METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWINGS

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONOURS) IN ARCHITECTURE

METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWINGS (ARC 60305)

SERAPH AWAKEN 28, JALAN STESEN 1, 41000, KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

JANUARY 2018

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DECLARATION OF SUBMISSION This report is solely submitted for the module, Methods of Documentation and Measured Drawings (ARC 60305) to the School of Architecture, Building and Design of Taylor’s University in order to obtain 5 credits for Practicum 1.

Name of building: Seraph Awaken Address: 28, Jalan Stesen 1, 41000, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia.

Supervised by: Mr. Mohd. Adib Ramli This is a group effort by: Leaders:

Kalvin Bong Jia Ying

0327822

Clara Lee Pei Lin

0324495

Kennett Lim Roong Xiang

0325031

Koid Chun Chen

0327831

Kok Sze Kuan

0327896

Lim Lih Han

0326573

Melisa binti Faisal

0325983

Group Members: Amirah Batrisyia binti Azman

0326467

Mohd Nazrul bin Mohammad Kamsol

0325540

Arina Nadia binti Farid

0324105

Nahida Auckbaraullee

0327850

Ariventhar A/L Ayahvoo

0326428

Nicholas Choy Jia Wei

0326488

Carmen Chan Shen Wen

0326485

Sirajeddin A. Suliman Saleh

0322399

Christal Wong Ching Ling

0326715

Wong Lieng Kam

0323564

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Every successful project, whether big or small, depends largely on the effort

We feel deeply honoured and extend our thanks to Ms. Ng Cheau See and

of the number of helpful individuals who are constantly giving valuable input

Mr. Tan Chun Hoong, the owners of Seraph Awaken Cafe, who, despite

and assistance in accomplishing the objectives of the project. We, as a group,

business hours, offered the approval of allowing us to carry out our fieldwork

sincerely appreciate the inspiration, guidance and support of the following

and making all measuring and documentation works possible, as well as the

people, bodies, and organisations who have played a pivotal role in making

warm and welcoming treatment throughout the interview sessions.

this project a success.

We would also like to acknowledge and thank Mr. Lim Peng Hock, the owner We, the students of group 8, wish to express our heartfelt gratitude for Mr.

of the building, who provided ample information of the history of the building,

Koh Jing Hao, the coordinator for this module, and all other lecturers involved

the surrounding context as well as old photos of the place.

for the careful preparation and designing of this module to ensure the maximum exposure and learning experience for the students; as well as

We express our gratitude and appreciation to the locals of Klang, the owners

providing the guidelines for completing this project.

of neighbouring shops, for being kind enough to offer time to entertain and answer all our list of endless questions in search of a better understanding of

We also express our sincere thanks to our tutor, Mr. Mohd. Adib Ramli for

our building and site. The following is a list of who were kind enough to

making the resources available at right time and providing valuable insights

conduct an interview with us: Mr. Lun Hoe of Lian Hoe Enterprise, Ms.

leading to the successful completion of our project; and specifically sharing

Norsyafiqah binti Mat Sarif of Pengiklanan Teng Leong, Ms. Erin of Yap Kee

information as well as his literature materials with us.

Banana Leaf Rice Shop, Ms. Tham Siew Buay of Sin Teo Heng Restaurant, Mr. Nelson of Perangsang Jati Antique Shop, Mr. Lee Lai Choy of Wah Sang

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Brothers, the owner of Kedai Cermin Kwong Meng, and the customers at Chong Kok Kopitiam, Mr. Suhani, Mr. Caleb Lim, Mr. Edward Lim and Mrs. Lim. We also extend our sincere regard to the Klang Municipal Council for providing essential information about Klang for our research and documentation as well as Tourism Selangor for organizing heritage walks that provide in-depth information and understanding of the historical significance, architectural value and cultural diversity of Klang that benefited greatly in our research.

On a final note, to everyone in the group, whom without your time, dedication, and perseverance, this project would not have been a success.

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ABSTRACT This project is an architectural documentation on Seraph Awaken, a historical shophouse located in Jalan Stesen 1, Klang. To understand the building analytically, the documentation is executed with site visits to the actual building and physically recording its components, down to the architectural details and use experience. An analytical study on the site context of the building is also conducted to learn about the cultures, history and the people that affect the genius loci of the building. Since this building also focuses on heritage, this project will be an exposure to how this shophouse is preserved and an exercise to devise ways to maintain its condition. The outcome of this documentation portrays how the information and research is expressed, which comes in the form of a report, a set of architectural drawings and a scaled physical architectural model. Through this project, a data analysis on Seraph Awaken can collected and interpreted to display its architectural and heritage significance.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION OF SUBMISSION

i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ii

ABSTRACT

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

xxiv

LIST OF DIAGRAMS

xxx

LIST OF TABLES

xxxiii

CHAPTER 1.0: INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH 1.1 AIM

2

1.2 OBJECTIVES

2

1.3 LEARNING OUTCOMES

3

1.4 SCOPE

4

1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW

4

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH

6

1.7 LIMITATIONS

6

1.7.1 DISTANCE AND TIMING

7

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1.7.2 HUMAN ERROR IN MEASUREMENTS

7

1.7.3 ACCESS TO CERTAIN PARTS OF BUILDING

8

1.7.4 FRAGILITY OF CERTAIN BUILDING COMPONENTS

9

1.7.5 UNVERIFIED INTERVIEW ANSWERS

9

1.7.6 LIMITED SCHOLARLY RESOURCES

10

CHAPTER 2.0: METHODOLOGY 2.1 INTRODUCTION

12

2.2 GANTT CHART

13

2.2.1 PRE-SITE VISIT

13

2.2.2 ON-SITE VISIT

14

2.2.3 POST-SITE VISIT

15

2.3 JOB DISTRIBUTION

16

2.3.1 PRE-SITE VISIT

16

2.3.2 ON-SITE VISIT

17

2.3.3 POST-SITE VISIT

18

2.4 PRE-SITE VISIT

19

2.4.1 RESEARCH METHODS

19

2.4.1.1 PRINTED MATERIALS

19

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2.4.1.2 ONLINE RESOURCES

19

2.5 ON-SITE VISIT

20

2.5.1 SITE SAFETY

20

2.5.2 MEASURING TECHNIQUES

21

2.5.3 MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS USED

22

2.5.3.1 RULER (15CM AND 30CM)

22

2.5.3.2 STEEL MEASURING TAPE (3M, 5M, 7.5M, 8M AND 30M)

23

2.5.3.3 LASER RANGEFINDER (80M HANDHELD)

23

2.5.3.4 LADDER (2.5M STEP AND 4.5M MULTIPURPOSE)

24

2.5.3.5 ADJUSTABLE SET SQUARE

25

2.5.3.6 PROTRACTOR

25

2.5.3.7 BUTTER PAPER

26

2.5.3.8 MASKING TAPE AND STICKY NOTE

26

2.5.4 DOCUMENTATION OF MEASUREMENTS

27

2.5.5 ON-SITE DRAFTING

28

2.5.6 INTERVIEWS

29

2.5.7 PHOTOGRAPHY

30

2.6 OFF-SITE VISIT

31

2.6.1 HERITAGE WALK TOUR

31

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2.6.1.1 KLANG RAILWAY STATION

32

2.6.1.2 GEDUNG RAJA ABDULLAH

32

2.6.1.3 KLANG FIRE STATION

33

2.6.1.4 SRI NAGARA THENDAYUTHAPANI TEMPLE

33

2.6.1.5 LITTLE INDIA, JALAN TENGKU KELANA

34

2.6.1.6 KLANG CONVENT SCHOOL

34

2.6.1.7 OUR LADY OF LOURDES CHURCH

35

2.6.1.8 CHENNAI SILK PALACE (OLD CHARTERED BANK)

35

2.6.1.9 SULTAN ABDUL AZIZ ROYAL GALLERY

36

2.6.1.10 SULTAN SULAIMAN ROYAL MOSQUE

36

2.6.1.11 ISTANA ALAM SHAH

37

2.6.1.12 PRE-WAR SHOPHOUSES, JALAN RAYA TIMUR

38

2.6.2 NON-TOUR VISITATIONS

39

2.6.2.1 CHONG KOK KOPITIAM

39

2.6.2.2 YAP KEE BANANA LEAF

40

2.6.2.3 MASJID INDIA MUSLIM TENGKU KELANA

40

2.6.2.4 ROYAL KLANG CLUB

41

2.6.2.5 MAKAM DIRAJA KLANG

41

2.6.2.6 PERANGSANG JATI SDN. BHD. (ANTIQUES)

42

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2.6.2.7 STADIUM SULTAN SULAIMAN

42

2.6.2.8 MAJLIS PERBANDARAN KLANG (MPK)

43

2.7 POST-SITE VISIT

44

2.7.1 REPORTING

44

2.7.2 PRODUCTION OF DRAWINGS

44

2.7.3 MODELLING

45

CHAPTER 3.0: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE 3.1 SITE LOCATION

47

3.2 SITE CONTEXT

48

3.3 SELANGOR

49

3.3.1 ETYMOLOGY

49

3.3.2 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE

50

3.4 KLANG (ROYAL TOWN)

55

3.4.1 ETYMOLOGY

55

3.4.2 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE

56

3.5 SOUTH KLANG (OLD TOWN)

61

3.5.1 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE BEFORE INDEPENDENCE

61

3.5.2 DEVELOPMENT

65

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3.5.3 GENIUS LOCI

67

3.6 JALAN STESEN 1

69

3.6.1 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE

69

3.6.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JALAN STESEN 1 AND THE COMMUNITY

72

3.6.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF RESTRUCTURING POLICIES IN THE 1960S

75

3.6.4 URBAN PLANNING DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1970S

76

3.6.5 PRESENT CONDITIONS

77

3.7 SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS (WITHIN 200M RADIUS)

79

3.7.1 KLANG RAILWAY STATION

80

3.7.2 KLANG FIRE STATION

81

3.7.3 SULTAN ABDUL AZIZ ROYAL GALLERY

82

3.7.4 GEDUNG RAJA ABDULLAH

83

3.7.5 MASJID INDIA MUSLIM TENGKU KELANA

84

3.8 LOCAL CULTURE AND HERITAGE

85

3.8.1 ORIGIN

87

3.8.2 CULTURAL ZONING AND SPREADING

88

3.8.2.1 THE MALAY COMMUNITY

89

3.8.2.2 THE CHINESE COMMUNITY

91

3.8.2.3 THE INDIAN COMMUNITY

93

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3.9 DEMOGRAPHICS

95

3.9.1 ETHNIC GROUPS

95

3.9.2 AGE

96

3.9.3 OCCUPATION

97

CHAPTER 4.0: INTRODUCTION OF THE BUILDING 4.2 OWNERSHIP

99

4.2.1 TENANTS – MR. TAN CHUN HOONG & MS. NG CHEAU SEE

99

4.2.2 OWNER – MR. LIM PENG HOK

100

4.3 HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF THE BUILDING

101

4.4 PHILOSOPHY

103

4.4.1 BRANDING

105

4.4.2 COFFEE

107

4.5 DISTINCTION BETWEEN WAH YUEN KOPITIAM AND SERAPH AWAKEN

108

4.5.1 KOPI VS COFFEE (TRADITIONAL COFFEE VS MODERN COFFEE)

110

4.5.2 COFFEE PARAPHERNALIA

111

4.5.3 LOCAL COFFEE CULTURE AND COFFEE FUSION CULTURE

113

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CHAPTER 5.0: ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS 5.1 INTRODUCTION

118

5.2 DESIGN CONCEPT

119

5.3 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

120

5.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF HERITAGE SHOPHOUSE STYLES

120

5.3.2 LATE STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE

121

5.3.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO LATE STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE BUILDING

121

5.3.2.2 FEATURES OF LATE STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE BUILDING

122

5.3.2.3 FRONT FACADE

123

5.2.2.4 FIVE-FOOT WAY

124

5.2.2.5 COLUMNS

125

5.2.2.5.1 IONIC COLUMN

125

5.2.2.5.2 EXTERIOR MASONRY COLUMNS

126

5.2.2.5.3 INTERIOR MASONRY COLUMNS

127

5.3.2.6 DOORS AND WINDOWS

129

5.3.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION

129

5.3.2.6.2 DOORS

130

5.3.2.6.2.1 TRADITIONAL WOODEN BI-FOLDING SHUTTER DOOR

130

5.3.2.6.2.2 METAL GRILL SLIDING DOOR

131

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5.3.2.6.2.3 METAL DOOR GATE

132

5.3.2.6.3 WINDOWS

133

5.3.2.6.3.1 FIXED WINDOWS

133

5.3.2.6.3.2 JALOUSIE WINDOWS

134

5.3.2.6.3.3 DOUBLE CASEMENT FRENCH WINDOW

136

5.3.2.6.3.4 SKYLIGHT

137

5.3.2.6.3.5 SINGLE SIDE HUNG WINDOW

138

5.3.2.7 STAIRCASE

139

5.3.2.7.1 WOODEN STAIRCASE

139

5.3.2.8 ROOFS

140

5.3.2.8.1 GABLE ROOF

140

5.3.2.8.2 JACK ROOF WITH CLERESTORY

141

5.3.2.8.3 SHED ROOF

142

5.3.2.8.4 ZINC ROOF

143

5.3.2.9 DETAILS AND ORNAMENTS

144

5.3.2.9.1 WALL DETAILS ON FAÇADE

144

5.3.2.9.2 MOSAIC ON CERAMIC TILE

145

5.3.2.9.3 BLUE PORCELAIN WALL TILES WITH PATTERN

146

5.3.2.9.4 NON-SLIP PORCELAIN FLOOR TILES

147

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5.3.2.9.5 TURQUOISE PORCELAIN WALL TILES WITH PATTERN

148

5.3.2.9.6 GREEN PORCELAIN WALL TILES

149

5.3.3 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS

150

5.3.3.1 ORIENTATION

150

5.3.3.2 SYMMETRY AND REPETITION

151

5.3.3.3 OVERALL CIRCULATION

152

5.3.3.3.1 INTRODUCTION

152

5.3.3.3.2 OLD GROUND FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION

153

5.3.3.3.3 NEW GROUND FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION

153

5.3.3.3.4 OLD FIRST FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION

154

5.3.3.3.5 NEW FIRST FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION

154

5.3.3.4 VENTILATION

155

5.3.3.4.1 CROSS VENTILATION

155

5.3.3.4.2 STACK VENTILATION

156

5.3.3.5 NATURAL LIGHT

157

5.3.3.5.1 INTRODUCTION

157

5.3.3.5.2 CLERESTORY

158

5.3.3.5.3 SKYLIGHT

159

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CHAPTER 6.0: SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING 6.1 CHANGES IN SPATIAL LAYOUT

159

6.1.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

160

6.1.1.1 WAH YUEN KOPITIAM

160

6.1.1.2 SERAPH AWAKEN

161

6.1.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

162

6.1.2.1 WAH YUEN KOPITIAM

162

6.1.2.2 SERAPH AWAKEN

163

6.1.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERAPH AWAKEN AND ITS SPATIAL LAYOUT

164

6.2 SPATIAL TYPOLOGY

165

6.2.1 SEGREGATION OF SPACES

165

6.2.1.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

165

6.2.1.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

166

6.3 SPATIAL PLANNING AND THE SPATIAL EXPERIENCE

167

6.3.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

167

6.3.1.1 CAFÉ

167

6.3.1.2 CORRIDOR

169

6.3.1.3 STORAGE ROOM

170

6.3.1.4 ROASTERY ROOM 1

171

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6.3.1.5 STORAGE AREA

172

6.3.1.6 BATHROOM AND TOILET

173

6.3.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

174

6.3.2.1 LIVING AREA

174

6.3.2.2 ROASTERY ROOM 2

175

6.3.2.3 PASSAGE

176

6.3.2.4 WASHROOM AND BATHROOM

177

6.4 PROPERTIES OF SPACES

178

6.4.1 PUBLIC, SEMI-PUBLIC AND PRIVATE

178

6.4.1.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

178

6.4.1.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

179

6.4.2 CIRCULATION

180

6.4.3 ACOUSTICS

181

CHAPTER 7.0: MATERIALS AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION 7.1 INTRODUCTION

183

7.2 USE OF BUILDING MATERIALS

184

7.2.1 WAH YUEN KOPITIAM AND SERAPH AWAKEN

184

7.2.2 STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS

185

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7.2.2.1 TIMBER

185

7.2.2.2 CLAY BRICK

187

7.2.2.3 TERRACOTTA CLAY-BASED TILES

188

7.2.2.4 CORRUGATED ZINC SHEET ROOFING

189

7.2.2.5 CERAMIC TILES

190

7.2.2.6 LIME PLASTER

191

7.2.2.7 REINFORCED CONCRETE

192

7.2.2.8 MILD STEEL

193

7.2.2.9 CEMENT SCREED

194

7.3 CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS

195

7.3.1 WALLS

195

7.3.1.1 ENGLISH BOND BRICK WALL

195

7.3.1.2 INTERNAL PARTITION WALLS

196

7.3.1.2.1 GYPSUM BOARD

196

7.3.1.2.2 PLYWOOD

197

7.3.2 FLOORING

198

7.3.2.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB SYSTEM

198

7.3.2.2 STRAIGHT/STACK BOND TILES

199

7.3.2.3 TIMBER FLOOR

200

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7.3.2.3.1 JOINT METHOD AND LAYOUT

201

7.3.3 ROOFS

202

7.3.3.1 GABLE ROOF

202

7.3.3.2 JACK ROOF WITH CLERESTORY

203

7.3.3.3 SHED ROOF

204

7.3.4 STAIRCASE

205

7.3.4.1 RUNS, TREADS AND RISERS

206

7.3.4.2 BALUSTRADE

207

7.3.5 COLUMN

208

7.3.6 DOORS

209

7.3.6.1 TRADITIONAL WOODEN BI-FOLDING SHUTTER DOOR

209

7.3.6.1.1 INTRODUCTION

209

7.3.6.1.2 DETAILS

210

7.3.6.1.3 MAIN PLANK AND SECONDARY PLANKS

213

7.3.6.1.5 STEEL LOCK BARS AND STEEL HANDLES

215

7.3.6.1.6 VENTILATION VENT

216

7.3.6.2 WOODEN DOORS

217

7.3.6.2.1 DETAILS

217

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7.3.6.3 METAL GRILL SLIDING DOOR

219

7.3.6.3.1 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

220

7.3.6.4 METAL DOOR GATE

221

7.3.6.4.1 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

221

7.3.7 WINDOWS

222

7.3.7.1 JALOUSIE WINDOW

222

7.3.7.2 DOUBLE CASEMENT WINDOWS

223

7.3.7.2.1 DETAILS

224

7.3.7.3 SINGLE SIDE HUNG WINDOW

225

7.3.7.4 FIXED WINDOWS

226

7.3.8 SKYLIGHT

227

7.3.9 SECURITY ELEMENTS

228

7.3.10 FINISHINGS

229

7.3.10.1 PAINT

229

7.3.10.2 STIPPLE FINISH COAT

230

7.3.10.3 PLASTER

230

7.3.10.4 POLYURETHANE SATIN WOOD FINISHING

231

7.3.10.5 WOOD LAMINATION

231

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CHAPTER 8.0: BUILDING DEFECTS AND DILAPIDATIONS 8.1 INTRODUCTION

233

8.2 CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS

234

8.2.1 SLAB SETTLEMENT

234

8.3 BIOLOGICAL DEFECTS

235

8.3.1 MOULD GROWTH

235

8.3.2 MOSS GROWTH

236

8.3.3 BLACK STREAKS ON CLAY ROOF TILES

237

8.4 ECOLOGICAL DEFECTS

238

8.4.1 UNIFORM CORROSION (GENERAL CORROSION)

238

8.4.2 LOCALIZED CORROSION

239

8.5 CONCRETE DEFECTS

240

8.5.1 EFFLORESCENCE

240

8.6 WOOD DEFECTS

241

8.6.1 WOOD CRACKING

241

8.6.2 DRY ROTTING

242

8.7 WINDOW DEFECTS

243

8.7.1 BROKEN GLASS/CRACKS

243

8.7.2 WINDOW FRAME CRACKS

244

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8.8 WALL DEFECTS

245

8.8.1 MOUSE HOLE

245

8.8.2 DAMP PATCHES AND HOLES IN THE WALL

246

8.8.3 PLUMBING LEAKAGE

247

8.9 FLOOR DEFECTS

248

8.9.1 BUCKLING OF MOSAIC CERAMIC FLOOR TILES

248

8.10 FINISHING DEFECTS

249

8.10.1 PAINT PEELINGS

249

8.10.2 STAINING

250

8.10.3 RUST STAINING

251

8.10.4 GREASE STAINING

252

CHAPTER 9.0: BUILDING CONSERVATION PLAN AND IDEAS 9.1 CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

254

9.1.1 FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING CONSERVATION

254

9.1.2 REASONS OF PRESERVING OLD SHOPHOUSE, SERAPH AWAKEN

255

9.2 IDENTIFIED ISSUES

256

9.2.1 UNPLEASANT ODOURS ALONG CORRIDOR

257

9.2.2 ROOF LEAKAGE

258

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9.2.3 POOR VENTILATION AT LIVING AREA

258

9.3 DESIGN SOLUTIONS AND MODIFICATIONS

259

9.3.1 REGULAR MAINTENANCE

259

9.3.2 AIR PURIFICATION

259

9.3.3 RESTORATION OF JACK ROOF

260

9.3.4 INSTALLATION OF SHOJI SCREENS

261

9.4 INTERIOR RENDERING

262

CHAPTER 10.0: CONCLUSION

264

CHAPTER 11.0: REFERENCES, APPENDIX AND GLOSSARY 11.1 REFERENCES

268

11.2 APPENDIX

276

11.2.1 INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS

276

11.2.1.1 MS. NG CHEAU SEE

276

11.2.1.2 MR. LIM PENG HOK

299

11.2.2 PERMISSION LETTERS

328

11.2.2.1 TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY

328

11.2.2.2 MAJLIS PERBANDARAN KLANG (MPK)

330

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11.2.3 COLOUR-CODED ZONING MAP

331

11.2.4 DRAWINGS/SKETCHES OF THE BUILDING AND ITS SURROUNDING

332

11.2.5 POSTCARDS

341

11.2.6 SCALED DRAWINGS

368

11.3 GLOSSARY

398

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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Street view of Jalan Stesen 1 Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 9: 8m steel measuring tape Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 2: “Klang Bandar Diraja” signage placed alongside Federal Highway Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 10: Bosch 80m handheld digital laser rangefinder Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 3: Measurements prone to parallax error Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 11: 4.5m multipurpose foldable ladder Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 4: Cautious handling of relic furniture Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 12: First configuration as extendable and retractable Credit: Azman, 2018

Figure 5: Interview session with Mr. Lim Peng Hok Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 13: Second configuration as foldable Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 6: Proper attire worn during site visit Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 14: Adjustable set square Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 7: Combination of laser rangefinder and adjustable set square to obtain accurate measurements Credit: Lim, 2018

Figure 15: Protractor Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 8: 15cm and 30cm steel rulers Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 16: Butter papers Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 17: Masking tape (left) and sticky note (right) Credit: Lee, 2018

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Figure 18: Recording and documenting measurements on butter papers Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 27: Gedung Raja Abdullah Credit: Ayahvoo, 2018

Figure 19: Cross-checking measurements Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 28: Klang Fire Station Credit: Ayahvoo, 2018

Figure 20: Drafting on site Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 29: Sri Nagara Thendayuthapani Temple Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 21: Interview session with Ms. Ng Cheau See Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 30: Little India along Jalan Tengku Kelana Credit: Azman, 2018

Figure 22: Conducted interview with business owner of the neighboring shophouse Credit: Ayahvoo, 2018

Figure 31: Klang Convent School Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 23: Photographic documentation Credit: Azman, 2018 Figure 24: Heritage Walk map taken during our tour Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 25: A group photo with members who joined the tour Credit: Raj, 2018 Figure 26: Klang Railway Station Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 32: Our Lady of Lourdes Church Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 33: Chennai Silk Palace Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 34: Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 35: Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 36: Istana Alam Shah Credit: Lee, 2018

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Figure 37: Pre-war shophouses along Jalan Raya Timur Source: Zain, 2016

Figure 47: Second mock-up model Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 38: Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 48: Panorama of the street and neighbouring buildings Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 39: Yap Kee Banana Leaf Restaurant Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 49: Traditional Malay settlements along Kuala Selangor during 1898 Source: Collection of Geoff Edwards via https://www.nikonclub.com.my/pages/Insight.aspx?id=248

Figure 40: Masjid India Muslim Tengku Kelana Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 41: Royal Klang Club Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 50: Tin mining in Ulu Selangor during the old days Source: Malaya 500 Early Postcards via http://sungaibatuderelong.blogspot.my/2013/05/

Figure 42: Makam Diraja Klang Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 51: Indian labourers working at rubber estates in Selangor Source: National Collection via https://roots.sg/Roots/learn/collections/listing/1080234

Figure 43: Perangsang Jati Sdn. Bhd. Credit: Koid,2018

Figure 52: Sir Frank Swettenham as the first British resident in Selangor Source: http://www.britishempire.me.uk/frankswettenham.html

Figure 44: Stadium Sultan Sulaiman Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 53: An aerial view of Kuala Lumpur as the capital during 1920 Source: http://says.com/my/lifestyle/old-photos-of-kl

Figure 45: Majlis Perbandaran Klang Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 54: Port Swettenham in the 1900s Source: Malaysia’s Maritime Marvel Book via https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/06/06/the-man-behind-malaysias1st-container-terminal/

Figure 46: First mock-up model Credit: Wong, 2018

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Figure 55: Bronze bell dating 2nd century BC which was found in Klang Source: The British Museum’s Collection via http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_ details.aspx?objectId=247695&partId=1 Figure 56: Raja Mahadi Source: https://intelekblogirls.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/rajamahadiselangor/ Figure 57: The only archway left from Raja Mahadi City Source: http://www.tourismselangor.my/destinations/raja-mahadi-fort/ Figure 58: Klang River separating North and South Klang Source: https://www.storyblocks.com/stock-image/the-panorama-andreflection-of-wilayah-mosque-rjfkx6alagj1kkodio Figure 59: Time reminiscing the past, the present and what could be the future Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 60: Nomad: lost and neglected elderly Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 61: A forgotten gem displaying its stain Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 62: Kindness of the locals to offer help Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 63: It is believed that the street was once named “Malay Street” as partially shown in the lease agreement Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 64: Musaeddin Bridge Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 65: Art installation on one of the side walls of the shophouses along the street Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 66: Murals painting along the alley Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 67: The bustling scene at the Bukit Kuda Station in year 1886 Source: http://pakbaretta.blogspot.my/2012/02/history-of-malayanrailwaysktm-1869-to.html Figure 68: The original outlook of Klang Fire Station in the past Source: http://selangorfirefightergallery.blogspot.my/p/history.html Figure 69: Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery in the past Source: Zain, 2016 Figure 70: Gedung Raja Abdullah in the early years Source: https://akubudaktelok64.blogspot.my/2015/02/sejarah-polis-diklang.html Figure 71: The original India Muslim worship centre in year 1910 Source: Zain, 2016

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Figure 72: Chong Kok Kopitiam serving customers of various races Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 80: Facade of Seraph Awaken Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 73: The harmony of Klang’s multiracial community can even be seen in a typical breakfast in Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 81: Founders of Seraph Awaken, Mr. Tan Chun Hoong and Ms. Ng Cheau See Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 74: Interview session with the Malay community in Klang Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 82: Owner of the shophouse building, Mr. Lim Peng Hok Credit: Kamsol, 2018 Figure 83: The address imprinted on the paper by Mr. Lim Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 75: The Chinese community in Klang Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 76: The Indian community in Klang Credit: Kamsol, 2018 Figure 77: Demographics of Klang based on ethnic groups Source: https://www.citypopulation.de/php/malaysiaadmin.php?adm2id=1002 Figure 78: Age distribution of Klang’s population as of 2010 Source: https://www.citypopulation.de/php/malaysia-mukimadmin.php?adm1id=1002 Figure 79: Occupation distribution by sector for workers between 15 – 64 age group of Klang as of 2006 Source: http://luas.gov.my/icm/knowledge_center/bckground_demogrphy.

