadors, you and the like, but before we get there, go became one for your own country. You wore grab a drink and take a your green sweat like a moment to get to know badge a of pride. You will How do we pass our days them and take in the salty slamming on our administration be a 2A, a 3A, a 4A, a air. when we couldhop on a train whatever-comes-afterthat-A. But it started here, Slow down. Love the sea. andbe across a continent in a so please, for you and me, matter ofhours? Rent a kayak, laugh with for the sake of the salty the Jessies, walk to sea, don’t wait till it’s over Monaco, picnic in the Old Cemetery, grab to appreciate what’s right in front of our coffee with your professors, walk to Garavan eyes. for no reason other than turning around and

"Slow down. Love the sea. Rent a kayak, laugh with the Jessies, walk to Monaco, picnic in the OldCemetery, grab coffee with your professors, walk to Garavan for no reason other than turning aroundand taking in the view ofthe OldTown."

- Anne Whitney

Credits: Rim Mouawad on Instagram.

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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A Case of Clairosclerosis

Claire Harrison airosclerosis (n.) the moment you

realize that you’re currently happy – consciously trying to savor the feeling – which prompts your intellect to identify it, pick it apart, and put it in context, where it will slowly dissolve until it’s little more than an aftertaste. probably planning her entire future. Credits: Riddled with fever last weekend, I was Young Claire shamelessly stolen from her Facebook account. afforded the unique opportunity to get utterly lost in the frivolous side of the If my mother, or anyone who knows me well Internet without any attached feelings of for that matter, were to read that, they guilt or idleness, something that does not would probably laugh. It would be well happen to me often. I spent the entirety of merited. my Saturday sifting through Buzzfeed, then Thought Catalog, even the occasional article At the Online Open Doors’ Day in Paris from The Odyssey (I know, I’m sorry, I swear recently, I was asked questions about how I I’m not that basic), until I Ifmy mother, or anyone who heard about Sciences Po (I happened upon one of the was twelve), where I see knows me well for that matter, most interesting blogs I myself in five years have ever come across: The were to readthat, they would (pursuing an alreadyDictionary of Obscure probably laugh. It wouldbe well selected PhD program), merited. Sorrows. Brainchild of and what career path I writer John Koenig, it is a envision myself following compilation of nouns assigned to emotions (a job description not yet existent but which felt by all humans, but the depths of which I fully intend on realizing) in order to surpass the profundities which the English demonstrate the structured profile and language – important note – is capable of motivation of Sciences Po students. While expressing. Of the many words that spoke my “seven-year plan,” as aptly named by my to me, one stood out as particularly salient. flatmate, could seem to fulfill just that “Liberosis,” defined as “the purpose – a structure desire to care less about The idea ofalternate routes on providing an outline of my things – to loosen your grip trajectory and eliminating my roadmap, or ofsecond on your life, to stop variables of uncertainty serves ifI fault, sounds glancing behind you every that plague many a college liberating. Liberosis is the most few steps, afraid that experience – I only wish apt name for this feeling I could someone will snatch it that were so. The fact that conceive. from you before you reach I have meticulously the end zone – rather to planned my path, and hold your life loosely and playfully, like a especially the fact that there has not been a volleyball, keeping it in the air, with only single deviation to this point, is the genesis quick fleeting interventions, bouncing freely of the majority of the consistent doubt I in the hands of trusted friends, always in personally feel. No one is better at making play.” Sounds like a luxury. fun of me than I am, but I undoubtedly take myself seriously, to the point where the

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possibility of disappointing myself by not sticking to said plan is at the crux of this antagonism. The idea of alternate routes on my roadmap, or of second serves if I fault, sounds liberating. Liberosis is the most apt name for this feeling I could conceive.

extrapolation, but is a natural result of this unrealized liberosis at our current stage. Again, in no attempt whatsoever to speak for others, embracing the essence of this word and allowing for unforeseen changes – whether in point of view, stance, life experience, or lack thereof It leads directly to While I try to make a habit – would essentially create of not presuming any kairosclerosis, informally put as avenues for new the dissection ofhappiness understanding of these measure of understanding relative to context andpotential issues. This does not regarding the feelings of others, it is my humble that bars feelings ofsatisfaction necessarily correspond to impression that liberosis taking current events less with one’s own merits. might be a trait aspired to seriously; rather, by many on this campus, and many people potentially allowing for departures from a my age in general. Regardless of whether hyper-politically-correct, educated, doubt comes from over-planning (definitely culturally-cognizant point of view would the case for the majority, right? We’re all in create the well-rounded perspective that is the same boat? Searching for validation of paradoxically lacking. The desired results, my neurosis), or from not having a plan at too, are difficult to express, exposing all, this level of self-pressure engenders another linguistic limitation facing the doubt about one’s own English language. It is merits, and is ultimately captured in my lack of Again, in no attempt counterproductive. It leads whatsoever to speak for others, ability to express my faith directly to kairosclerosis, embracing the essence ofthis in the profound liberation informally put as the of mental expression that, wordandallowing for dissection of happiness unforeseen changes – whether in my mind and justrelative to context and in point ofview, stance, life perfectly-superfluous potential that bars feelings experience, or lack thereof– world, would result from of satisfaction with one’s individually loosening grip wouldessentially create own merits. grip on life and seeing avenues for new understanding by things not as they appear, ofthese issues. In reading the other but as they feel. “Loosely articles from this issue and and playfully” does not issues past, it is flagrantly obvious that this need to mean “senseless and foolish.” student body is highly intelligent, motivated, and keenly cognizant of the True to form, I finish writing this article as I weight of the written word. Addressing pop open my routine post-MEDMUN bottle issues such as the threat of religious of Merlot and tick off items from one of the extremism, consequences of violent five timelines embedded in my three repression on youth empowerment, and calendar apps and two running to-do lists, moral merits of porous borders is no easy feeling the pull of liberosis that still feels feat, but are all approached with a chwaya unattainable. Perhaps if I schedule it in for ironic singularity that comes from the my three-hour block between classes on diversity of exposures we receive by virtue Wednesday, it will feel like a more of the fact that we go to school where we achievable goal. For all else: do as I say, not do. Transcending this phenomenon to the as I do. global stage might be a bit of an

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Sciences Po Pas Paris Ryan Zohar

Cartoon by Audrey Everist

pausing every few minutes to gather my thoughts, catch up on notes, or send a text. Each Friday, I walk to campus and sit in l’Amphi Richard Descoings, ready for my weekly sociology lecture via videoconference. Sure, it is a testament to the advancements of technology that my professor can see us weekly from the comfort of the Paris campus, but I guess I remain ardently old-fashioned in my predilection towards real human interaction. Some of my most thought-provoking moments in my other classes have occurred in those after-class questions, those coffeebreak comments, and the pertinent anecdotes of my peers in class.

arlier this year, the Principality of Monaco brought the short film festival Le temps presse to our campus. We watched five short films, serving as the jury for the coveted Prix des étudiants. One of the films was As it Used to Be, set in the nearfuture when in-class contact with a professor has become a relic ofthe past. In the alternate reality of this compelling short film, virtual learning is the norm and face-to-face interactions are just memories that have become anachronisms. The film is meant to evoke an a priori lamentation for a coming techno-future and an appreciation for the everyday personal interactions we have as students with professors in our time.

Months had passed, yet I could not help but I realize that there is a benefit to having think of the film as I classes online. I can watch opened up my Macbook [I]t is the Paris students who are the lectures when I choose, and sat down in my bed to gracedwith their professors’ I am able to rewind and watch my fourth political physical presences while I make fast-forward and take my science lecture from a thousands ofeuros’worth of own pauses. While these computer screen. Each actions would be tuition payments to watch Thursday, I sit down to unthinkable in my videos on Vimeo. watch my two hours of “traditional” lectures, I am Introduction to Political Science lectures, free to stop and start my video lectures LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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whenever I like. I can also see the benefit of having my professors be those from Sciences Po’s Paris Campus, world-renowned scholars not always readily available in the Nice Metropolitan Area. However, I cannot stop myself from thinking of the many massive open online courses (MOOCs) taught by professors from Yale, Stanford, and other well-renowned universities that can be accessed for free through websites such as Coursera and Stanford Online.

motivated to learn the language. Even though I know it's a professor on the other side, I never feel like it is actually a professor. [Feedback on my assignments] encouraged me, but it did not motivate me as much as my other professor's (the one we see in person) words.”

