Project 2: Lighting Integration Project

Building Science II BLD 61303

Integration Project: Lighting Analysis on Studio V Final Project Project II

Name: Wong Lieng Kam Student ID: 0323566 Tu t o r : A r. E d w i n

Content 1.0

Introduction 1.1 Project Background

2.0

Drawings 2.1 Drawings 2.2 Section

3.0

Daylighting Analysis 2.1 Space A: Children Library 2.2 Space B: Communal Kitchen

4.0

Artificial Lighting Analysis 4.1 Space A: Communal Kitchen 4.2 Space B: Cooking Studio

5.0

References

1.1

Project Background

The final project of Studio V module (ARC 60306) calls for a design proposal on a learning centre for all on an urban infill site. The design of the building is to consist of relevant architectural responses that address the urban street context while creatubg a sense of interaction and integration within the community.

The site given is located in a corner lot unit along Jalan Stesen 1. The site has an east west orientation, almost directly aligned with the sun path. The front and back of the site consists of low buildings.

Therefore, it receives maximum natural sunlight throughout the day with minimal blackage. Thus, effective strategies for daylighting should be taken into consideration to utilize the benefit of the abundant daylight received whilst avoiding problems associated with glare

2.1

Drawings Floor Plans

UP

UP

UP UP

UP

Ground Floor Plan Scale 1:200

2.1

Drawings Floor Plans

6000

DN

2700

2700

Children Library

6000

UP

DN DN

UP

DN

First Floor Plan Scale 1:200

2.1

Drawings Floor Plans

DN

UP

DN DN

UP

DN

UP

DN

Mezzanine Floor Plan Scale 1:200

2.1

Drawings Floor Plans

DN

DN

8500

DN

DN

6500

6500

Communal Kitchen DN

DN

8500

Second Floor Plan Scale 1:200

2.1

Drawings Floor Plans

DN

DN

DN

DN

Third Floor Plan Scale 1:200

2.2

Drawings Section

B

A

3.0

Space A Daylight Analysis

Daylight Factor Analysis In the early stage of building design, the average daylight factor may be used to assess the adequacy of daylight. The values of these quantities are determined from the given date and W, T and R are corrected by using factors given in the the BS Daylight Code and other publication. The formula is as given:

W DF=

Ó¨T x

A

(1 - R)

Where, W: The area of the window (m2) A: The total area of the internal surfaces (m2) T: The glass transmittance corrected for dirt Ó¨: Visible sky angle in degrees from the centre of the window R: The average reflectance of area, A

Zone

DF (%)

Distribution

Very Bright

>6

Large (Including thermal and glare problem)

Bright

3-6

Good

Average

1-3

Fair

Dark

0-1

Poor

The daylight factor concept is applicable only when the sky illuminance distribution is known or can reasonably be estimated. In this case study, the average outdoor illuminance in Malaysia is assumed according to the standard which is 20000 lux (next page).

3.0

Space A Daylight Analysis

Luminance Level (Lux)

Example

120,000

Brightest sunlight

110,000

Bright sunlight

20,000

Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky, midday

1000 - 2000

Typical overcast day, midday

400

Sunrise / sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)

< 200

Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday

40

Fully overcast, sunrise / sunset

<1

Extreme of darkest storm cloud, sunrise / sunset

Sun Path Diagram (Morning, Afternoon, Evening)

Morning During the morning, the most top floor, third floor will receives the direct of amount of sunlight due to lease obstruction of buildings. Rear faรงade will receives most light from the morning sun.

Afternoon Sunlight is slightly blocked by the overhang roofing, preventing direct glare penetrates into the interior and allowing comfort lighting.

Evening Side faรงade receives most of the daylight which penetrates through the curtain wall. Maximizing the natural lighting, reduces energy.

3.1

Space A Daylight Analysis Location

6000

DN

2700

2700

Children Library

6000

UP

DN DN

UP

DN

First Floor Plan Scale 1:200

3.1

Space A Daylight Analysis Daylight Factor Calculation

Total Floor Area (m2)

162 m2

Area of Window (W, m2)

L=6 H=4 6 x 4 = 24 m2

Total Area of Internal Surfaces (A, m2)

Dimension of Children Library (17.4 x 4) + (162 x 2) = 69.6 + 324 = 393.6 m2

Glass Transmittance Corrected for Dirt (T)

0.6 (double glazed window in clean environment)

Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of

85°

window (ø) Average Reflectance of Area A (R)

0.5 (considering light coloured room surfaces)

Average Daylight Factor (DF)

Average Average DF =

Tø

W x A

Average Average DF =

(1 – R)

24

0.6 (85) x

393.6

(1 – 0.5)

Average DF = 0.061 x 102 Average DF = 6.22 % (according to MS 1525, this space is considered slightly too bright) Natural Illumination

DF = Ei / Eo x 100% 6.22 = (Ei / 20000) x 100% Ei = 1244 lux

3.1

Space A Daylight Analysis Conclusion

According to the calculation, the Children Library has a daylight factor of 6.22% and natural illumination of 1244 lux. The lux value is higher near to the top right corner as it is facing the east. It receives high amount of daylight from the morning sun, whereas during the afternoon, the space is mostly shaded and suitable for relaxation, reading to the children.