Figure 84: Branding of Seraph Awaken Source: Seraph Awaken, 2018 Figure 85: The 5 essential elements of brewing specialty coffee printed on their work uniform Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 86: Signature kopi from Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 87: Signature Hibiscus coffee from Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 88: “Tapis” used to brew kopi at Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 89: Coffee paraphernalia used to brew coffee at Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018

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Figure 90: Ambience of Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 99: Interior masonry columns on ground floor level Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 91: Ambience of Seraph Awaken Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 100: Interior columns on first floor level Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 92: Old shophouses in South Klang town Source: MPK, n.d.

Figure 101: Traditional wooden bi-folding shutter door at the entrance Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 93: Shophouses along Jalan Stesen 1 in the past Source: Lee, n.d.

Figure 102: Metal grill sliding door Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 94: Shophouses with features of Late Straits Eclectic Style along Jalan Besar Source: Lee, n.d.

Figure 103: Metal door gate as the rear backdoor Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 95: Front façade of Seraph Awaken Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 104: Fixed window Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 96: Five-foot way in front of Seraph Awaken Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 105: Jalousie window on top of fixed window in first-floor washroom Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 97: Ionic columns on the upper storey façade Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 106: Jalousie window beside roastery room 2 Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 98: Exterior masonry columns on lower storey facade Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 107: Jalousie window in living area Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 108: Two sets of double casement French window Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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Figure 109: Top view of skylight Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 110: Skylight brightens up corridor Credit: Azman, 2018 Figure 111: Single side hung window on a fixed window Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 112: Wooden staircase of the shophouse Credit: Azman, 2018 Figure 113: Gable roof on the first floor Credit: Kamsol, 2018 Figure 114: Jack roof with clerestory Credit: Kamsol, 2018 Figure 115: Bird eye view of back façade showing shed roof Source: http://www.goo.gl/4DyZ7A Figure 116: Zinc roof Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 119: Mosaic ceramic tiles along five-foot walkway Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 120: Details of opal green and light ochre tiles Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 121: Blue porcelain wall tiles on toilet wall Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 122: Details of blue porcelain wall tiles with pattern Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 123: Non-slip porcelain patterned floor tiles of toilet Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 124: Details of non-slip porcelain patterned floor tiles Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 125: Turquoise porcelain wall tiles of bathroom Credit: Kamsol, 2018 Figure 126: Details of turquoise porcelain wall tiles with pattern Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 117: Handcrafted numbered 1928 Credit: Kamsol, 2018 Figure 118: Detailed ornaments from the front facade Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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Figure 127: Green porcelain tiles in the washroom Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 137: Storage area at the back Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 128: Details of green porcelain floor tiles Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 138: Bathroom and toilet at the back Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 129: Repetition of dentil crowns on cornice Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 139: Living area on first floor Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 130: Natural light from entrance Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 140: Roastery room 2 on first floor Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 131: Natural light from skylight Credit: Azman, 2018

Figure 141: Passage on first floor Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 132: Entrance of Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 142: Washroom and bathroom on first floor Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 133: Café space of Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 143: Timber floor joists Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 134: Corridor on ground floor Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 144: Timber roof trusses Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 135: Storage room with staircase Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 145: Timber door Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 136: Roastery room 1 on ground floor Credit: Lim, 2018

Figure 146: Timber flooring Credit: Koid, 2018

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Figure 147: Front facade’s masonry column defects showing bricks underneath Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 148: Wall damage shows layers of concrete uncovering the brick layer underneath Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 149: Terracotta clay tiles placed on gable roof Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 150: Terracotta clay tiles covered with mosses Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 151: View of corrugated zinc sheet roofing from first floor level Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 152: View of corrugated zinc sheet roofing from back alley Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 153: Ceramic wall tiles at café space Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 154: Mosaic in ceramic floor tiles Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 155: Cornices made from lime plasters Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 156: Use of stucco on column to advertise shop names Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 157: Concrete flooring found beneath floor tiles Credit: Azman, 2018 Figure 158: Mild steel being used as protection of ventilation block Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 159: Mild steel being used as door grill Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 160: Cement screed for first floor level’s wall construction Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 161: Part of English bond brick wall exposed by the neighbouring shophouse Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 162: Gypsum board used as partitioned wall for roastery room 1 Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 163: Plywood used as partitioned wall for roastery room 2 Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 164: Timber flooring on first floor Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 165: Jack roof with clerestory Credit: Lee, 2018

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Figure 166: Shed roof with U-shaped terracotta clay-based tiles Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 167: View from the bottom of staircase Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 168: View from the top of staircase Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 169: Close up of timber treads Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 170: Close up of open riser Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 171: Newel cap Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 172: Handrail Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 173: Square balusters and base rail Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 174: Exterior masonry column with cement screed finishing Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 175: Interior masonry column Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 176: Original wooden shutter door inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 177: Details of wooden shutter door Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 178: Center ball hinge Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 179: Bottom strap hinge Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 180: Lock slot above the shutter Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 181: Steel lock bars (A) Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 182: Steel handles (B) Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 183: Criss cross ventilation vents above the shutters Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 184: Slide bolt Credit: Wong, 2018 Figure 185: Slide bolt on the top Credit: Wong, 2018

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Figure 186: Slide bolt at the bottom Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 196: Details of double casement window Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 187: Metal grill sliding door Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 197: Butt hinge Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 188: Metal door handle Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 198: Window opens inwards into the washroom on its hinge Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 189: Top section of metal grill sliding door Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 199: Window slide latch lock Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 190: Bottom section of metal grill sliding door Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 200: Butt hinge Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 191: Door latch hook Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 201: Glass installed with fixed windows Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 192: Metal door gate at the rear Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 202: Fixed window with iron grills Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 193: Green tinted jalousie window Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 203: Clear polycarbonate panel as corrugated roof skylight Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 194: Double casement window at living area Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 204: Iron grill and wire gauze Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 195: Double casement window near roastery room 2 Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 205: Iron grill coated with paint Credit: Lee, 2018

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Figure 206: Wooden grill frame Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 207: Paint peeling off from facade Credit: Kamsol, 2018 Figure 208: Stipple finish coat Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 209: Plaster applied alongside stringer of staircase Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 216: Black streaks on the inner surface of the terracotta clay roof tiles Credit: Lee, 2018 Figure 217: Exposed surface of metal pipe at the rear exterior is uniformly corroded Credit: Koid, 2018 Figure 218: Corroded surface on metal door grill Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 210: Polyurethane satin wood finishing Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 219: Efflorescence of concrete wall along passage Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 211: Wood lamination Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 220: Air vent frames cracked Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 212: Slab settlement on the interior floor slabs Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 221: Wood cracks on the bottom of door Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 213: Mould growth on the surface of wood plank Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 222: Wood trusses cracked due to aging Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 214: Moss growth on floor and wall Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 223: Dry rot on surface of wooden staircase Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 215: Black streaks on the outer surface of the terracotta clay roof tiles Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 224: Dry rot on wooden panels of clerestory Credit: Lee, 2018

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Figure 225: Paint-coated glass window cracked at the edge Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 231: Buckled mosaic ceramic floor tiles Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 226: Cracked timber window frame due to moisture Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 232: Paint peelings on exterior column Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 227: Mouse hole at the bottom corner of the wall Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 233: Paint staining on five-foot walkway Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 228: Rising damp patches on the concrete wall Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 234: Staining on the timber flooring Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 229: Penetrating damp patches on the concrete wall Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 235: Rust staining on ceramic tiles Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 230: Plumbing leakage on the wall Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 236: Grease staining on white ceramic tiles Credit: Koid, 2018

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LIST OF DIAGRAMS Diagram 1: Workflow of Group 8 Diagram 2: Site plan with vehicular circulation pattern Diagram 3: Photomontage showing key essence of South Klang Diagram 4: “Malay Street” in relationship with Gedung Raja Abdullah Diagram 5: “Japan Street” in relationship with the royal gallery Diagram 6: “Food Street” in relationship with the kopitiam and hawker centres Diagram 7: Site model highlighting “verandah” in front of other shophouses Diagram 8: Zoning distribution based on the three main ethnic groups Diagram 9: Zoning map highlighting locations occupied mainly by the Malay community Diagram 10: Zoning map highlighting locations occupied mainly by the Chinese community Diagram 11: Zoning map highlighting locations occupied mainly by the Indian community Diagram 12: Timeline of ownership Diagram 13: Sectional perspective of Seraph Awaken Diagram 14: Details of an ionic Diagram 15: Position of exterior masonry columns on the ground floor Diagram 16: Position of interior masonry columns at the ground floor Diagram 17: Position of interior masonry columns on the first floor Diagram 18: Section highlighting position of gable roof Diagram 19: Section highlighting position of jack roof Diagram 20: Section highlighting position of shed roof Diagram 21: Section highlighting position of zinc roof Diagram 22: Sun path diagram Diagram 23: Axis of symmetry showing similar sides of facade

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Diagram 24: Old ground floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken Diagram 25: Current ground floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken Diagram 26: Old first floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken Diagram 27: Current first floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken Diagram 28: Direction of Prevailing Wind Diagram 29: Stack ventilation effect Diagram 30: Section showing natural lighting in the living area Diagram 31: Section showing natural lighting along the corridor Diagram 32: Spatial layout of ground floor in Wah Yuen Kopitiam Diagram 33: Spatial layout of ground floor in Seraph Awaken Diagram 34: Spatial layout of first floor in Wah Yuen Kopitiam Diagram 35: Spatial layout of first floor in Seraph Awaken Diagram 36: Ground floor perspective of Seraph Awaken Diagram 37: First floor perspective of Seraph Awaken Diagram 38: Ground floor perspective highlighting the cafĂŠ space Diagram 39: Ground floor perspective highlighting the corridor Diagram 40: Ground floor perspective highlighting the storage room Diagram 41: Ground floor perspective highlighting the roastery room Diagram 42: Ground floor perspective highlighting the storage area Diagram 43: Ground floor perspective highlighting the bathroom and toilet Diagram 44: First floor perspective highlighting the living area Diagram 45: First floor perspective highlighting the roastery room 2 Diagram 46: First floor perspective highlighting the passageway Diagram 47: First floor perspective highlighting the washroom and bathroom Diagram 48: Ground floor perspective indicating public, semi-public and private spaces Diagram 49: First floor perspective indicating public, semi-public and private spaces

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Diagram 50: Floor plans indicating the circulation of visitors and shopkeepers Diagram 51: Section of flooring showing sound acoustics effect Diagram 52: Configuration of English bond brick wall Diagram 53: Ground floor plan and first floor plan highlighting position of different stack bond tiles Diagram 54: Exploded axonometric of timber floor Diagram 55: Exploded axonometric of gable roof Diagram 56: Tread to stringer connection Diagram 57: Details of balustrade Diagram 58: Two timber planks act as a pair of shutters Diagram 59: Pair of shutters are closed Diagram 60: The extruded and curved inwards component of shutter planks secures the shutters Diagram 61: Pair of shutters are opened Diagram 62: Close up of the opened shutter Diagram 63: Main plank (A) and secondary planks (B) Diagram 64: Lock slot (A) and pit slot (B) Diagram 65: Position of steel lock bars (A) and steel handles (B) Diagram 66: Position of ventilation vents Diagram 67: Wooden door Diagram 68: Traditional wooden door Diagram 69: Details of jalousie window Diagram 70: Operation of skylight as it slides along the rail Diagram 71: Wire mesh installed along the clerestory Diagram 72: Installation of shoji screens Diagram 73: Imagination of future gallery at the living area

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TABLES Table 1: Gantt chart showing our working progress prior to site visit Table 2: Gantt chart showing our working progress during site visit Table 3: Gantt chart showing our working progress after site visit Table 4: Task distribution prior to site visit Table 5: Task distribution during site visit Table 6: Task distribution for final stage Table 7: List of notable historical buildings with their status after development took place

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CHAPTER 1.0

INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH An introductory section that contains general information and premise of the assignment.

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1.1 AIM

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to develop an understanding of the fundamental

The main objectives of the project are as follows:

principles of building preservation by exposing and engaging students to a

I.

variety of proper measuring techniques as well as documenting the architectural construction, cultural and historical significance of Seraph

To practice an array of documentation methods - measured drawings, written documentation and photographic documentation

II.

Awaken along with the site, Klang.

To incorporate different approaches to conduct research on building and site background relevance, through cultural and historical aspects

III.

To study the architectural, cultural and historical significance in relation to heritage buildings within the site context

IV.

To document the architectural and historical significance of the building to accompany the measured drawings

V.

To analyse the relationship between architecture and the significance of the building as well as its inhabitation

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1.3 LEARNING OUTCOMES In the course of completing this project, we have learned the application of appropriate architectural techniques in measured drawings, record drawings and as-built drawings to preserve a precise depiction of the historical structures. Prior to the production of this project, we also determined a range of effective ways to develop satisfactory results by creating an organised work schedule and distributing the workforce accordingly amongst ourselves.

We were introduced to a variety of specific equipment for the sole purpose of documenting the measurements of the building and gained experience through hands-on measurement, in which we were previously unfamiliar with.

In addition to implementing our own methodology into the recording of

Figure 1: Street view of Jalan Stesen 1 Credit: Wong, 2018

measurements that were able to be translated from measured data into scaled drawings.

Apart from the aforementioned, we also learned to adaptively identify and categorise the architectural historical structures; ranging from its background, concept, style, construction techniques, to its ornamentation, via written and photographic documentations.

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1.4 SCOPE

1.5 LITERATURE REVIEW

This study heavily emphasizes on Jalan Stesen 1, a narrow street situated in

Klang, the official royal capital of Selangor, is one of the earliest and oldest

the old town of Klang, once infamous for its notorious gambling, prostitution

town in the country. Its history was established earlier than Melaka came to

and drug abusers; and its contextual surroundings which possess rich

be; but the thought of preservation and heritage values tend to fade away. As

cultural heritage and historical background. Our assigned building, Seraph

a result, we are strongly urged to be more educated and aware of the

Awaken, No. 28, Jalan Stesen 1, settles within an old shophouse which sits

condition it is being in.

in between two other shophouses, at the heart of the street.

Characterized by numerous pre-war shophouses and remnant of the jolly This study focuses on highlighting the architectural, historical and cultural

time, Jalan Stesen 1 lies close to Klang railway station which is one of the

attributes of the building together with its notable features and the building

earliest railway station since the British colonization that connects Kuala

condition recorded, as well as to record and document the history of

Lumpur and Port Swettenham for transporting tin products and coffee.

commercial purposes as well as business served in the building throughout its age apart from the historical background of the site.

Lot No. 28, previously was a residential or either retain a commercial use.

Now, it still adopts the commercial practice as it being a coffee shop.

The literature review signifies the importance of knowledge on the history and theory through analysis and interpretation. It comprises the highlighted writings of the prominent figure in the history of architecture that ties in with the studies of Selangor and Klang. The key figure of this study is the ownership of the building and its development. In addition, the study of the

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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH | 1.0

spaces in this building, the culture aspects, and the site context are selected

term of its method and process. Conducted site visits were to survey

for the writings (Kon, 2013).

measuring activity using appropriate measuring equipment and relevant techniques to obtain comprehensible data that aids in various tasks later on.

Common reading materials were lent from the school library and online archives, while some original documents were provided by the Klang Municipal Council. Multiple case study act as guideline and aid in providing references to help students understand more in depth of documentation in

Figure 2: “Klang Bandar Diraja” signage placed alongside Federal Highway Credit: Lee, 2018

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1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH The findings of this study will redound to the benefit of society and coming

architectural insights of Jalan Stesen 1’s shophouses that may have not been

generations considering that architecture plays an important role in our

uncovered.

history and our lives this century. The grand demand of carving of our own identity in term of architecture needs to incorporate the following: the research of our history, heritable values and the cultural influences on the architecture which allow the community views this research study to be more aware and appreciate the conservation, preservation and heritage of these forgotten buildings.

As technology advances in our daily life, we progressively neglect our attention towards the significance of these historical buildings. Instead, we should be more civic and realize the true values of architecture as a form of education to many aspect of subjects or more specifically, history. Also, to support our intentions into commemorating the memory, history and heritage within our site, Klang.

For educators, students or individuals alike with such interest in architecture and history, this study will help them into uncover deeper historical and

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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH | 1.0

1.7 LIMITATIONS

1.7.1 DISTANCE AND TIMING

Unforeseen obstacles such as technical difficulties, prohibition of a room,

In comparison with the other groups, the distance between our site and

interference of café business, disturbance of peace and harmony within the

Taylor’s University is bearable as it is within our state, Selangor. Klang which

space that encountered daily by our group carrying out our necessary

is relatively near to our campus, a short amount of time is accumulated to

activities to obtain data were unavoidable; but were controlled by adjusting

reach our site. Therefore, we do not require to organize any sort of overnight

our initial task roster and time schedule to coordinate our activities with the

stay and able to visit our site as we see necessary should there be a defect

situation of the shop business; as well as implementing certain measures to

in our measurements or additional information to obtain and explore.

solve the issues.

However, it does require us independently to provide ourselves with transportation by continuously driving back and forth, which takes about 30 minutes to an hour - that may affect our production time and overall quality throughout the journey.

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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH | 1.0

1.7.2 HUMAN ERROR IN MEASUREMENTS

1.7.3 ACCESS TO CERTAIN PARTS OF BUILDING

Although the measuring team has put in amount of efforts and attention to

Even though with the aid of ladders and laser rangefinder, certain heights,

detail, the possibility of human errors is apparent. Parallax error is the obvious

such as the clerestory was difficult to be obtained because daylight exposure

cost to most of our measurements which may be incorrect or inaccurate as

interfered with the lasers’ beam to determine the total height of its point. As

we faced certain challenges during the measuring process due to constraints

a cause of this, alternative ways were explored into determining the height of

in accessibility to certain parts of the building.

the clerestory. One of which was to acquire eye level scaled image of the building and to be later scaled into the Revit software to be traced and measured.

Unauthorized access into one of the spaces, specifically the roastery room, possibly due to private and personal matter or information such as recipes to be kept secret by the owners. Therefore, some dimensions were not measured and recorded which lead us to refer to several angle image depictions to determine the dimensions and later translated into our model.

Figure 3: Measurements prone to parallax error Credit: Wong, 2018

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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH | 1.0

1.7.4 FRAGILITY OF CERTAIN BUILDING COMPONENTS Instructions and advices regarding the handling of the building components, furniture and lighting fixtures were thoroughly informed and reminded whilst going through the measuring activity. Opening window panels or doors or moving furniture about were discussed with the owners before proceeding into our progress due to their age of the materials.

Figure 4: Cautious handling of relic furniture Credit: Kamsol, 2018

1.7.5 UNVERIFIED INTERVIEW ANSWERS Majority of interviews conducted on given research were well within the owner, tenants, locals and other shophouses’ owners. Although the interviews were useful and thoughtful, but were not properly verified due to lacking physical evidences. Also, information gathered sometimes does not tie in with other interviews. Hence, we verified them by reviewing with the current owner of our building by which he had gone through those historical times.

Figure 5: Interview session with Mr. Lim Peng Hok Credit: Wong, 2018

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INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH | 1.0

1.7.6 LIMITED SCHOLARLY RESOURCES Eligible resources regarding our building and Jalan Stesen 1 are scarce which make researching the historical context difficult. Information obtained from scratch as we have gone through several methods into reviewing and researching our building and Jalan Stesen 1 by interviewing the owners as well as the locals. Besides reviewing our building and Jalan Stesen 1, we paid respect to the site as a whole by studying the site context, Klang through the museum and organization visitations. However, the visitations proven were not sufficient, so the opt of approaching library for more reliable information sources.

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CHAPTER 2.0

METHODOLOGY This section is a thorough documentation process consisting of detailed information of our work ethics, fieldwork, and overall planning of the project.

METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.1 INTRODUCTION Group 8 were led by two leaders: Clara Lee Pei Lin and Koid Chun Chen, supervised by our lecturer, Mr. Mohd Adib Ramli. To achieve our objectives

Pre-Site Visit (8th Jan – 21st Jan 2018)

- Research Team - Interview Team

for this project, we conformed to a systematic and comprehensive procedure that enhanced our workflow productively.

Prior to the site visit, we started off by creating a progressive work schedule

During Site Visit (22nd – 28th Jan 2018)

- Measuring & Recording Team - Interview Team - Photographers Team

that complemented the job distribution. The work schedule was separated into three segments, consisting of pre-site visit, during site visit and post-site visit. During each segment of the timeline, there were different teams, each with tasks that contribute to the completion of the project.

Post-Site Visit (29th Jan – 28th Feb 2018)

- Report Team - Revit Team - Model Team

Diagram 1: Workflow of Group 8

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2.2 GANTT CHART 2.2.1 PRE-SITE VISIT

Table 1: Gantt chart showing our working progress prior to site visit

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2.2.2 ON-SITE VISIT

Table 2: Gantt chart showing our working progress during site visit

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2.2.3 POST-SITE VISIT

Table 3: Gantt chart showing our working progress after site visit

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.3 JOB DISTRIBUTION

2.3.1 PRE-SITE VISIT

Everyone is given at least three roles to handle through the course of the

At the pre-site visit stage, we were separated into two teams: research team

whole project. The roles consist of creating the digital model through Revit

and interview team.

software, measuring and recording the dimensions of the building, interview, taking photographs and report writing.

Research Team: The task delegation of this team was to create a design template of the report, list out the topics in the report as well as conduct several researches on the historical background of both site and building.

Interview Team: This team was to decide on the interview questions to ask the owner, tenants, customers, as well as the general public in the area.

Table 4: Task distribution prior to site visit

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.3.2 ON-SITE VISIT As for the site visit phase, we were separated into three teams: measuring and recording team, interview team and photographers team.

