MENARA MESINIAGA
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE AND HISTORY [ARC 60203] PROJECT 2 : REPORT TUTOR : MS BALKISH GROUP MEMBERS : WANSA ALICE WONG LIENG KAM WONG LOK XUAN WONG TECK POH
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CONTENTS 01 | INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION FAST FACTS HISTORY ARCHITECT
02 0 3 | A R C H I T E C T U R A L L AYO U T OF BUILDING WONG LIENG KAM
[05-08]
01
0 2 | S I T E C O N T E X T A N A LYS I S WONG LOK XUAN
[31-35]
[10-29]
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04 | ARCHITECTURE STYLE A N A LYS I S WANSA ALICE
05 | BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, S T R U C T U R E & M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S WONG LIENG KAM
06 07 | CONCLUSION [72-78] CONCLUSION REFERENCES IMAGE REFERENCES
[46-59]
[37-44]
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06 | ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS & C O M P O N E N T S A N A LYS I S WONG TECK POH
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[61-70]
01 INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION 05
Mesiniaga Tower, named after the company that owns it, is located at SS16, Subang Jaya of Selangor in Malaysia. Composed of 15 storeys, it is an office building designed by Ken Yeang of T.R. Hamzah and Yeang Sdn Bhd and is now an icon of the company. The Mesiniaga Tower was completed in 1992 after a construction period of around 2 years. The futuristic-looking building is a manifestation of Yeang’s many years of research into passive design strategies for tall buildings as well as his application of his knowledge of bioclimatic design principles. It has won the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2013 due to its representation of a bioclimatic tall building. One of the jurors even termed it ‘organictech’, further proving the success of the building acting as a high technology building coupled with an organic imagery.
FAS T FA C T S 06
Figure 1.1 : Mesiniaga logo
Address : 1, Jalan SS16/1, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia Floor Area : 12345.69 m2 Architect : Ken Yeang of T.R. Hamzah and Yeang Sdn Bhd. Building type : Office building Main Materials : Reinforced concrete, steel, aluminium composite panels Construction Period : June 1989 – August 1992 (26 months) Architectural Style : Modernism architecture, Bioclimatic architecture Height : Approximately 63 metres Number of floors : 15 (1 underground floor) Cost : MYR148 per square metre
H I S T O RY 07
The Malaysian affiliation of IBM, Mesiniaga Berhad needed an office building as a symbol for their headquarters. The intention behind the building is to provide a comfortable and suitable environment for the employees besides serving an icon to represent their high technological products. This prompted Ismail Sulaiman of IBM to commission the local architect Ken Yeang of TR Hamzah and Yeang to design a building accordingly. After the site analysis was conducted in June of 1989, Ken Yeang went on to create sketches for his client. The preliminary design was approved in December of that year. Thus, the construction of what is about to be a interesting addition to the architecture of Malaysia began in December 1990. Without any big mishaps, the building was completed in August 1992. However, the high level of humidity has caused oxidation to occur, resulting in leaking and rusting in some parts of the building but the problem is solvable. (Safamanesh, 1995) Menara Mesiniaga has since then won numerous awards, where the most impressive among all of them is the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 1995. The Aga Khan Award is only awarded once every three years to projects and buildings that have raised the standard of architecture in today’s world. (Davidson, 1995)
Figure 1.2 : Menara Mesiniaga from a distance away.
the architect 08
Figure 1.3 : Ken Yeang
Dr. Kenneth Yeang is an architect specialising in ecological and passive low energy design. Born in Penang, Malaysia in 1948, Yeang was educated there for his primary studies, as well as in the United States and the United Kingdom for his tertiary studies. He had the opportunity to study at Architectural Association (AA) in London and then studied ecology at the University of Cambridge. He also further expand his knowledge in architecture by taking a landscape program at the University of Pennsylvania. (Powell, 1999) Today, he has published numerous books including: “Designing with Nature: The Ecological Basis for Architectural Design”, “The Green Skyscraper: The Basis for Designing Sustainable Intensive Buildings” and many more. He is registered as a professional architect with the ARB (Architects Registration Board) (UK), the RIBA (Royal Institute of Architects) (UK), PAM (Pertubuhan Arkitek Malaysia), and also the SIA (Singapore Institute of Architects). Yeang also perform his responsibility in educating the younger generation by giving lectures extensively in over 30 countries at conferences and schools of architecture on his ideas and work on ecological design and master planning.
02 SITE CONTEXT A N A LY S I S WONG LOK XUAN | 0325529
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S I T E L O CAT I O N
Map 2.1 : The map shows the zonning that surrounds Menara Mesiniaga
Menara Mesiniaga is situated near to a heavy traffic highway which is over a mixture of unplanned structure and environment. The building is accentuated relative to its surroundings as it’s the tallest tower among the area. There is a lake located opposite to the building and it can be seen from each level of the tower. There are residential areas surrounding the tower: terrace houses which are located at the south and a condominium which is located at the west of the tower. The surrounding buildings are low budget adaptations of older houses as all of these houses is for the residents to live in. There is a shopping mall located beside the condominium which is a convenience for the nearby resident to buy their stuffs. In respect to community development, the traffic ranges from moderate to congested at certain hours of the day because of the existence of the nearby highway.
Figure 2.1 : Subang-Kelana Jaya Link highway in front of Menara Mesiniaga
Figure 2.2 : Residential area surrounding Menara Mesiniaga
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building accessibility
Diagram 2.1 : This shows the entry and exit of the vehicles in Menara Mesiniaga compound.
Menara Mesiniaga is located at Jalan SS16/1. There is a bus stop south-west of the tower (shown on map 1). There is only one main road directing the vehicles to the tower which is Jalan SS16/1. The entry of the tower is located at the north while the exit is located at the south which is shown on the map above.
Figure 2.3 (A) : The basement carpark.
Figure 2.4 (B) : The outdoor carpark.
Figure 2.6 (D) : The exit of the building.
Figure 2.7 (E) : The entrance to the building.
Figure 2.5 (C) : Entry to the tower and the security house.
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r e l at i o n s h i p of building with its surroundings
Map 2.2 : The map shows the surrounding building around Menara Mesiniaga.