Several students independently surveyed by Le Zadig have expressed a lack of engagement with the course material when forced to watch lectures online. A 1 A English The 1 0 1 50 € that I pay as a student whose Track student, wishing to stay anonymous, parents’ tax residence is stated that “the learning it seems ironic that a university not in the European experience associated with with as strict an attendance Economic Area is the same online courses lacks the as a non-EEA student policy as Sciences Po is willing same social and to overlook the effects ofonline would pay in Paris, but it is pedagogical aspects of inthe Paris students who are lectures on “virtual”truancy. person lectures.” This lack graced with their of engagement also professors’ physical presences while I make encourages truancy on the part of students thousands of euros’ worth of tuition who become disillusioned or have trouble payments to watch videos on Vimeo. maintaining the routine of lecture watching. While, yes, we are adults, and it is a student’s At least seven of the courses offered on the responsibility to ensure his or her Campus de Menton this academic year have involvement in the course, it seems ironic online components, with four of the six core that a university with as strict an attendance courses for 1 A French Track being conducted policy as Sciences Po is willing to overlook via pre-recorded video lectures or the effects of online lectures on “virtual” videoconference. The same can be said for truancy. two of the six core courses for 1 A English Track. If Sciences Po Paris truly wants to claim that students on the regional campuses are Even for classes where in-person studying at a university that was recently interactions seem essential to facilitate ranked 5th in the world in Politics & learning, such as language International Studies by QS instruction, some aspects There are great professors for World University Rankings, of coursework have many courses at Sciences Po it should provide highbecome usurped by quality professors that are Paris, Campus de Menton. budding online pedagogy. Unfortunately, some ofthese physically present at each One 2A student at Sciences great professors never step foot delocalized campus. There Po Paris, Campus de are great professors for in Menton. Menton expressed the many courses at Sciences discouraging effect this online Po Paris, Campus de Menton. Unfortunately, correspondence has had on his language some of these great professors never step learning experience, claiming that “human foot in Menton. Sciences Po has some of the interaction is very important in general, and most prolific researchers in the social especially for language instruction. When it sciences and most knowledgeable experts is a random person I have never met, giving on the Middle East, I just hope they can be me assignments and grading me without me lured to Menton by the prospects of sunny ever meeting him, it makes me feel less beaches and eager students. LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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3. Bullshitocracy creates an underlying mental distress often experienced by Sciences Po students, especially in the azure bubble of Menton. Indeed, they often

Our Love-Hate Relationship with the Bullshitocracy

feel that they live under the rule of illusory knowledge, and even worse, are being formatted to fit in and perpetuate this rule the “banality of bullshit”. The dreadul effects of bullshitocracy were brightly anticipated by visionary, former 1 A Maté Földi, through his first Le Zadig article published in october 201 4, and titled “Why the f**k did I come here?”

Nesma Merhoum

ullshitocracy - noun. Etymology: A

neologism between "bullshit" - a "False or exaggerated statement made to impress and deceive the listener rather than inform [or] an object offrustration and/or disgust, often caused by a perceived deception” (Wikitionary); and -cracy, a Greek suffix to express the idea ofrule.

Since the day I entered the Grand Amphi for the very first time, Bullshitocracy has been haunting me, and admittedly, shaping me. However, as I remember 1 . Bullshitocracy carries I am not the only one on the the frenzy that possessed an inherent paradox that Côte d’Azur who is subjectedto me while I was chanting La is the reflection of this confusing blendofdistrust Mentonnaise on the pitch Sciences Po. On one hand, towards our institution, doubt of Nancy, I can hardly the institution if often towards my intellectual present refrain from smiling criticized for being the andprofessional future, and underneath my green “elite’s playground”, where keffieh. Fortunately, I am blindpride andfleshly socially determined and attachment to the ‘Assabiya. not the only one on the priviledged kids are Côte d’Azur who is educated to entitlement subjected to this confusing while working 35 hours a semester - the blend of distrust towards our institution, “bullshit” part of the phenomenon. On the doubt towards my intellectual present and other hand, anything that happens within its professional future, and blind pride and walls, from the recognition of Front National fleshly attachment to the ‘Assabiya. Admit it as an association to the dismissal of students or not, I have numbers that show a general for antisemtic comments, is treated by most tendency for existencial uncertainty within of the French media as a crucial piece of the Oumma Mentouniya. information - the “-cracy” part. This paradox is often explained by Sciences Pistes themselves by the fact that “they hate us ‘cause they ain’t us”.

2. Bullshitocracy may also specifically refer to a comfort zone loctaed between the end of Rue Longue and the Boulevard Garavan. This area is held together by a

general consensus revolving around the values of Orientalism, a flexible sense of punctuality, and Frenglish, its official language. For the past ten years, this territory has been governed by a directorate whose leader is rarely seen. LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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Sciences Po From the Outside How is Sciences Po perceived in your country?

There seems to be a mixed perception of our school from the forty-ish countries from where we originate. However, there is a striking contrast between the French Track and English Track perception of Sciences Po’s reputation. Overall, Sciences Po seems to be mostly renowned in the “francophone” world.

How did you personally perceive Sciences Po before enrolling?

However, despite the mixed perception of Sciences Po’s prestige in their homeland, most of the Assabiya members definitely chose to join the Oumma en vert et contre tous.

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Our Campus Evaluation How do you perceive the level of academics on the Menton campus?

How would you describe the relationship between your grades and the amount of work you put into your studies? Unfortunately, Bullshitocracy seems to be taking over as soon as the respondents find themselves behind the campusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; doors. A bit more than half of the respondents believe that their grades reflect their work, while almost one third of the them believe that their results are too high, regarding the amount of work they put into their studies.

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How do you perceive the support of the administration for academics on the Menton campus?

How do you perceive the support of the administration for extracurricular activities and campus associations on the Menton campus?

Even if the overall evaluation remains average, it is noteworthy than adminsitrative support collects the largest amount of 0s to the extent of our survey, especially regarding extracurricular activities. Second years, who have been there for almost two years now, and form the majority of Association and Club leaders, seem more critical towards the administrative managment of campus than young Freshmen.

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Menton v. Sciences Po

Do you believe that the Menton campus benefits from the same academic quality as the other campuses (excluding the Paris campus)?

Do you believe that the Menton campus benefits from the same administrative support as the other campuses (excluding the Paris campus)?

Do you believe Menton benefits from the same academic quality as the Paris campus specifically?

Do you believe Menton benefits from the same administrative support as the Paris campus specifically?

There is an general belief than despite Moodle, Skype lectures, intensive weeks, 4 hour classes, and teachers from Nice, the Menton campus is still marginalized from the whole of Sciences Po. LE ZADIG Âˇ 8 March 2016

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How do you perceive the safety of the Menton campus?

Shoutout to the nice man who checks our bags and IDs at the gate every morning.

How do you perceive the quality of services on the Menton campus (vending machines, counselling services, library, etc.)?

BREAKING NEWS: A reliable BDE-related source confirmed that a couch has been ordered for the Student Space.

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Looking ahead... Has your Menton experience lived up to your expectations so far?

Do you feel that your Sciences Po experience is helping you evolve - either intellectually or as a person?

LE ZADIG Âˇ 8 March 2016

Campus

Source : Wikimedia Commons How much do you think that the Menton campus reflects Sciences Po as a whole?

On an optimistic note, the respondents are generally satisfied with their experience in Menton i.e. not only on campus; even if the enthusiasm seems to fade between the first and the second Source : Wikimedia Commons. year. However, despite their general critical attitude towards the teachings, the students seem to unanimely feel that Sciences Po is helping them growing up - even within the gap between Menton and the rest of Sciences Po. This suggests that, in the eyes of the students, the campusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; main asset remains its students, the core of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Assabiya. However, is that enough for an institution that aims at an international standing?