Measuring and Recording Team: Measured and recorded dimensions of building including elements such as columns, beams, walls, doors, furniture, ornaments, etc. At the end of each day, the team will meet up to draft out the digital Revit model.

Interview Team: This team tasked with interviewing the shop owners, tenants, workers,

Table 5: Task distribution during site visit

customers, and the general public. After the interview, the team will type out the script to be later translated and compiled into the report.

Photographers Team: The members of this team helped to capture images of the site, architecture elements and style of the building, as well as photograph the measuring and recording process for documentation input.

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.3.3 POST-SITE VISIT As for the last phase, we were separated into three teams: Revit team, report team and model team.

Revit Team: The team members worked together to convert the measurements into a digital model via Autodesk Revit 360 Team software. Besides that, they have to create a complete set of technical drawings.

Report Team: This team will compile the findings, on-site information, and photos into the

Table 6: Task distribution for final stage

final report.

Model Team: The members of this team will create scaled physical draft models of the building based on the measurements and dimensions obtained from the site visit to determine the outcome of the final model.

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.4 PRE-SITE VISIT 2.4.1 RESEARCH METHODS 2.4.1.1 PRINTED MATERIALS Articles, books, journals and photos were obtained from Taylor’s University’s library and borrowed from close friends who have books about the site that we are studying, Klang. We also took other materials as reference such as tourist maps, zoning maps and historical booklets obtained from Majlis Perbandaran Klang (MPK).

2.4.1.2 ONLINE RESOURCES Online materials such as articles from trusted websites and blogs were found to obtain information for the historical background and the culture aspect of the site context. We were also able to find several YouTube videos that contained an introduction and information about our building and its business.

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.5 ON-SITE VISIT 2.5.1 SITE SAFETY Due to hazardous condition of the building and the measuring coverage which is conducted within a large scale, introduction to safety is conducted to ensure that everyone remains uninjured during the working process on site.

Prior to the site visit, we were briefed to wear long pants and covered shoes to the site. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) such as surgical masks and gloves were also encouraged to wear on site to minimize exposure to dusts and stench when measuring.

Figure 6: Proper attire worn during site visit Credit: Wong, 2018

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.5.2 MEASURING TECHNIQUES In order to obtain the precise and accurate measurements of the building, correct measuring techniques plays a key role as otherwise produces such faulty measurements. With the aid of appropriate measuring equipment, the techniques are to help prevent such mistakes to take place while collecting data.

Throughout the measuring and recording process, we identified the right measuring techniques to be used at different conditions. For instance, the cafĂŠ space was long, and its length was measured by combining the use of laser rangefinder and adjustable set square so that the dimensions obtained would be accurate as the laser light emitted would be perpendicular to the wall.

Figure 7: Combination of laser rangefinder and adjustable set square to obtain accurate measurements Credit: Lim, 2018

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2.5.3 MEASURING EQUIPMENT AND TOOLS USED Several types of measuring tools and equipment such as ruler, measuring tape, laser rangefinder, foldable ladder, adjustable set square and protractor, were selected to be used during the process of measuring and recording.

Each of these equipment provided different uses at different situations. For example, rulers and measuring tapes were used to record basic measurements whereas laser rangefinder was used to measure great heights and lengths within the space. Certain unmeasurable ornaments and lighting fixtures were photographed together with measuring tape as reference using DSLR cameras to be then scaled down and traced using Revit software.

2.5.3.1 RULER (15CM AND 30CM) Standard plastic and steel rulers with 15cm and 30cm length respectively were used to measure short, simple dimensions, simplifying the need for a measuring tape. Such examples include ornament details, frame details of doors and windows or corners. The measuring and recording team often used these types of rulers for technical drawings and refined sketches in order for the Revit team to draft out the model accordingly.

Figure 8: 15cm and 30cm steel rulers Credit: Lee, 2018

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.5.3.2 STEEL MEASURING TAPE (3M, 5M, 7.5M, 8M AND 30M) Measuring tape is the most basic and indispensable tool among all others when it comes to on-site measuring process. Measuring tapes, ranging from 3m to 30m, were frequently used to obtain measurements from most parts of the building, such as floor areas, walls, staircases, furniture, doors and windows. Each member was asked to bring along their measuring tape due to its significance and to ease time taken to measure each space independently.

2.5.3.3 LASER RANGEFINDER (80M HANDHELD)

Figure 9: 8m steel measuring tape Credit: Lee, 2018

A laser rangefinder was loaned by the school in purpose of obtaining longdistance measurements as well as to conveniently take measurements that does not interfere with the café’s ongoing business. The laser rangefinder used during the on-site measuring was Bosch 80m handheld digital laser rangefinder which could measure distances up to 80 meters. This tool was used to measure the wall to wall height and width of the building, ceilings, roof structures, clerestory and other large surfaces within the building as these categories of measurements were deemed too difficult for the use of typical measuring tape.

Figure 10: Bosch 80m handheld digital laser rangefinder Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.5.3.4 LADDER (2.5M STEP AND 4.5M MULTIPURPOSE) Ladder aids in on-site measuring work by providing access to certain heights that were deemed unreachable. There were two types of ladders used on site, 2.5m step ladder and 4.5m multipurpose foldable ladder, to measure the higher parts of the building such as certain ceilings, columns, clerestory, doors and windows. As its name suggests, the multipurpose ladder works more useful as compared to stepladders due to its several configurations to allow adaptation to situations as well as multiple usage and functions.

Figure 12: First configuration as extendable and retractable Credit: Azman, 2018

Figure 11: 4.5m Multipurpose foldable ladder Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 13: Second configuration as foldable Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.5.3.5 ADJUSTABLE SET SQUARE Set squares were used to obtain accurate measurements of angles with proper methods for the walls or narrower parts that are not at a 90-degree angle. The building is not placed perpendicular to the road layout, therefore this tool aided in justifying the angled readings at every corner or edge of the building to obtain the plan layout of the building.

Figure 14: Adjustable set square Credit: Lee, 2018

2.5.3.6 PROTRACTOR The protractor was another method carried out by using along with a ruler to obtain angles of corner walls. Whereas, those who did not have a set square improvised by using a sheet of paper and placed along the corner of the wall and was later with the aid of a protractor to determine the angle of the bent paper.

Figure 15: Protractor Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.5.3.7 BUTTER PAPER Throughout the on-site measuring process, butter paper was used to document all the dimensions of different parts of the building obtained through measuring activity. Butter paper also acted as initial medium for each individual to draw the layout of the building in order to record the measurements before they were all transferred into digital modelling via Revit software.

Figure 16: Butter papers Credit: Lee, 2018

2.5.3.8 MASKING TAPE AND STICKY NOTE Masking tape was used to mark the positions of laser rangefinder to be placed in order to find out distance difference between points and obtain the measurements. Sticky note was used as indication by labelling of walls for recorded dimensions later on to correspond with the respective wall and ease the Revit team to refer later. Moreover, these things were taken off and properly disposed off site when measuring activity was completed.

Figure 17: Masking tape (left) and sticky note (right) Credit: Lee, 2018

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.5.4 DOCUMENTATION OF MEASUREMENTS The measuring and recording team were divided into four groups: front and rear part of ground floor, front and rear part of first floor. Prior to measuring activity being carried out, each subgroup leader separated their given spaces into different sections to be measured and would first draw out basic orthographic drawings of the particular sections on butter papers for easy documentation. The measurements were recorded using different coloured pens, which meant different symbolizations, together with title, name, date and remarks on top of the butter paper for ease of reference later on. The whole process of measuring activity was photographed in case some photos

Figure 18: Recording and documenting measurements on butter papers Credit: Lee, 2018

of details that were difficult for us to measure were needed to use as scale for reference to ensure the clarity and easier understanding for the Revit team later (Tan, 2016).

Figure 19: Cross-checking measurements Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.5.5 ON-SITE DRAFTING The seniors in the measuring and recording team were tasked to directly draft the recorded measurements into Revit digital modelling on site to ensure that all parts were properly measured and corresponded to one another. During night meeting sessions, all drawings were neatly arranged by each group to be further discussed and drafted by the seniors. Once mistakes and missing measurements were discovered and identified, second measuring would be conducted on the spot or the next day to increase precision in data translation.

Drawings were then given final touches by Revit team in the post-site visit phase.

Figure 20: Drafting on site Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.5.6 INTERVIEWS Interviews of people were conducted daily by the interview team to obtain information on historical background of Jalan Stesen 1 and Klang which wasn’t available much on printed materials as well as online resources. The interviewees included were the owner of Seraph Awaken, Ms. Ng Cheau See, the building owner, Mr. Lim Peng Hok, business owners of the neighboring shophouses as well as the locals. The other core interview questions included the aspects of architectural history and technicalities, timeline of changes in relation to the building along with the significance of the

Figure 21: Interview session with Ms. Ng Cheau See Credit: Lee, 2018

surrounding context.

Figure 22: Conducted interview with business owner of the neighboring shophouse Credit: Ayahvoo, 2018

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.5.7 PHOTOGRAPHY Photographers team were briefed to capture as much photos as possible which, does not merely cover the building itself, but the surrounding site and buildings as well daily. The photographs and video footages will then undergo screening and selection sessions with all members to be later transferred for video-making, inserted, and compiled into a photobook, the report, drawings as well as for further reference (Tan, 2016). All high-quality photographs provided in this project were captured using digital single lens reflex (DSLR) cameras.

Figure 23: Photographic documentation Credit: Azman, 2018

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2.6 OFF-SITE VISIT 2.6.1 HERITAGE WALK TOUR Seraph Awaken’s operating days did not fall on the second day of our site visit. Hence, we used this time wisely by exploring the old town of Klang, by following the painted footprints along the sidewalk to visit certain parts of the historical attractions which cover heritage buildings, colonial shophouses, royal palace and museums. In addition, we participated in the Heritage Walk tour on the fifth and last day of our site visit after all measuring tasks were

Figure 24: Heritage Walk map taken during our tour

carried out. This event, organized by the Majlis Perbandaran Klang (MPK),

Credit: Lee, 2018

was led by a professional tour guide to complete the historical route in which we attempted to complete on the second day of our visit.

Figure 25: A group photo with members who joined the tour Credit: Raj, 2018

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2.6.1.1 KLANG RAILWAY STATION The Klang Railway Station which was built in 1890 is located at Jalan Besar, a street away from Jalan Stesen 1. Parallel to this station is a KTM depot for locomotive and for repairing of freight wagons (KLMRT, n.d.). The main station building is a small single storied tiled roofed building where its Western colonial architecture still remains until today. In the early years, this station was used to transport tin products and coffee but it is now mainly used to load or unload passengers and freight.

Figure 26: Klang Railway Station Credit: Wong, 2018

2.6.1.2 GEDUNG RAJA ABDULLAH Built in 1857, Gedung Raja Abdullah was first used to store weapons, tin and food. The British then converted the warehouse into government offices in 1874, followed by turning into a police station in 1880 and remained so until 1974. The lock-ups, with heavy iron wrought gates, still exist. More recently, the building was turned into a museum in 1985, exhibiting the history of tin mining industry and its achievements that led to the success of Selangor.

Currently, the building is temporarily closed for restoration undertaken by National Heritage Department (Tourism Selangor, n.d.).

Figure 27: Gedung Raja Abdullah Credit: Ayahvoo, 2018

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2.6.1.3 KLANG FIRE STATION Located right next to Gedung Raja Abdullah, this Victorian-style fire station was constructed in the 1890s, primarily acted as police department and was handed over to the District Council to serve as a fire station in the 1950s. The fire station administration was submitted to the state Government and in 1978 was placed under the Federal Government. It has now turned into the first station to house a small gallery dedicated to the history of Klang’s fire service (Selangor Firefighter Gallery, n.d.).

Figure 28: Klang Fire Station Credit: Ayahvoo, 2018

2.6.1.4 SRI NAGARA THENDAYUTHAPANI TEMPLE Being the oldest and richest Hindu temple in Klang, the Sri Nagara Thendayuthapani Temple is over 150 years old and it is now managed by the Nagarathar or Nattukottai Chettiar community. It is situated at the junction of Jalan Dato Hamzah and Jalan Bukit Jawa. The temple, provided a place of worship for early Indian Immigrants and is now an important cultural and heritage of Klang (MPK, 2010).

Figure 29: Sri Nagara Thendayuthapani Temple Credit: Koid, 2018

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2.6.1.5 LITTLE INDIA, JALAN TENGKU KELANA Jalan Tengku Kelana, also known as Little India, is one of the biggest Indian streets in the state of Selangor. Fierce competition among shop owners has resulted in cheaper prices of merchandise for both the locals and tourists.

People are literally spoilt for choice, with myriad items being sold on the sidewalks, including sarees, textiles, bangles, necklaces, stainless steel pots, jewellery, flowers and Indian delicacies.

Figure 30: Little India along Jalan Tengku Kelana Credit: Azman, 2018

2.6.1.6 KLANG CONVENT SCHOOL Klang Convent School was established in 1924 with only 19 students. It is located on Jalan Tengku Kelana, right next to the Our Lady of Lourdes Church. The main building of the school, which can easily be spotted from the road, was built from 1926 to 1928. It was officiated by former acting Secretary to the Resident of Selangor, Sir William Peel on January 18, 1928 (Gaya Traveller, 2012). It is now one of the girl schools in Klang with around 1500 students.

Figure 31: Klang Convent School Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.6.1.7 OUR LADY OF LOURDES CHURCH Our Lady of Lourdes Church was declared open and blessed by Bishop Perrichon in 1928. In 1923, Father Souhait realized that of many Chinese worked in the tin mines and the Indians at the rubber estates were Catholics.

He then directed to take charge of the spiritual needs of the Catholic residents in Klang and the surrounding districts (MPK, 2010). Eventually he succeeded in getting the land to build the Gothic-style church, grotto and parochial house which remain until today.

Figure 32: Our Lady of Lourdes Church Credit: Lee, 2018

2.6.1.8 CHENNAI SILK PALACE (OLD CHARTERED BANK) The former Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China, a once prominent financial institution used by the community of Klang was established in 1874 (Lau, 2007). It is situated at the intersection of Jalan Istana and Jalan Dato Hamzah. With a Neoclassical style, the building has two stretches of balcony at the upper level, which overlooks the roadside, reflecting the influence of colonial architecture. The building is now home to an Indian boutique shop and has been renovated to cater to the commercial demands.

Figure 33: Chennai Silk Palace Credit: Koid, 2018

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2.6.1.9 SULTAN ABDUL AZIZ ROYAL GALLERY Built in 1909, the Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery was initially occupied by the British during the colonial period as the land and administration office, the Japanese during World War II as its war headquarters and later by several local authorities until its recent restoration into a royal gallery (Tourism Selangor, n.d.). The gallery is dedicated to the late Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah with highlights of all magnificent personal collections of artifacts and gifts covering his reign of thirty-nine years.

Figure 34: Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery Credit: Wong, 2018

2.6.1.10 SULTAN SULAIMAN ROYAL MOSQUE Designed by the British architect, L. Keste Vend, the Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque was officiated in 1932 by the late Almarhum Sultan Sir Alaedin Sulaiman Shah of Selangor along with the British’s Federated Malay States High Commissioner Sir Lawrence Nuuns Guillemard. The mosque’s architecture is a combination of Western Art Deco and Neoclassical styles.

Among the attractive features are the Tangga Diraja (royal stairs) from Istana Alam Shah and a royal mausoleum, where the late Sultan Salahuddin is laid to rest (Tourism Selangor, n.d.).

Figure 35: Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.6.1.11 ISTANA ALAM SHAH Istana Alam Shah was built in 1938 to replace the previous Istana Makhota Puri resided by the fifth Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Alauddin Suleiman Shah.

The new ruling Sultan, Tengku Alam Shah took this new palace to be his place of dwelling and carries out his official duties as Sultan. This historic palace is intricately designed with the Majestic of Malay royal architecture, and many royal events are also held here. In early 2000, extensive renovations were conducted by the then Sultan of Selangor, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah.

Figure 36: Istana Alam Shah Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.6.1.12 PRE-WAR SHOPHOUSES, JALAN RAYA TIMUR There are more than 40 pre-war shophouses forming a historical scene along Jalan Raya Timur, which is situated within close proximity to Klang railway station. These lots were constructed between 1930 to 1940, made the area one of the busiest spots in southern Klang. Subsequent decline of the town’s economy resulted in the existence of only a handful of shops remaining that are now functioning as commercial offices (MPK, 2010).

Figure 37: Pre-war shophouses along Jalan Raya Timur Source: Zain, 2016

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2.6.2 NON-TOUR VISITATIONS

2.6.2.1 CHONG KOK KOPITIAM

Apart from the historical attractions based on the Heritage Walk route, we

Chong Kok Kopitiam has been running since 1940 and it has been

have visited a few other landmark buildings that were significant during the

recognized for 78 years. It was originated from 5 Hainanese crewmen

growth of the Royal Town of Klang. This included some eateries, religious

originated from China at that time. At 1970's, the ground floor was utilized by

buildings, recreational centres, an antique shop and the local authorities.

a western restaurant, the first floor used to be a motel and the second floor housed a brothel. Today, three of them went out of business, only the ground floor remains its business as a typical local coffee shop. The original building and environment are still kept ensuring the experience of what it was like 78 years back then (Kelang, 2013).

Figure 38: Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.6.2.2 YAP KEE BANANA LEAF Being a traditional Chinese coffee shop, Yap Kee serves the most well-known Indian banana leaf rice in Klang. This old colonial building was built in 1923 and Yap Kee operated later than that. The Chinese owner has been relegated to the cashier counter and a side corner for making drinks whereas another half of the shop was rented to the Indians to sell banana leaf rice.

The cross-culture business has been ongoing for more than 70 years and it still exists today.

Figure 39: Yap Kee Banana Leaf Restaurant Credit: Wong, 2018

2.6.2.3 MASJID INDIA MUSLIM TENGKU KELANA Built in 1910 as a wooden building, Masjid India Muslim Tengku Kelana was originally a community centre for Indian Muslims who lived in Klang and migrants who were from India. The wooden building was replaced by a new mosque in 1973 but several years ago, it was torn down and rebuilt into the modern structure it is today to accommodate more worshippers (Rajendra, 2015). The new modern mosque also incorporates some aspects of the original mosque that bears elements of South Indian mosque architecture.

Figure 40: Masjid India Muslim Tengku Kelana Credit: Lee, 2018

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2.6.2.4 ROYAL KLANG CLUB Royal Klang Club was founded in 1901 for the purpose of the social and recreational activities of the colonial residents. Up until 1941, it was the focal point for the sporting, social and cultural activities of the European community; civil servants and businessmen. After a brief take over, from 1942-1945 by the Japanese military, it was once again back in the colonial hands with a European’s Only membership up until the independence by the Federation of Malaya in 1957 (Workman, 2017). Today, only registered members are allowed to utilize the facilities within the Royal Klang Club.

Figure 41: Royal Klang Club Credit: Koid, 2018

2.6.2.5 MAKAM DIRAJA KLANG Located right within the compound of Sultan Suleiman Royal Mosque, Makam Diraja Klang is a royal mausoleum for the late ruling Sultans, royal consorts and members of the royal family.

Figure 42: Makam Diraja Klang Credit: Lee, 2018

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METHODOLOGY | 2.0

2.6.2.6 PERANGSANG JATI SDN. BHD. (ANTIQUES) Located at Jalan Dato Hamzah, Perangsang Jati is a double storey second hand store which sells used furnitures, electronics, antiques, collectibles and trinkets. Antiques include some valuable old photographs and posters, cups, typewriters and so on. It is also the largest antique shop in Klang which attracts visitors and the locals to visit the shop.

Figure 43: Perangsang Jati Sdn. Bhd. Credit: Koid, 2018

2.6.2.7 STADIUM SULTAN SULAIMAN Stadium Sultan Sulaiman was first officiated by Almarhum DYMM Tuanku Sultan Selangor in 1975 for the purpose of sports and recreational activities for residents in Klang. It is located near Sultan Sulaiman Royal Mosque. In the 1980’s, it was often used to host plenty of hot air balloon carnivals. As for now, the stadium still functions as venue for sports, competitions or other events.

Figure 44: Stadium Sultan Sulaiman Credit: Koid, 2018

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2.6.2.8 MAJLIS PERBANDARAN KLANG (MPK) Majlis Perbandaran Klang (MPK), also known as Klang Municipal Board in English, was initially established as Klang Health Board in May 1890 and later combined with Port Swettenham in December 1945 to form Klang Municipal Board. After 10 years, Klang Municipal Board was replaced by Klang Town Council which led to further change in administration. Klang developed rapidly until 1971 when Port Klang, Kapar and Meru were incorporated to form Klang District Council. With the new reorganization plan, Klang District Council was upgraded to Klang Municipal Council (MPK) in 1977.

Figure 45: Majlis Perbandaran Klang Credit: Lee, 2018

Members from our team visited MPK to officially request for the survey map and original floor plan of Seraph Awaken. Besides that, brochures, colourcoded zoning maps and leaflets about Klang were also obtained from MPK. The zoning map helps us to identify the buildings that serve as transportation terminals, residential, commercial, institutions, religious buildings and open spaces.

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2.7 POST-SITE VISIT 2.7.1 REPORTING The report team separated the progress into 2 phases. Phase 1 covered the first three chapters of the report whereas phase 2 involved the rest of the chapters. Several extra information obtained from interviews and visitations were then added into the researches and findings of phase 1 which were completed in advance prior to the site visit. For phase 2, the information collected on site were analyzed and compiled into the report accordingly after site visit.

2.7.2 PRODUCTION OF DRAWINGS The Revit team was separated into different subgroups to continue completing different detailed parts of the building such as ceilings, roof, ornaments, doors and windows, from the draft massing model which has been done on site. The digital modelling was completed via Revit with the aid of Autodesk Revit 360 Team software for easy collaboration. All the drawings were then transferred to AutoCAD for line weights adjustment. Symbols, abbreviations and annotations were added with different colour codes accordingly in AutoCAD for easy understanding.

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2.7.3 MODELLING The model team consistently worked on physical models to allow fellow members to have better understanding on the spatial layouts and experiences. In addition, to test on the workability of the materials used and mechanisms as well as to determine the cost and scale required for the final model. A total of two mock-up models has been done prior to the production of final model.

Figure 46: First mock-up model

Figure 47: Second mock-up model

Credit: Wong, 2018

Credit: Wong, 2018

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CHAPTER 3.0

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE This section is an in-depth collection of information

regarding

aspects of the site.

the

historical

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.1 SITE LOCATION Diagram 2 is a site plan highlighting the location of our building, Seraph Awaken, as well as its surrounding context in South Klang. Seraph Awaken occupies lot no. 28 along Jalan Stesen 1 which sits between the two main roads, Jalan Besar and Jalan Tengku Diaudin. Formerly known as Lorong Stesen, it is known as the narrowest street in Klang and many pre-war shophouses are located along this single lane road.

The traffic is ushered into Jalan Stesen 1 from Solok Besar, then following Jalan Stesen 1 out to the main road, Jalan Besar. This road is often used to direct the traffic to conveniently turn back to Jalan Besar, mainly due to lack of parking spots and the courtesy of drivers in which it accumulates and creates traffic congestion.

Diagram 2: Site plan with vehicular circulation pattern

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.2 SITE CONTEXT Apart from Seraph Awaken, Wee Min Trading Sdn Bhd and K.L. Yong & Co.

However, adjacent streets such as Jalan Tengku Diaudin and Jalan Tengku

Chartered Accountants which were designed by the same architect and

Kelana are Indian dominated as the roads reside within the Little India town.

owned by the same owner, Yap Kian, occupy the neigbouring lot no. 26 and

There sits an India Muslim mosque built by the Klang’s Indian Muslim

30 along Jalan Stesen 1. The two rows of shophouses along the street were

community to cater the spiritual needs of the people. These differences

built around the period of the late 1890s and the early 20th century.

reflect upon the intertwining races living together in harmony of Klang,

Businesses are owned and ran mostly by the Chinese population that are

witnessing diverse quality of the old town.

living close by, aiding in sprouting the street filled with Chinese culture. The famous Yen Woh Chinese Medicine Store and Teck Teh Bak Kut Teh are also both located right across Seraph Awaken.

K.L. Yong & Co. Chartered Accountants

Seraph Awaken

Wee Min Trading Sdn. Bhd.

Figure 48: Panorama of the street and neighbouring buildings Credit: Wong, 2018

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.3 SELANGOR 3.3.1 ETYMOLOGY The origin of the name, Selangor came from the traditional Malay settlements

According to Tang from Says.com (2017), some sources claimed that

which were widespread along the river, Kuala Selangor, in the early years.