Menara Mesiniga is located at SS16, which surrounded by a few high rise building such as shopping mall and condominium while the neighbouring low-rise building consists of shoplots and terrace houses. Subang Square
Figure 2.8 : View from Menara Mesiniaga towards Subang Square, SS15 Courtyard and residential areas.
SS15 Courtyard
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Figure 2.9 (A) : Casa Tiara Condominium.
The Casa Tiara Condominium is located at Jalan SS16/1, same as Menara Mesiniaga, approximately 2 minutes walking distance from Menara Mesiniaga as it is located just behind Menara Mesiniaga. The condominium was completed in 2008 while Mesiniaga was completed in 1992. Both of them are high-rise building among the area and both of them are multi-function building as they provide facilities such as swimming pool, fitness room, car park etc.
Figure 2.10 (B) : Subang Ria Recreational Park.
The park is situated beside Subang-Kelana Jaya Link Highway which is opposite to Menara Mesiniaga, with a proximity of 9 minutes walking distance from Menara Mesiniaga. This park provides a lake, a jogging track and some benches for the people. Workers who work at Menara Mesiniaga can have a good view from the rooftop and they can have a rest at the park as it is near to the building. This may help workers to relieve stress and thus providing a good working environment.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e humidity
Graph 2.1 : The annual relative humidity for Kuala Lumpur.
Based on the figure we can know that Kuala Lumpur has a high relative humidity in the range of 80%-85%. From this we know that Malaysia has a tropical wet climate with no cold or dry season as it is located in the equatorial region which is constantly moist due to year-round rainfall. Relating to the building design, having windows open on opposite sides of the building is better as it creates a passive ventilation as this maintains a good cross air flow and also it eliminate the interior humidity from building up.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e t e m p e r at u r e
Graph 2.2 : The annual maximum temperature for Kuala Lumpur.
This 3 graphs on the left (Graph 2.2, 2.3, 2.4) shows the annual maximum, minimum and the average temperature of Kuala Lumpur and we can see the annual average temperature is around 26.6 degree Celsius. For the average temperature, April is the warmest and wettest month and for the coolest month which is September. June is the driest month of the year.
Graph 2.3 : The annual minimum temperature for Kuala Lumpur.
In high temperature locations, proper HVAC or adequate passive ventilation is necessary for those high rise buildings like Menara Mesiniaga to maintain a cool temperature inside the building to create a comfortable space for the users.
Graph 2.4 : The annual average temperature for Kuala Lumpur.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e s u n pat h
Diagram 2.2 : The position of sun on 1st January 12:00p.m.
Diagram 2.4 : The position of sun on 29th August 2:15 p.m.
Diagram 2.3 : The position of sun on 15th May 1:15p.m.
Diagram 2.5 : The position of sun on 1st November 9:15 a.m.
The diagrams shows the abundance of natural light the building can receive. The architect’s intention is to maximise the benefits from the natural lighting. The lobby of the building is inserted further inside to be shaded by the second floor’s balcony of the building. Moreover, the natural lighting penetrate through the roof of the basement parking.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e b u i lt f o r m
This building is built vertically to allow exposure to the full extent of the heat, temperature and weather. Its exoskeleton is made out from reinforced concrete and exposed steel structure which can help in reflecting the sunlight. Besides, the exposed column and beams are open to cross ventilated cooling. Single core services are built on the east which is the hot side of the building.
Figure 2.11 : The north view of Menara Mesiniaga.
r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e lighting The architect of Menara Mesiniaga purposely designed it based on the sunlight which will penetrate into the building. The building is intended to benefit from the environment. When we are inside the building, we could feel that the intention of the architect through every single inner faรงade and the spaces. Besides that, we can see that most of the enclosed rooms does not need much light as they are located on the outside edge where there is high Figure 2.12 : Lobby of Menara Mesiniaga.
quality views and abundant natural light.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e s ky g a r d e n a n d p l a n t i n g s This artificial sloping landscape which is also known as sky garden is created to connect the land to the verticality of the building because they want to shelter and insulate the lowest three levels from the morning sun. Besides, circular spiraling body with landscaped sky courts was created as this may help to cool, ventilates and also it can provide a space for occupants to relief and relax. Figure 2.13 : The sky garden located in Menara Mesiniaga.
r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e s o l a r o r i e n tat i o n a n d shading devices At the north and south sides there is curtain wall glazing which is the garden insets provided as they will help in reducing the solar gain by the building and also will provide thermal comfort for the occupants. Besides, at the east and west side there is shaded windows act as a response to the tropical sun path. Moreover, on the south faรงade there is a cantilevering rooftop pool and a gym room with a curvilinear roof, this may help in Figure 2.14 : Cantilevering rooftop pool of Menara Mesiniaga
providing a thermal comfort for the users especially when on the high angled afternoon sun. The pool also can insulate and reflect the overhead sunlight to provide a cool and comfortable place for user to relief.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e l a n d s ca p e The presence of the greenery that surrounds Menara Mesiniaga brings liveliness and sense of nature into the area, where it is mostly surrounded by man made structure and skyscrapers. A lot of plantations can be found in the open public area of the tower, responding to the landscapes of the surrounding. Diagram 2.6 : The greeneries area surrounding Menara Mesiniaga.
The greeneries that are located at the open public area, in front of the tower allows the worker to rest their eyes and appreciate the environment while resting.
Figure 2.15 : Plantation in front of the entrance.
Figure 2.16 : Greenery surrounding the tower.
Figure 2.17 : Plantation in the open public area.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e sunshade
OVERHANGING ROOF The overhang shades the uppermost floor which houses recreational area, a sun roof, a swimming pool and it also shade the offices. SUN ROOF Sun roof is a skeletal provision for panel space for the possible future placing of solar-cells as to provide the back-up energy source.
Diagram 2.7 : The model of Menara Mesiniaga shows the overhanging roof and sun roof.
On the south and west faรงade, louvers and aluminium fins is used to provide a sun shading.
Diagram 2.8 : The south-west of the Menara Mesiniaga model.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e sunshade
On the north and south faรงade the curtain wall glazing is used to control the solar gain by the building.
Diagram 2.9 : The west side of the Menara Mesiniaga model.
This model massing that shows the shading and the glazing of the building.