Has your experience and education at Sciences Po made you more confident about your future so far?

Bullshitocracy, at its finest form, causes uncertainty within the respondents: will postMentonese reality slam a heavy door at our faces, or will we leave the Lemon City, only to find out that the whole world is just a larger Bullshitocratic system in which we will manage to fit? LE ZADIG Âˇ 8 March 2016

Campus

De gauche à droite: Flavio Restelli (Photo : Facebook), Juliette Loisel (Photo : Facebook), Hugo Roche Poggi (Photo : Facebook), Adèle Maudeux (Photo : Sciences Polémiques Menton), et Théophile Lepage (Photo : Coexiter Menton)

Super Trouper

(Juliette Loisel, Hugo Roche Poggi, Adèle Maudeux et Théophile Lepage, tous en première année - programme français), on a commencé à faire des réunions chaque semaine pour transformer cette idée en spectacle. »

Interview avec Flavio Restelli

Berke Alikasifoğlu

« Mon rôle est de gérer le débat entre les écrivains, transmettre l’esprit de la pièce e ne veux surtout pas donner de » affirme Flavio en toute humilité quand je spoilers ; je veux aider à comprendre… lui demande son implication dans le » C’était la première phrase de Flavio processus d’écriture. « On a commencé les Restelli (Première année, programme réunions hebdomadaires en octobre et français) lors de notre maintenant, depuis janvier, « J’avais mes doutes en interview sur sa troupe de on se voit avec les acteurs proposant ce sujet » dit-il, « au théâtre. Avec un peu aussi. A chaque séance, on d’hésitation, il a accepté de début c’était mon mémoire de fait du brainstorming et Baccalauréat. me parler de leur pièce de voit ce qu’on a écrit pour la théâtre qui va nous être présentée durant la semaine concernée. Chacun a écrit une Semaine des Arts. scène au début, maintenant Hugo et Théophile travaillent majoritairement sur Même s’il prétend qu’il est « chargé de rien Socrate tandis que Juliette et Adèle se », l’idée de départ pour cette pièce, qui est concentrent sur Meursault. » de « comparer l’histoire de Meursault et celle de Socrate », était Normalement, un travail « C’est justement ça mon rôle. celle de Flavio. « J’avais divisé et partagé comme Je maintiens l’ensemble de celui-ci apporterait des mes doutes en proposant l’histoire. Quant au style ; ce sujet » dit-il, « au début coupures, au moins des chaque scène a sa spécificité c’était mon mémoire de différences au sein du style grâce à notre méthode de Baccalauréat. J’avais et d’histoire. Flavio nous travaillé sur l’Apologie de travail. Elles deviennent des rassure sur ce sujet : « Socrate de Platon et interprétations de l’idée de C’est justement ça mon L’Etranger de Camus. Après rôle. Je maintiens départ. » avoir entendu parler du l’ensemble de l’histoire. club de théâtre, j’ai pensé à mettre mon Quant au style ; chaque scène a sa spécificité mémoire sous forme de pièce. J’ai mis en grâce à notre méthode de travail. Elles place une équipe de quatre écrivains deviennent des interprétations de l’idée de

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

Campus

départ. »

propre message et avec des écritures différentes, je pense que ça permet non Parlons un peu de structure. Même si seulement de bien segmenter chaque scène Flavio ne voulait pas mais aussi de rester bien donner beaucoup de détail, Pour éviter les spoilers, je vais cohérent. » j’ai pu apprendre que la seulement vous dire qu’on aura pièce se constituait de 3 Notre thème de cette la chance d’examiner les grandes parties : « édition du Zadig, « doute », différences mais en même L’éloignement des deux temps les points communs de est bien cohérent avec le personnages de leurs ces deux personnages au cours thème de la pièce. Quand sociétés », qui nous j’ai demandé ses opinions de ces trois parties. amènera au « procès » et sur ça, Flavio a répondu : « finalement « la Le doute, c’est celui qui va condamnation ». Pour éviter les spoilers, je caractériser nos protagonistes et en même vais seulement vous dire qu’on aura la temps, il sera la raison de la pièce qui se chance d’examiner les différences mais en forme sur des procès. Pourquoi seront-ils même temps les points communs de ces jugés ? Parce qu’ils ont mis en doute les deux personnages au cours valeurs de leurs sociétés.” de ces trois parties. Mais Chacun a sa propre manière à est-ce qu’on va voir les Juliette propose une écrire mais cela rajoute à deux en même temps sur l’intérêt de la pièce ; ça donne approche beaucoup plus scène ? Cela reste ambigu un ensemble un peu hétéroclite concrète vis-à-vis du lien pour l’instant. « Leurs au niveau de style mais quand entre notre thème et la histoires se croiseront » même, on reste assez homogène pièce : « Si tu parles de promet-il, « mais quand et doute par rapport à notre quant au sens global. comment ? Il faudra venir entreprise d’écrire une voir ! » Il demeure réticent pièce de théâtre en trois à donner des détails sur la mise-en-scène et mois à quatre personnes qui n’ont les acteurs ; cela aussi reste à voir. absolument aucune expérience, oui ; c’est clair qu’on peut parler de doute ! (rires) Il y Quant à Juliette avait un moment où l’on Loisel, l’une des écrivaines Il y avait un moment où l’on s’est regardé et demandé dans ce projet, elle garde s’est regardé et demandé ce ce qu’on faisait avec tant toujours l’enthousiasme qu’on faisait avec tant de tâches de tâches mais ça va, on qui l’a fait entrer dans s’en sort ! » mais ça va, on s’en sort ! » cette troupe : « C’est très Ça ne fait aucun doute que intéressant ce qu’on fait ici. Chacun a sa ces cinq jeunes écrivains nous promettent propre manière à écrire mais cela rajoute à une pièce de théâtre passionnante. Je ne l’intérêt de la pièce ; ça donne un ensemble sais pas ce que vous en pensez, chers un peu hétéroclite au niveau de style mais lecteurs, mais moi, j’ai hâte de les voir quand même, on reste assez homogène pendant la Semaine des Arts! quant au sens global. Chaque scène a son

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

World

democracies has been matched by rising populism on both sides of the Atlantic, as is already the case in Poland under the Law and Justice party, and in the United States with the shadow of Donald Trump and Ted Cruz looming large over the GOP debates. By 2020, national elections in each of the respective G8 countries could potentially introduce entirely different players into international politics. They will face a variety of current and future issues as the world recovers from the lasting effects of recession, especially given the potential shocks of a slowing Chinese economy, and the humanitarian crises of refugee influxes and international conflict.

A Case for Doubt: To Question and to Mistrust

Hardy Hewson

here can be little doubt (if you would excuse the cheesy pun) that while flicking through the pages of this edition of Le Zadig, one develops a tremendous sense of trepidation over the various routes and potential pitfalls facing our world in the near future. Whether they can be deemed as positive or negative, matters of progress or regression, the forces and circumstances exercising influence on the direction of By 2020, national elections However, one need not be human life are more difficult to in each ofthe respective G8 fatalistic. Approximately a predict than ever. Indeed, the countries couldpotentially quarter of the world’s state of the world is noticeably introduce entirely different population, some 1 .8 less secure in 2016 than it may players into international billion people, have turned politics. have felt at the turn of the 1 5 but not yet 30—an century, or even following the enormous proportion from gradual recovery of the world economy which the next leaders, innovators, and following the Great Recession of2008-2009. educators will gradually assume stewardship of humanity. Although they may be the Of course, there is plenty to be concerned generation of a Doomsday Clock that looms about in the near future. The world is permanently at 1 1 :57, they are also the undoubtedly a far more uncertain place than most well-educated, longest living, and most it was perhaps a few years ago. connected. In a recent article, The Demonstrated by the shocking attacks Economist reported that, in general, carried out in Turkey, Lebanon, and Paris, Haitians spend more time in school today the rise of the so-called Islamic than Italian children did in State has complicated further the ‘60s, while many the already labyrinthine Approximately a quarter of around the world are flashpoint of the Syrian Civil the world’s population, some developing a common 1.8 billion people, have War. The disruption of human culture and common turned15 but not yet life in this conflict is mirrored complaints about the state 30—an enormous proportion by the political upheaval in the of the world. These same region, associated with from which the next leaders, commonalities unite a plummeting oil prices and innovators, andeducators generation that supports will gradually assume reforming states; as state (to a far greater extent revenues decline, countries like stewardship ofhumanity. than previous generations) Russia and Saudi Arabia may be the extension of equal inclined to externalise internal tensions, rights and representation in marriage and making policy predictions dubious. A further politics; “1 8 to 29-year-old South Koreans source of doubt over the future can be were four times likelier to be gay-friendly found in the distressing state of elections in than those over 50.” It will be this the world’s leading nations. A general generation that will determine the decline of political involvement in western outcomes of the future, and it is imperative