Selangor got its name from a combination of the words “salang” (stabbing)

The name itself does not carry any meaning but it is a creation inspired from

and “jemur” (drying out under the sun) which forms “Selangur”. It was said

an abbreviation or a combination of changes to the original word over time

that Kuala Selangor was a place for torturing traitors by stabbing them and

(Ruxyn, 2017). However, there are still few legendary stories behind

putting them under the sun.

explaining about the derivation of the name.

According to Majlis Daerah Kuala Selangor (n.d.), oral stories from the locals stated that the name was derived from “langau” or blow flies. The blow flies frequently disturbed a Malaccan warrior when he was resting under a tree and this incident raised his interest to explore the place and settle down later.

The place was initially named Selangau (one blow fly), then to Selangor.

Others also mentioned that the name was originated from the abundance of Mentangau mangrove trees planted at the shore of Selangor River today.

The traders called the estuary as Kuala Mentangau which was then evolved

Figure 49: Traditional Malay settlements along Kuala Selangor during 1898

into Selangor over time.

Source: Collection of Geoff Edwards via https://www.nikonclub.com.my/pages/Insight.aspx?id=248

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3.3.2 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE Having existed since 2000 years ago, Selangor has a rich history in which the state has existed way longer than the reign of Malacca Malay Sultanate by over a century.

According to a book written by Tun Sri Lanang, Sejarah Melayu, the name of Selangor and Klang was mentioned a few times in different significant events in the past, such as the reign of Malacca Sultanate, the meeting between local chiefs and leaders from neighbouring countries, and the voyage of Laksamana Cheng Ho. These events were evidences showing that Selangor and Klang were being recognized by foreign parties as trade and economic centres in the history.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

Bronze Age Selangor was first discovered where artefacts such as bronze drum and bronze bell were evidence of its connection establishment with other nations, both economically and culturally.

15th Century Selangor was separated by river into two regions: Klang and Jeram. The state was under the control of Malacca Sultanate.

1446 Tun Perak was appointed as the chief of Klang during the reign of Sultan Muzaffar Shah Melaka (1446-1459).

1459 – 1477 (Unidentified) Paduka Mamat was appointed as the chief of Jeram during the reign of Sultan Mansur Shah Melaka (1459-1477).

1511 Selangor was ruled by Sri Agar Diraja from Johor Sultanate after the fall of Malacca into Portuguese in a war.

1528 – 1564 (Unidentified) Dato’ Engku Kelang was appointed to move to Selangor as the new ruler by the first Sultan of Johor Lama, Sultan Alauddin Shah (1528 – 1564).

1700 Arung Pasarai, a Bugisese from Sulawesi, was appointed as the chief of Selangor with the title “Yamtuan”.

1722 The Bugis influence started to take place in Selangor since the arrival of the five Bugis Brothers took the throne away from the then Sultan of Johor-Riau, Sultan Kechil, meanwhile aiding Sultan Suleiman to raise his position.

1730 Raja Lumu, son of one of the five Bugis Brothers, continued ruling Selangor after the death of the then ruler, Raja Siti.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

1766 Raja Lumu established Kuala Selangor as Selangor’s first capital. He became the first Sultan of Selangor.

1784 Kuala Selangor was conquered by Dutch in an invasion.

19th Century The economy boomed due to exploitation of rubber and huge tin reserves which attracted labourers and traders from China and India.

1854 Raja Abdullah was appointed by the then Sultan of Selangor to control over the rubber and tin exploitation in Klang instead of Raja Mahdi who was another tax collector.

1867 Selangor Civil War occurred due to strong desire to take control of rubber and tin exploitation, resulting in unsteady political and economical positions of the land.

1868 Yap Ah Loy’s appointment as the third Kapitan China for Kuala Lumpur who later took over the reconstruction of Kuala Lumpur after the civil war.

1874 Sultan Abdul Samad of Selangor passed the crisis over to a British Resident named Sir Frank Swettenham in a system allowed British to govern Selangor. Selangor was back on the road of prosperity.

1896 Selangor was joined with Negeri Sembilan, Perak and Pahang to form the Federated Malay States, with its capital in Kuala Lumpur.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

1941 – 1945 Selangor was occupied by the Japanese in the World War II. 1948 The Federated Malay States evolved into the Federation of Malaya, with Selangor as one of the 11 states.

1957 Independence of Malaya was declared, with Kuala Lumpur in Selangor as the capital.

1963 Selangor with another 13 states formed Malaysia.

1974 Kuala Lumpur in Selangor was incorporated into the first Federal Territory of Malaysia.

1978 Selangor started to develop and Shah Alam became the official capital of Selangor.

2002 Putrajaya in Selangor became the second Federal Territory of Malaysia.

2005 Selangor was certified Malaysia’s first official advanced and developed state.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

Figure 50: Tin mining in Ulu Selangor during the old days Source: Malaya 500 Early Postcards via http://sungaibatuderelong.blogspot.my/2013/05/

Figure 51: Indian labourers working at rubber estates in Selangor Source: National Collection via https://roots.sg/Roots/learn/collections/listing/1080234

Figure 52: Sir Frank Swettenham as the first British resident in Selangor Source: http://www.britishempire.me.uk/frankswettenham.html

Figure 53: An aerial view of Kuala Lumpur as the capital during 1920 Source: http://says.com/my/lifestyle/old-photos-of-kl

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.4 KLANG (ROYAL TOWN) 3.4.1 ETYMOLOGY According to Majlis Perbandaran Klang (n.d.), the name Klang is originated from the Mon-Khymer language, “klong” which can be identified as a warehouse. An English orientalist and linguist, C.O. Blagden, stated that the significance of Port Swettenham (Port Klang) which was filled of warehouses in the early years, has led to production of the name. Also, warehouse is called “kilang” in Malay language which is pronounced similarly as the word “klong”.

Another opinion from Charles A. Fishr was that “klong” means “canal” or waterway. This opinion was agreed upon because Klang has many

Figure 54: Port Swettenham in the 1900s Source: Malaysia’s Maritime Marvel Book via https://themalaysianreserve.com/2017/06/06/the-man-behind-malaysias-1st-containerterminal/

waterways which are streams such as Sg. Klang, Sg. Bertek, Sg. Pinang, Sg. Pinang, Sg. Sementa, Sg. Agas, Sg. Kandis, Sg. Binjai, Sg. Kapar, Sg. Jati, Sg. Aur, Sg. Rasau and Sg. Putus. The names of these rivers are remained until today.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.4.2 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE Klang, the official royal town, is divided into North and South by the Klang River. Most historical attractions and commercial centres are currently concentrated in Klang South (Muthiah, 2014). Being the pioneer in development success of Selangor, it once functioned as the main administrative centre of Selangor prior to the founding of Kuala Lumpur and Shah Alam.

As time came to be, several buildings in Klang South, such as Gedung Raja Abdullah, Sultan Suleiman Royal Mosque and Stadium Sultan Suleiman, are listed under conservation status and restoration efforts by the National Heritage Board and Badan Warisan Malaysia. In general, there are still a lot of historical artefacts that are buried because of the changes of that time and tide brings.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

Bronze Age Klang was discovered. A bronze bell which is now in the British Museum, was found together with some iron tools called “tulang mawas”.

11th Century It was mentioned that Klang served as a dependency of other states for unknown purpose.

14th Century Klang became part of the colonized territories of the Sri Vijaya and Majapahit’s government.

1409 – 1433 (Unidentified) Klang River was marked on the visitation of Chinese Admiral, Laksamana Cheng Ho during his voyage to South-East Asia and other regions.

15th Century Klang was under the control of Malacca Sultanate.

1446 The locals overthrew the then chief or “penghulu” and requested a new leader from Sultan Muzaffar Shah Melaka (14461459). As a result, Tun Perak was appointed.

1511 Klang was under the control of Sultan Johor-Riau after the fall of Malacca into Portuguese in a war.

1766 Klang was under the control of Selangor Sultanate.

19th Century Rapid expansion of tin mining at the region of Klang as a result of the increased demand for tin from the West.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

1854 Raja Abdullah’s appointment as official administrator of Klang. He was the first Malay tin-mining pioneer.

1857 87 tin miners from China came and settled at the tin-mining area where Klang River and Gombak River converged. 70% of them died of malaria in the first month.

1860 Raja Abdullah’s rival, Raja Mahadi built his own fort and city in Klang to defense against the enemies when civil war was triggered. Half of the structures were demolished, and the archway is the only thing left today.

1867 Conflict broke out between Raja Abdullah and Raja Mahadi due to the strong desire to control over Klang Valley. It has led to Klang War, also known as Selangor Civil War, which lasted for 8 years.

1868 During the war, the seat of power was moved to Bandar Temasya, Kuala Langat, and then to Jugra which then became the royal capital of Selangor.

1874 The Klang War ended by allowing a British Resident to handle the crisis. Klang was officially governed by the British.

1875 Klang became the capital of British colonial administration for Selangor until 1880.

1886 Klang Valley railway was built, linking Bukit Kuda to Kuala Lumpur.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

1890 Klang started to develop into the state's leading producer of coffee, and later rubber. Klang Health Board was established to administer Klang town.

1895 The official boundary of Klang was first identified to separate it from another region.

1901 Completion of Port Swettenham which was officiated by Sir Frank Swettenham.

1903 The royal seat was moved back to Klang to replace Jugra during the reign of Sultan Sulaiman (1898-1938).

1945 Klang Health Board was combined with Port Swettenham to form Klang Municipal Board.

1955 Klang Municipal Board was replaced with Klang Town Board.

1971 Port Klang, Kapar and Meru were incorporated to form Klang District Council to replace Klang Town Board.

1972 Port Swettenham officially changed its name to Port Klang.

1974 Klang became the state capital of Selangor before the seat of government shifted to Shah Alam in 1977.

1977 Klang District Council was upgraded to Klang Municipal Council.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

Figure 55: Bronze bell dating 2nd century BC which was found in Klang Source: The British Museum’s Collection via http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/colle ction_online/collection_object_details.aspx? objectId=247695&partId=1

Figure 56: Raja Mahadi Source: https://intelekblogirls.wordpress.com/2016/06/27/ raja-mahadiselangor/

Figure 57: The only archway left from Raja Mahadi City Source: http://www.tourismselangor.my/destinations/raja-mahadi-fort/

Figure 58: Klang River separating North and South Klang Source: https://www.storyblocks.com/stock-image/the-panoramaand-reflection-of-wilayah-mosque-rjfkx6alagj1kkodio

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.5 SOUTH KLANG (OLD TOWN) 3.5.1 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE BEFORE INDEPENDENCE South Klang is located to the south of the Klang River. According to the book, Sejarah dan Warisan Klang Bandar Diraja (2013), South Klang became important after the downfall of Kuala Selangor specifically after the passing of Sultan Muhammad Shah (1826-1857).

In the late 1800s, labourers from China migrated to South Klang to work in the tin mining industry near the Klang River. This resulted in the abundancy of infrastructures, transportation stations as well as administrative centres built in the town to serve the people better. Since then, South Klang bloomed into one of the Malaya’s main cities around the turn of 19 th century, mainly also due to abundance of traders from Port Klang visiting the town.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

South Klang was under Raja Abdullah’s administration.

Raja Mahadi built a fort at Bukit Kota to defence against Raja Abdullah during the Klang war.

Completion of Raja Abdullah’s warehouse at Pengkalan Batu to store the tin ores and be his dwelling.

Klang War ended but had caused economic dislocation and loss of mining investments.

South Klang was under British colonial administration, with J.G. Davidson as the first British Resident.

Completion of police department which is the fire station today to safeguard the town. Klang Health Board was established to administer the town.

Klang Railway Station was built to transport tin products, coffee and other goods between Kuala Lumpur and Bukit Kuda.

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Completion of Klang District Hospital to accommodate growing number of patients.

South Klang was affected by malaria disease which came in waves.

South Klang was under the British Resident, H. Conlay Belfield’s administration.

The first Chartered Bank was built as demanded by local and foreign traders working in Klang.

The first road bridge, Belfield Bridge was built to connect roads between South and North Klang. However, it was destructed during World War II to prevent further invasion of the Japanese.

The first school in Klang, Chung Hua Chinese Independent School was founded due to increased migrants from China.

The British built an office which is the royal gallery today to administer the lands and properties in South Klang.

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Maxwell Clock Tower was built to act as focal point of South Klang.

It was then committed violent acts here by the Japanese.

South Klang was under Japanese Occupation during World War II.

World War II ended with several lives taken and plenty of buildings destroyed.

The first double-decked bridge, Kota Bridge was built by British Dormon Long Company to cater vehicles and pedestrians.

Two bailey bridges, Madras Bailey and Sidney Bailey Bridge were constructed to replace the destructed Belfield Bridge which aided in transportation of goods between South and North Klang.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.5.2 DEVELOPMENT Continuous rapid development in which conscience mind from high authority have chosen multiple options into preserving, retaining and improving Klang’s heritage value as well to provide convenience and comfort whilst security to the residents of Klang. However, some buildings are left with no option to be demolished to pave way for the upcoming development growth of Klang.

Listed below are references of buildings in which government of Klang have dedicated its responsibility in sense of improving living quality and sustainability within its compound.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

No.

Notable Buildings/Structures (Past Klang)

Status of the Old Building

Current Replacement

1

Maxwell Clock Tower

Demolished

Musaeddin Bridge

2

Klang District Office (Later used as the Japanese war Preserved

Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery

headquarter, followed by the rest house of local authorities, then police contingent building) 3

Chartered Bank of India, Australia and China (or the Preserved

Chennai Silk Palace

Chartered Bank) 4

Singgah Palace for DYMM Sultan Sir Alaeddin Sulaiman

Preserved

5

Gedung Raja Abdullah, also known as a tin-mining Preserved

Pejabat Agama Islam Klang Gedung Raja Abdullah Tin Museum

warehouse (later used as government offices, then district police station) 6

Mahkota Puri Palace

Demolished

7

Bridges (Belfield, Madras, Sydney, Kota)

First

three

Istana Alam Shah bridges

are Kota Bridge

demolished or collapsed 8

Klang District Hospital

Preserved

Tengku Ampuan Rahimah General Hospital

9

Regal Theatre

Preserved

Regal Theatre

Table 7: List of notable historical buildings with their status after development took place

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.5.3 GENIUS LOCI FAMILIARITY BRINGS COMFORT The cramped five-foot ways, dingy alleys and raucous street hawkers are relics of this old town.

The true essence of South Klang can be captured through the warmness, well-worn, slow-paced, ambience of the small town. With its long, forgotten history, its old charm is still kept until today. Due to Jalan Stesen 1’s strategic location, traffic flow varies depending on different peak hours. Majority of the shopkeepers in this area are middle-aged men and women of different ethnicities. Elements of authenticity of this old town can be seen throughout this diversified old town.

Diagram 3: Photomontage showing key essence of South Klang

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Figure 59: Time reminiscing the past, the present and what could be the future Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 61: A forgotten gem displaying its stain Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 60: Nomad: lost and neglected elderly Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 62: Kindness of the locals to offer help Credit: Wong, 2018

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

3.6 JALAN STESEN 1 3.6.1 BRIEF HISTORICAL TIMELINE Jalan Stesen 1 is located right at the heart of South Klang, a street away from the Klang Railway Station which is the earliest railway station in the country.

According to stories from the interviewees, Jalan Stesen 1 was once the busiest street in Klang as many locals, miners and traders would gather here for business and leisure purposes.

After the Japanese Occupation in the 1940s, the activities of gangsterism, gambling, prostitution, cockfighting and opium consumption started to flood the street as demanded by the Chinese migrants (Gullick, 1998). It was also once labelled “the dirtiest street” by the locals since the street reached its golden age between the 1940s and 1960s. Today, Jalan Stesen 1 has evolved into the quietest street in Klang, with two rows of old, dilapidated shophouses left behind.

*The following information were sourced from the various interviews conducted during the site visit.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

The shophouses were constructed separately along the street by different builders which depends on the financial status of the owners.

The shophouses at the middle of the street, which the Wee Min Trading Sdn Bhd, Seraph Awaken and K.L. Yong & Co. Chartered Accountants that now operate, were built by Fu Wan Xiang Construction Company under the supervision and instruction of the buildings’ owner, Yap Kian.

The shophouses, which the Sykt.

Wah Sang Brothers and Sykt. You Chang now operate, were two of the pioneer buildings of the street.

World War II began.

Few shophouses right opposite Seraph Awaken were bombed and destroyed during the Japanese Occupation.

Two shophouses at the end of the street, which the Yen Woh Chinese Medicine Store and Teck Teh Bak Kut Teh now operate, were built.

Implementation of new policies on restructuring shophouses by the town planner, resulting in different sizes and typologies of shophouses along the street.

Reconstruction of the destroyed shophouses, which the Yen Who Trading Co., Biz Hotel, Sin Teo Heng Restaurant and Yen Woh Chinese Medicine Store that now operate.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE SITE | 3.0

Few shophouses along the street were burnt down, mainly due to faulty wiring and electrical appliances which led to electrical fires, and also faulty construction which affected the neighbouring buildings and caused disputes.

Some were refurbished whereas some were demolished and used as private car park now.

Inflation happened, and increased living standards forced the younger generation of the heritors to move out from the street to seek for better job opportunities, resulting in their migration to other towns.

Demolition of a row of shophouses at the end of the street to construct a new bridge, Musaeddin Bridge, connecting Jalan Tengku Kelana from South Klang with roads from North Klang. This was under the earlier urban development plan of Klang.

As the population of the street decreased, most of the shophouses along the street are leased out for business opportunities for people whereas some elders are still continuing their ownership up to this day, such as Sin Teo Heng Restaurant, Teck Teh Bak Kut Teh shop, Sykt. Wah Sang Brothers, and more.

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3.6.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN JALAN STESEN 1 AND THE COMMUNITY Based on the interviews, Jalan Stesen 1 was named after the Klang Railway Station, or Stesen Kereta Api Klang in Malay. Also known by the Cantonese as “Ao Guai” (backstreet) since the street lies at the most strategic location as it is a street behind the main road that is right across the main entrance of the railway station. The opening as the first railway station in the country encouraged the job opportunities and economic growth which eventually led to the success of Klang. To honour its success, Jalan Stesen 1 is bestowed to the very street. Previously, the local authority annotated the street as Lorong Stesen in the urban development plan, but with overwhelming objections and appeals towards the mention of the word “lorong” (alley), it was later then officially amended to retain the original name the street was given, Jalan Stesen 1.

Jalan Stesen 1 established along the period of administration of Raja Abdullah in the mid of 19th century. The street was originally connected to the road in front of Gedung Raja Abdullah. It was once a warehouse for Raja Abdullah to store tin ore and other goods, and was fortified by his rival, Raja

Diagram 4: “Malay Street” in relationship with Gedung Raja Abdullah

Mahadi when a civil war broke out between communities of Klang in 1867.

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During the war, the neighbourhood was filled with Malay population because the followers which consist of volunteers turned fighters to aid in repelling the forces of Raja Abdullah from the warehouse. Thus, the name given as ‘’Malay Street’’ in regards of the Malay occupancy along the street.

It was then later renowned to “Japan Street” during World War II in 1939.

Jalan Stesen 1 and its corresponding streets located near the royal gallery, which was once the Japanese administration office, in where these streets

Figure 63: It is believed that the street was once named “Malay Street” as partially shown in the lease agreement Credit: Wong, 2018

were favoured by the Japanese officers and soldiers as it provided them with a variety of “leisure” activities. Activities such as gangsterism, prostitution, cockfighting, and opium addiction were heavily practiced and a common sight during its occupation period by the Japanese.

After World War II, Jalan Stesen 1 resumed its previous lifestyle while retaining certain activities during the Japanese occupation such as prostitution and opium addiction. Gradually, the locals and foreigners started to approach this street and discover the food and beverage business opportunities. As time progressed, this street was filled with a variety of delicacies originated from Canton, Hainan, Teochew, Fuzhou, Hokkien and Diagram 5: “Japan Street” in relationship with the royal gallery

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Hakka. Running along the street, there were a number of kopitiam and hawker stalls selling dishes like bak kut teh, Hainanese traditional coffee, Hokkien noodle, Hakka noodle and more. Therefore its popularity as a food street made the street to be known as “Wai Sek Gai” (food street) by the Cantonese community.

Diagram 6: “Food Street” in relationship with the kopitiam and hawker centres

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3.6.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF RESTRUCTURING POLICIES IN THE 1960S In the 1960s, Klang Town Board, which is known as the Klang Municipal

The implementation of restructuring policies caused some of the shophouses

Council (MPK) today, has placed the five-foot walkway into conflicts and

along Jalan Stesen 1 to sacrifice the length in favour for the height of the

negotiations that characterized the shaping of colonial urban landscapes.

buildings, creating a new building typology. However, it did not apply to the

The town planner intended it to be an open, unobstructed public space for

rest of the built shophouses. Today, the street comprises of multiple

the convenience of pedestrians, but there were many competing claims on it,

shophouses with different heights. The linearity that was previously inherited

such as the disposal of rubbish, the sorting and selling of merchandise, as

from the continuous five-foot walkway along the street is broken, thus

well as informal meetings and negotiations.

resulting in a new street morphology.

With the strengthening of the board’s determination to impose standards of acceptable behavior, and permissible activities in public streets and spaces, the threshold between public and private domains became more defined, and conflicts ensued over the use of the street (Home, 2013). An attempt by the town board to clear obstructions from the five-foot walkway led to the socalled “veranda” in front of the shophouses. Later, the advantages of a recessed pedestrian way became apparent with the growth of motor traffic, and there were attempts to restructure and widen the veranda to 10 feet (approximately 3 meters).

Diagram 7: Site model highlighting “verandah” in front of other shophouses

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3.6.4 URBAN PLANNING DEVELOPMENT IN THE 1970S By the mid of 20th century, from the mouth of the Klang river, development gradually spread upstream. Population surged and trading activities flourished, resulting in the increasing economic and social demands which suggested the need to link up the northern and southern sides of Klang. In the 1970s, the local authority proposed a new bridge in conjunction with the urban development plan that connected the north to the south where the new town sits today.

Maxwell Clock Tower and a row of shophouses at the end of Jalan Stesen 1 were then forced to be demolished to give way to construction of the bridge.

Figure 64: Musaeddin Bridge Credit: Koid, 2018

Officially known as Musaeddin Bridge, the bridge was constructed across the Klang river to serve as pedestrian and vehicular bridge. The newer housing developments in the new town attracted more young people to shift their houses and settle down over there, causing the street to lose attention from the community. Also, the construction of Musaeddin Bridge altered and blocked the major circulations to approach the street, limiting the accessibility to the once multi-accessible area. As a result, dispersion happened, causing the businesses along the street to decline.

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3.6.5 PRESENT CONDITIONS In the 1980s, the nation including South Klang faced low inflation which compelled younger generations to move out from the town to seek better opportunities and living standards, resulting in a major migration move, especially within the Chinese community. The migration of the younger generations leaves mainly the aged behind in the essentially little-changed physical environment. Today, the town's once bustling street wears a deserted look with shophouse owners facing a slump in their businesses following the migration trend.

Up to this day, many witnessed the transformation of South Klang town, the river and its surroundings in the past decades. However, businesses owned by the older generations are still running along Jalan Stesen 1. Some were rented out and sold to younger generations to start up their businesses such as concept cafĂŠ, clothes store, or retails. The ground floors of the shophouses are mainly utilized for their business activities whereas the first floors of the shophouses are left vacant. The linearity of the row of shophouses still remains broken, having private car parks interfering the continuity of five-foot walkway. Parking spots are available on both sides of

Figure 65: Art installation on one of the side walls of the shophouses along the street Credit: Koid, 2018

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the single lane street. The narrow back alley of the shophouses also serves as parking spot, mainly for the shop owners.

As the population of the old town gradually decreased, the Klang Municipal Council (MPK) started to incorporate the conservation of historical buildings, as well as the rehabilitation of distinctive architecture such as the Chartered Bank. The local authority also recently launched a Klang City Rejuvenation (KCR) project which aims to revitalize the street to its former glory. As the first step, installation art and murals that responded to the surrounding context were installed and painted on the walls of the back alley and the side walls of the buildings. Heritage Walk was introduced to boost the tourism industry of Klang, attracting attention of the younger generations to visit the historical town.

Figure 66: Murals painting along the alley Credit: Koid, 2018

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3.7 SIGNIFICANT BUILDINGS (WITHIN 200M RADIUS) The neighbourhood that is home Seraph Awaken, has largely preserved its local identity and personality, as attested by the low-rise conservation area zoning around the shophouse. The significant historical buildings serve as tangible reminders of our shared heritage and how Klang reforms. Together with the stories and memories they hold, they provide us with a better understanding of our shared history and heritage, and a greater appreciation of the places around us. Along Jalan Gedung Raja Abdullah, there sits two remarkable old buildings, Gedung Raja Abdullah and Klang Fire Station, meanwhile within the perimeter of our observation on site, there lies more pre-war buildings such as Klang Railway Station and Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery along Jalan Besar, as well as Masjid India Muslim Tengku Kelana at the Little India town.