Diagram 2.10 : The south of the Menara Mesiniaga model.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e v e n t i l at i o n
Graph 2.5 : The table and figure below shows the wind rose of wind and weather statistics of Kuala Lumpur.
Due to the various wind directions, the winds are nearly transferred equally. This building’s main ventilation is from air conditioning and also natural ventilation. For the air conditioning systems of the area such as counter area, meeting rooms, offices, cafeteria and the other areas is divided to two types. The first type is the Energy Saving System which is used around the counter area and offices because of the staying period at these places are longer compared to the other areas. The second type of the conditioning system is called the Spilt Air Conditioner which is usually used in houses as its function is cooling the spaces. For this building, Spilt Air Conditioner are used in the meeting rooms and cafeteria and it is only for a certain period of time.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e v e n t i l at i o n
Figure 2.18 : The basement parking area of Menara Mesiniaga.
Diagram 2.11 : The air flow (green arrow) and air conditioning air flow (yellow ellipse) throughout the building.
Figure 2.19 : The open space which located at second floor.
Figure 2.20 : Air conditioner in the office area.
Figure 2.21 : Swimming pool with open roof
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Figure 2.22 : Lobby entrance of Menara Mesiniaga.
In this building there are large multi-storey transitional spaces which provides airflow in between the zones and at the same time provide a better circulation of air in and out of the building. Besides, this building is using permeable external walls which can provide a good ventilation even in air conditioned spaces. The lobby entrance is half opened to the surrounding while the other half is circled by the sloped berm to create a good ventilation system inside the building.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e v e n t i l at i o n
Besides the air conditioning system, natural ventilation occurs as wind can flow into the building as the escape stairs are not enclosed and pushed to the edge of the building to allow wind to take part. Besides, there are also shaded window openings at the elevator lobby and the washroom spaces to allow natural ventilation. For the office area, there are sliding doors on the terraces that can be opened for natural ventilation. Moreover, there is a overhang curved roofing on top of the gymnasium which provide tiny gaps to allow wind to move into it. Lastly, the basement parking area is ventilated as the entrance and exit are opened which allow air to flow in. These features allow the building to be maintained within a more reasonable amount compared to other buildings as the energy consumption of this building is reduced.
Diagram 2.12 : The basic air flow within the tower.
As the air passes through the sky gardens as well as the shading devices, they are cooled and flow through the building as part of the ventilation cooling system. To maintain the air flow throughout the building, the exterior windows is used to utilize natural ventilation.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e t h e r m a l c o m f o rt
Figure 2.23 : Primary shading louvres of the tower.
Figure 2.24 : Secondary shading louvres of the tower.
The large part of the building, from the stairways and lift lobbies to the washroom area, is regarded as a penetrable membrane to enable natural aeration. Energy Saving System is used in this building as it controls energy features including the air-cooling system, elevators and other mechanical systems and it is used to monitor and reduce energy consumption. The natural ventilation throughout the building helps reduce its usage to negligible levels which helps in saving energy.
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The exoskeleton of the building which is the visible steel and reinforced concrete structure is suspending the differently shaped office floors with each floor’s main girders connected to the concrete core for shear resistance. The special part for this building is the exposed structure as the tropical climate allows having an exposed structure without contrary temperature effects. In fact, the curtain wall shields is wrapped around by the structure to shield off the building from direct sunlight and it also can act as a heat sink. Besides, this building’s concrete core faces the outside and is located on the east side of the building. The core is allowed to shade the building by this orientation from direct sun rays and its material used allows it to become a heat sink which can reradiate absorbed heat into the building at night. Thermal comfort in this building is more than effectively achieved by these specific features, where mechanical cooling system is applied to optimum use instead of overuse it. The pool located on the rooftop is created to ‘green’ the rooftop as it can insulate and reflect the overhead sun. Besides, the overhang of the curvilinear roof is used to shade most of the entire south façade from the high angled afternoon sun. This building is crowned as it’s a tubular steel trellis that can shade the top floor amenities and it’s designed to accommodate solar panels in the future which will further increase the building’s ecological efficiency.
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r e s p o n s e t o c l i m at e t h e r m a l c o m f o rt
The glass exterior walls of the building allow in natural light. In order to protect the people inside from the hot sun of Malaysia, Yeang creates two different types of sun shields which are seen in yellow and blue. The thinner shields shown in yellow are oriented
The organization of this building pulls the core of the building or the the circulation areas to the exterior(red). Having the circulation on the exterior enables the stair to have natural ventilation throughout them.
closer to the buildings surface than the thicker ones shown in blue.
Diagram 2.13 : Cross section of Menara Mesiniaga shows the parts of the exterior and interior.
Diagram 2.14 : The sun shaders and the garden insets of Menara Mesiniaga.
Diagram 2.15 : The heat map shows on the section of Menara Mesiniaga.
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Diagram 2.17 : Sketch of window section bathrooms. All bathrooms are also naturally ventilated.
As warm air passes through the planter boxes and shading devices, they are cooled. Most of this cooled air is allowed to flow inside as part of the ventilation cooling system.
Diagram 2.16 : The basic air flow was showed on the section of the building
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e as t e l e vat i o n a n a lys i s CURVILINEAR ROOF Helps provide thermal comfort for users of the facilities during the GLAZED CURTAIN WALLING Used on north and south side, as these sides have less need for insulation and unshielded curtain-walled glazing for good views and to maximize natural lighting while the east and west side as a response to the tropical sun path. Deep garden inserts allow curtain walls to be installed without shades.
EXTERNAL LOUVRES All the window facing east and west sides (hot side of the building) have external louvres as solar-shading to
SHADING DEVICES Reflect the sunlight
reduce heat received by the interior. ARTIFICIAL LANDSCAPE & WINDOWS Artificial landscape was created to shelter and insulate the lower three levels, including the parking space from the morning sun. However, there are windows opening on the artificial landscape, to provide natural lighting for the parking bays.
Diagram 3.1 : East elevation of Menara Mesiniaga.
high-angled afternoon sun.
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S O U T H - W E S T e l e vat i o n a n a lys i s
GREEN SPACE Vertical landscaping, or terraces,
spiraling up the building allow water to flow on the same path down the buildEXPOSED COLUMNS AND BEAMS Columns and beams are open to promote cross-ventilated cooling
ing. These terraces are accessible on every floor and also have sliding doors opening up to them to naturally. The terraces leading up to the exposed pool on the top.