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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that they retain the sense of doubt upon which this edition is based.

learning and councils us in our choices (the writer himself will be doubting the virtues of Brexit or Bremain in the Doubt over dogmatic It is with such a sense of coming months). It is through ideologies, over the tales of doubt that this generation doubt of established ‘truths’ the media, or the promise of must try to resolve the that innovation occurs; to a politician drives issues it faces. Collectively, paraphrase Albert Einstein, the independent thought and they must employ their problems created in our past doubts and uncertainties in learning andcouncils us in will not be solved by the same our choices. order to question, or more thinking by which they were importantly to critique, the created. Finally, it is with this established orders same mental process that we determined by the traditions of our past. must evaluate the prospects, scary or Doubt over dogmatic ideologies, over the otherwise, of our collective future in a world tales of the media, or the promise of a in which our lives are changing at the same politician drives independent thought and rate as the problems we face.

Cheating Death And Doubting Life as a Stambouliote

about how underrated Istanbul is for locals, who get to cross between continents with ships as a daily routine. I realized how I underappreciated my city, how I never even thought about some of the things that fascinated my friends throughout the week. With them, I discovered over and over again an endless layer of culture buried beneath the city; from the palaces to the mosques, churches, sleepless streets, relentless stray Berke Alikasifoğlu cats, food, coffee and numerous other details that made me fall in love with my Sultan Ahmet (Blue Mosque) city, maybe for the first time in my life without any “buts” or regrets. When my love wrote this article right after the for Bâb-ı lî was at its peak, when I finally bombings in Istanbul that took place two understood how and why Loti, Kemal, months ago, but I never got the chance to Pamuk and others were and still are writing publish it. Since it’s coherent with our subject books as love letters for Istanbul, I wanted of doubt, I wanted it to produce something I realizedhow I featuredfor Le Zadig. about its beauty as well. underappreciatedmy city, how I However, ISIS had Over the past week, never even thought about some different plans for me… as four locals of Istanbul, ofthe things that fascinatedmy we welcomed and friends throughout the week. It’s funny, living in a entertained a total of 1 6 country that is constantly friends from Sciences Po. I under danger. You’re hosted two friends and, as a group of five in always in a state of alarm, which, in long total, we were always together, visiting the term, tires and numbs you. You don’t know city. I actually intended to write an article what atrocity you’re going to read about

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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next. It can be a state of emergency in the east, or a teacher being hunted down for raising her voice against it. It can be a journalist getting beaten or a news agency being “busted”. It can be a religious leader honouring incest. Today, when I woke up, it was a suicide bomber in Sultanahmet, the heart of Istanbul’s tourism, the district where we spent our last 3 days.

including myself. Today at 1 0 A.M. at least 1 0 dead –and counting. Have I cheated death? What would have happened if my friends decided to stay a day longer? Is human life that cheap?

I feel like my life is on a scale. On one hand, there’s me. On the other hand of the scale, there is a certain weight –uncontrolled by me. The key to that Yesterday at around 1 0 A.M. we were weight, which is what keeps me alive, does happily walking to Hagia not belong to me. It Sophia, the cathedral- Yesterday at 10 A.M., thousands belongs to other people turned-mosque-turnedwho –for some reason- get oftourists were in the area museum. Three days ago to decide whether I get to between Blue Mosque and when we visited the Blue stay alive for another day. Mosque, we missed out on Hagia Sophia, including myself. This time, I got lucky. Hagia Sophia because it Today at 10 A.M. at least 10 Another friend was dead–andcounting was closed, so we thinking of visiting absolutely had to come back to see it; “even Sultanahmet today, she and her friend if that was the last thing that we would have overslept. Should I feel happy? Should I feel done in Istanbul.” When I said that sentence guilty for wanting to be happy? I got yesterday, I didn’t know how true that numerous calls and texts from friends all would have been, had the terrorist decided over the world asking me if I was okay. to attack a day earlier. Yesterday at 1 0 A.M., Believe me, friends, I don’t know the thousands of tourists were in the area answer... between Blue Mosque and Hagia Sophia,

Plaidoyer pour une Europe Unie Amine Hafidi

e me demandais contre quoi m'insurger. À quel propos douter. S'il fallait s'attaquer à l'incapacité du gouvernement actuel à faire baisser le chômage ou encore parler de la multiplication des crises qui chaque mois semblent nous faire passer près du gouffre de l'anéantissement. Douter de la capacité de ceux qui nous gouvernent est pourtant actuellement de bon ton. C'était un choix facile. Finalement c'est un autre sujet qui est venu me surprendre au détour d'une information brève du Figaro et

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

de France tv info. Notre vieux continent, cette chère veille Europe venait encore une fois d'être attaquée par un coup de canif administratif. Un coup qui tant et tant de fois répété finira par achever cette belle réalisation.

Un doute m’a assailli en apprenant que la Belgique, pays où se trouve notre capitale européenne,rétablissait ses contrôles aux 24

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frontières avec la France. Un doute plein de L'Europe, en acceptant le détachement de tristesse et d'amertume. Serait-il possible ses membres, est entrain de se disloquer. encore une fois que nous ayons baissé les L'Europe, en tendant l'oreille aux sirènes de bras, que nous ayons fait le choix de la l'exclusion, s'empoisonne lentement. facilité au lieu d'avoir enfin le courage de Notre Europe, celle de demain, celle que prendre des décisions nous voulons,est une Un doute m’a assailli en fermes qui ne vont plus Europe du vivre ensemble. dans le mauvais sens. apprenant que la Belgique, pays Une Europe qui sans avoir Jamais cette réunion où se trouve notre capitale brisé le particulier fait d'États européens, européenne, rétablissait ses vivre la communauté. Nous construite au lendemain contrôles aux frontières avec la voulons une Europe qui d'un bain de sang et de soit ferme à l'extérieur, France. larmes, n'aura semblé si aimable à l'intérieur, mais faible, si fragile, si prête à succomber aux droite sur ses principes. Nous voulons d'une mains de ceux qui l'avaient fait naître. Europe qui soit en mesure d'assurer la sécurité de ses frontières externes et Sous les forces conjointes d'un pays meurtri d'assurer la libre circulation de ses citoyens. et d'États inquiets de voir arriver des Nous voulons une Europe qui à l'image de sa populations d'un autre monde, la France, devise, soit unie dans la diversité. l'Allemagne, l'Italie, l'Autriche, la Slovaquie, la République tchèque, le Danemark et la C'est pourquoi l'heure n'est plus aux Suède ont rétabli ce que nous ne masques de la diplomatie; le moment est connaissions plus depuis près de vingt ans : venu de parler franc. Non, l'Europe des frontières. Ainsi en quelques mois les n'intégrera pas la Turquie dans l'Union espaces de liberté ont laissé place à des Européenne. Oui, l'Europe s'arrête à la barrières et des murs de fils barbelés. frontière russe et intégrera finalement L'Europe unie a encore une fois montré son l'Ukraine. Oui l'Europe est un continent où incapacité gestionnelle en demandant à de nombreuses disparités sociales, l'OTAN de déployer ses navires de guerre économiques et culturelles existent. e qui contre les embarcations de passeurs. nous divise aujourd'hui doit être demain notre force et ce qui nous permettra d'aller Non pas que ces questions de l'avant. Il faut se dire : oui il existe une soient mauvaises ou que L'Europe, pour sortir de ces solutions soient question migratoire, oui il y a ses doutes, doit retourner une question sécuritaire qui à condamnables dans leurs ses fondements. intégralités. Il faut se dire : reste omniprésente. Mais non, la Lorsqu'en 1 945, sur les oui il existe une question réponse n'est pas le repli sur soi. ruines d'une Allemagne migratoire, oui il y a une dévastée d'une Europe question sécuritaire qui partagée et de nations en reste omniprésente. Mais non, la réponse reconstruction, la mise en commun de n'est pas le repli sur soi. C'est dans une moyens, le libre-échange et la libre nouvelle étape de construction commune circulation s'étaient imposés face aux voix que nous trouverons nos réponses. Pensonsde l'isolation. Lorsque le 25 mars 1 957, la nous vraiment qu'en rétablissant une France, l'Allemagne, l'Italie, la Belgique, le barrière, nous pourrons empêcher r une Luxembourg et les Pays-Bas décident de personne ayant la volonté de tuer ou de signer le Traité de Rome, ils admettent une traverser nos champs, nos vallées, nos idée chère à Kant et Hugo, celle de la rivières et nos mers. La réponse est non ! construction d'un État commun. L'Europe, en démantelant l'espace Schengen, est entrain de réfréner la liberté. LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