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3.7.1 KLANG RAILWAY STATION The Klang Railway Station was built in 1890 on Jalan Besar. It was constructed to replace the original Bukit Kuda Station, which had been in use since the Selangor Railway was first completed in 1875 and located three miles away from Klang town. The state government had been struggling with a limited budget and was unable to extend the railway to the southern boundary of Klang town. A bridge crossing the Klang River, however, was built to meet the residential and commercial transportation needs.

To accommodate the growing traffic of passengers and goods, the government built an iron bridge across the Klang River, which cost about 94,600 dollars. It also built the Klang Railway Station.

Figure 67: The bustling scene at the Bukit Kuda Station in year 1886 Source: http://pakbaretta.blogspot.my/2012/02/history-of-malayan-railwaysktm1869-to.html

Five years later, the Klang Jetty had reached its maximum capacity, thanks to transport of tin products and coffee. This prompted the government’s decision to build a new port (Port Swettenham, the current Port Klang), which is located at the mouth of the Klang River. Between 1895 and 1901, an extension of six miles to the original railway was built from Klang town to the new port. Selangor’s railway system quickly became one of the busiest in the peninsula then (MPK, 2010).

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3.7.2 KLANG FIRE STATION This beautiful Victorian-style building, Klang Fire Station, is located at the

renovated throughout the years to accommodate modern use, the main

junction of Jalan Tengku Diaudin and Jalan Tengku Kelana, overlooking the

structure and architectural design features are well-maintained, keeping

bridge on the latter road. In the 1890s, the construction took place under the

intact the way it looked a hundred year ago (MPK, 2010).

supervision and custody of the police department. The building is used by the police department as storage of ammunition and Klang Traffic Police Office.

The back of this building now is the house of quarters of members.

In the time of the Japanese occupation, this station was functional and served as the source point of warning alarm where there is an attack from the Japanese soldiers. In 1950s, the building was handed over to the Klang District Council, which is known as the Klang Municipal Council (MPK) today, to serve as a fire station. According to the official statement from Klang Fire Station, it was mentioned that there were only 7 people in charge of the fire station at that time, including a sub-officer, a leading fireman, and 5 firemen.

In 1967, the fire station administration was submitted to the state government to be in use as the Selangor Fire Department Headquarters and in 1978 was placed under the Federal Government. Today, the building still serves as a

Figure 68: The original outlook of Klang Fire Station in the past Source: http://selangorfirefightergallery.blogspot.my/p/history.html

fire station, primarily to safeguard the town from fires. Though it has been

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3.7.3 SULTAN ABDUL AZIZ ROYAL GALLERY The gallery which was the brainchild of His Late Majesty the Yang di-Pertuan

a range of magnificent personal collections of artifacts and gifts covering the

Agong XI, Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Alhaj, was first established at

period of his reign. Included in the exhibition are replicas of Selangor’s crown

Syahbandaraya Klang in 1988 to house His Majesty’s personal collection of

jewels (MPK, 2010).

artefacts, memorabilia and royal paraphernalia.

Upon the ascension of HRH Sultan Sharafuddin Idris Shah Alhaj to the throne in 2001, HRH instructed that the legacy of his late father’s initiative to be continued, by relocating the gallery to this location (Sultan Suleiman building).

Designed by PWD architect Arthur B. Hubback and built in 1909, this building was first served as land and administration office for the British. The Japanese took over and turned it as its war headquarters during World War II. Later, the building housed several local authorities until its recent restoration into the royal gallery.

Visitors will get an insight of the late Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah’s childhood and early years as a crown prince, his career in military and public offices until his appointment as the eighth Sultan of Selangor in 1960 and as the eleventh Yang di-Pertuan Agong in 1999. The royal collections consist of

Figure 69: Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery in the past Source: Zain, 2016

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3.7.4 GEDUNG RAJA ABDULLAH Gedung Raja Abdullah in Klang, is the oldest Malay building in Selangor (Tan, 2015). With the traditional timber construction, the building was built in 1856

by Raja Abdullah in the heart of the old town as a tin storage and its upper floor as dwellings. Raja Abdullah was conferred with “Head of Klang” by Sultan Muhammad Shah as he opened and managed several tin mines in Ulu Klang River, which is now known as Kuala Lumpur. He was the representative of the Sultan in predominating over harvesting and trading of the tin ores produced in the Klang Valley (Jabatan Warisan Negara, 2016).

During the civil war happened in Selangor in 1866, this warehouse was used

Figure 70: Gedung Raja Abdullah in the early years

as a stronghold for the followers of Raja Mahadi. In year 1875, the Sultan of

Source: https://akubudaktelok64.blogspot.my/2015/02/sejarah-polis-di-klang.html

Selangor welcomed the first British resident into the state of Selangor, J.G Davidson, who was a lawyer from Singapore. After the British became the official advisors to the Sultan of Selangor, J.G Davidson converted Gedung Raja Abdullah into the District Administration Office for his own use. The building was later converted into the District Police Department until the year 1970. In the recent years, Gedung Raja Abdullah has been converted into a tin museum and is placed under conservation list by the National Heritage Department since 2008 (PADAT.gov, n.d.).

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3.7.5 MASJID INDIA MUSLIM TENGKU KELANA In the early 20th century, Muslim pilgrims migrated from their mother country,

Tengku Kelana. Also, there is a mausoleum of one of the mosque’s founders

India, specifically Southern India, to Klang to work as labourers at the rubber

within the ground (MPK, 2010).

estates. The community built a wooden building as the first India Muslim worship centre around 1910 to cater for the religious needs of the Indian Muslim community who lived in and around Klang. Ten years later, the small worship centre was converted and further upgraded into a mosque and managed by an Indian Muslim merchant, R.M Pakir Mohamed. In the similar year, the Sultan of Selangor gifted a land to build a new mosque to the merchants and their leader, Tuan Haji R.E. Mohamed Kassim J.P. (IslamGRID, 2009).

In year 1974, during the management of Abdul Ghafoor bin K.A. Peer Mohamed, the mosque was reconstructed and officialized by Sultan Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah on the 30th of August 1974. Reconstruction of the mosque began in year 2007, and Islamic architecture was introduced and incorporated with designs which portrayed the glory days of Islam in Andalusia. It was finally completed in the year 2009, with capacity of 1000 worshippers. The mosque was later officially named as Masjid India Muslim

Figure 71: The original India Muslim worship centre in year 1910 Source: Zain, 2016

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3.8 LOCAL CULTURE AND HERITAGE KLANG: WHERE CULTURES, RELIGIONS AND PASSIONS MEET Klang is home to a wide range of cultures, ethnicities and religions. Since our days as a colony in the 19th and 20th centuries, immigrants from mainly India and China have flocked to the land of this royal town in search of a better life - and they have formed the bedrock upon which this town was built. Today, Klang’s resident ethnic makeup predominantly comprises the Chinese, Malay, and Indian communities.

The melding of Klang’s rich tapestry of cultures into a harmonious collective is the old town’s biggest highlight. People of all faiths who live and work in Klang will find different places of worship which belong to their community, such as temples, mosques, synagogues and church - located side by side or within close proximity.

The three ethnicities, including their sub-ethnic groups, have their own mother tongues that most Klang locals still speak today; yet they are not divided by these languages. In fact, these languages have coalesced into

Figure 72: Chong Kok Kopitiam serving customers of various races Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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what we call Malaysian English - another main language the locals use to interact with their friends, family, visitors and even co-workers.

Whether it is Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Aidilfitri, Deepavali, Mid-Autumn Festival or Christmas, all the ethnicities and religions that call Klang home celebrate together, transforming the enclave into a vibrant, harmonious and diverse community.

Figure 73: The harmony of Klang’s multiracial community can even be seen in a typical breakfast in Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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3.8.1 ORIGIN According to Sejarah Melayu written by Tun Sri Lanang, the Malay

This wave, considered the largest influx of immigration to the nation, brought

community is the only ethnic group that predominantly inhabited the

with it several different Chinese subgroups along with their respective

Peninsula since as early as the 13th century prior to the immigration wave of

dialects and cultures, such as those of the Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew,

the Chinese and Indian community to the country. Most of the Malays in

Fuzhou, Hainan and Hakka people. Unfortunately, many arrived deeply in

Klang today have their roots from the Malay Archipelago. The Malays used

debt to the bosses who paid their fares, and remained so when they sought

to build their settlements and worship centres along the bank of Klang River

escape from their hardships by smoking opium and gambling. However,

using woods from the mangrove trees as the structure and leaves from the

those who managed to escape the vicious cycle would go on to set up their

palm trees as the roof. Up to this day, they are still remained in the suburb of

own businesses or become traders, hence contributing to the rapid economic

Klang town, with the Malay cultures passing down to the younger generations.

growth in the South Klang (Asian Inspirations, n.d.).

From early 19th century to the 1930s, thousands of Chinese immigrants came to British-ruled Klang in search of a better life. Most Klang Chinese today are descended from this wave of immigrants. During the British rule, hundreds of thousands of Chinese people - most of whom are from the Southeast coast of Mainland China came here in the hopes of escaping a life of poverty in China. The Chinese, along with the Indian immigrants, filled labour shortages in tin mines, rubber plantations, and railway construction

On the other hand, Indians were brought into Klang by the British to work in plantations as well as road and railway construction yards in the late 19th century. Amongst the first arrivals were the Indian Muslim merchants from Gujarat, the westernmost state in India. The term “Little India” was coined by the locals and tourists. It was never acknowledged and declared by the local authority as they usually address the area as “business area at Jalan Tengku Kelana” (Bakri, 2014).

back then (Khor, 2016).

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3.8.2 CULTURAL ZONING AND SPREADING Although Klang serves as a bubbling, bursting melting pot of races and

Today, in Klang, people live harmoniously and interaction among different

religions, where Malays, Chinese, Indians and many other ethnic groups live

races are commonly seen.

together in peace and harmony, yet there sits different zones for their cultural activities to be held and their cultural attributes to be spread. For instance, the Malay community is living further down the old town; the Chinese community is generally concentrated in the old town; the Indian community is by the Little India along Jalan Tengku Kelana and its surrounding.

However, different zones do not lead to the segregation of Klang’s residents which comprise of different races and religions. On the contrary, there are points where people from different races and religions will share their cultures, at the same time experiencing others’ cultures. Food and delicacies can be taken as example in which it brings and unites the people together. Although each of these cultures has vigorously maintained its traditions and community structures, yet they have also blended together to create temporary Klang’s uniquely diverse heritage.

Diagram 8: Zoning distribution based on the three main ethnic groups

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3.8.2.1 THE MALAY COMMUNITY The Malay community, as the dominant population and ethnic group in Klang,

The Islamic holy days are national holidays including the Ramadan (Elisha,

occupies most suburb areas at the eastern region of Klang such as Kampung

2017).

Jawa, Kampung Pandan, Bukit Kuda, and Taman Wangi. Most of the areas are located along the bank of Klang river, which are inherited from the Malay

Festivals, celebrations and ceremonies

settlements in the history. The community is generally made up of three main

Festivals, celebrations and ceremonies involving many rituals are still

sub-ethnic groups, including Melayu Banjar, Melayu Jawa and Melayu Bugis

maintained and practiced among the Malay community. The general

(Daily Rakyat, 2016). Their ties become strong with the aid of royal palace,

characteristics are:

state government and mosques built surrounding the town.

•

Practices involve all age groups, ranging from newborn to death

Religion

•

Concentrate more on Friday prayers Raya celebration

Islam is the main religion of the Malay community in Klang. The people who

Apart from 5 times of daily prayers and Friday prayers, celebrations such as

practice this religion are known as Muslims. In the Istana Alam Shah, the

Raya Puasa, Raya Aidilfitri, Awal Muharram and Maulidur Rasul are widely

Sultan and his family members also have to be Muslims as it is believed that

practiced not merely in Klang, but also in and around other states of the

they will lose their privileges if they deviate from Islam. Muslims believe in

country. In Klang, mosques such as Masjid Diraja Sultan Suleiman, Masjid

Allah and Muhammad as Allah's last prophet. They believe that Muhammad

Dato Dagang and Masjid Ar Rahimin, serve as the main worship centres for

charged them to convert all people to Islam, and those who follow Islamic

prayers, celebrations and ceremonies by the Klang’s Malay community.

teachings will inherit physical possessions in paradise. They are governed by the Quran as their holy book and sharia laws are also followed. Many traditional practices of Malay people are incorporated into Islam traditions.

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Food Malay food is often eaten with the hands. No implements are needed. Diners simply scoop mouthfuls of rice mixed with curry, vegetables or meat onto their palms and then ladle this into their mouths with the back of their thumbs (Sim, 2017).

Due to the widespread of Javanese and Indonesian cultures at the zones occupied by the Malay community during the early formation of Klang, food recipes were brought in and some were evolved with the combination of Malay cultures. Klang is also well known for its delicious Malay and Javanese

Diagram 9: Zoning map highlighting locations occupied mainly by the Malay community

food such as lontong, bakso, sup kambing, asam pedas and nasi ambeng.

Figure 74: Interview session with the Malay community in Klang Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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3.8.2.2 THE CHINESE COMMUNITY The Chinese community is the dominant ethnic group occupying the areas

carried out in a straightforward and dignified way. During their services, they

such as Jalan Raya Timur, Jalan Besar, Jalan Stesen, Southern Park, Teluk

chant sutras, light lamps and offer flowers (Elisha, 2017).

Pulai, Taman Palm Grove and Taman Summit. Majority of the areas are mainly situated in the upland region of Klang, where the Chinese used to

Festivals, celebrations and ceremonies

manage crops and vegetations there. The community is generally made up

Festivals, celebrations and ceremonies involving many rituals are still

of few sub-ethnic groups, such as Hokkien, Cantonese, Teochew, Fuzhou,

maintained and practiced among the Chinese community. The general

Hainan and Hakka. Their ties become strong with the aid of non-government

characteristics are:

organizations and associations such as Hokkien Association, Klang and Coast Buddhist Association, Wisma Teng Chin and others.

Religion

•

Practices involve all age groups, ranging from young age to death

•

Concentrate more on new year celebration and prayers on traditional festivals

Buddhism is the main religion of the Chinese community in Klang, followed

Apart from twice of daily prayers and prayers on special occasions, the

by Christianity. The people who practice Buddhism are known as Buddhists.

Chinese also celebrate Lunar New Year, Kuan Yin Renunciation Day,

It is a body of philosophies influenced by the teachings of Siddhartha

Lantern Festival, Wesak Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival,

Gautama, also known as Gautama Buddha (AIESEC, 2012). A majority of

and so on. These festivals and celebrations are usually practiced at the

Klang's Buddhists live in urban areas where they engage in business in many

Klang’s only Kuan Yin Temple. During festive seasons, the temple will be

professions. It lacks a supreme head hence is practiced in any form and can

transformed into a colourful spectacle of light and sound, with colourful flags

sometimes end up in confusion. Most Buddhists approach the religion

and the electrifying atmosphere to attract more devotees and tourists.

through the tradition of ceremonies and symbolisms. Religious practices are

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Food Due to immigration of the Chinese labourers to Klang back in the late 19 th century, the pioneers have brought in most of the traditional food from China which are then spread throughout the country. Bak kut teh, which is now served popularly, is also originated from Klang. It is one of their creation in which pork ribs are cooked in broth and later to be served to the Chinese labourers back then. Amongst the first batch of shops includes, Teck Teh Bak Kut Teh, followed by Seng Huat Bak Kut Teh. Klang is also well known for its delicious Chinese restaurants that serve a

Diagram 10: Zoning map highlighting locations occupied mainly by the Chinese community

wide selection of local Chinese delicacies such as traditional coffee, butter bread, wan tan noodle, curry noodle, popiah, and so on.

Figure 75: The Chinese community in Klang Credit: Lee, 2018

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3.8.2.3 THE INDIAN COMMUNITY The Indian community is the dominant ethnic group occupying areas near Little India at Jalan Tengku Kelana, and its surrounding, Taman Selatan, Taman Melawis and Taman Teluk Pulai. The community is generally made up of few sub-ethnic groups, such as Tamil, Gujaratis, Telugu, Malayalam and Punjabi. Their ties become strong with the aid of associations such as

Festivals, celebrations and ceremonies Festivals, celebrations and ceremonies involving many rituals are still maintained and practiced among the Indian community. The general characteristics are:

the Indian Chamber and Indian-Muslim mosque committee.

•

Practices involve all age groups, ranging from young age to death

Religion

•

Concentrate more on Thaipusam, Deepavali and Ponggal

Hinduism is a dominant religion among the Tamils of Klang, followed by

The Indian community does not celebrate as many festivals as the Chinese.

Christianity. The people who practice Hinduism are known as Hindus. Its

During Deepavali, also known as Festival of Lights, the walks of Little India

current adherents are the descendants of migrants from Tamil Nadu who

are decorated and adorned with bright colours to signify the coming of the

came to Klang to work at British rubber plantations. They worship in temples

festive season. The Klang’s Hindus usually pray in Sri Nagara

and pay reverence to an all supreme being who is imminent and transcendent.

Thendayuthapani temple at Jalan Bukit Jawa. The altars of the temple are

Temples in the urban areas are dedicated to a single deity whereas the

facing some shophouses, in which they believe that the temple will protect

temples in the rural are home to multiple gods. The temples follow Saivite

them and help boost the business along Little India street.

tradition from West India for the worship of Siva. Hindu holidays such as Thaipusam and Deepavali are national holidays. The people who convert to another religion cease to be members of the Indian community (Elisha, 2017).

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Food The Indian community spend most of their time enjoying the Indian food culture available in Klang due to its popularity. At Yap Kee, the well-known restaurant selling banana leaf rice, it is very common to see people of different races and religions having a relishing teh tarik break with hearty banana leaf rice and their specialized amra juice.

Besides, Klang is also home to a number of Indian restaurants which are originated from India and serve unique dishes that can only be eaten in India.

Rare delicacies such as thali meals, imported Indian sweets, kothu paratha, sukumali tea and rava idli, also can be found along Jalan Tengku Kelana

Diagram 11: Zoning map highlighting locations occupied mainly by the Indian community

which sits the Little India

Figure 76: The Indian community in Klang Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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3.9 DEMOGRAPHICS 3.9.1 ETHNIC GROUPS Klang has an estimated population of 240,016 as of 2010 with an unsteady population growth throughout the years selected for comparison. The following figure shows that population increases by ethnicity. The demographic in Klang is generally represented by the four main ethnic groups in the country: Malay, Chinese, Indian, and Others. However, there is a drastic change in population after 1970. The differences in proportion are unusually large, notably in year 2010. There is an over-representation of Malay community in Klang which correlates the history involving the migration of the Chinese community due to inflation and the establishment of Little India town along Jalan Tengku Kelana which attracts the population of Indian Muslim community.

Figure 77: Demographics of Klang based on ethnic groups Source: https://www.citypopulation.de/php/malaysiaadmin.php?adm2id=1002

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3.9.2 AGE According to the data obtained from City Population (2010), Klang is populated by youths of 20-29 years old, followed by middle-aged, kids, adolescences, and elders. The younger generations are over-represented in Klang. This is mainly because of the overwhelming job opportunities provided

by Port Klang which attract more youths to work in the area since its establishment. Most produces their offspring and forming families here, leading to an increase in the number of middle-aged and younger populations.

However, the elderly population (50+ years old) is unusually less, with assumed reason of mass migration back then.

Figure 78: Age distribution of Klang’s population as of 2010 Source: https://www.citypopulation.de/php/malaysia-mukimadmin.php?adm1id=1002

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3.9.3 OCCUPATION The Klang district hosts a total labour force of 431,518 which comprises 289,797 men and 145,268 women as of 2006. The pie chart clearly demonstrates the manufacturing sector in Klang that employs the most workers, followed by the government and business sectors. This is because there is a large sum of manufacturing industries surrounding Port Klang which involves many skilled workers for mass productions. The shophouses that are abundance within the new and old town only employ about a small handful of workers, therefore limiting the labour force needed for this business sector.

Figure 79: Occupation distribution by sector for workers between 15 – 64 age group of Klang as of 2006 Source: http://luas.gov.my/icm/knowledge_center/bckground_demogrphy.htm

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CHAPTER 4.0

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE BUILDING This section includes details regarding our assigned building, from its humble beginnings as a ‘kopitiam’ to a welcoming and quiet cafe.

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4.1 INTRODUCTION OF THE BUILDING A BUILDING OF 9 DECADES; A TOKEN OF HISTORY Located along Jalan Stesen which was once a distinctive street, right across

ground floor of the shophouse retains its function as a coffee shop until today.

Klang’s famous Teck Teh Bak Kut Teh shop, Seraph Awaken inhabits a

According to the founder of Seraph Awaken, no major renovation and

century-old shophouse building which stands still along with its predecessor

restoration have been done to the building to alter its form and massing.

before, during and after World War II. Previously the shophouse was owned

Instead, only minor changes to the interior décor.

as Wah Yuen Kopitiam where it was a typical Malaysian coffee shop serving local delicacies, now it has been renowned to an old minimalist oriental style café that is dedicated into hand-brewing their coffee.

With Late Straits Eclectic style, this pre-war colonial building was built by Yap Kian, the founder of the Fu Wan Xiang Construction Company. The design was influenced by a late British Resident, Frank Swettenham (1850-1946), in whereby his regulations determined the layout of the shophouses back during the late 19th century. This 162m2 shophouse was titled in 1928 and completed in 1929.

The first floor was once served to harbor laborers working at and around the old Klang Railway Station located behind Seraph Awaken. However, the

Figure 80: Facade of Seraph Awaken Credit: Koid, 2018

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4.2 OWNERSHIP

Diagram 12: Timeline of ownership

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4.2.1 TENANTS – MR. TAN CHUN HOONG & MS. NG CHEAU SEE AN INSTIGATOR OF CHANGE Having graduated from New Era College with a major in fine arts, following by a degree in Taiwan, Ng Cheau See, 30, is the founder, roaster and barista of Seraph Awaken, together with her husband, Tan Chun Hoong, 38. Like many young Malaysians, her love affair with the dark brew started with having part time job as a barista at specialty coffee shops that have been blossoming throughout the country during her studies.

Unlike many others, however, her love did not stop at coffee appreciation.

Her confidence bolstered by her new-found skills, she took the initiative to research about coffee beans herself to have a deeper understanding on how they are being processed, roasted, ground and brewed. Tired of being an employee, soon later, which was five years ago, she met her husband who also worked tirelessly in the F&B industry for one employer after another, with no sense of fulfilment (Jo, 2016).

Putting their heads together, they dreamt of a coffee shop, one to call their own. As with many small businesses, funds were not sufficient and to keep

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things realistic, they decided to take to the streets and find a spot where they could pair their love for brewing coffee with meeting people, leaving behind Cheau See’s five-year studies as a fine art student. They soon started to sell coffee in a roadside-setup, alongside the fruit sellers and “pasembur” food trucks at Bandar Bukit Tinggi 2 (Koh, 2015).

With some determination and good old fashioned hard work, the husbandand-wife team finally took over the 87-years-old Wah Yuen Kopitiam by renting and making it a place to call their own after a year of selling coffee at the roadside. That passion and commitment shows from the way she and her husband sit patiently in front of the roasting machine and cold brew drip coffee filter, meticulously roasting batch after batch of coffee and ensuring of

Figure 81: Founders of Seraph Awaken, Mr. Tan Chun Hoong and Ms. Ng Cheau See Credit: Kamsol, 2018

its quality. While it may seem like hard work, for Cheau See and Chun Hoong, who juggle being a roaster as well as a barista, it is all worth it.

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4.2.2 OWNER – MR. LIM PENG HOK Born in 1943, Lim Peng Hok, a Fuzhounese, is now the owner of the

in the shop. Together with his family, Peng Hock moved into the shophouse

shophouse building, together with one of his family members, Lim Ming Chai.

and stayed on the first floor. His father remained the Chinese name from the

Like many old generations, he grew up helping out at Wah Yuen Kopitiam

previous kopitiam, Wah Yuen, as well as the function of ground floor as dining

together with his parent and siblings.

area, mahjong room and kitchen.

Many years before, his late father, Lim Hee Kuan, first started a traditional

Slowly, the profits gained from the business were satisfying along ten years

family-run coffee shop business near the oldest cinema of the nation,

of running the business, which eventually led to the purchase of Wah Yuen

Coliseum Theatre at Batu Road, which is Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman in

Kopitiam by his father from Yap Kian’s third generation. Married in 1965,

Kuala Lumpur today. The traditional coffee shop was sheltered in a wooden

Peng Hok started to quit working for his father at the coffee shop after

structure with zinc roof, which was also declared as TBG (Temporary Building)

marriage. He then started to work as an agent for Rothmans Cigarette

by the local authority back then. However, on January 8th, 1956, the structure

Company, followed by working with a chemical industry into mending and

which also served as dwelling for the family, was engulfed by fire with

crafting conventional mirrors.

unknown reason. The fire made them losing their business and forced them to relocate their home.