EXTERNAL CIRCULATION The organization of this building pulls the core of the building, or the circulation areas to the exterior. The circulation on the exterior enables the stairs to have natural ventilation throughout them.
SUN SHADERS The shields are oriented closer to the buildings surface than the glass shields. GLASS The glass of the building allow the natural light penetrate inside the building. In order to protect the workers inside from the hot sun. MULTI-STOREY TRANSITIONS SPACES Provide airflow In between the zones and provide better circulation of hot and cool air in and out the building. Diagram 3.2 : South-west elevation of Menara Mesiniaga.
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C I R C U L AT I O N T O U S E S PA C E
CIRCULATION SERVICE SPACE EXTERIOR SPACE GREEN SPACE STEEL TUBE Diagram 3.3 : Ground floor plan of Menara Mesiniaga.
MEZZANINE LEVEL
FIRST FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
FOURTH FLOOR
SEVENTH FLOOR
EIGHTH FLOOR
Diagram 3.4-3.11 : Floor plans of Menara Mesiniaga.
NINTH FLOOR
TENTH FLOOR
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o r g a n i z at i o n a n a lys i s
REPETITION OF GLASS WINDOW The repetition of glass window of the building allow the natural light penetrate inside the building. In order to protect the workers inside from the hot sun.
Diagram 3.12 : Concept diagram of repetition of glass window.
ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE Shading devices reflect the sunlight. The shields of the sun shaders are oriented closer to the buildings surface than the glass shields.
Diagram 3.13 : Concept diagram of repetition of asymmetrical balance
ELEVATED PLANE Artificial landscape & windows was created to shelter and insulate the lower three levels, including the parking space from the morning sun. However, there are windows opening on the artificial landscape, to provide natural lighting for the parking bays Diagram 3.14 : Concept diagram of repetition of elevated plane.
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CONTRAST OF FORM Curvilinear roof helps provide thermal comfort for users of the facilities during the high-angled afternoon sun.
Diagram 3.15 : Concept diagram of contrast of form.
CONSTRAST OF MATERIALS Columns and beams are open to cross-ventilated cooling. The repetition of glass window of the building allow the natural light penetrate inside the building. In order to protect the workers inside from the hot sun.
Diagram 3.16 : Concept diagram of contrast of materials.
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Figure 4.1 : Menara Mesiniaga from a view.
types of architecture in the building Modern architecture Bio-climatic architecture Contemporary architecture Structural expressionism
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structural expressionism Structural expressionism is also known as high tech modernism. It was a reaction to the miesian ideals of buildings. These are the kind of buildings that incorporate the ideals of interchangeable prefabricated parts, flexible design and economical construction. They display functional and technical components of a building. Construction involves proper arrangement of fabricated elements and most commonly these are exposed to employ innovative approaches to structural stability. New possibilities in building design are created by engineering. (Structural Expressionism, n.d.) Diagram 4.1 : Menara Mesiniaga section drawing.
examples of structural expressionism buildings
Figure 4.2 : BMA Tower
Figure 4.3 : River Place Tower
FIgure 4.4 : John Hancock Center
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p r i m a ry s t y l i s t i c f e at u r e s • Buildings display functional and technical components of a building • It involves proper arrangement of fabricated elements • Involve emphasis on industrial elements
s e c o n d a ry s t y l i s t i c f e at u r e s • Steel frames are commonly used as well as glass walls • Access to such buildings is on the outside • Interior spaces are adaptable • Exposed truss work • Highly complex shapes • Buildings are Metallic • They have detached frames
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B I O - C L I M AT I C A R C H I T E C T U R E In short, bio-climatic architecture refers to the design of buildings and spaces based on local climate. Designs are aimed at providing thermal and visual comfort by making full use of solar energy and other environmental resources. The basic elements of bio-climatic architecture include the passive solar systems which are incorporated into buildings and utilization of environmental sources that’s to say the wind, vegetation, sun, air, water and soil. These can be used for cooling, heating as well as lighting up a building. Diagram 4.2: Bio-climatic architecture design principles.
t h i n g s c o n s i d e r e d i n b i o - c l i m at i c a r c h i t e c t u r e ORIENTATION BUILDING FABRIC
VENTILATION
ROOF DESIGN
INSULATION THERMAL MASS SPACE
BUILDING FORM LANDSCAPE/SHADING GLAZING/WINDOWS Diagram 4.3: Bio-climatic architecture.
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p r i n c i p l e s i n v o lv e d i n b i o - c l i m at i c d e s i g n • Elimination of heat that accumulates in the summer inside the building to the surroundings by using natural ventilation especially during night time. • Heat protection for the buildings in cold or hot climate. This is done using certain methods that are applied to the external cover of the building, usually maximum insulation and air tightness to the building and its openings. • Use of solar energy to offer warmth to the building especially during winter and for day lighting throughout the year. This is executed by orientating the buildings as well as openings by laying out the interior spaces based on their heating requirements and through passive solar systems which collects solar radiation and acts as natural heating and lighting systems. • Improvement of the microclimate around the buildings through the bioclimatic design of the exterior spaces and in general of the built environment. • Ensuring insulation combined with solar control for day lighting of buildings in order to provide sufficient and evenly distributed light for the interior spaces. • Protection of buildings from the hot sun mainly by shading but also by suitable treatment of the building walls for example by applying reflective colors and surfaces. (Bioclimatic Design and Passive
Solar Systems, n.d.)
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C O N T E M P O R A RY A R C H I T E C T U R E
Figure 4.5 : Photograph of Menara Mesiniaga.
Contemporary architecture retains the modernism’s devotion to connecting the indoors and outdoors in order to achieve the feeling of spaciousness. Contemporary architecture is talked about as the present day building style. Today’s architects architects are most concerned with energy efficiency and material sustainability and this has truly led to some innovative designs. (Beuerlein, 2015) The examples of the contemporary designs do not necessarily protray similar futures because the styles has a lot of variety as it is influenced from different sources. Although contemporary homes typically include an irregular shaped frames, open floor plans, oversized windows and use of green and repurposed components. These are commonly organic designs that fit in with the surrounding space and they meet any immediate need in the area.
m a i n e l e m e n t s i n c o n t e m p o r a ry d e s i g n • Natural light • Natural sustainable components • Recyclable and nontoxic materials
a r c h i t e c t u r e s t y l e a n a lys i s Wansa alice 43
modern ARCHITECTURE
Figure 4.6 : Two of the six steel tubes of Menara Mesiniaga.
