/8CG@:FJ (@MIF ;< K@M@;8;<J 3URMHWR
,QVWLWXWR &DP}HV &RRUGHQDomR &LHQWtÀFD H 3HGDJyJLFD
,QVWLWXWR &DP}HV &RRSHUDomR H 3URGXomR
.QRZ +RZ $XWRUHV
0DULD -RmR /RSR GH &DUYDOKR ,VDEHO =DPEXMDO ,OXVWUDomR H 'HVLJQ
0yQLFD &DWDOi
LISBOA – PORTO e-mail: lidel@lidel.pt http://www.lidel.pt (Lidel on-line) (site seguro certificado pela Thawte)
( ',dÂŽ2 ( ' ,675,%8,dÂŽ2
(6&5,7�5,2 6('( 5XD ' (VWHIkQLD U F 'WR /LVERD ,QWHUQHW ² OLYUDULDO[#OLGHO SW 5HYHQGD ² UHYHQGD#OLGHO SW )RUPDomR 0DUNHWLQJ ² IRUPDFDR#OLGHO SW PDUNHWLQJ#OLGHO SW (QV /tQJXDV ([SRUWDomR ² GHSLQWHUQDFLRQDO#OLGHO SW )D[ /LQKD GH $XWRUHV ² HGLFRHVSOH#OLGHO SW )D[ /,95$5,$6 /LVERD $Y � 3UDLD GD 9LWyULD ² OLYUDULDO[#OLGHO SW ² 7HO )D[ 3RUWR 5XD 'DPLmR GH *yLV ² GHOSRUWR#OLGHO SW ² 7HO )D[
&RS\ULJKW Â&#x2039; DEULO /LGHO ² (GLo}HV 7pFQLFDV /GD ,OXVWUDo}HV 0yQLFD &DWDOi &DSD 0yQLFD &DWDOi 3Up ,PSUHVVmR 5(. /$0( 0XOWLVHUYLoRV *UiĂ&#x20AC;FRV 3XEOLFLGDGH /GD ,PSUHVVmR H DFDEDPHQWR 5ROR )LOKRV ,, 6 $ ² ,QG~VWULDV *UiĂ&#x20AC;FDV 'HS /HJDO Q Â&#x17E; ,6%1
Este pictograma merece uma explicação. O seu propĂłsito ĂŠ alertar o leitor para a ameaça que representa para o futuro da escrita, nomeadamente na ĂĄrea da edição tĂŠcnica e universitĂĄria, o desenvolvimento massivo da fotocĂłpia. O CĂłdigo do Direito de Autor estabelece que ĂŠ crime punido por lei, a fotocĂłpia sem autorização dos proprietĂĄrios do copyright. No entanto, esta prĂĄtica generalizou-se sobretudo no ensino superior, provocando uma queda substancial na compra de livros tĂŠcnicos. Assim, num paĂs em que a literatura tĂŠcnica ĂŠ tĂŁo escassa, os autores nĂŁo sentem motivação para criar obras inĂŠditas e fazĂŞ-las publicar, ďŹ cando os leitores impossibilitados de ter bibliograďŹ a em portuguĂŞs. Lembramos portanto, que ĂŠ expressamente proibida a reprodução, no todo ou em parte, da presente obra sem autorização da editora.
/LYUR GH $WLYLGDGHV ÌQGLFH 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD 6DOSLFRV H RV VHXV DPLJRV 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD 2 QRVVR PXQGR FRORULGR 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD e WmR ERP VDEHU OHU 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD 2 DQLYHUViULR GR 0DQXHO 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD 'HVSRUWRV 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD 0DU 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD 7UDQVSRUWHV 8QLGDGH 3iJLQD $V IpULDV HVWmR D FKHJDU
WUrV
8QLGDGH
6DOSLFRV H RV VHXV DPLJRV
(VFUHYH DTXL R QRPH GRV WHXV WUrV PHOKRUHV DPLJRV
$JRUD XVD XP DGMHWLYR TXH FDUDFWHUL]H FDGD XP 3RU H[HPSOR 2 PHX DPLJR 6DOSLFRV p EULQFDOKmR
)D] FRPR R 0DQXHO H DSUHVHQWD QRV D WXD IDPtOLD &RPHoD FRP 2Oi HX VRX R D
TXDWUR
4XDQWRV DOXQRV WHP D WXD DXOD GH SRUWXJXrV" (VFUHYH R Q~PHUR H WDPEpP SRU H[WHQVR