Pourtant, depuis, nous avons rechigné à avancer,nous avons accepté que l'exception 25

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devienne une norme. C'est ce qui a conduit accepter que la politique budgétaire soit au fait qu'aujourd'hui les décisions à remise aux mains de la Banque Centrale prendre seront terribles pour demain. Européenne ou alors qu'un impôt européen Qu'aujourd'hui les agriculteurs français, les soit fixé en parallèle d’un taux maximal de travailleurs polonais, les prélèvement fiscal à humanistes au grand coeur Lorsque le 25 mars 1957, la l'échelle continentale. et à l'esprit noble vont France, l'Allemagne, l'Italie, la l'Europe de demain, si elle s'arracher les cheveux. Or, souhaite régler la question si nous ne devenons pas Belgique, le Luxembourg et les des délocalisations en fermes, quel avenir Pays-Bas décident de signer le Europe de l'Est devra offrons-nous à cette Traité de Rome, ils admettent admettre l'établissement construction ? Quelle une idée chère à Kant et Hugo, d'un salaire minimum pour celle de la construction d'un l'ensemble du continent ou visage montrons nous au État commun. monde ? Celle de clients laisser le marché du travail particuliers que nous cherchons tous à s'autoréguler à l'échelle continentale ; satisfaire. Celle de nations dont l'esprit est même si cela risque de signifier une baisse resté arc bouté sur des principes qui sont de niveau de vie pour certains ou une hausse dépassé. du coût de la vie pour d'autres. L'Europe de demain, pour régler les questions de justice L'Europe de Demain, pour faire taire les voix et de fiscalité devra mettre en commun ses de la désunion, doit accepter d'être forte et sources juridiques pour donner naissance à de ne pas demander à l'OTAN de déployer un droit européen unifié et codifié. des vaisseaux entre la Turquie et la Grèce. Pour se protéger, elle se doit de construire Voilà bien quelques solutions d’un étudiant, une armée européenne qui lui assurera beaucoup sont difficiles à accepter et cette tranquillité qui lui manque tant. certaines difficiles à appréhender. ce ne L'Europe de demain pour faire face à la sont pas avec des demi-mesures que nous menace terroriste doit faisons l'Histoire. Ce n'est faire fusionner les bases L'heure aujourd'hui n'est plus au pas en laissant passer le doute mais à l'action. de données des services de temps, avec l'espoir au renseignements. L’Europe coeur que demain tout aille de demain , pour faire face à la crise mieux et l'idée en tête que demain sera le migratoire devra trouver une solution soit temps d'un autre homme, que nous pouvons au conflit Syrien, soit au flux de migrants. aller de l'avant. "Un gouvernement que l'on Une décision existe encore, si les soutient est un gouvernement qui tombe" populations européennes ne souhaitent pas disait Talleyrand. Que dire alors d'une union accueillir ces personnes sur leur territoire et que l'on démantèle dans le silence et assumer les conséquences de ses décisions l'indifférence, si ce n'est qu'elle meurt au et le poids moral qui en découle. Donc oui il milieu des haussements d'épaules. L'heure faudra également écrire cette page. aujourd'hui n'est plus au doute mais à L'Europe de demain, pour faire face à la l'action. question de la crise de la dette, devra

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

World

Does Restricting Liberties Reinforce Security?: The European Asylum Crisis

treatment.” However, it is obvious that European countries are not assuring these rights, as most refugees cannot leave camps and are not allowed to travel to another country. This leads them to undertake dangerous journeys to travel, fomenting a human disaster. In fact, according to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), over 3,455 people have died at sea trying to reach the EU as of November 1 0, 201 5. Thus, restricting liberties does not reinforce the security of refugees, but, to the contrary, puts them in danger.

Denizalp Goktas

estricting liberties, although necessary in short term crises to ensure the safety of a country‘s citizens, in the long term is wrong and can cause even more security threats. Restricting liberties is only a temporary solution. Furthermore, many forget that reinforcing security is not only meant to assure the safety ofa certain group but also the safety ofthose most vulnerable, such as refugees. John Locke once said "Liberty is to be free from restraint and violence from others.” Thus, liberty and security are two concepts that go hand in hand, and in order for a state to reinforce security, it must also reinforce liberties.

Furthermore, restricting liberties worsens security problems. By restricting liberties, the state does nothing more than reinforce the perception that refugees are dangerous. Additionally, the state stigmatizes refugees through the restriction of the welfare system and their freedom of movement. According to Christina Boswell’s “European Values and the Asylum Crisis,” this can also lead to discrimination towards ethnic minorities in the country. Thus, restricting liberties in the name of security can paradoxically jeopardize the safety of citizens.

Many European countries are currently restricting liberties in order to reinforce security measures. Currently, the liberty that has been targeted the most is the freedom of movement. The most prominent example is that of France, which has extended its border controls even longer under the pretense of fighting ISIS. These measures, however, more than assuring the safety of citizens, stigmatize refugees and put their lives into danger.

Like the Americans that ignored the Patriot Act because it only affected foreigners, Europeans are ignoring this infringement on their liberties caused by anti-terrorist legislation. By following such a policy, Europe is jeopardizing its own existence, as it is challenging the values upon which the European Union was built. Unfortunately, the insecurity caused by the refugee crisis is leading Europe to try to ensure security by restricting liberties, and these policies are doomed to fail.

Members of the European Union are not only responsible for ensuring the safety of their citizens but also those of refugees under the European Union’s asylum laws, which try to ensure refugee rights. According to the UNHCR, “A refugee has the right to safe asylum. However, international protection comprises more than physical safety. Refugees should receive at least the same rights and basic help as any other foreigner who is a legal resident, including freedom of thought, of movement, and freedom from torture and degrading LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

As Benjamin Franklin said, “Those who

surrender freedom for security will not have, nor do they deserve, either one.”

The proper way to reinforce security is not to restrict liberties at all; it is to insist on policies that maximize both liberties and security to the highest possible extent.

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Le ministère du droit des femmes 201 6 : le doute ? Famille, Enfance et Droits des femmes, le ministère qui fait piétiner les féministes ?

Johanne Fora-Porthault contre des intitulés gouvernementaux, alors soit, attachons-nous à ces intitulés.

rente-huit ans après la création du premier ministère de la Condition féminine et de l'emploi féminin de Monique Pelletier, voilà que les droits des femmes semblent encore aujourd'hui à défendre. Avec un intitulé, aux airs pétainistes pour certains, de "Famille, Enfance et Droits des femmes", le nouveau ministère de Laurence Rossignol fait élever les voix et couler l'encre, quelques jours seulement après son instauration.Famille, Enfance et Droits des femmes, un ministère sur la sellette ?