Figure 4.7 : Aluminium covers the sun shaders of the building.
Menara Mesiniaga also show modern architectural elements in its design especially in the use of materials. Modern architecture arises following a new construction technology era as new construction materials and methods are explored and revealed. The most prominent which is concrete. Menara Mesiniaga uses concrete for its main structure and a structural frame made with steel outriggers. The use of aluminium composite panels for cladding also shows a feature of modern architecture. Glass is widely used as well as the architect intend to put good use to Malaysia’s abundant natural light.
A R C H I T E C T U R e s t y l e a n a lys i s 44 wansa alice
s t r u c t u r a l f e at u r e s The structural features of the building are clear indication of its architecture style.
Diagram 4.4 : Concept diagrams of Menara Mesiniaga.
BIOCLIMATIC ARCHITECTURE Planting can be found amongst the triple height recessed terraces in the upper reaches of the building. The atriums facilitate natural ventilation with cool air and the vegetation enhances the shade and also increases oxygen supply. On the north and south facades, curtain wall glazing is used to control solar gain. The east and west facades have the external aluminum fins louvers that provide sun shading. The façade is a sieve like filter. The louvers and shades relate to the orientation of the building. Their duty is to allow or reduce solar gain. The deep garden insets allow full height curtain walls on the north and south sides as a response to tropical overhead sun path. The core functions are located at the “hot “side, the east. (Green, 2006) MODERN ARCHITECTURE, STRUCTURAL EXPRESSIONISM The structure is completely exposed. The structural system is reinforced concrete with a steel structure used for mezzanine and balconies.
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exposed steel tubes Exposed steels tubes span the whole height of Menara Mesiniaga. They are able to be exposed to the surrounding as the tropical climate of Malaysia allows an exposed structure without much consequences. These tubes are placed at specific intervals on the plan and serve as a supporting structure for the floors. The floor plates are constructed using concrete over steel trusses which are both materials of modernism.
Figure 5.1 : Part of the exposed steel tubes can be seen from this photograph.
Diaram 5.1 -5.2 : The main structure of Menara Mesiniaga is exposed steel tubes can be clearly seen from these concept diagrams.
Diagram 5.3 : The elevator lobbies, lavatories and office spaces on the east are blocked by the exposed steel tubes.
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aluminium louvres Aluminium louvres are presented in all the windows on the east and west in order to provide thermal comfort by limiting sun exposure on the building. The curtain wall glazing is used to control solar gain and on the north and south facades. These bands of aluminium forms an important part of the facade of the building. Its seemingly random arrangment actually follows the direction of the spiral sky garden available in the building and thus accentuates its presence.
Figure 5.2 : Part of the aluminium louvres can be seen from this photograph.
Diagram 5.4-5.5 : The aluminium louvres can be clearly seen from these concept diagrams.
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sunscreen on rooftop
The sunscreen structure is made of steel and holds aluminum panels. The structure has the capability of holding solar panels (if ever installed). The screen shades the pool as well as the roof of the building. The rainwater collection system is also on the roof. The roof is not problem-free. Due to the high-humidity, there has been some leakage and the deterioration of insulation. Therefore, some rusting has occurred elsewhere in the building.
Figure 5.3 : Part of the sunscreen structure on roof top can be seen from this photograph.
Figure 5.4 : Part of the sunscreen structure on roof top can be seen from this photograph.
Diagram 5.6 : The sunscreen structure on roof top can be clearly seen from this concept diagram.
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reinforced concrete & c o n v e n t i o n a l s t r u c t u r a l c u rta i n wa l ls The reinforced concrete and conventional structural curtain walls were semi-unitized, half on site and half prefabricated and then moved to the site. AluminIum work on the facade was fabricated off site and later installed on site.
Figure 5.5 : Part of the aluminium louvres can be seen from this photograph.
Figure 5.6 : Part of the semi-unitized structural walls can be seen from this photograph.
Diagram 5.7-5.8 : The reinforced concrete and conventional structural curtain walls were semi-unitized, which can be clearly seen from this concept diagram..
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C H O I C E O F M AT E R I A LS & L E V E L O F T E C H N O L O GY
Through the excellent choice of materials, the concept of the building is well expressed and the corporate image of technological products and be presented. However, due to climatic circumstances, some of the materials are not well thought out. Glass, steel and aluminium are materials that do not correspond to local technologies at that time. There was no establishment of a regional recycled construction materials company yet. Therefore, the local practice did not create a helpful infrastructure to regain the value of construction waste. A tangible transition in material used can be felt as one walks through the building. For example, as the spaces change, the use of materials becomes warmer. The steel elements and structures were specifically designed by the architect in drawings and submitted to the engineers. What is remained is just for the engineers to size the pieces to be built. Most of them were imported from Japan like the cladding and the suspended glass in the ground floor lobby. While for the interior paneling, partitions and carpeting were imported from the United States. (Yeang, 2015)
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M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S
Figure 5.7 : Part of the steel structure and reinforced concrete as structural system can be seen from this photograph.
The structural system is reinforced concrete, which has high relative strength, irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress and most importantly thermal compatibility, and with the modern material, which is steel structure, which has high strength; easy to work with. FOUNDATION Bore concrete piles: the principal structural members are reinforced concrete and a structural frame uses steel outriggers. The usage of reinforced concrete is to be compatible with the surrounding temperatures and provide durability, irrespective of corrosion or sustained stress. Diagram 5.9 : Steel structure and reinforced concrete as structural system can be seen from this concept diagram.