In 1971, after the death of his father, the ownership of Wah Yuen Kopitiam was passed down to Peng Hok. Being tired of the shop’s long-run business

In search of a new home, Peng Hok and his family moved to their relative’s

hours, he decided to put a stop on operating this local traditional coffee shop

house temporarily for around 6 months. On June 15th, his father found this

established by his late father, with the agreement of his partner, Ming Chai.

two-storey shophouse and rented it from the owner, Yap Kian’s later

Since then, he started to rent the shophouse out to others up to this day. One

generation, to continue running the their local traditional coffee shop business

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of the longest-serving tenants includes his wife’s younger brother, Ong Sai Heng, who rented the shophouse for almost 30 years.

No. 28, Lorong Stesen is an address that would never be forgotten by Peng Hok with its intrinsic value, as it plays the significant role of being a treasure inherited from his family to Peng Hok. Conserving and preserving the shophouse is what Peng Hok always wants to have since the ownership was handed over to him. In his opinion, the rustic atmosphere is good for the soul but with demolition, only memories of the good old days will linger on.

After putting Wah Yuen Kopitiam on rent for almost a year, in 2015, Peng

Figure 82: Owner of the shophouse building, Mr. Lim Peng Hok Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Hok finally rented his shophouse to Chun Hoong and Cheau See who have the similar mindset with him, in which they are willing to keep the traditional look of the shop, yet integrating with the antique design elements in her modern style café without affecting the layout of the building, which becomes part of the living soul in the café.

Figure 83: The address imprinted on the paper by Mr. Lim Credit: Wong, 2018

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4.3 HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF THE BUILDING Yap Kian, the founder of Fu Wan Xiang Construction Company, built and titled this shop lot numbered 28, together with another two lots numbered 26 and 30 in a row.

On 15th June, Lim Hee Kuan, father of Lim Peng Hok, rented the shophouse and took over the business of Wah Yuen Kopitiam from Yap Kian’s later generation with having the similar Chinese name of Wah Yuen. He ran this traditional local coffee shop from his previous kopitiam, Hua Xin Kopitiam at Batu Road, which caught a fire and burnt down. The space on first floor of the shophouse was separated by partition walls into rooms to be rented out.

Completion of construction of the shophouse, accompanied by the opening of Wah Yuen Kopitiam which was officiated by Yap Kian.

With the intention of selling the shophouse by Yap Kian’s third generation, Lim Hee Kuan decided to buy and own it himself instead of continue renting it.

Lim Peng Hok’s wedding was held here at the shophouse and witnessed by his family, relatives and the general public.

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Lim Hee Kuan handed over his ownership to his son, Lim Peng Hok, and Lim Ming Chai. Lim Peng Hok stopped running the business as the traditional coffee shop due to its long running business hours.

Ong Sai Heng, the younger brother of Lim Peng Hok’s wife, was interested in running the traditional coffee business, which later he rented the shophouse, running the business of Wah Yuen Kopitiam downstairs, whereas upstairs became his residence with his family.

The shophouse was first rented out as a kopitiam with the name of Wah Yuen remained.

Tan Chun Hoong and Ng Cheau See rented the shophouse to run their minimalist concept café business that serves modern coffee to the locals, replacing the previous traditional coffee business of Wah Yuen Kopitiam. Lim Peng Hok also held his wedding anniversary here with his family members, relatives and friends invited.

Ong Sai Heng stopped running the business of Wah Yuen Kopitiam after almost 30 years.

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4.4 PHILOSOPHY 4.4.1 BRANDING Seraph Awaken, the name itself Seraph, is derived from the name of a Christianity angel, which has been described as a fiery six-winged being; with two wings covering the face, with another two covering the feet, and the last two are used to fly (Bible Hub, n.d.). The Seraph angle is in charge of guarding God's throne in heaven, and surrounding God to constantly praise Him (Hopler, 2017). Seeing this Seraph angel as a representation of the world’s endless beauty, Cheau See unintentionally made it part of the branding. Awaken, when their dreams awaken.

Following by the logo, Cheau See was inspired by the angel, Seraph’s six wings. She eventually found a Chinese word in which its components and the six wings are very much alike. She extracted the word from Small Seal Script, an archaic form of Chinese calligraphy,

Figure 84: Branding of Seraph Awaken Source: Seraph Awaken, 2018

(fēi) where its pictogram is very

similar to a bird with 6 wings flying upwards. However, the name of Seraph Awaken and the logo itself have totally no relevance to the specialty coffee, instead it was Cheau See’s fascination of the name that brought it to existence.

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4.4.2 COFFEE MORE THAN JUST A BEAN According to Cheau See’s context, every coffee begins with a story and is unique in its own way. Since the opening in 2015, Cheau See has chosen to focus on the “behind the scene” work, where she tries to unveil the story of each coffee and present them to the customers and supporters. She and her husband are firm believers of working closely with the source to foster a relationship with the producers. They travel long distances to visit farms and cooperatives to see for themselves the hard work put into the coffees that they are buying.

In addition to their continuous pursuit for better tasting coffees, they soak in the experiences to understand from their peers every step from farming, harvesting and processing of coffee cherries. Through the journeys, friendships are built with the local partners, producers, customers and supporters whom they trust. They believe that whole-heartedly creating an incredible specialty coffee, delivered through an exemplary experience, will leave a lasting impression on the customers.

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In Seraph Awaken, roasting and brewing with 5 indispensable elements for every single coffee bean have always been essentially required, in which they believe that it can change or positively impact the community by producing quality coffee beans with quality taste. The five elements of hand-brewing specialty coffee that runs in the blood of Seraph Awaken are: Heart – Brew coffee with positive mindset, as well as with whole heart and soul; Beans – Freshly obtained from the farm which are then processed, selfroasted and ground; Water – Adequate amount of water and its ratio to coffee; Wind – Suitable moisture content of coffee beans for drying, processing, roasting and grinding; Fire – Optimal temperature to precisely control the roasting of each coffee bean and the amount water required for brewing coffee.

Figure 85: The 5 essential elements of brewing specialty coffee printed on their work uniform Credit: Lee, 2018

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4.5 DISTINCTION BETWEEN WAH YUEN KOPITIAM AND SERAPH AWAKEN WAH YUEN X SERAPH AWAKEN: WHEN EAST MEETS WEST Wah Yuen Kopitiam, a traditional coffee shop serving local traditional coffee

chairs, table printed with faded world maps and rattan recliners, all come

accompanied with a plate of kaya toast and a side of half-boiled eggs - a

together on the pretty grey-green ceramic tiles.

breakfast combination that is close to every Malaysian's heart. Seraph Awaken, a minimalist café serving nothing else but simply just modern western coffee, is distinctly different from Wah Yuen Kopitiam where it specializes in coffee, neither by machine brew nor siphon brew.

Established since 1929, Wah Yuen Kopitiam was operated by four different shopkeepers as a kopitiam consecutively with the same Chinese name for almost a century. The values of inheritance can be seen through the soul of old shophouse where the legacies of the ancestors are felt in every nook and cranny. Despite the fact that Wah Yuen Kopitiam has been stopped running, yet Seraph Awaken still remains its interior, featured with a series of vintage touches that can be distinguished, ranging from the antique furniture, wall tiles to floor tiles that are inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam; old wooden

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4.5.1 KOPI VS COFFEE (TRADITIONAL COFFEE VS MODERN COFFEE) KOPI

Kopi, coffee in condensed milk, is the traditional coffee often had by

commonly served with toast with kaya and butter, together with soft-boiled

Malaysians, either in a kopitiam or mamak. A cup of thick, sweet kopi can be

eggs, as a breakfast set.

easily prepared by filtering the ground Arabica coffee with boiled water, followed by adding condensed milk to complete the process. In pursuit of different varieties and tastes by people of the modern days, there is a selection of kopi created to serve better, for instance, kopi O (black coffee with sugar); kopi C (black coffee with sugar and condensed milk) and kopi Cham (black coffee with milk tea).

Traditional coffee shops, such as Wah Yuen Kopitiam and Chong Kok Kopitiam, are also part of Klang’s intangible heritage in which their history hold an unrivalled past. Many years before, the shops expanded to include not only kopi, but a selection of food to accompany a cup of kopi. There is a myriad of hawker dishes, ranging from roti canai to fried carrot cake, that can be the accompanying dish to a cup of kopi. However, until today, kopi is still

Figure 86: Signature kopi from Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE BUILDING | 4.0 COFFEE

On the opposite end of the spectrum lies coffee - classy, westernized, new age coffee. Seraph Awaken serves mainly modern coffee – siphon brews (Tanzania Kilimanjaro, Guatemala Antigua blend), lattes, their signature hibiscus coffee – in addition to flower teas and hot chocolate made with locally-sourced cocoa (Koh, 2015). These beverages are prepared with single or double shots and quality coffee beans from different parts of the world by either machine brew, siphon brew or hand brew.

Concoctions range from foreign sounding French names to the world's lengthiest coffee name orders, customized to each individual's liking. Coffee

Figure 87: Signature Hibiscus coffee from Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018

concoctions are the new thing which makes it distinctly different from the kopi, and everyone is embracing it. In Seraph Awaken, there is also a little selection of cakes readily available to be served with the coffee, for instance, the creamy avocado cheesecake, sweet gula melaka mille crepe, and chocolate banana cake, yet their coffee are still the keys.

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4.5.2 COFFEE PARAPHERNALIA KOPI As many of new immigrants did not have access to traditional brewing appliances during the late 19th century, a new sock filter made from cloth, “tapis”, was introduced. This filtering process involves coating the inside of a flannel “tapis” with ground coffee, placing it over a coffee cup, pouring in some hot water and allowing it to filter through. The beans coat the flannel material, allowing the water to steep and absorb the coffee flavor (Zienchuk, 2013). This filtering process of kopi was then spread throughout the country, which can be commonly seen in all the kopitiam and mamak, including Wah Yuen Kopitiam and Chong Kok Kopitiam.

Figure 88: “Tapis” used to brew kopi at Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018

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COFFEE Today, a variety of manual coffee brewing equipment was widely used in all the cafés over the nation. In Seraph Awaken, there are several methods used for coffee brewing, including the use of drip coffee filter, in which the water seeps through the ground coffee, absorbing its oils and essences, solely under gravity, then passes through the bottom of the filter; Bunsen burner, a vacuum coffee maker works on the principle of expansion and contraction of gases, allows the device to brew a full infusion style of coffee and filter the grounds efficiently, leaving a generally clean, pristine cup; Cold brew coffee tower, a Japanese slow-drip cold coffee brewers brews a concentrate of patiently wrought coffee one drip at a time consists of three main parts: a

Figure 89: Coffee paraphernalia used to brew coffee at Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018

water receptacle at the top with a drip control valve, a chamber for grounds in the middle where the brewing takes place, and a carafe to receive the brewed coffee at the bottom.

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4.5.3 LOCAL COFFEE CULTURE AND COFFEE FUSION CULTURE KOPI In old kopitiams like Wah Yuen Kopitiam and Chong Kok Kopitiam, with old marble tables and worn wooden chairs all over the dining area, kopi is usually prepared by uncle or aunty whose deft hands have been honed by years of coffee-making. When serving, kopi comes in a glass mug with thick handle and footed base, or a handy plastic bag if you want it to go. Generally, Malaysians have kopi to kickstart their mornings, give them a boost in the afternoons and also it is the one of the beverages that brings about long, heart-to-heart conversations between friends and family.

Figure 90: Ambience of Chong Kok Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018

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COFFEE Step into Seraph Awaken, one will be first warmly greeted by the barista, Cheau See. The aroma of freshly roasted beans stay lilting in the air, making one to indulge in the rustic atmosphere. Having the chance to witness the making of its state-of-the-art coffee by sitting at the coffee bar and watching them hand-brewing is truly fascinating, later with suave baristas serving up cups of artisan coffees. For the youngsters, the surrounding of the café is an opportune landscape for Instagram shots, thus limiting the conversations between people. For the modern coffee lovers, the tile walls, wooden furniture and recycled paper menus are sure to make one feel right at home.

Figure 91: Ambience of Seraph Awaken Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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CHAPTER 5.0

ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS This chapter is a detailed study of the architectural components of Seraph Awaken.

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5.1 INTRODUCTION The architectural style’s evolution in Malaysia from pre-colonial years through colonial time and later to independence has become one of the greatest triumph stories for its development in the post-colonial period. Without any doubt, the conquerors in the past have apparently exerted their influences on the architectural development. Besides, Malaysia is a multi-racial country with its population consisting of the predominantly Malay population with the Chinese, Indian and other minor races. Consequently, the architectural development of Malaysia is also influenced by these various cultures due to migration of the Chinese and Indian during colonial era. Apart from their determination in seeking for political status and economic roles, the immigrant’s culture and customs have given an impact to the local architecture. Many foreign cultural heritages and legacies that existed in

Figure 92: Old shophouses in South Klang town

colonial time have left significant influences on the country’s cultural

Source: MPK, n.d.

development and visibly in the heritage buildings, which remains until today (Malaysia Design Archive, 2008).

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5.2 DESIGN CONCEPT The Klang shophouses located along Jalan Stesen 1, is an example of a green building, using materials that are locally available such as lime, clay stone and timber, and complement to local geology and weather conditions.

Shophouses are built in rows and the façade must be facing the street. In addition, it is also possessing architectural features such as air vents that aid in natural ventilation and cooling, as well as clerestory and skylight that aid in natural lighting.

Multi-Functional The shophouse is an urban terrace house characteristic of Asian towns from the 18th to 20th century, normally low-rise buildings which range from 2 to 3 stories high. The main function of the shophouse commonly incorporates a shop or business premise on the ground floor while the family resides on the

Figure 93: Shophouses along Jalan Stesen 1 in the past Source: Lee, n.d.

top floor, providing both convenience and security (Cultural Heritage Action Team, 2010).

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5.3 ARCHITECTURAL STYLE 5.3.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF HERITAGE SHOPHOUSE STYLES

Early “Penang” Style 1790s - 1850s Shophouses are low and squat and usually have two storeys with Doric columns.

Minimal ornamentation, typically ethnic motifs like auspicious character.

“Southern Chinese” Eclectic Style 1840s – 1900s

Early “Straits” Eclectic Style 1890s – 1910s

Late “Straits” Eclectic Style 1910s – 1940s

Art Deco Style 1930s – 1960s

Early Modernism Style 1950s – 1970s

Less squat and each storey is taller.

Also known as “Singapore Eclectic”, or “Chinese Baroque” is the most lavish ornamentation with more mixing of ethnic styles.

Three-window arrangement left little wall space.

Much simpler designs with some decorative elements.

Inspired by classical motifs first developed in Europe and the United State in the 1920s.

Features thin concrete fins on their facades that double as air vents and simple decoration.

Characterised by streamlined, geometrical designs. One common feature is stepped pediment topped by a flag post. Shophouses of this style also have date plaques.

Shift towards more functional designs and modern materials like concrete.

Designs are simple and use of ornamentation is relatively restrained

A blend of classical elements with exquisite Chinese symbolism. Bright colours used in ceramic tiles, festoons and plaques.

Late style-motifs like colourful ceramic tiles are combined with Art Deco motifs like geometric balustrade designs.

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5.3.2 LATE STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE 5.3.2.1 INTRODUCTION TO LATE STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE Heritage shophouses in Klang fall into four main historical styles, which are Early Straits Eclectic Style, Late Straits Eclectic Style, Art Deco Style and Early Modernism Style. Each style has its own distinctive architectural and decorative features which hold a representation of different period of times (Han, 2005). Late Straits Eclectic Style is the earliest style that occurs between 1910s and 1940s. Timber and clay are the main materials, which bring decorative ornaments to the building. Furthermore, material catalogues and shipping in this period have allowed the import of decorative building materials such as glazed tiles and cast iron. Compared to the same style of architecture in Spain, this type of architecture was born as a result of the Panama-California Exposition, and became a U.S. style movement from 1915 to 1931. It is a hybrid style based on the architecture found during the early Spanish colonization of North and South America. White stucco exterior and walls are commonly found with arches. Another feature of Spanish

Figure 94: Shophouses with features of Late Straits Eclectic Style along Jalan Besar Source: Lee, n.d.

Eclectic Style is the ornamental ironworks which are finely crafted wrought iron works (David, 1996).

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5.3.2.2 FEATURES OF LATE STRAITS ECLECTIC STYLE BUILDING

Diagram 13: Sectional perspective of Seraph Awaken

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5.3.2.3 FRONT FACADE The exterior of the shophouse is normally composed of white, ochre, opal green and light indigo blue colours. Rubber boom at that time further encouraged more elaborate decorative façade. For Late Straits Eclectic Style shophouses, it is common to have red-coloured cement screed with gridded indentations column. Along Jalan Stesen 1, shophouses are mainly characterized by French windows. Columns are found on both sides of a shophouse which support its front façade. Apart from that, plaster started to be introduced into the buildings, from arches, 3-dimensional decorative plaster wall with intensive use for both Chinese and European decoration, to relief carvings of writings which slowly become a need for each of the building nowadays (Straits Settlements Heritage, 2013). Also, they have a range of traditional features including terracotta clay-based roof tiles, geometric pattern ceramic floor tiles and wall tiles.

Figure 95: Front façade of Seraph Awaken Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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5.3.2.4 FIVE-FOOT WAY Frank Swettenham, the British Resident was responsible in the earliest urban development of Selangor, Melaka, Penang as well as Kuala Lumpur. He introduced building regulations as such that original extract shelter settlements to be rebuilt from bricks with tiled roofs and buildings were to be built five-foot away from the road allowing for passageway. This was copied from the Town Plan of Singapore initiated by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1822 (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998).

Five-foot way, as the overhanging upper floor provides a cover of shelter, which serves as a sheltered space for social activities and circulation. In order to retain the traditional character of five-foot way, the original height of the covered walkway, the design and size of the columns are to be retained. The retention of the traditional materials and finishes of the five-foot way is

Figure 96: Five-foot way in front of Seraph Awaken Credit: Lee, 2018

encouraged. Traditional finishes for the five-foot way floors including granite slab and arches were built between all shophouses to determine their boundary accurately.

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5.3.2.5 COLUMNS 5.3.2.5.1 IONIC COLUMN There are three ionic columns with square Tuscan bases found on the upper

Volutes Flutings

storey façade, which are decorated with volutes and ornate flutings design. It has been suggested that the ornament was inspired by the curve of a ram’s horns, or perhaps was derived from the natural spiral found in the ovule of a common species of clover native to Greece (Definitions, n.d.). Alternatively, it may simply be of geometrical origin. It is very common to be seen on the façade of building with Early and Late Straits Eclectic Style.

Tuscan Base Diagram 14: Details of an ionic column

Figure 97: Ionic columns on the upper storey façade Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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5.3.2.5.2 EXTERIOR MASONRY COLUMNS There are two masonry columns found at the lower storey facade painted with red after screed with plaster. The plasters complimenting Late Straits Eclectic Style are gridded with indentations at intervals to create a symmetrical designed column. To reduce the dullness of symmetrical design, rectangular masonry column was added thinner masonry on the front and back to create a depth effect. There are leaves motif ornaments decorated on the top segment of the grid pattern columns.

Figure 98: Exterior masonry columns on lower storey facade Credit: Lee, 2018

Diagram 15: Position of exterior masonry columns on the ground floor

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5.3.2.5.3 INTERIOR MASONRY COLUMNS There are 11 masonry columns found within the interior of Seraph Awaken.

Eight columns led straight up to the first-floor level to support the roof beams whereas the remaining three support wooden beams below the zinc roof.

Columns on the party wall are shared among two shophouses, therefore only part of the columns extruded out of the wall. The masonry columns covered with plaster at ground floor level are fixed with ceramic tiles of different colours and dimensions.

Figure 99: Interior masonry columns on ground floor level Credit: Koid, 2018

Diagram 16: Position of interior masonry columns at the ground floor

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As compared to ground floor level, all plastered masonry columns found on the first-floor level are only finished with light white wall paints with some stripping, except for the column at the bathroom on the first floor which is finished with ceramic wall tiles similar to the ground floor.

Figure 100: Interior columns on first floor level Credit: Lee, 2018

Diagram 17: Position of interior masonry columns on the first floor

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5.3.2.6 DOORS AND WINDOWS 5.3.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION According to Dr. A Ghafar Ahmad (1994), the early traditional shophouses used to have a continuous row of windows. However, when it comes to the Late Straits Eclectic Style, it developed with the breaking of facade into two or three molded openings. Such style became popular in Melaka or Penang, as well as Klang’s shophouses.

Windows or door panels were beautifully carved during that time, which, these decorations among other things reflect not only the wealth of the owners or tenants but also their status or position in the local community.

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5.3.2.6.2 DOORS 5.3.2.6.2.1 TRADITIONAL WOODEN BI-FOLDING SHUTTER DOOR The traditional wooden bi-folding shutter door is the one and only oldfashioned shutter door design left among all the shophouses along Jalan Stesen 1, in which it can only be locked from inside for security and safe reason. It is joined by 3 hinges, with the door wings facing inside of the shop and its knuckles facing outside the street. Made from local timber, the corners of the shutter door have decayed over the past decades.

Figure 101: Traditional wooden bi-folding shutter door at the entrance Credit: Lee, 2018

5.3.2.6.2.2 METAL GRILL SLIDING DOOR Metal grill sliding door is located on the ground floor level of Seraph Awaken, where it separates the spaces between café and the rear of the shophouse.

It is folded to the side when it is opened. The door was inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam, which gives business an additional security and protection as it secures the barrier between the entrance of the cafe and the rear backdoor.

Figure 102: Metal grill sliding door Credit: Lee, 2018

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5.3.2.6.2.3 METAL GATE DOOR Metal gate door is designed with a vintage wooden lock and latch which is installed at the rear backdoor for safety purposes. The design of iron is one of the feature inspired by the Spanish Eclectic Style, which ornamental ironwork is found. However, the metal gate door is found slanted due to the building’s condition of being uneven.

Figure 103: Metal door gate as the rear backdoor Credit: Lee, 2018

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5.3.2.6.3 WINDOWS 5.3.2.6.3.1 FIXED WINDOW Fixed window with timber framing, cast iron mullions and transom window on top is part of the original design of the French windows which can be found on the ground floor where it circulates the air entire surrounding of the storage room. Through this window, one is able to sight into the corridor from the room.

Figure 104: Fixed window Credit: Lee, 2018

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5.3.2.6.3.2 JALOUSIE WINDOW A patent for a basic louvered window was a popular hand-cranked glass, aluminum, and screen window combination. It was first designed by American engineer, Van Ellis Huff, which found widespread use in temperate climates before the advent of air-conditioning (AP, 1987). There are total of three Jalousie windows which can be found in Seraph Awaken as it is common for older shophouses to have windows split horizontal sections which open and close at an angle. This style emphasizes on simple and clean horizontal lines. Besides, new materials are used such as glass and stainless steel.

Figure 106: Jalousie window beside roastery room 2 Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 105: Jalousie window on top of fixed window in first-floor washroom

Figure 107: Jalousie window in living area

Credit: Wong, 2018

Credit: Wong, 2018

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5.3.2.6.3.3 DOUBLE CASEMENT FRENCH WINDOW In Seraph Awaken, double casement French window can be found on the first-floor level of the façade; full height, side-hung and double-shuttered and featured with transom windows and fanlights above them. Timber post and rail are part of the original design of the French windows; the timber-framed windows usually have timber-paneled shutters, which open inward with vertical iron security bars. On top of each window, there is a keystone at the centre which acts as part of the decorations.

Figure 108: Two sets of double casement French window Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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5.3.2.6.3.4 SKYLIGHT The skylight can be found along the corridor of the ground floor, in which it allows maximum sunlight to penetrate the interior during daytime to brighten up the space. In addition, the corridor used to be a spot for Hokkien noodle stall where the skylight acts as a manual exhaust fan during the old time.

Figure 109: Top view of skylight Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 110: Skylight brightens up corridor Credit: Azman, 2018

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5.3.2.6.3.5 SINGLE SIDE HUNG WINDOW Single side hung window is installed on the fixed window located at the washroom on the first-floor level. It is believed that the reason of installation is because during the old time, people used to dry their clothes along the top of the shed zinc roof.

Figure 111: Single side hung window on a fixed window Credit: Wong, 2018

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5.3.2.7 STAIRCASE 5.3.2.7.1 WOODEN STAIRCASE There is only one staircase in the shophouse, which is positioned in the storage room of the ground floor level, which leads users to the living area on the first floor, a refreshing experience as users leave the small room into a vast space. Furthermore, a door gate is secured as a barrier from the ground floor to first floor, dividing the public space and private space.