As seen in the illuminance simulation above, it is observed that the exposed of space without any sun shading devices has greatly affected the interior, maximizing the amount of light penetrating the space, as only low amount of illuminance is terminated directly from the exterior, thus, inefficiently given issues relating to glare. The brightness of the space as calculated for daylight factor also shows that the space is slightly too bright for reading purposes based on the requirement of MS1512.

In conclusion, shading devices such as louver for skylight is recommended to solve the glare problem, minimizing the direct sunlight penetrates into the interior.

3.2

Space B Daylight Analysis

DN

DN

8500

DN

DN

6500

6500

Communal Kitchen DN

DN

8500

Second Floor Plan Scale 1:200

3.2

Space B Daylight Analysis Daylight Factor Calculation

Total Floor Area (m2)

55.25 m2

Area of Window (W, m2)

L = 6.5 H=4 6.5 x 4 = 26 m2

Total Area of Internal Surfaces (A, m2)

Dimension of Communal Kitchen (L x W x 2) + (W x H X 2) + (L X H) + (W X H) = 110.5 + 68 + 26 + 34 = 238.5 m2

Glass Transmittance Corrected for Dirt (T)

0.6 (double glazed window in clean environment)

Visible sky angle in degrees from centre of

65°

window (ø) Average Reflectance of Area A (R)

0.5 (considering light coloured room surfaces)

Average Daylight Factor (DF)

Average Average DF =

Tø

W x A

Average Average DF =

(1 – R)

26

0.6 (65) x

238.5

(1 – 0.5)

Average DF = 0.101 x 78 Average DF = 8.5 % (according to MS 1525, this space is considered too bright) Natural Illumination

DF = Ei / Eo x 100% 8.5 = (Ei / 20000) x 100% Ei = 1700 lux

3.2

Space B Daylight Analysis Conclusion

According to the calculation, the Communal Kitchen has a daylight factor of 8.5% and natural illumination of 1700 lux. The lux value is higher in this space as it facing directly from the east. It receives high amount of daylight from the afternoon sun, which left the space completely exposed to direct sun making it difficult to carry out long hour activities.

As seen in the illuminance simulation above, it is observed that the unglazed curtain wall of space has greatly affected the interior, maximizing the amount of light penetrating the space, as only low amount of illuminance is terminated directly from the exterior, thus, inefficiently given issues relating to glare. The brightness of the space as calculated for daylight factor also shows that the space is too bright for reading purposes based on the requirement of MS1512.

In conclusion, double skin shading devices nor tinted glazed curtain wall for skylight is recommended to solve the glare problem, minimizing the direct sunlight penetrates into the interior.

4.0

Artificial Light Analysis

Lumen Method Lumen method is used to calculate the light level in a room. It is a series of calculation that uses horizontal luminance criteria to establish a uniform luminaire layout in a space. It can be calculated by dividing the total number of lumens available in a space by the area of the space. The calculation is below:

Where, E = Average illuminance to cover the space n = Number of lamps of each luminaire N = Number of luminance F = Lighting design lumens per lamp, i.e. Initial bare lamp luminous UF = Utilization factor for the horizontal working plane LLF = Light loss factor A = Area of the horizontal working plane Lumen method can be also calculated and used to determine the number of lights should be installed on the site. To know the number of lamps, calculation of total luminance of the space need to be done based on the number of fixtures and examine the sufficiency of light fixtures on that particular space.

Where, N = Number of lamps required E = Illuminance level required (Lux) A = Area at working plane height (m2) F = Average luminous flux from each lamp (lm) UF = Utilization factor, an allowance for light distribution of the luminaire and the room surface MF = Maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because deterioration and dirt Room Index The room index Rl is a measure of the proportions of the room. For rectangular rooms, the room index is defined as:

Where, L = Length of room W = Width of room Hm = Mounting height, the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaire

4.1

Space A Artificial Lighting Analysis

6000 2700

Children Library

2700

DN

6000

UP

DN DN

UP

DN

Type of Fixture

LED Ceiling

Size

121 mm (Height) x 55 mm (Width)

Type of Luminous

840 Neutral White

Luminous Flux (F/m)

3400 lm

Power (W)

24 W

Colour Temperature (K)

4000 K

Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

> 80

Average Life Rate (hours)

50000

4.1

Space A Artificial Lighting Analysis Room Index Calculation

Dimension of Children Library (m)

Length = 6, Width = 2.7

Total Floor Area (m2)

16.2 m2

Height of Ceiling (m)

4m

Type of Light Fixture

LED Ceiling

Luminous Flux of Lighting (F/m)

3400

Height of Luminaires (m)

3.9

Height of Working Plane (m)

0.5

Mounting Height (Hm )

3.9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 0.5 = 3.4

IES Standard Illumination Level for Children Library

400

Reflectance Factor

Ceiling (white plastered ceiling) = 0.7 Wall (brick) = 0.15 Floor (cement floor) = 0.15

Room Index, RI (K)