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M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S
INFILL Brickwork for internal fire protected areas which brick is said to be an excellent cladding choice to resist or confine fires. Glazed panels for external cladding, which increases the thermal efficiency of buildings are reduces Figure 5.8 : Part of the aluminium composite panels on various parts can be seen from this photograph.
water and air infiltration, and gypsum board for internal partitioning which has the advantages of being sound attenuating, economical, fire resistant and versatile. RENDERING AND FINISHES Imported aluminium composite panels which is an economical selection, provided with outstanding thermal comfort, protecting the environment, least maintenance, durable and excellent weather resistance is used for cladding with local spray tile finish to other
Figure 5.9 : Part of the awhite marble used for lobby walls can be seen from this photograph.
masonry areas like columns and walls. White marble which is aesthetical, resistant to fire, shattering and erosion is used for lobby walls. Quartz tiles which are very durable, fire resistance and porous are used for lobby feature wall.
Figure 5.10 : Part of the quartz tiles used for lobby feature wall can be seen from this photograph.
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M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S
Figure 5.11-5.12 : Part of the granite flooring in the lobby can be seen from these photographs.
FLOORING Imported granite, which is beautiful, bacteria and stain resistant, is used in the lobby with homogeneous local tiles for the poolside, toilet, and roof terraces. But provided with that the granite flooring is expensive and regular maintenance is necessary.
Figure 5.13-5.14 : Part of the homogeneous local tiles can be seen from these photographs.
Homogeneous local tiles for the poolside, toilet, and roof terraces.
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M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S
Figure 5.15-5.16 : Part of the imported carpet at lift lobbies can be seen from these photographs.
FLOORING Imported carpet and tiles for the office areas and lift lobbies.
FIgure 5.17-5.18 : Part of the exposed aggregate plaster used for forecourt and apron can be seen from these photographs.
Exposed aggregate plaster used for forecourt and apron.
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M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S
RECEPTION MINERAL FIBER BOARD AUDITORIUM Diagram 5.10 : The placement of the materials.
FLOORING
Figure 5.19 : Part of the mineral fiber board can be seen from this photograph.
Imported mineral fiber board which has much execution, sound ingestion, flame resistant, warm protection, bacteria resistance, ecological assurance is used for office areas and life lobbies. The usages of Fibrous plaster and gypsum board, which can be easily installed, impact resistant, and as a thermal insulator for ground floor reception, auditorium and exhibition space.
Figure 5.20-5.21 : Part of the gypsum board and fibrous plaster used for ground floor reception, auditorium can be seen from this photograph.
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M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S
Mostly double-glazed. The laminated light-green glass and glazing detailing acts as a ventilation-filter without wholly insulating the interior.
Figure 5.22 : Part of the laminated double glazed light green glass can be seen from this photograph.
Diagram 5.11-5.12 : The laminated double glazed light green glass from both east elevation and south west elevation can be clearly seen from these concept diagrams.
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M AT E R I A LS A N A LYS I S
Figure 5.23 : Part of the painted mild steel outriggers can be seen from this photograph. Figure 5.24 : The sunroof.
Imported metal deck roofing which is an energy efficient roofing type as it reflects solar heat and cut back on cooling costs is used for the sky gymnasium. Also painted mild steel outriggers for the roof structure and mezzanine.
Figure 5.25-5.26 : Part of the metal deck roofing used for the sky gymnasium can be seen from these photographs.
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c o m pa r i n g t o o t h e r b u i l d i n g by t h e a r c h i t e c t Menara Mesiniaga is a “Structural Expressionism” or “Late Modernism” style building, incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design. Structural Expressionist buildings reveal their structure on the outside as well as the inside, but with visual emphasis placed on the internal steel and/or concrete skeletal structure as opposed to exterior concrete walls. Therefore, by comparing with Ken Yeang’s National Library in Singapore, which is also a high-tech sustainable building, similarities can be found. (Yeang, 2016)
Figure 5.27 : Menara Mesiniaga
Figure 5.28 : National Library of Singapore
menara mesiniaga FOundation primary material
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF SINGAPORE
CONCRETE PILES GLASS, STEEL, ALUMINIUM & CONCRETE
technical elements
SOLAR CELLS
design techniques
BIOCLIMATIC
exposed structure
STEEL
flexible interior
STEEL
orientation form
ORIENTED AWAY FROM THE HEAT FROM THE SUN SPHERICAL FORM MINIMIZES SURFACE AREA REDUCING HEAT LOSS AND HEAT GAIN
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c o m pa r i n g t o o t h e r b u i l d i n g I N T H E W E S T The Rotunda is a cylindrical building in Birmingham, England. It was originally an office building but has since then refurbished into an apartment building that has a modern architectural style. The construction of the Rotunda was considered unique as it was mostly built on the ground level then ‘jacked up’ one floor at a time. The building has a reinforced concrete central core instead of exposed steel tubes like Menara Mesiniaga.
Figure 5.29 : Rotunda (Birmingham)
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a r c h i t e c t u r a l e l e m e n t s & c o m p o n e n t s a n a lys i s Wong teck poh 61
Diagram 6.1 : An overview of some of the architectural elements on the building.
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s p i r a l s ky g a r d e n
Figure 6.1 : Part of the spiral sky garden on the recessed part of the building.
To enhance the concept of a bioclimatic tall building, the architect introduces a spiral sky garden into the building. This involves a ‘green’ space (garden) placed on different positions on most of the floors which creates a continuous spiral upwards style of a garden. This responds to rain in such a way that when rain falls, the planting on each floor will absorb it. The balance of rain water will then be returned to the ground as ground water. This also allows each floor to have an open area which serves as a connection to nature.
Diagram 6.2: Concept diagram showing the sky garden spaces.
Diagram 6.3 : The position of a sky garden on one of the floor plans.
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r e c e s s e d w i n d o ws a n d e x t e r n a l l o u v r e s
Figure 6.2 : The recessed windows are shaded when natural light reaches them. The external louvres provide shading to the spaces inside.
Due to the sky garden, it creates a recessed part on each floor where the windows placed here are more shaded due to the extruded part created from the upper floor. The window areas here have external louvres
as
solar-shading
to
reduce solar heat gain to the interior spaces. External louvres that follows the spiral sky garden are added as well as solar shading to reduce solar heat gain to the interior spaces. These external louvres are cladded with aluminium which acts as a good reflective surface to reduce solar exposure.
Diagram 6.4 : Concept Figure 6.3 : Close up diagram focusing on of the external louvres the external louvres. structure.
Figure 6.4 : Close up of the smaller external louvres.
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c u rta i n wa l l g l a z i n g
Figure 6.5 : Curtain wall glazing that forms part of the facade of the building.