Figure 112: Wooden staircase of the shophouse Credit: Azman, 2018

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5.3.2.8 ROOFS 5.3.2.8.1 GABLE ROOF Terracotta clay-based roof tiles, natural red-orange colour, are commonly used back in the old times. It is installed by placing overlapping and interlocking rows of tile on the roof.

While a front-gabled building faces the street with its gable, a side-gabled building faces it with its cullies, meaning the ridge is parallel to the street. The Figure 113: Gable roof on the first floor

terms are used in architecture and city planning to determine a building in its

Credit: Kamsol, 2018

urban situation.

Front-gabled buildings are considered typical for German city streets in the medieval gothic period, while later Renaissance buildings, influenced by Italian architecture are often side-gabled. In America, front-gabled houses, were popular primarily between the early 19th century and 1920 (Roofing in Colorado, 2018).

Diagram 18: Section highlighting position of gable roof

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5.3.2.8.2 JACK ROOF WITH CLERESTORY Jack roof with clerestory can be found at the living area on the first-floor level, which allows natural light to penetrate in while still preserving privacy.

Followed by a vertical wall that sits between the two sloping sides is symmetrically featured with a row of windows in a gable-type design, which helps to admit light and to circulate air.

Figure 114: Jack roof with clerestory Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Diagram 19: Section highlighting position of jack roof

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5.3.2.8.3 SHED ROOF Shed roof can be found connecting the end of gable roof with a valley rafter.

It is a single sloping roof built on two walls with different height to form a pitch at one wall. The construction of a shed roof is much more economical compared to a gable roof. The shed roof also protects the interior from excessive sunlight in the afternoon.

Figure 115: Bird eye view of back façade showing shed roof Source: http://www.goo.gl/4DyZ7A

Diagram 20: Section highlighting position of shed roof

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5.3.2.8.4 ZINC ROOF Corrugated zinc sheet roof is used at the middle end of the building where one wall on the first-floor level’s roastery room is built taller than the opposite one to create the pitch, creating slopes down in only one direction. The long slope of the roof makes it a good choice for use with skylights for natural lighting penetrates the ground floor level’s corridor interiors and help protect the house interior from excessive sunlight at certain times of the day. The shed style roof once developed drainage problems due to its design but has Figure 116: Zinc roof

been fixed afterwards.

Credit: Lee, 2018

Diagram 21: Section highlighting position of zinc roof

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5.3.2.9 DETAILS AND ORNAMENTS 5.3.2.9.1 WALL DETAILS ON FAÇADE A hand-crafted number “1928” on the top of the front facade indicates the year of titling of the shophouse.

Front façade with decorative ornaments is commonly found as they begin adopted Western architectural styles which, bouquets of flowers, fruits, mythical figures can be seen finely crafted.

Figure 117: Handcrafted numbered 1928 Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 118: Detailed ornaments from the front facade Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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5.3.2.9.2 MOSAIC ON CERAMIC TILES Back to old times, these tiles were placed during 1960s, featuring a blend of Spanish glazed tiles which, mirroring of mosaic pattern tiles were largely used in old shophouses. Repetition of opal green and light ochre colour tiles creates unique patterns and motives that brings symmetry and balance in the overall design.

Figure 119: Mosaic ceramic tiles along five-foot walkway Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 120: Details of opal green and light ochre tiles Credit: Koid, 2018

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5.3.2.9.3 BLUE PORCELAIN WALL TILES WITH PATTERN Blue porcelain wall tiles with pattern were fixed along the dado, lower part of a wall as a decoration. These tiles were added for functional purpose which protects the plastered masonry wall from intact of water, as well provides cooling sensation to users.

Figure 121: Blue porcelain wall tiles on toilet wall Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 122: Details of blue porcelain wall tiles with pattern Credit: Lee, 2018

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5.3.2.9.4 NON-SLIP PORCELAIN FLOOR TILES Colour of the tiles harmonized with the front façade and the interiors of Seraph Awaken from Late Strait Eclectic Style which are white, opal green and light indigo blue. The porcelain floor tiles are glazed and arranged in a pixelated pattern. They are all placed accordingly in the toilet on the ground floor.

Figure 123: Non-slip porcelain patterned floor tiles of toilet Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 124: Details of non-slip porcelain patterned floor tiles Credit: Lee, 2018

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5.3.2.9.5 TURQUOISE PORCELAIN WALL TILES WITH PATTERN Turquoise porcelain wall tiles with pattern were fixed on the bathroom wall on the first floor from top to bottom. The colour of the tiles is mainly light green with certain parts green in colour.

Figure 125: Turquoise porcelain wall tiles of bathroom Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 126: Details of turquoise porcelain wall tiles with pattern Credit: Wong, 2018

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5.3.2.9.6 GREEN PORCELAIN WALL AND FLOOR TILES Green porcelain tiles were installed on the wall and floor of washroom on the first floor. They easily get stains on the surface, however, it is easier to be removed as well.

Figure 127: Green porcelain tiles in the washroom Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 128: Details of green porcelain floor tiles Credit: Wong, 2018

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5.3.3 ARCHITECTURAL ANALYSIS 5.3.3.1 ORIENTATION Seraph Awaken is a commercial terrace shophouse sandwiched between two neighboring shops. The shophouse was built on Jalan Stesen 1 with its facade facing the South-West orientation. This ideal orientation reduces sunlight penetration into the interior spaces with the help of adjacent shops.

The shop has party walls to reduce openings for unnecessary heat penetration.

Diagram 22: Sun path diagram

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5.3.3.2 SYMMETRY AND REPETITION Facade of the building was built with symmetrical sides. Commercialized shophouses were designed symmetrically for cheaper cost and shorter construction time.

Different types of ornaments are repeated on the facade which resemble flowers, bells and leaves. These organic ornaments reduce the dullness and

Figure 129: Repetition of dentil crowns on cornice

regularity of the lines and planes of columns and cornice. Decorative

Credit: Koid, 2018

ornaments are used to enhance the aesthetic value of the building. The repetition of columns, dentil crowns and ornaments are influenced by the architecture style brought by the English during British colonization. The repeated window hoods and sills are made of plaster as decorative purpose only. These hoods and sills creates depth and hierarchy for a better visual effects and shadow casting.

Diagram 23: Axis of symmetry showing similar sides of facade

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5.3.3.3 OVERALL CIRCULATION 5.3.3.3.1 INTRODUCTION Circulation is the interaction and movement of users within spaces of a building.

The circulation of Seraph Awaken is very direct due to the sandwiched shophouses orientation with one entrance or exit at each end. Overall, there is only one vertical circulation compared to several horizontal circulations which results in more interaction of spaces within the same floor.

There was a change of ownership and business throughout the decades, therefore the circulation differs after renovations and based on different needs of business.

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5.3.3.3.2 OLD GROUND FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION The circulation consists of dining area, Mahjong room, corridor, kitchen and toilet and bathroom. The spaces are accessible from the entrance into dining area. The corridor connects all spaces together. Users can access to the Mahjong room through the dining area or corridor. Then from kitchen exits to the back alley through the back door.

Diagram 24: Old ground floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken

5.3.3.3.3 NEW GROUND FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION Users enter the shophouse through the five-foot way into the café which connects storage room and corridor leading to roastery room 1 and storage area at the back. The corridor act as the connector of all spaces, tenants and staffs enter roastery room 1 from the corridor. Storage area has direct access to the bathroom and toilet. A backdoor allow exits to the alley.

Diagram 25: Current ground floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken

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5.3.3.3.4 OLD FIRST FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION There were several spaces on the first-floor level which include partitioned rooms, owner’s rooms, corridor and private kitchen. Partitioned rooms are accessible from the staircase. The corridor connects partitioned rooms to the kitchen. The owner enters the room from the corridor.

Diagram 26: Old first floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken

5.3.3.3.5 NEW FIRST FLOOR LEVEL CIRCULATION The spaces are separated into 3 segments, living area, corridor and roastery room 2, washroom and bathroom. The staircase leads to the empty living area. First floor level’s passage connects the living area with the roastery room 2, washroom and the bathroom.

Diagram 27: Current first floor level circulation of Seraph Awaken

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5.3.3.4 VENTILATION 5.3.3.4.1 CROSS VENTILATION The interior space organization maximizes the effect of cross ventilation. The placement of windows on the front and back facade strengthen the effect.

The movement of air accelerates when the difference of air pressure occurs.

Large opening of the entrance creates lower speed winds with higher pressure whereas smaller air vents on the back facade has higher speed winds with low pressure. Wind flows from higher pressure area to area with lower pressure. The air forces through the interior spaces from the entrance to the back of the shophouse.

Diagram 28: Direction of Prevailing Wind

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5.3.3.4.2 STACK VENTILATION The shophouse has stack ventilation occurred due to the high ceiling. The low dense hot air rises to the high ceiling to allow the movement of high dense cold air flow into the interior. The wind passes through the interior space from the windows to the exterior via clerestory on the jack roof.

Diagram 29: Stack ventilation effect

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5.3.3.5 NATURAL LIGHT 5.3.3.5.1 INTRODUCTION Seraph Awaken uses minimal artificial lightings due to the sufficient amount of natural lights. Due to their operating hours before night time, the shop maximizes the use of natural lightings during the daytime. The cafe creates calm and delightful ambiance by making use of natural lightings. The minimal use of natural lights reduces the utility cost as well.

Figure 130: Natural light from entrance Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 131: Natural light from skylight Credit: Azman, 2018

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5.3.3.5.2 CLERESTORY There are several sources of natural lighting which are the clerestory, windows, main entrance and skylight. The living area is lightened up by windows on the clerestory and windows on the walls. Clerestory on the jack roof has eight permanent fixed windows which allow natural lights to enter.

Diagram 30: Section showing natural lighting in the living area

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5.3.3.5.3 SKYLIGHT The skylight on the ground floor level’s corridor lightens up the path towards the storage area. Some greeneries are planted along the side of corridor which require lesser amount of sunlight to grow.

Diagram 31: Section showing natural lighting along the corridor

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CHAPTER 6.0

SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING This segment is an analysis of the arrangement of spaces and how it seamlessly fits the criteria of a shophouse.

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6.1 CHANGES IN SPATIAL LAYOUT Since established, the body of Wah Yuen Kopitiam was first built to cater the single local traditional coffee business in the midst of its limitation of space.

The spaces were taken by a division of business on the ground floor and residential on the first floor.

In 2005, as the shophouse was handed over to Seraph Awaken, the interiors, specifically the storage room and roastery room on the ground floor, as well as the living area of the first floor, were slightly altered to cater for the tenants’ needs. However, as of today, the whole building serves to cater its business including the first floor.

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SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING | 6.0

6.1.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL 6.1.1.1 WAH YUEN KOPITIAM The ground floor was first served as the dining area and main kitchen of the kopitiam. According to the owner, apart from serving local traditional coffee, there were tenants selling other accompanying dishes such as fried Hokkien noodle, Hainanese chicken rice, and kway teow soup with stall at the entrance of the kopitiam. The end of the shophouse is where the kitchen located, for them to prepare their food. The toilet and bathroom were mainly used by the residents upstairs as there is no proper toilet or bathroom on the first floor back then. There was a long mahjong room along the corridor without any partitions within the room. The room used to be filled with mahjong tables and chairs for the local Chinese to gamble over here.

Diagram 32: Spatial layout of ground floor in Wah Yuen Kopitiam

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6.1.1.2 SERAPH AWAKEN There is a notable change in the layout which is the addition of a full partition wall in the mahjong room to diversify the function of the space and redefine the working areas. The partition wall splits the space into half, a storage room and a roastery room. The privacy level of the roastery room is then secured with a black tinted glass door entrance. The dining area is now transformed into a cafĂŠ, unlike Wah Yuen Kopitiam, with little number of tables and chairs.

The kitchen behind is no longer in use and has turned into a storage area by the tenants to store their miscellaneous. The bathroom is also changing its public-access state to private-access; however, the toilet still remains for public-access.

Diagram 33: Spatial layout of ground floor in Seraph Awaken

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6.1.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL 6.1.2.1 WAH YUEN KOPITIAM The first floor was first partitioned for rooms of different sizes to be rent. At the front part of the first floor, the space was spilt into half, with a common walkway at the middle. There was a total of 5 families living in the 5 wooden partitioned rooms, in which the tenants include barbers, cobblers and soy milk hawkers. There was also another partitioned room at the back part of the first floor where the former dwelling place of the owner sits. At the end of the first floor is where the small kitchen for the residents located, specifically for the soy milk hawkers to grind their soybeans. However, after handing over to one of the relative tenants, the layout was changed by replacing the small kitchen with a bathroom for own usage. The whole first floor was no longer for rent and it turned into private residential for the relative tenant and family.

Diagram 34: Spatial layout of first floor in Wah Yuen Kopitiam

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6.1.2.2 SERAPH AWAKEN Today, the first floor is left vacant with all the walls of partitioned rooms removed to become a large open space. The tenants intend to convert its function as residential into a gallery as well as a flexible communal space where the public can have conversations through talks and exhibitions held here. With the open floor plan, tables, chairs and partitions can be arranged freely without the constraints that come with having fixed interior walls. The former room of the owner is used as a roastery room now. The washroom and bathroom behind are left unused and eventually the washroom becomes another storage for the tenant.

Diagram 35: Spatial layout of first floor in Seraph Awaken

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6.1.3 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SERAPH AWAKEN AND ITS SPATIAL LAYOUT Since renting down, Seraph Awaken remains the function of the front part of

today, the abandoned renovation can be observed as paints and wire mesh

the ground floor as dining area as of the previous Wah Yuen Kopitiam. In

can be seen left discarded at the bathroom on the first floor by the tenants,

order to ensure the ambience of the café space, the place should be well-lit

making the space an unknown for its purpose.

and ventilated to create a spacious effect for the comfortability of the users.

Unlike the regular cafés and kopitiams nowadays, the dining area of Seraph Awaken does not occupy all the spaces at the ground floor and the main kitchen does not sit behind, instead it sits along with the coffee counter bar in the café space. However, due to limited space available, the tenants are trying to expand its dining area to corridor alongside the roastery room as well as the living area above.

Similar to most layout of the old kopitiams, the utilitarian design approach further emphasizes on the simplicity of its usage. By removing the room division at the first floor, Seraph Awaken wants the simple, open space to be meaningfully utilized. The tenants came up with the idea of transforming it into a gallery which requires high ceilings as it opens up more design possibilities. However, the idea of transformation is still in its progress. As of

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6.2 SPATIAL TYPOLOGY 6.2.1 SEGREGATION OF SPACES 6.2.1.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL The spaces within the ground floor can be generally segregated into three main types based on their function: working space, utilities and services.

Working spaces: •

Café

•

Roastery room 1

Utilities: •

Bathroom and toilet

Services: •

Corridor

•

Storage room

•

Storage area

Diagram 36: Ground floor perspective of Seraph Awaken

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6.2.1.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL While for first floor, the spaces can be segregated into four main types: open space, working space, utilities and services.

Open space: •

Living area

Working space: •

Roastery room 2

Utilities (or services): •

Washroom and bathroom

Services: •

Passage

Diagram 37: First floor perspective of Seraph Awaken

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6.3 SPATIAL PLANNING AND THE SPATIAL EXPERIENCE 6.3.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL 6.3.1.1 CAFÉ The original name plaque inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam now still remains over the main entrance of Seraph Awaken. As one approaches, one will be directly introduced to the café space and the backbone of the shop, with no air-conditioning, and minimal lighting available within the space. One will first sight the L-shaped counter bar with a variety of hand-brew coffee paraphernalia on top, followed by old-time rattan recliners, a table with faded world map, antique coffee tables and chairs inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam, as well as walls hanged with meaningful photos, artworks, postcards and letters left by the customers.

Sitting by the coffee counter bar, one gets to smell the strong aroma of coffee and be entertained by observing the process of coffee-making. In a way, visual just enhances the sense of smell. There are two shelves beside the tables, both filled with book and magazine collections of the owner provided for the customers to read. Overall, the sense of being within a relaxing

Diagram 38: Ground floor perspective highlighting the café space

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atmosphere in the quaint café – gives a very comfortable ambience and good reminiscence of how people back then, enjoy their cup of coffee.

Figure 132: Entrance of Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 133: Café space of Seraph Awaken Credit: Wong, 2018

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6.3.1.2 CORRIDOR Moving on into the corridor through the metal folding gate inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam, the warm sunlight seeping through the adjustable skylight on the zinc roof along the corridor, tempts people to slow down their paces within the space. Without the need of electrical lighting equipment, the corridor has received sufficient daylight that penetrates the interior.

Blue tiles fixed along the walls of corridor are accompanied by some touch of

Figure 134: Corridor on ground floor

potted plants at one side of the corridor. Some oriental glass lamps, fairy

Credit: Wong, 2018

lights and wind chimes are hanged at the end of corridor which gives a sense of tranquility. A range of articles from newspapers in English, Mandarin and Japanese that features Seraph Awaken and their unique style of coffeemaking on the window draws attention from people to put a stop and read them thoroughly.

Diagram 39: Ground floor perspective highlighting the corridor

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6.3.1.3 STORAGE ROOM The storage room can be accessed through one of the entrances from the café space. Splitting by a Japanese style doorway curtain, the storage room is considerably small and narrow due to the limited space after a piece of partition wall is added to separate it from the roastery room. One gets claustrophobic and feel humid easily as there is no fan in the room. There places a table to store their stuff and a freezer to keep ice cubes that will be used in the preparation of cold brew coffee. The room also sits a staircase

Figure 135: Storage room with staircase

which leads to the first floor. In addition, the storage room is a favorable spot

Credit: Koid, 2018

for the tenants to rest and have their meals.

Diagram 40: Ground floor perspective highlighting the storage room

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6.3.1.4 ROASTERY ROOM 1 Along the corridor, one will notice that there is a door entrance with black tinted glass, leading to the hidden roastery room. The room, however, is not allowed to be accessible by anyone due to their recipes concealed inside.

Generally, the space within the roastery room, which is once used to be mahjong room, is split into two, storage for coffee beans and room for coffee roastery. The storage area is used to store imported raw coffee beans in bags whereas the room occupied with custom-made roasting machine from Korea is used to store roasted coffee beans, mainly in glass jars. Air conditioners

Figure 136: Roastery room 1 on ground floor Credit: Lim, 2018

and humidifier are there to maintain the temperature, humidity and moisture content of the room, keeping the coffee beans in good condition. This room also serves as the main office for the tenants.

Diagram 41: Ground floor perspective highlighting the roastery room 1

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6.3.1.5 STORAGE AREA The storage area is located at the end of shophouse, accessible from the corridor. The area is bright and well ventilated through the skylight along the corridor and ventilation blocks on the wall. There is a stainless-steel basin installed at one edge of the storage area, which serves as sink for hand washing. The area is once used as the main kitchen for Wah Yuen Kopitiam but as of today, it has become a space to store their watering cans for the plants, ladders, recycled materials and miscellaneous items.

Figure 137: Storage area at the back Credit: Lee, 2018

However, the alley behind the shophouse is polluted and an eyesore, bringing the stench into the storage area and making it to have unpleasant smell. The smell is also most probably sourced from the improper covered drainage system along the corridor. .

Diagram 42: Ground floor perspective highlighting the storage area

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6.3.1.6 BATHROOM AND TOILET Parallel to the storage area, there sits a bathroom and a toilet. The bathroom is for private use whereas the toilet is for public use. The private bathroom is dark for all the time due to minimal lighting from the ventilation blocks which receive minimum daylight from the storage area. On the contrary, the toilet is naturally well lit and ventilated as there is a ventilation block that allows direct sunlight penetration.

Figure 138: Bathroom and toilet at the back Credit: Koid, 2018

Diagram 43: Ground floor perspective highlighting the bathroom and toilet

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6.3.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL 6.3.2.1 LIVING AREA Following up the staircase inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam to the first floor, one will be greeted by a generous open living area, which sits directly above the cafĂŠ. The living area fitted with timber flooring is the largest space left empty by the tenants throughout the shophouse. The space is once used to have partitioned rooms for rent when Wah Yuen Kopitiam was still running its business. However, all the partition walls are removed by the tenants as they

Figure 139: Living area on first floor

intend to turn this space into an open gallery, but with insufficient funding, it

Credit: Koid, 2018

does not go as planned.

Standing underneath the 10-metres-tall naked clay tiles roof, one gets to see the exposed structure of the roof in details and will be impressed by the craftsmanship of the skilled workers back then. The two dilapidated casement windows in the space allow one to take a peep directly onto the street in front of the shophouse. On the floor leaves a great amount of fallen debris from the clerestory, including bird feathers, bird feces and dusts, which results in a sense of disgust. .

Diagram 44: First floor perspective highlighting the living area

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6.3.2.2 ROASTERY ROOM 2 The roastery room is located behind the living area, which sits above the roastery room on ground floor and is accessible through the only door entrance in the living area. It was once a room that served residential purpose to the current owner of the building and his family. Similar to the living area, the floor is fitted with timber panels aligned vertically. The room is locked from the public and is inaccessible, therefore the spatial arrangement remains unknown.

Figure 140: Roastery room 2 on first floor Credit: Koid, 2018

However, according to Cheau See, this partitioned room serves the similar function as the roastery room below on the ground floor, which stores and roasts coffee beans. As when we were taking measurements, draught coming from underneath the door was felt. It is believed that the room is airconditioned, just like the roastery room on the ground floor, to maintain its optimum temperature and humidity for storing coffee beans.

Diagram 45: First floor perspective highlighting the roastery room 2

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6.3.2.3 PASSAGE Right beside the roastery room is a dark, narrow passage with no lighting and poor ventilation. The passage connects the living area and bathroom behind on the second floor. It receives minimal lighting at each end of the passageway due to limited number of window openings. The shed roof above blocks the sunlight and wind completely from entering the space. Therefore, the stench of fallen debris is trapped within the space, which causes uncomfortable feelings to the passersby.

Figure 141: Passage on first floor Credit: Koid, 2018

Diagram 46: First floor perspective highlighting the passageway

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6.3.2.4 WASHROOM AND BATHROOM The passage leads to an abandoned washroom and bathroom behind. The washroom was once a kitchen that catered the essential needs of the tenants from the partitioned rooms upstairs. It is now left unused for a period of time and has not been well-maintained by the owner and tenants. The tenants took it as a small storage to store unwanted miscellaneous, making it extremely dusty and look unpleasant. However, the washroom is bright enough with very well ventilation as there are window openings and ventilation blocks in the space.

Figure 142: Washroom and bathroom on first floor Credit: Lee, 2018

Diagram 47: First floor perspective highlighting the washroom and bathroom

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6.4 PROPERTIES OF SPACES 6.4.1 PUBLIC, SEMI-PUBLIC AND PRIVATE The current division of public and private spaces within the confines of the building is not with accordance to the public-private spatial layout distribution of a typical shophouse which revolves around a hybrid between a shop and a residential building.

6.4.1.1 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL The five-foot walkway and café are the main public areas accessible to all the people visiting the shop. The corridor leading to the storage area, bathroom and toilet is semi-public as users are less inclined to enter these areas. The bathroom is for private use of the tenants. The roastery room and storage room with stairs leading to the first-floor level are private spaces as they are only accessible to the shopkeepers.

Diagram 48: Ground floor perspective indicating public, semi-public and private spaces

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6.4.1.2 FIRST FLOOR LEVEL Since the opening of Seraph Awaken, all spaces above are privately closed which are non-accessible to anyone. The tenants plan to convert the living area into a gallery, resulting in possibility of change into public status in future.

Diagram 49: First floor perspective indicating public, semi-public and private spaces

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6.4.2 CIRCULATION Circulation in the building is congruent to the distribution of public, semipublic and private areas in the shophouse. Lighter circulation occurs in more private areas as these are mainly where shopkeepers have access, and not the general public and visitors.

Diagram 50: Floor plans indicating the circulation of visitors and shopkeepers

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6.4.3 ACOUSTICS Building acoustics is the complex science of controlling noise in buildings

timber panels with grooves which help improve the acoustics in the space by

(Designing Buildings Wiki, 2017). This includes the minimization of noise

absorbing the noises sourced from the café directly below, thus decreasing

transmission from one space to another and the control of the characteristics

reverberation.

of sound within spaces themselves.

Here in Seraph Awaken, the noises are controlled by doors, windows, walls, ceilings, and floors. As one enters the building, one is encountered by a fully opened café. The fact that the main shutter is always open, leaves the room exposed to the roadside noises (vehicles passing by the shop). Moreover, the sitting area comprises of vocal noise from visitors gathering and chitchatting, the sound sourced from the coffee machines as well as moving chairs and tables. Since the café is the most crowded public area, it is the noisiest space throughout the shophouse.