'HVHQKD D SODQWD GD WXD VDOD GH DXOD HVFUHYHQGR R QRPH GH WRGRV RV DOXQRV ( GR SURIHVVRU FODUR
FLQFR
2XYH D FRQYHUVD QD VDOD GH DXOD HQWUH DOXQRV H SURIHVVRUD H FRPSOHWD R WH[WR %RP PHQLQRV (VWi XP OLQGR GLD GH VRO 9r VH ORJR TXH FKHJRX D 6HQKRUD SRVVR WUD]HU R 6DOSLFRV SDUD D DXOD" 6y KRMH 9i Oi 1mR R 6DOSLFRV p XP 6HQWHP VH H WLUHP RV GDV PRFKLODV p PXLWR 0DV R 1mR 0DQXHO DJRUD YHP DR TXDGUR H HVFUHYH D GDWD +RMH p GLD GH PDUoR GH 0XLWR EHP YDPRV SDVVDU D SDUD R FDGHUQR 3URIHVVRUD DJRUD p PDWHPiWLFD RX SRUWXJXrV" 9HMDP QR &KLX PHQLQRV FDODGRV SRU 0XLWR REULJDGD 0DQXHO D GDWD HVWi SRGHV LU VHQWDU WH
VHLV
9HUGDGHLUR RX )DOVR" 1D VDOD GH DXOD XPD PHQLQD WLUD GD PRFKLOD XPD %DUELH 9
)
9
)
9
)
9
)
9
)
8P DOXQR HVFUHYH D GDWD QR TXDGUR
8P DOXQR Or XP WH[WR
8PD DOXQD FRPH XP FKRFRODWH QD DXOD
8PD SURIHVVRUD VDOWD j FRUGD QD DXOD
8P DOXQR OHYDQWD D PmR SDUD IDODU H GL] µ3RU IDYRU ´
3RU IDYRU
9
)
VHWH
'HVFREUH RV HUURV H FRUULJH RV ERP QRLWH yOD GLD ERP DWp RORJ DGULJDER IDYRU URS RDE WDUGH D GHXV
3LQWD DV LPDJHQV FRP DV FRUHV FHUWDV H OHJHQGD DV
2 FURFRGLOR p YHUGH
RLWR
/LJD RV Q~PHURV jV SDODYUDV
(QWUH RV GRLV GHVHQKRV H[LVWHP RLWR GLIHUHQoDV 4XDLV VmR"
QRYH
2EVHUYD D IRWRJUDÃ&#x20AC;D GD VDOD GD IDPtOLD 4XLQDV H GHVFREUH RQGH HVWmR HVFRQGLGRV RV Q~PHURV
2 HVWi
GH]
GR VRIi
2 HVWi
GD PHVD
2 HVWi
GR WHOHIRQH
2 HVWi
HVWDQWH
2 HVWi
GDV UHYLVWDV
2 HVWi
GD WHOHYLVmR
DWUiV DR Sp SRU EDL[R QD HP IUHQWH HP FLPD
'HVFREUH H HVFUHYH R QRPH GH FLQFR DQLPDLV H GH FLQFR FRUHV ',
0$
7O
9(5
/(
0(/+2
7(
&52&2
35(
(/(
*5(
=8/
)$1
&$
72
$
'(
$0$5(
9(5
/2
速2
&2
$QLPDLV
&RUHV
2XYH FRP PXLWD DWHQomR H HVFUHYH DV VHLV IUDVHV 6DOSLFRV HVFROD FLQFR SDL SRUWXJXrV REULJDGR
RQ]H
/r H OLJD DV IUDVHV jV LPDJHQV
(PSUHVWDV PH D WXD ERUUDFKD SRU IDYRU"
2EULJDGD 0DQXHO D GDWD HVWi FHUWD
$Wp ORJR 6DOSLFRV QmR SRGHV LU j HVFROD
2Oi (X WHQKR DPLJRV
%RP GLD VHQKRUD SURIHVVRUD
GR]H
(X VHL SRUWXJXrV &RPSOHWD DV SDODYUDV FRP P RX Q
D PD
WD
R FD
SR
D WD
SD
D WL
WD
D FD
WLJD
D SR
ED
D OR
ED
R FL
]HLUR
WUH]H
)LFKD GH 9RFDEXOiULR &RSLD DV SDODYUDV H H[SUHVV}HV
4XH ORXFXUD
HQFDUDFRODGR
jV HVFRQGLGDV
D HVSHUDQoD
XPD PXOWLGmR
D FRUDJHP
D PHGDOKD
D EDQGHLUD
YDLGRVR
&ODVVLÀFDomR 2 PHX WUDEDOKR IRL
%RP
([FHO
R 0XLW
HQWH
FDWRU]H
5D]RiYHO %RP
8QLGDGH
2 QRVVR PXQGR FRORULGR 2XYH R WH[WR µ$ (UYD 0LODJURVD´ H UHVSRQGH jV SHUJXQWDV 2 TXH p TXH ID]LD D 9LROHWD Ã&#x20AC;FDU FRP VRQR GHSRLV GH XP GLD GH DXODV H GH EULQFDGHLUD" 3RUTXH p TXH HOD DFKRX PHOKRU UHVSRQGHU DR SDL" 4XDLV IRUDP DV WUrV FRLVDV HP TXH D 9LROHWD SHQVRX TXDQGR OKH GLVVHUDP TXH DV IpULDV LDP VHU GLIHUHQWHV" 2 TXH VmR WUDJpGLDV" $ PmH GD 9LROHWD YDL YLVLWDU XP SDtV HP WUDEDOKR 4XDO p" $ PHQLQD JRVWDYD GH LU SDUD R $OJDUYH"
3DUD FDVD GH TXHP YDL D 9LROHWD" (P TXH SURYtQFLD SRUWXJXHVD Ã&#x20AC;FD"
TXLQ]H
ISBN 978-972-757-568-8