LxW RI = Hm x (L + W) RI = 16.2 / [3.4 x (6 + 2.7)] RI = 0.55

Lumen Calculation Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

400

Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2)

Length = 6, Width = 2.7 6 x 2.7 = 16.2

Luminous Flux of Lighting (F/m)

3400

Utilization Factor, UF

0.39

Maintenance Factor, MF

0.8 (standard)

Lumen Calculation (Number of Fitting Required, N)

N=

ExA F x UF x MF N = (400 x 16.2) / (3400 x 0.39 x 0.8) N = 6.1 N = 7 lights

Fitting Layout (where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

Smax = 1.5 x Hm Smax = 1.5 x 3.9 Smax = 5.85 Distance between lights is not greater than 5.85 m

4.1

Space A Artificial Lighting Analysis PSALI Method

Switch A Switch B

580

Light Fitting & Spacing Diagram

Light Contour Diagram

4.1

Space A Artificial Lighting Analysis PSALI Method

A

A

A

Morning

B

B

B

B

Afternoon

There are total of 7 light fittings in Space A to archive a minimum of 300 lux standard requirement by MS 1525 for reading area. The light are separated into 2 switches, A & B to balance the intensity of light of the interior. During the day time, switch A (3) will only be switches on during the gloomy day or else there is no needed of artificial light as the faรงade is facing to the east side, therefore, it receives sufficient of natural lighting from the morning sun, saving the energy.

During the afternoon, due to limited amount of skylight and narrow neighbouring building at the rear of the Learning Centre, switch B (4) will be switches on to allow sufficient lighting for better reading and study ambience for children to get along with it.

4.2

Space B Artificial Lighting Analysis

DN

DN

8500

DN

DN

6500

6500

Communal Kitchen DN

DN

8500

Type of Fixture

LED Pendant

Size

246 mm (Height) x 400 mm (Diameter)

Type of Luminous

Warm White

Luminous Flux (F/m)

2600 lm

Power (W)

34 W

Colour Temperature (K)

3000 K

Colour Rendering Index (CRI)

> 90

Average Life Rate (hours)

15000

4.2

Space B Artificial Lighting Analysis Room Index Calculation

Dimension of Communal Kitchen (m)

Length = 6.5, Width = 8.5

Total Floor Area (m2)

55.25 m2

Height of Ceiling (m)

4m

Type of Light Fixture

LED Pendant

Luminous Flux of Lighting (F/m)

2600

Height of Luminaires (m)

3.9

Height of Working Plane (m)

1.0

Mounting Height (Hm )

3.9 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 = 2.9

IES Standard Illumination Level for Communal Kitchen

300

Reflectance Factor

Ceiling (white plastered ceiling) = 0.7 Wall (brick) = 0.15 Floor (cement floor) = 0.15

Room Index, RI (K)

LxW RI = Hm x (L + W) RI = 55.25 / [2.9 x (6.5 + 8.5)] RI = 1.27

Lumen Calculation Lux required, IES Standard Illumination (E)

300

Area at Working Plane Height (A, m2)

Length = 6.5, Width = 8.5 6.5 x 8.5 = 55.25

Luminous Flux of Lighting (F/m)

2600

Utilization Factor, UF

1.0

Maintenance Factor, MF

0.8 (standard)

Lumen Calculation (Number of Fitting Required, N)

N=

ExA F x UF x MF N = (300 x 55.25) / (2600 x 1.0 x 0.8) N = 7.9 N = 8 lights

Fitting Layout (where Smax is maximum spacing, m)

Smax = 1.0 x Hm Smax = 1.0 x 2.9 Smax = 2.9 Distance between lights is not greater than 2.9m

Space A Artificial Lighting Analysis PSALI Method Switch A Switch B

Light Fitting & Spacing Diagram

DN

DN

DN

Light Contour Diagram

Light Contour Diagram

4.2

5.0

References

1.(n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/light-material-reflecting-factord_1842.html 2.Figure 2f from: Irimia R, Gottschling M (2016) Taxonomic revision of Rochefortia Sw. (Ehretiaceae, Boraginales). Biodiversity Data Journal 4: E7720. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.4.e7720. (n.d.). doi:10.3897/bdj.4.e7720.figure2f 3.Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/prof/indoorluminaires/suspended/trueline-suspended/910504097203_EU/product 4.YurtoÄ&#x;lu, N. (2018). Http://www.historystudies.net/dergi//birinci-dunya-savasinda-bir-asayissorunu-sebinkarahisar-ermeni-isyani20181092a4a8f.pdf. History Studies International Journal of History,10(7), 241-264. doi:10.9737/hist.2018.658 5.Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lighting.philips.com/main/support/support/revitlibrary#page=1&filters=Application Area/Indoor,Luminaire Category/Downlights, 6. Light Reflectance Values. (n.d.). Retrieved 28 June, 2018, from http://www.caseydoors.ire/light-reflectance-values/ 7. Department of Standards Malaysia (2007). CODE OF PRACTICE ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND USE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS (FIRST REVISION).

N.p, Department of Standards Malaysia, Retrieved from www.msonline.gov.my