La dénomination d'un tel ministère fait grincer des dents du fait de la juxtaposition de mots qui, selon les féministes d'aujourd'hui, ne peuvent plus être des synonymes : famille, enfance, droits des femmes. Cependant, l'histoire nous est forcée de constater que, depuis le premier secrétariat d'Etat consacré à la femme, certains intitulés paraissent bien plus étonnants; assimilant droits des femmes à Le jeudi 1 1 février 201 6, le président "solidarité et rapatriés" (1 988), "vie François Hollande donnait naissance à un quotidienne" (1 991 ), "consommation" nouveau ministère pour les (1 992), "formation De fait, ce n'est pas l'intitulé professionnelle" (1 997) ou femmes. Alors que 201 2 avait inauguré un mais la situation actuelle qui encore récemment "ville, ministère entièrement devrait interpeller : les droits jeunesse et sports" (201 4). dédié aux droits des des femmes sont toujours à 201 6 signerait-elle donc le femmes, 201 6 enflamme défendre, malgré la dizaine de retour aux vieux diktats ? tabloïdes et nombre de portefeuilles qu'ont connue les féministes avec ce gouvernements de la Vème. Ce nouveau ministère tend ministère "Famille, certes, à première vue, à Enfance, Droits des cantonner les femmes à femmes" confié à Laurence Rossignol. Les leurs rôles stéréotypés. Cependant, nous ne critiques, principalement féministes, sommes plus aujourd'hui dans une société s’attardent sur l’intitulé même de ce qui se donne pour but de restreindre les ministère bien que l'ex-secrétaire d'Etat à la femmes à la sphère privée. famille et à l'enfance se dit féministe convaincue. Peut-être que le problème à soulever se trouve plus du côté du droit des femmes à Le premier poste gouvernemental dédié aux exister en tant qu'individus ? C'est ce femmes remonte au gouvernement Chirac qu'annonce le terme même de "droits des de 1 974 avec Françoise Giroud, secrétaire femmes" : les “femmes” seraient un groupe d'Etat à la condition féminine. De fait, ce dont la place dans la société - les “droits” n'est pas l'intitulé mais la situation actuelle doit être affirmée, précisée, et acceptée par qui devrait interpeller : les droits des toutes et tous selon le principe de l’égalité femmes sont toujours à défendre, malgré la des sexes. En créant un ministère dédié, on dizaine de portefeuilles qu'ont connue les porte donc l'attention sur la question de la gouvernements de la Vème. Mais puisque femme, et ce à juste titre. Cependant, ce l'heure est à l'échauffement des esprits ministère ne saurait, par définition,

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s'immiscer dans les affaires de ses femmes. En prise avec la réalité, elle fait analogues. Or, le droit des femmes est tout autant remarquer que "les familles l'affaire de tous. Une charte déontologique, monoparentales par exemple relèvent de la donnée à tous les politique familiale et ministères comprenant la illustrent les difficultés Une charte déontologique, liberté, l'égalité, le droit donnée à tous les ministères spécifiques des femmes". des femmes et tout ce comprenant la liberté, l'égalité, Le portefeuille pourrait dont on souhaite le droit des femmes et tout ce donc s'avérer cohérent en imprégner la politique dont on souhaite imprégner la fin de compte, malgré la actuelle serait sans doute politique actuelle serait sans première impression. la clef du problème. Mais D'autant plus que faire doute la clefdu problème. en attendant un tel élan évoluer les droits de la déontologique de la part famille et mettre un terme de nos ministères, il nous faut aussi aux discriminations judiciaires dont sont constater, peut-être au grand dam de victimes les hommes, pourrait également certains féministes, qu'une telle association permettre aux femmes de gagner en entre famille, enfance et droits des femmes émancipation tout en faisant évoluer les pourrait bien se révéler efficiente. mentalités sur les rôles sexués de notre société. Notre nouvelle ministre ne se cache pas pour dire qu'en effet "40% des femmes Aussi il est plus temps, notamment pour les changent leur façon de travailler ou leur féministes qui s’offusquent au péril de leur projet de carrière professionnelle à l'arrivée crédibilité, de laisser parler les actes face du premier enfant, contre 6% des hommes". aux mots et de permettre à notre nouvelle Elle montre ainsi le parallèle efficace ministre de faire ses preuves. pouvant être fait entre famille et droits des

Cette année il y aura des primaires… mais pas pour tout le monde

France Info le 11 janvier 2016 : «je trouve que cette primaire, elle n’est pas impossible mais elle est peu probable». En janvier dernier, des intellectuels tels que Thomas Piketty, Daniel Cohn-Bendit ou encore le sociologue Michel Wieviorka ont lancé un appel pour une primaire à gauche sur le journal Libération afin d’obtenir « du contenu, des idées, des échanges » , « le projet positifdont la France a besoin pour sortir de l’impasse ». Mais la primaire à gauche aura-t-elle vraiment lieu ?

Johanna Villegás

’incertitude rôde autour des primaires à gauche pour l’élection présidentielle de 2017 : primaire sans François Hollande ou pas de primaire avec François Hollande ? Primaire d’une gauche très élargie de La primaire est sans aucun doute nécessaire. Mélenchon à Macron, ou En effet, le désir de primaire pour départager En effet, celui-ci déclarait sur démocratie directe dans seulement Duflot, Laurent France Info le 11 janvier 2016 : « les partis politiques et Mélenchon ? Pour je trouve que cette primaire, elle dépasse ceux qui les l’instant le doute est maître n’est pas impossible mais elle dirigent et les Français chez les Français mais eux-mêmes ne tolèrent est peu probable. » s’affaiblit au contact du plus l’imposition d’un chef secrétaire général du PS Christophe qui viendrait d’une bulle politicoCambadélis. En effet, celui-ci déclarait sur médiatique. La technique des chefs avec un

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pouvoir à forte dimension verticale est complètement dépassée. Néanmoins, il est nécessaire que la gauche élargie trouve son chef de famille, sinon le risque est d’avoir des candidatures à l’élection présidentielle trop dispersées qui favoriseraient le FN et Les Républicains pour le second tour. La primaire serait donc un moyen parfait de se trouver un chef légitime, mais également d’organiser un casting des sous-chefs. Au lendemain de la victoire de 201 2, nous retrouvions sans surprise au gouvernement les concurrents d’hier de François Hollande : Manuel Valls, Arnaud Montebourg. De même, les primaires ont montré leur capacité à mobiliser puisque l’on s’attendait à ce que 2 millions d’électeurs se déplacent lors des primaires de la gauche en 201 1 : il y en eut 3 millions.

présidentielle. La Ve République est une monarchie républicaine, le président sortant a pour vocation d’être candidat, et toutes les prérogatives que lui attachent sa fonction ne lui donnent pas le temps de se lancer en campagne. Telle est l’explication sous-jacente de la non-organisation de primaires au sein de la gauche. La carrure institutionnelle de François Hollande doit le rendre légitime de facto pour être candidat en 201 7 et être le refuge contre le Front National et l’abstentionnisme. Y aura-t-il donc des primaires à gauche ? Non. Ce sera tous derrière le président ou rien.