Besides the external louvres as facade, curtain walls are an important part of the façade of the building
as
well.
provides
a
full
height
spaces
inside,
openings
to
the
This
allowing abundant natural light to enter the building which utilizes the high intensity of light provided due to Malaysia’s climate, reducing the need for artificial lighting in the interior spaces. These glazing also allows positive views as well as opportunities for natural ventilation.
Diagram 6.5 : Concept diagram relating the curtain wall glazing available on the building.
Diagram 6.6 : Curtain wall glazing occupies the whole floor plan.
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v e rt i ca l c o r e
Figure 6.6 : The view of the uppermost level of the service core through a window.
The building further expands on its passive design by having its core service area on the east side of the building. By strategically placing the core function, this reduces the need for artificial lighting. The orientation of the exposed core absorbs heat and blocks direct light to the interiors of the building during the day which acts as a heat sink. Due to the materials used in the core service, the absorbed heat will then be radiated into the interior spaces during the night where heat is valued more. By pushing the core outwards, the architect has Diagram 6.7 : Concept diagram showing the and natural lighting. (Safamanesh, 1995) placement of the vertical core.
taken advantage of natural ventilation
Diagram 6.8 : Position of the vertical core is highlighted on the floor plan.
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v e rt i ca l c o r e
Figure 6.7 : Ground floor lift lobby featuring marble tiles and high windows.
Windows are placed along
all
elevator
lobbies.
Visual
orientation
is
made
easier as users will now be able to locate oneself after elevator.
exiting The
the window
feature is also applied in the stairways allowing
and them
toilets, to
be
naturally ventilated and receives
natural
light-
ing. (Safamanesh, 1995)
Figure 6.8 : View of vertical core from the outside.
Figure 6.9 : The view available from the uppermost level of the vertical core.
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sunroof
Figure 6.10 : The crown of the building - the sunroof.
The crown is the only decorative element to an otherwise completely
exposed
structure.
It
is planned to add solar panels to the crown which will provide more shading to the rooftop as well as providing an alternate source of energy
to
building
and
the thus
energy
green reducing
consumption.
(Safamanesh, 1995) The shape of the sunroof
portrays
the
easily
shapable property of steel. The cantilever roof located under the crown also provides shading to the south side of the building.
Diagram 6.9 : Concept diagram highlighting the sunroof.
Figure 6.11 : A small view of the cantilever roof beneath the sunroof.
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r a i s e d b as e
Figure 6.12 : Part of the raised ‘green’ base and the landscape surrounding it.
The raised ‘green’ base provides
a
connection
of
the
building to the flat ground of the site. (Davidson, 1995) It also provides a space for planting and allows a continuation to the spiral sky courts. The architect introduced this element to the building to create an image of a building rising up from the ground. The raised base also provides a roof for the underground carpark which allows other architectural elements. Diagram 6.10 : Concept diagram showing the raised ‘green’ base.
Figure 6.13 : Raised base on the other side.
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s ky l i g h t i n ca r pa r k
Figure 6.14 : Openings on the raised base that allows natural light to stream in to the carpark during the day.
To incorporate natural
lighting
to
the dimly lit underground carpark, the architect
introduced
openings through the raised base to allow natural light to enter the carpark. This allows for a better view in the carpark as well as reducing the usage of artificial lighting. Figure 6.15 : The lighting the openings created.
Figure 6.16 : The shadows created.
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r o o f s pa c e
Figure 6.17 : The unfortunately empty swimming pool and the view on the roof top.
The rooftop of Menara Mesiniaga
has
functional
a
spaces
recreational such
as
lot
of and
facilities gymnasium
and
pool.
The
swimming
gymnasium is topped with a curvilinear roof to provide thermal comfort to the user inside especially the
noon
during where
the
uppermost floor is most exposed. The water in the swimming pool insulates and reflects the overhead sun which acts as a heat sink.
Figure 6.18 : The entrance of the gymnasium on the rooftop.
Figure 6.19 : The dining area under the stairs.
07 CONCLUSION
conclusion 72
Menara Mesiniaga introduced a new thinking to the architecture community as it is considered one of the first bio-climatic tower. The architect of this building, Ken Yeang, used many different architectural elements to fulfill the brief as well as his principles of bio-climatic architecture. With this, a low energy but high perfomance building is achieved. The IBM tower represented an emerging technology , which fits with the client’s intention of having a symbolic building that represents their high technological products. Yeang calls this new type the ‘bioclimatic tall building’ and provides it with sensible, energy-saving climatic controls. The most impressionable part of this building are the green sky gardens which twist up the building on the outer edge which creates a break in the 15-storey high building in the form of a recessed terrace. It allows the usage of external aluminium louvres on the curtain wall glazing which is installed in a way where it highlights the spiral sky courts. This paired with a crown roof structure on top and a sloping base which forms a connection to the flate site allows the high tech image much more organic and natural, which was termed as ‘organictech’ by one of the jurors of the 1995 Aga Khan Award, of which Mesiniaga tower proudly won. The idea for designing this building has influenced some of his projects like the use of ‘sky courts’, natural ventilation and also vertical landscaping. Yeang also started to use removable partitions and floors, water recycling and purification, green materials and also building material that can be recycled and reused in addition to his existing design principles for bio-climatic architecture. All of these design aspects are helping in Yeang’s hopes to change how one thinks about skyscrapers where instead of a typical tall solid looking structure, it can have elements that responds to its surroundings especially in terms of climate. Ken Yeang’s ‘bioclimatic architecture’ recalls the climatic architecture of the 1950s and Frank Lloyd Wright’s skyscraper projects, in a move towards a new architecture for the 1990s. the result is an alternative to the reigning mode of corporate towers and a new synthesis for contemporary architecture that is responsive to the climate of a particular place and finds inspiration for a new architectural language. (Powell, 1999)
references 73
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17. Solaripedia | Green Architecture & Building | Projects in Green Architecture & Building. (2017). Solaripedia.com. Retrieved 13 June 2017, from http://www.solaripedia.com/13/302/Menara+Mesiniaga+Features+Bioclimatics+%28Malaysia%29.html 18. Structural Expressionism - HistoryWiki. (2017). Rpwrhs.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017, from https:// www.rpwrhs.org/w/index.php?title=Structural_Expressionism 19. T. R. Hamzah and Yeang Sdn Bhd|Ecoarchitecture| Ecomasterplanners| Green design|Ecoinfrastructure|Eco masterplanning and Eco architecture Malaysia | eco architects | eco infrastructure. (2017). Hamzahyeang.com. Retrieved 20 May 2017, from http://www.hamzahyeang.com/echo-masterplanners-malaysia-ken-yeang/ 20. WAM | Structural Expressionist Architecture. (2017). Worldarchitecturemap.org. Retrieved 13 June 2017, from http://www.worldarchitecturemap.org/styles/structural-expressionist