Par ailleurs, il ne faut pas non plus oublier qu’aucune autre candidature crédible ne semble apparaître pour affronter François Hollande et représenter la gauche en 201 7. Christiane Taubira ? Celle-ci a déclaré qu’elle Néanmoins, stratégiquement les primaires ne se présenterait pas. Manuel Valls ? Il ne ont un effet de repoussoir se présentera pas contre le pour l’exécutif. La En effet, une partie de la famille président (en tous cas pas probabilité que des de gauche est secouée dans ses encore). Il n’y a pour primaires soient organisées principes les plus fondamentaux l’instant pas de candidat ni semble même assez mince. devant les mesures prises par le d’idée nouvelle réellement En effet, nul doute ne gouvernement : Loi Macron, perceptible. La part est subsiste sur le fait déchéance de la nationalité. donc belle pour François qu’aujourd’hui, en février Hollande. 201 6, François Hollande n’est pas un candidat naturel pour la N’ayez plus de doute : aucune primaire ne gauche. En effet, une partie de la famille de sera organisée à gauche puisqu’il n’y a pour gauche est secouée dans ses principes les l’instant pas de candidat alternatif à plus fondamentaux devant les mesures François Hollande. Heureusement, le relais a prises par le gouvernement : Loi Macron, été pris par la droite et le centre. Une partie déchéance de la nationalité. Il ne s’agit pas des Français pourra donc prendre part à un seulement des frondeurs, qui malgré leur soupçon de vie démocratique en novembre médiatisation, ne représentent pas la 201 6. Mais puisqu’il vaut mieux en rire qu’en majorité des sympathisants de gauche, mais pleurer, je conclurai par une déclaration de également des écologistes et plus encore François Hollande au journal Le Parisien en du Front de Gauche. Si François Hollande le 1 5 octobre 201 1 suite à la question : « Si devait participer à ces primaires, cela vous êtes président, y aura-t-il des primaires signifierait qu’il doive rendre compte de pour 201 7 ? », à laquelle il répondait : « Oui. son action et tenter de reconquérir son C’est un principe désormais inscrit dans le propre camp ? Ce serait une mise en danger temps et l’espace politique. Nicolas tout à fait inutile pour François Hollande. Sarkozy devrait se l’appliquer, mais ce ne D’autant plus qu’il ne s’agit pas seulement serait pas sûr qu’il soit désigné. Je d’un candidat, mais également du président comprends sa prudence. » de la République. Se plier aux primaires serait d’une certaine manière entacher le prestige que lui confère la fonction LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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Les unions qu partagent Les unions homosexuelles dans une Italie tiraillée entre peur et changement

Arianna Poletti & Sivila Rizzotto

es attaques au mariage comme union entre un homme et une femme représentent une sorte de suicide de l’humanité elle-même, surtout dans nos pays occidentaux». Non, cette phrase n’a

politiciens de droite pendant un «Family Day» (on aime beaucoup les anglicismes en Italie) pour la défense de la “famille traditionnelle”. Parmi les organisateurs de cette manifestation, on retrouve Costanza Miriano, fière maman de quatre enfants et auteur du livre scandale Sposati e sii sottomessa (dont il existe la fidèle traduction française Marie-toi et sois soumise).

pas été prononcée dans le Moyen-Age. Il y a seulement quelques mois, l’archevêque de Trieste s’exprimait ainsi à propos de la question des unions gay en Italie.

Le 23 janvier 201 6, presque toutes les places du pays se sont remplies d’une nouvelle génération demandant l’approbation du décret-loi Cirinnà, du nom de la sénatrice qui l’a proposé au Parlement. Avec le slogan “SvegliatItalia, è L’opinion publique en ora di essere civili!”(“Italie, Avec le slogan Italie, tout comme les “SvegliatItalia, è ora di réveille-toi, il est temps d’être médias, se focalise essere civili!” (“Italie, civils!”), des milliers de citoyens aujourd’hui sur cette réveille-toi, il est temps sont descendus dans les rues question; en réalité, ce d’être civils!”), des milliers débat modèle la société avec des réveils dans leurs de citoyens sont descendus mains, symbole de l’heure du italienne depuis des dans les rues avec des années. L’Italie est en effet changement. réveils dans leurs mains, le seul pays de l’Union symbole de l’heure du changement. En fait, Européenne qui n’a jamais légiféré à propos cette proposition vise à la reconnaissance des unions entre personnes du même sexe. des unions des couples du même sexe et de Le pays est en train de transformer une la «stepchild adoption». Avec cette question de droits personnels dans un débat expression anglaise - dont le ton est très politique qui est une fin en soi. séduisant, mais la signification peu claire on indique la possibilité d’adopter le fils du Mais pourquoi une telle diabolisation du partner, de telle sorte que, si le parent est mariage homosexuel? La société italienne dans l’impossibilité d’exercer son autorité est-elle réellement si conservatrice? Les légale, l’enfant ne reste pas sans tutelle. sondages contredisent cette fermeture, au moins en ce qui concerne la reconnaissance Une semaine plus tard, le 31 janvier, des unions homosexuelles. Au «Family Day» certaines organisations “catholiques” n’a participé qu’un groupe restreint de comme Non Si Tocca la Famiglia (On ne ultras de la “famille naturelle”. Certes, Touche pas la Famille), Voglio La Mamma (Je l’Italie reste un pays très conditionné par la veux ma maman) ou Catechismo 2.0 présence de son enclave vaticane; mais tout (Catéchisme 2.0) ont manifesté avec des comme dans les années 1 970, quand les LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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italiens protestaient pour l’obtention du droit à l’avortement et au divorce, aujourd’hui les citoyens demandent des avancées à la politique. Même si l’héritage catholique, souvent un écueil, reste enraciné dans la société, l’Italie doit assumer sa position d’Etat de droit et rejoindre les autres pays de l’Union Européenne en matière de droits civils. Bien qu’une partie minoritaire proteste paradoxalement pour la négation des droits de ses concitoyens, en utilisant souvent des justifications religieuses, ceci n’implique pas que l’Italie soit soustraite à son rôle d’Etat laïque. On constate, en général, une difficulté de la politique italienne, trop souvent repliée sur

elle-même, de légiférer sur des questions liées à l’éthique. Un débat semblable a lieu dans ce pays depuis une vingtaine d’années et ne trouve pas encore de réponses: il s’agit du droit à l’euthanasie, un autre grand vide législatif. A coté de ce rôle impuissant de l’Etat et revenant sur la polémique actuelle, on peut même se demander s’il est encore légitime de parler de catégories fermées telles que “famille traditionnelle” ou “parents naturels” quand ce “type” de famille n’est plus la règle: ce «suicide de l’humanité» a

déjà commencé, et nous sommes tous encore là.

Commemorating Umberto Eco: ‘’People are tired of simple things. They want to be challenged.’’

Zeynep Aksoy

was planning to write on the growing The postmodern novelist, who passed away disenchantment with politics of our on the 1 9th of February 201 6, is perhaps generation, or on Turkey’s current and best known as the author of The Name of irredeemable foreign policies, or perhaps an the Rose, a Medieval detective murderopinion piece on male mystery set in a 1 4th century circumcision. However, ’’It’s hardto say. Why do you fall monastery, that caused a in this issue, I would like in love? IfI hadto explain it, I sensation. The Name of the to commemorate a very wouldsay that it’s because the Rose was published in 1 980, important philosopher, periodis exactly the opposite of when Umberto Eco was 48 and novelist, and semiotician working as a professor of the way people imagine it. whose life, works, and semiotics at the University of ideas have yet much to contribute to our lives Bologna. His book was translated into 30 andsocieties. languages, sold more than 1 0 million copies

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worldwide, and was made into a film starring Sean Connery.