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cover Menara Mesiniaga [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.designwithhonesty.com/2014/01/ menara-mesiniaga-bioclimatic-way-of.html INTRODUCTION Figure 0 : Menara Mesiniaga [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.archdaily.com/774098/ ad-classics-menara-mesiniaga-t-r-hamzah-and-yeang-sdn-bhd Figure 1.1 : Mesiniaga logo [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://malaysian-career.blogspot. my/2015/08/employment-at-mesiniaga.html Figure 1.2 : Menara Mesiniaga [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 1.3 : Ken Yeang [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://500px.com/photo/115759267/datuk-ken-yeang-by-abdul-khabir-mohamed-ali SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS Map 2.1 : [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from Google Map and edited by Wong Lok Xuan. Map 2.2 : [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from Google Map and edited by Wong Lok Xuan. Figure 2.1-2.2, 2.8-2.10 : View from Menara Mesiniaga rooftop [Photograph]. (2017, June 3) Taken by Wong Lok Xuan. Figure 2.3, 2.18 : Carpark [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 2.4 : Outdoor carpark [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lok Xuan. Figure 2.5 : Guard house [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 2.6, 2.22 : Entrance [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lok Xuan. Figure 2.7 : Gate [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lok Xuan. Figure 2.11 : Menara Mesiniaga [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 2.12 : Lobby [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lok Xuan. Figure 2.13 : Plantings [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Figure 2.14 : Cantilever roof [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Figure 2.15-2.17 : Exterior [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 2.19 : Terrace [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 2.20 : Air conditioner [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Figure 2.21 : Swimming pool [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 2.22-2.23 : Louvres [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report
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Diagram 2.1, 2.6 : Plan [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/files/721.pdf and edited by Wong Lok Xuan. Diagram 2.2-2.5 : Sun Path [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Diagram 2.7-2.10 : Digital model [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Diagram 2.11-2.13, 2.16 : Elevation [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report and edited by Wong Lok Xuan. Diagram 2.14 : Shade details [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Diagram 2.15 : Heat map [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Diagram 2.17 : Window section [Digital image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Graph 2.1 : Humidity [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Graph 2.2-2.4 : Temperature [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/ menara-mesiniaga-building-science-report Graph 2.5 : Wind statistics [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.windfinder.com/windstatics/morib_kuala_lumpur?fspot=putrajaya_lake ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF BUILDING Diagram 3.1-3.2: Drawings [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/files/726. pdf and edited by Wong Lieng Kam Diagram 3.3-3.11: Plans [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/files/721.pdf Diagram 3.12-3.16 : Drawings [Digital Image]. (2017, May 13) Drawn by Wong Lieng Kam with reference to http://www.solaripedia.com/files/726.pdf ARCHITECTURE STYLE ANALYSIS Figure 4.1, 4.6-4.7 : Menara Mesiniaga [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 4.2 : BMA Tower [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMA_Tower Figure 4.3 : River Place Tower [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverplace_Tower Figure 4.4 : John Hancock Center [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia. org/wiki/File:John_Hancock_Center_2.jpg Figure 4.5 : Menara Mesiniaga [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wansa Alice.
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Diagram 4.1 : Drawings [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/files/726.pdf Diagram 4.2-4.3 : Bio-climatic design [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com/ pin/463730092850950854/ Diagram 4.4 : Concept diagrams [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/ files/726.pdf BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIALS ANALYSIS Figure 5.1 : Menara Mesiniaga [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lieng Kam. Figure 5.2, 5.6-5.7, 5.23, 5.27 : Menara Mesiniaga [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 5.3-5.4, 5.24 : Sunroof [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 5.5 : Aluminium louvres [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lieng Kam. Figure 5.8 : Entrance [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 5.9, 5.11-5.12 : Lobby [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lieng Kam. Figure 5.10 : Quartz tiles [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lieng Kam. Figure 5.13 : Tiles [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lieng Kam. Figure 5.14 : Swimming pool [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 5.15-5.21 : Materials [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Lieng Kam. Figure 5.22 : Details [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 5.25 : Roof [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 5.26 : Cantilever roof [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wansa Alice. Figure 5.28 : National Library of Singapore [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.archdaily. com/214147/architecture-city-guide-singapore/national-library-courtesy-of-flickr-cc-license-iambents/ Figure 5.29 : Rotunda [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Rotunda,_Birmingham_050909.JPG Diagram 5.1 : Drawings [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://archnet.org/sites/957/publications/8633 and edited by Wong Lieng Kam Diagram 5.2-5.9, 5.11-5.12 : Drawings [Digital Image]. (2017, May 13) Drawn by Wong Lieng Kam with reference to http://www.solaripedia.com/files/726.pdf Diagram 5.10 : Plan [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.solaripedia.com/files/721.pdf ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS & COMPONENTS ANALYSIS Figure 6.1-6.2 : Menara Mesiniaga [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.3-6.4 : Details [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.5 : Curtain wall glazing [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh.
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Figure 6.6 : Lift lobby [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.7 : Ground floor lobby [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.8 : Vertical core [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.9 : View [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.10 : Sunroof [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.11 : Overhanging roof [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.12-6.13 : Raised base [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.14-6.16 : Car park [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.17 : Swimming pool [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.18 : Gymnasium entrance [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Figure 6.19 : Eating area [Photograph]. (2017, June 3). Taken by Wong Teck Poh. Diagram 6.1 : Axonometric [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://archnet.org/sites/957/publications/8633 and edited by Wong Teck Poh. Diagram 6.2-6.10 : Concept diagram [Digital Image]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://archnet.org/ sites/957/publications/8633 and edited by Wong Teck Poh.