semiotics, and pop culture. Moreover, Umberto Eco’s presence in the scholarly world increased as a hermeneutician with In an interview with Paris Review, Umberto the publishing of two books, Open Work Eco, a medieval scholar, described his (1 962) and Limits of Interpretation (1 990). passion of the Medieval work was perceived to “I am a philosopher, I write His Ages: ’’It’s hard to say. Why novels be groundbreaking in the only on the weekends.” do you fall in love? If I had field of hermeneutics. he toldBritain’s Guardian to explain it, I would say newspaper last year. that it’s because the period Umberto Eco received is exactly the opposite of the way people many criticisms and the sales of his imagine it. To me, they were not the Dark subsequent books never quite matched his Ages. They were a luminous time, the fertile first bestseller. During an interview with soil out of which would spring the Stephen Moss from the Guardian, he Renaissance. A period of chaotic and responded to criticisms: effervescent transition—the birth of the “I think a book should be judged 1 0 years modern city, of the banking system, of the later, after reading and rereading it. I was university, of our modern idea of Europe, always defined as too erudite and with its languages, nations, philosophical, too difficult. and cultures.’’ It’s only publishers andsome Then I wrote a novel that is not erudite at all, that is journalists who believe that He might still be written in plain language, people want simple things. remembered and most The Mysterious Flame of People are tiredofsimple celebrated for his novels; Queen Loana, and among things. They want to be however, Umberto Eco my novels it is the one that challenged.” wasn’t a novelist, : “I am a has sold the least. So philosopher, I write novels probably I am writing for only on the weekends.” he told Britain’s masochists. It’s only publishers and some Guardian newspaper last year. Umberto Eco journalists who believe that people want wrote half a dozen novels, but his works on simple things. People are tired of simple medieval philosophy, semiotics, critical things. They want to be challenged.” theory, and aspects of philosophy remain pivotal. Eco explored a cornucopia of subjects in his lifetime and all are worth writing and His works centered around a concern with thinking on; however, I want to focus on one the nature of ideas and the of Umberto Eco’s most morality of the methods by Then they were quickly silenced, recent publications: which humans determine but now they have the same ‘Turning Back the Clock: what is true. He has right to speak as a Nobel Prize Hot Wars and Media published novels that winner. It’s the invasion of the Populism,” which consists question the nature of of essays and articles idiots.” belief and truth. For published in various Italian example, his novel Foucault’s Pendulum newspapers and collected together in a involves three intellectuals who decide to book. As Sciences Po students, I believe we invent their own conspiracy theory, only to must take notice of Umberto Eco’s concerns find that their made-up theory is too on our contemporary society. convincing. Eco is concerned about the effects of mass Umberto Eco was interested in a myriad of social media, and in his book ‘Turning Back subjects, from Thomas Aquinas to the myth the Clock,” he warns his readers against the of Superman. He wrote on aesthetics, dangers of media populism. During an LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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interview with New York Times in 2007, he works, ideas, and warnings must be argued: ‘’Media populism means appealing explored and commemorated for the years to people directly through media. A to come. politician who can master the media can shape Here are some of his ‘’Media populism means political affairs outside of appealing to people directly most memorable quotes. parliament and even through media. A politician who eliminate the mediation of can master the media can shape ‘’How does a person feel parliament.’’ when looking at the sky? political affairs outside of parliament andeven eliminate He thinks that he doesn’t Much of the book is the mediation ofparliament." have enough tongues to perceived as an assault on describe what he sees. Silvio Berlusconi, the Nevertheless, people have former prime minister of Italy who used his never stopping describing the sky, simply media empire to assist his political ends. listing what they see... We have a limit, a Umberto Eco believes that controlling the very discouraging, humiliating limit: death. information and media has extremely That’s why we like all the things that we dangerous consequences: "Not long ago, if assume have no limits and, therefore, no you wanted to seize political power in a end. It’s a way of escaping thoughts about country you had merely to control the army death. We like lists because we don’t want and the police... Today a country belongs to to die.’’ the person who controls communications." – interview with Der Spiegel in 2009 Umberto Eco was also a "Not long ago, ifyou wantedto ‘’The thought that all critic of social media and experience will be lost at seize political power in a the ‘exhibitionist’ nature of the moment of my death country you hadmerely to social media sites: “Social makes me feel pain and control the army andthe media gives legions of fear... What a waste, police... Today a country idiots the right to speak decades spent building up belongs to the person who when they once only spoke experience, only to throw controls communications." it all away... We remedy at a bar after a glass of wine, without harming the this sadness by working. community. Then they were quickly For example, by writing, painting, or silenced, but now they have the same right building cities.’’ to speak as a Nobel Prize winner. It’s the - On the Disadvantages and Advantages of invasion of the idiots.” Death We must not disregard his views on ‘’ What is love? There is nothing in the communications, social media, populism, world, neither man nor Devil nor any thing, and privacy. As the world that I hold as suspect as remembers the witty love, for it penetrates the A postmodern thinker who polyglot who thrived at soul more than any other exploredthe absurd, the intertextuality, his obscure, andthe disturbing; a thing. Nothing exists that criticisms on our modern profoundstoryteller who never so fills and binds the heart world and the information stoppedcreating, writing,and as love does. Therefore, age must not go unnoticed. unless you have those challenging; A postmodern thinker who weapons that subdue it, explored the absurd, the the soul plunges through obscure, and the disturbing; a profound love into an immense abyss.’’ storyteller who never stopped creating, ― The Name of the Rose writing,and challenging; Umberto Eco’s life, LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

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‘’All the stories I would like to write persecute me when I am in my chamber, it seems as if they are all around me, the little devils, and while one tugs at my ear, another tweaks my nose, and each says to me, ‘Sir, write me, I am beautiful ’.’’ - The Island of the Day Before

‘’I should be at peace. I have understood. Don’t some say that peace comes when you understand? I have understood. I should be at peace. Who said that peace derives from the contemplation of order, order understood, enjoyed, realized without residuum, in joy and triumph, the end of effort? All is clear, limpid; the eye rests on the whole and on the parts and sees how the parts have conspired to make the whole; it perceives the centre where the lymph flows, the breath, the root of the whys...’’ ― Foucault’s Pendulum

‘’Books are not made to be believed, but to be subjected to inquiry. When we consider a book, we mustn’t ask ourselves what it says but what it means.’’ - The Name of the Rose

The author Umberto Eco at his home in Milan. He has collected more than 50,000 books.

LE ZADIG · 8 March 2016

(A Selection of) Stereotypes by Anne Whitney

esma Merhoum asked me to link this article to the theme of the issue, doubt. But I doubt I can actually do that. I hope this will give you some laughs during a week of doubts and cries and flus and postspring break.

En - MLA or Chicago? *promptly returns to Buzzfeed*

L’ideal-type /The token tracker Fr - Un million de petites filles blondes de Bretagne En - High school losers turned try-hards, probably from Ohio

Résultats de 3A / 3A results

Ce qu’on pense des profs / What they wonder about their professors…

Alcohol tolerance

Association

Fr - Coexister En - Yearbook Fr - Mettre la photo de couverture de Beyrouth, moves on En - OMG I DON’T EVEN HAVE A 3A BUT I LOVE YOU LET’S CELEBRATE PLEASE CAN WE WOW Fr - Heavyweight En - Lightweight... two drinks *dead*

Fr - Serait-il possible d’avoir une extension pour le rendu ? Ce mémoire c’est vraiment abusé. En - Dude, did you even pass B2 English?

Deadlines

Fr - T-6h ? Faut commencer En - Either done probably ten months before it was assigned OR like three weeks after the deadline

Ne jamais oublier / Never forget

Fr - Cigarettes, mieux si on la roule En - Water bottle OR laptop plastered with bumper stickers

Note-sharing?

Lycée / High School

Fr – Lycée français de partout sur terre En – UWC, anywhere, everywhere, all of them

Fr - You get notes, you get notes, YOU ALL GET NOTES (l’amour pour Nesma et Amine ne va jamais s’arrêter) En - Nah, bra

French tracker speaking English – “In fact, genre, if I well

Rélévés des Notes envoyés / When grades are posted

understood the paradox here of which he explained us” English tracker speaking French – “Hi, like, obviousement je vais voyagées aux 37 continents pendant la vacation”

Fr – Dès qu’ils sont envoyés, dans l’EE, le groupe de promo, n’importe où- "J’ai eu dix-neuf virgule 3983493 sur vingt avec Filiu, 2e classement..." En – “Um, why would you ask about my grades? Are we, like, dating or something?”

Déjeuner / Lunch

Fr - Emballer soigneusement une boîte de raviolis au pesto de la veille En - Sprints to Edwige, orders Veggie Bagel, blows entire life budget but it’s okay because #France #adventure #Riviera

What French track thinks about English track papers - Emotions sans structure

et des arcs-en-ciel et des licornes et amour et chocolat et tout le monde recoit 1 9.5 What English track thinks about French track papers Does a sous-partie mean you’re having a party in the basement?

Questions en cours / In-class questions

Fr - (insérer dix pages de thèse ici)…n’est-ce pas ?

Nesma Merhoum Zeynep Aksoy Berke Alikasifoğlu Camille Azzam Máté Földi LE ZADIG · 4 December 2015

Jacquelyn Rudich Omar Kamel Pırıl Özgerçin Ryan Zohar

Cover Photo: Gaelle Azzam lezadig.com lezadigjournal@gmail.com