However, the rest of the spaces at the ground floor are separated by thick brick walls and closed wooden doors, resulting in failure in noise transmission and the quiet atmosphere surrounding. Since the first-floor level is completely private and not accessible to the visitors, it is the quietest space of the

Diagram 51: Section of flooring showing sound acoustics effect

building. The floors of the most spaces on the first floor are layered with

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CHAPTER 7.0

MATERIALS AND BUILDING CONSTRUCTION A thorough and detailed study of the materials and building construction details of Seraph Awaken.

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7.1 INTRODUCTION Shophouses along Jalan Stesen 1, Klang possess similar construction methods as of those present in shophouses found in other states in Malaysia such as Georgetown (Penang), Ipoh (Perak), also Kuala Lumpur (Selangor).

Materials used for constructing these shophouses here, in Klang, are common as other heritage buildings because the materials are most convenient whilst abundant during the period of the building construction.

Early shophouses were erected in which it mainly revolves along with the three key considerations: practical, people and economical. However, economical is still the key point. The shophouses were intentionally made economically in terms of ease to construct. The reason being it inexpensive made it durable for the people as it relates their practical lifestyle and to adapt the country’s tropical climate.

Seraph Awaken involves a range of building materials used which can be seen of depiction based from Late Straits Eclectic Style due to the local influence and as well as British Colonial during their colonization history in Klang. The merging of these architecture styles, elements and materials presented evidently on the facade of the building.

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7.2 USE OF BUILDING MATERIALS 7.2.1 WAH YUEN KOPITIAM AND SERAPH AWAKEN Regarding the building, Wah Yuen Kopitiam and Seraph Awaken exist in the same building though not the same period, building materials used are relatively similar. However, there are still slight changes in term of building materials after Seraph Awaken took over the place of Wah Yuen Kopitiam.

As referenced from the interview with Ms. Ng Cheau See, the wooden staircase from the previous Wah Yuen Kopitiam used to have holes alongside the stringer. The holes were covered up with plaster to prevent termites infestation and a better option of wood in terms of maintenance and defects.

She also replaced the old corrugated zinc sheet roofing with a new layer above the corridor up to the rear exterior of the building to improve cover from rain.

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7.2.2 STRUCTURAL MATERIALS AND FURNISHINGS 7.2.2.1 TIMBER Timber is one of the traditional materials commonly used in traditional shophouses and houses. It is extensively used in the most of the shophouses along Jalan Stesen 1 as roofing and flooring purposes. In a tropical climate like Malaysia, timber is credited being a heat insulator thus making the interior of the building adaptively cooler.

Timber is a highly durable material as its age endures for a long time. It is easily obtained from within the local dense rainforest all around the country.

In so, purchasing this low-costs material provides its benefits more. Such characteristics made them suitable for certain forms of heavy works from being it a column, floor joists, roof structure, or a frame.

Followed are elements in the shophouse which feature the timber works that are extensively implemented in which include roof beam, rafters, purlins, flooring finishing, floor joists, staircases’ riser and treads, staircase railing, frames of windows and doors, openable window panels, and doors.

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Figure 143: Timber floor joists Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 144: Timber roof trusses Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 145: Timber door Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 146: Timber flooring Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.2.2.2 CLAY BRICK The main wall structure of the shophouse is constructed using load bearing clay brick material.

Clay brick is one of the oldest building materials used by mankind in construction history; yet still widely used till this century in regard to the material’s durability, high strength and sustainability. It is also an efficient tool in response to the tropical climate as it is porous, allowing air and moisture to pass through it and it is an effective heat insulator. Therefore, making it a good material for the wall to regulate the temperature within the shophouse.

Figure 147: Front facade’s masonry column defects showing bricks underneath Credit: Koid, 2018

In addition, its high strength is able to sustain and bear support heavy loads from the top of building to the ground (CivilGuides, 2018).

Figure 148: Wall damage shows layers of concrete uncovering the brick layer underneath Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.2.2.3 TERRACOTTA CLAY-BASED TILES Like most shophouses in Malaysia or any common building in tropical countries, terracotta clay-based roof tiles are widely used. However, in Seraph Awaken, it is used for both the main gable roof and shed roof on the shophouse.

Terracotta clay-based tile is a clay-based ceramic with lasting strength and durability. This can be proven by the many buildings in Malaysia with aged terracotta tiles but still remain intact on the roof. They do not rot in wet climates and insulates extreme heat. In extreme heat, terracotta tiles are slow

Figure 149: Terracotta clay tiles placed on gable roof Credit: Koid, 2018

to absorb heat, this would allow the roof to deflect heat, which aids with keeping the buildings well ventilated hence making the spaces within cooler (The Spruce, 2018).

Figure 150: Terracotta clay tiles covered with mosses Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.2.2.4 CORRUGATED ZINC SHEET ROOFING Zinc sheet is found on the roofing of the ground floor level along the corridor up to the rear of the shophouse. The zinc roof is a better alternative used due to its lower material and construction cost compared to terracotta clay-based tiles.

Zinc metal is weatherproof, corrosion resistant and non-degradable by UltraViolet (UV) lights from the sunlight. Therefore, the zinc roof has a long

Figure 151: View of corrugated zinc sheet roofing from first floor level Credit: Koid, 2018

duration of life span: lasting up to 100 years without degradation. Zinc roof can be shaped according to the building's specification and mouldings. As for Seraph Awaken, the zinc roof is shaped in corrugated form. The roof shed is corrugated to allow smoother movement for the operable skylight.

Figure 152: View of corrugated zinc sheet roofing from back alley Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.2.2.5 CERAMIC TILES Ceramic tiles are often used as finishing they do not impose any structural strength that affects the structural integrity of the building. Evidently, ceramic tiles can be found throughout Seraph Awaken on the surface of interior walls and flooring. Spaces within the shophouse that feature the use of ceramic tiles include five-foot walkway, clerestory and bathroom.

Ceramic tiles are very flexible; able to adapt to any material surface for as long as it is layered with plaster making it practical to be installed on walls or flooring acting as interior finishing. It is easy to maintain its value as it is

Figure 153: Ceramic wall tiles at cafĂŠ space Credit: Koid, 2018

impermeability to water which avoids water related damages and is easily cleaned. Ceramic tiles are proved to be durable in regards of its strength and difficulty to crack (Learning Center, 2018).

Figure 154: Mosaic in ceramic floor tiles Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.2.2.6 LIME PLASTER Lime plaster can be observed covering most of the facades of shophouses along Jalan Stesen 1, including Seraph Awaken. This is mainly because lime plaster is such an adaptable yet durable material.

It was stated before that the combination of egg whites, honey and limestone were used as plaster and mortar. It is the traditional material and techniques which is practically to be capable than modern day techniques.

Figure 155: Cornices made from lime plasters Credit: Koid, 2018

Lime is the most ideal material for wall and ornamental finishes because of its adaptability to merge with different materials such as brick or timber. Lime hardens slower rate compared to cement, which makes it more workable and efficient.

Figure 156: Use of stucco on column to advertise shop names Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.2.2.7 REINFORCED CONCRETE As referenced from interview with the owner, concrete floorings are originally found on the ground floor level of the shophouse as well as the former private kitchen of the first floor level before the floor tiles were properly placed.

Concrete surface is durable and is hardly to be scratched or damaged.

Therefore, it is suitable for the need of use indoors or outdoors. Low-cost maintenance makes it the perfect flooring for practical shophouses. As an added benefit, concrete floor can be laid bare without any finishing and still be visually appealing.

Figure 157: Concrete flooring found beneath floor tiles Credit: Azman, 2018

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7.2.2.8 MILD STEEL Mild steel is made from very malleable steel type material. Because of its flexibility, it is able to be molded in any or many ways possible. It is mostly handled as a window framing or the door grille throughout Seraph Awaken.

However, mild steel does not pose any structural benefit nor threats to the overall structural integrity of Seraph Awaken. Therefore, it is commonly involved as decorative purposes. This material, like iron, are also prone to rust; use of coating with excessive protective layer like paint to maintain efficiency, and duration whilst enhance visual appearance.

Figure 158: Mild steel being used as protection of ventilation block Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 159: Mild steel being used as door grill Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.2.2.9 CEMENT SCREED Cement screed is a thin layer of paste composed of cement, river sand, and water mixtures. It is applied on concrete finished wall or floor as later to be the final finishes. Cement screed can be observed along the passageway wall on first floor level of Seraph Awaken.

The mix ratio of cement screed is 1:3:1 (cement: river sand: coarse aggregate). The production of cement screed together with sand is relatively cheaper and can be accomplished by unskilled labourers.

Figure 160: Cement screed for first floor level’s wall construction Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.3 CONSTRUCTION ELEMENTS 7.3.1 WALLS 7.3.1.1 ENGLISH BOND BRICK WALL The walls of Seraph Awaken building work as load bearing walls, which means it supports all the live load and dead load above it. Masonry is implemented cooperatively with due to it was the most commonly practiced, and cheaper construction price material during the period of its building construction.

Diagram 52: Configuration of English bond brick wall

Brick walls in the shophouse are stacked accordingly to English Bond arrangement. There are two major parts of a brick: the header and stretcher.

Header is the shorter square area of a brick whereas stretcher is the longer narrow part. Bricks are joined next to each other on the same level to form a course. Courses of bricks are stacked together to create a wall.

English bond requires the combination of the header course with stretcher course in the arrangement of brickworks. Header course has the header facing outwards whereas stretcher course has the stretcher facing outwards.

Both the courses are arranged in alternate way (D.K. Ching, 2002).

Figure 161: Part of English bond brick wall exposed by the neighbouring shophouse Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.1.2 INTERNAL PARTITION WALLS 7.3.1.2.1 GYPSUM BOARD Gypsum board, also known as plasterboard, is used as partitioned, division walls of the roastery room 1. It is also known as drywall made of Calcium Sulphate Dihydrate and composed along with fibre, plasticizer, foaming agent, retarder and additives (Gypsum Association, n.d.).

Gypsum board does not catch fire or transmit flames as credit to the excellent fire repellent material, gypsum. It possesses a non-combustible core which chemically contains water, the water will be released as steam under high

Figure 162: Gypsum board used as partitioned wall for roastery room 1 Credit: Koid, 2018

heat.

The gypsum wall is commonly used because it is lightweight, ease of handling, and install. It is used to divide spaces in the former Mahjong room which turns into a storage room and roastery room 1 in Seraph Awaken. The gypsum board was used as an effective and efficient option into separating the space.

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7.3.1.2.2 PLYWOOD Plywood is used to assemble the partition walls of roastery room 2 located on the first floor level. Plywood is a kind of sheet material consist of thin layers of wood veneer that are joined together. All plywood bind with resin and fibre sheets to form a composite material. This reduces the tendency of wood to split or tear when it is being handled heavily under pressure, like nailed at the edges.

Plywood is used as the walls and ceiling of the partitioned wall because of its lightweight and cheap material cost. In the olden days, roastery room 2 was allocated as bedroom to accommodate the owner and his family. They used

Figure 163: Plywood used as partitioned wall for roastery room 2 Credit: Koid, 2018

plywood to erect walls for tenants in the living area also as it is convenient.

The installation is easy and fast as it only requires nails to hold pieces of wall together. Moreover, method into increasing the durability of the plywood wall, such as paint is coated to reduce water absorption, reducing moisture and mould build-up thus prolonging its lifespan.

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7.3.2 FLOORING 7.3.2.1 REINFORCED CONCRETE SLAB SYSTEM Concrete are casted onto steel bars to withstand and counteract the concrete’s tendency to crack when flexing occurs as a consequence of heavy loads being applied on it.

Concrete cracks (and collapses) very easily when forces other than compression are applied to it. When steel bars are firmly secured within the concrete they will counter any tensile forces that the concrete itself cannot cope with and maintain the structure sound, even if the slab/beam is cracked all the way through.

Reinforced concrete slab can be found throughout the ground floor level and at the bathroom on first floor level. Most of the floor area is covered with ceramic tiles as extra protection and aesthetic styles.

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7.3.2.2 STRAIGHT/STACK BOND TILES These tile patterns are a common sight as they refrain its simple styling pattern. The tiles grout lines are arranged in a straight line in so to achieve Mosaic Ceramic Tiles

the grid like pattern composition.

Turquoise Porcelain Tiles

Non-Slip Porcelain Floor Tiles

Diagram 53: Ground floor plan and first floor plan highlighting position of different stack bond tiles

Timber Flooring

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7.3.2.3 TIMBER FLOOR Timber has been a part of the pinnacle of building materials through history nevertheless Seraph Awaken do too implement the use of this material both poetically and materiality wise. Timber can be found on living area on the first floor level leading up to roastery room 2 and the passage leading to the washroom and bathroom behind.

The physical strength, inflexible properties, and high compressive strength characterized by the properties of timber made it favourable upon the usage from throughout the building. Flooring requires a fitting role into supporting

Figure 164: Timber flooring on first floor Credit: Lee, 2018

loads on it; a sturdy and durable material is needed to meet this requirement.

Besides that, timber has possessed other properties which are beneficial such as effective sound absorption and acceptable heat insulator. The first floor level was divided into rooms with partition walls rented out for tenants, hence timber flooring relatively reduce the sound transmitted through and from the kopitiam below.

The timber flooring are made by 14 cm wide Teak hardwood planks. Teak wood carries high density and strength which are resistant towards decays.

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7.3.2.3.1 JOINT METHOD AND LAYOUT Joist pockets are cavities built into masonry walls for joist to fit inside. The cavities are prefabricated during the construction of brick wall. After insertion of the joists, blockings were added to support between the joist. Then,

Wood Decking

wooden decking is nailed onto the joist as finishing surface.

Wood decking are arranged in continuous span pattern where wood planks

Floor Joist

of same dimensions are made to fit onto the joist. Long nails are used to attach each plank with joist.

Plaster Ceiling

Diagram 54: Exploded axonometric of timber floor

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7.3.3 ROOFS 7.3.3.1 GABLE ROOF Gable roof is generically a triangular portion of wall between the edges intersecting roof pitches, the shape of a gable roof and how it is detailed depends on the structural system used.

In Seraph Awaken, the gable roof construction is primarily built with timber elements: purlins, rafters, beams. The front part of the roof is designed as gable roof with the roof tiles facing the main entrance of the shop. The back portion of the roof is slightly more complex, consisting of two different roofs in two levels, with each roof system separate of each other. The gable roof part is covered by terracotta clay-based roof tiles whereas the back lower portion of the roof is covered by zinc metal sheet roof.

Diagram 55: Exploded axonometric of gable roof

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7.3.3.2 JACK ROOF WITH CLERESTORY Jack roof is a raised section of roof running down the centre replacing the ridge board which is the highest point of the gable roof. It is usually built with small windows or ventilators to maximize the wind movements and light penetration.

The jack roof is similar to normal roofing which is built with timber structures, the components include rafter, beams and purlins. The jack roofing is then covered on top the structural components.

In Seraph Awaken, the clerestory is built with eight fixed windows which helps lighten the living area 6 meters beneath. The fixed windows were opened

Figure 165: Jack roof with clerestory Credit: Lee, 2018

windows which function differently as wind ventilator.

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7.3.3.3 SHED ROOF Shed roof is found connecting from the part of the gable roof to the back as a whole. Some of the elements found to construct shed roof such as purlins, ridge plate, lower plate, common rafters, valley rafter and valley jack rafters.

The roof is covered with U-shaped terracotta clay-based tiles. A valley flashing is found in between clay tiles and valley rafters. It is a non-corrosive metal which prevent the interior from penetration of rain water and other moisture.

In comparison, shed roof is more economical and easier to build compared

Figure 166: Shed roof with U-shaped terracotta clay-based tiles Credit: Lee, 2018

to gable roof.

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7.3.4 STAIRCASE The sole staircase in the building is positioned in the storage room, which is a straight-flight stair way with closed stringers, an elementary and typical form of staircase. The staircase is fully open, which generally implies a full wall on one side and a balustrade on the other (Badzinski, n.d.). In this case, the stairs is built against the west wall of the shophouse on one side with a balustrade across the stringer on the other, connecting the ground floor level to the first floor level without any landing.

As it is constructed fully out of timber for all the components, it does not place

Figure 167: View from the bottom of staircase Credit: Lee, 2018

excessive stress or strain on the floor. The material and style contribute to the convenience and cheap cost to construct the stair as it does not require any intermediate structure. For the most part, users have a clear view of the entire flight, lowering risk of bumping into another person going in the other direction. However, it does occupy a large amount of space, thus creating the illusion of a smaller space in the room it is placed.

Figure 168: View from the top of staircase Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.4.1 RUNS, TREADS AND RISERS The staircase is built omitting the risers, a style substantially known as the open riser, adding a touch of contemporary to the vintage shophouse. The treads are connected to the stringers in such that dados are cut into the stringers to allow the treads to fit in (Stair Construction, 2018). Under the treads are also a row of timber planks that are placed for support and coverage. Hence, no light seeps through the stairs albeit having an open riser, creating a darker pathway and a narrower appearance.

Figure 169: Close up of timber treads Credit: Lee, 2018

Tread

Stringer

Diagram 56: Tread to stringer connection

Figure 170: Close up of open riser Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.4.2 BALUSTRADE For systems where the baluster does not start on the treads, base rail allows identical balusters on the similar level of position.

The ornamental piece that tops a newel post, shape as an irregular prism

Figure 171: Newel cap Credit: Wong, 2018

which is known as newel cap.

Handrail

Newel Cap

Figure 172: Handrail Credit: Wong, 2018

Newel Post Base Rail Baluster

Diagram 57: Details of balustrade

Figure 173: Square balusters and base rail Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.5 COLUMN Columns are the vertical structure elements that act as a compression member. In other words, a column effectively transmits load from the structure above to the structure below through compression. (Fire Engineering, 2018). The structural component ties the building as a whole, relatively establishing the sturdiness of the building, reflecting on the longevity of the shophouse against time.

The exterior columns lay under the weight of the first floor level that extends above the ground floor level of the shophouse. Clay bricks used for the

Figure 174: Exterior masonry column with cement screed finishing Credit: Koid, 2018

construction of exterior columns are less absorptive due to the density of the material and therefore can withstand more in severe weather circumstances.

They are also more cost effective and simpler in terms of construction whereby little resources are used compared to concrete columns.

Complimenting the late straits eclectic facade of the building, the exterior columns are covered with red-coloured cement screed with gridded rope indentations.

Figure 175: Interior masonry column Credit: Koid, 2018

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7.3.6 DOORS 7.3.6.1 TRADITIONAL WOODEN BI-FOLDING SHUTTER DOOR 7.3.6.1.1 INTRODUCTION The main entrance, as an opening to the shophouse and for security, gives an identity to the building. Located at the ground floor level, the wooden shutters painted in light turquoise, was originally from the previous Wah Yuen Kopitiam.

Now, most of the shophouses along Jalan Stesen 1 have removed the wooden shutters, as it has been infested by termites or decayed; hence affecting the individual security and stability of a shophouse.

Figure 176: Original wooden shutter door inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.6.1.2 DETAILS Frame

11 pairs of (35mm x 3000mm x 200mm) wooden shutters, plays an important

Ventilation Vent

role as a security barrier and a significant identity of a traditional transitional shophouse with both art-deco and late straits eclectic style of shophouse.

Lock Slot

Joined by 3 hinges, with the door wings facing inside of the shop and its Wooden Shutters (11 Pairs)

knuckles facing outside the street. Made from local timber, the corners of shutters have decayed over the past decades.

Hinges Lock Panels

It still functions greatly as a protection though security may be affected if shutters were being pushed in opposite direction with great force, which may break loose the old hinges.

Threshold Metal Strip Bar

On each individual plank, there is a bent and (outward bent) to secure onto each other when it is unfolded; closed.

Figure 177: Details of wooden shutter door Credit: Wong, 2018

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On each pair of shutters, it has 3 hinges which are the top, center and bottom.

Top Strap Hinge

Other than the main function of joining 2 adjacent planks to be folded, each hinge functions differently.

Top strap hinge is found at the top and bottom of each pair of shutters. Each wing has 3 screws to secure the adjacent wooden planks, which has a wreath

Center Ball Hinge

hook from its pin to hook onto another supportive wooden beam above the shutters. Center ball hinge is the common hinge found in most furniture, acts to secure adjacent planks. Bottom strap hinge only can be found in shutters gates, between each pair of shutters, slides along the threshold metal strip below. The pin is longer than usual, with a ball at its bottom tip. This allows shutters to be rolled along the threshold metal strip (Feldco, 2018).

Bottom Strap Hinge Diagram 58: Two timber planks act as a pair of shutters

Figure 178: Center ball hinge Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 179: Bottom strap hinge Credit: Wong, 2018

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Diagram 59: Pair of shutters are closed

Diagram 61: Pair of shutters are opened

Diagram 60: The extruded and curved inwards component of shutter planks secures the shutters

Diagram 62: Close up of the opened shutter

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7.3.6.1.3 MAIN PLANK AND SECONDARY PLANKS The main plank (A) located at the center of the opening, which stands

A

vertically from 5 cm below ground (a slot) to the top, it is then secured by the two adjacent secondary planks, placed horizontally.

The secondary planks (B) functions as a barrier behind the accordion shutters so that it is not possible to push open the shutters from outside. They

B

are both supported and secured by metal holders from the main plank and from the frame of shutters.

Owners of Seraph Awaken have to enter from the back door, remove

Diagram 63: Main plank (A) and secondary planks (B)

secondary planks before pushing the shutters to their respective corners.

Removing the main plank will be the last step. The three “lock” planks have to work together in order to secure the shop. This allows owners of shophouse to have the authority to unfold the shutters, from inside of the shop. The act of opening the unfolding the shutters are called as 下闸 (xià zhá).

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7.3.6.1.4 LOCK SLOT AND PIT SLOT The main plank stands upright, balancing its weight by being slotted into the gap of the lock slot and pit slot on both ends of the plank.

A

The lock slot (A) is also made from local timber is located at the center of the shutter frame attaching to it, 30mm from ground.

The pit slot (B) is 60mm below ground with the width of 100mm x 80mm.

When the main lock plank is removed, the pit slot is covered by a metal plate when the shop is open, to prevent people from tripping.

B Diagram 64: Lock slot (A) and pit slot (B)

Figure 180: Lock slot above the shutter Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.6.1.5 STEEL LOCK BARS AND STEEL HANDLES The secondary wooden plank is supported on steel lock bars (A) where they can be found on both sides of the main lock plank.

Steel handles (B) are found at the sides of the shutter frame where two steel handles are attached onto the frame of shutters.

B

A

B

Diagram 65: Position of steel lock bars (A) and steel handles (B)

Figure 181: Steel lock bars (A) Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 182: Steel handles (B) Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.6.1.6 VENTILATION VENT Criss cross ventilation vent is found at the top of the shutter frame. It behaves as an opening for air to flow in and out of the shophouse while prohibiting anything from entering it. It is another common feature of a shophouse to have air vents as the tropical weather is always hot and humid.

Diagram 66: Position of ventilation vents

Figure 183: Criss cross ventilation vents above the shutters Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.6.2 WOODEN DOORS 7.3.6.2.1 DETAILS Wooden doors are used in Seraph Awaken in several parts of the spaces, for

compared to other doors because it has double door with two panels on each

instance, storage room, bathroom and toilet, back door, living area, roastery

side. The door has two bolts at the top and bottom of the doors which allow

room 2 and passage.

users to lock from within.

Normally wood is used as the main door while the security door is made of metal. Doors without access to public such as interior doors are not installed with metal door because it is safer. Wooden doors are widely used during that tperiod because the material was much more affordable than metal and more convenient to obtain.

There are several types of wooden doors available in Seraph Awaken which brings different functions to the spaces. Some doors are attached with air vents at the top to allow air ventilation between spaces despite the door is closed.

The wooden door to the back alley at the ground floor level has a slide bolt.

Meanwhile, the wooden door located at first floor level living area is different

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Figure 184: Slide bolt Credit: Wong, 2018 Diagram 67: Wooden door

Figure 185: Slide bolt on the top Credit: Wong, 2018

Diagram 68: Traditional wooden door

Figure 186: Slide bolt at the bottom Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.6.3 METAL GRILL SLIDING DOOR Metal grill sliding door is located on the ground floor level, next to the wooden door which connects the living area and corridor. This turquoise painted metal grill door was inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam as well. It is a security barrier between the living area and back where it could access out to the back door.

Figure 187: Metal grill sliding door Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.6.3.1 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS The metal grill sliding door has 8 pairs of grill panels. The width of the grill gate is 1000mm. Rolling wheels are found below the panels to run along the

Continuous Overhead Track

threshold track.

Figure 189: Top section of metal grill sliding door Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 190: Bottom section of metal grill sliding door Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 188: Metal door handle Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 191: Door latch hook Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.6.4 METAL DOOR GATE 7.3.6.4.1 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS Iron Grill Door

A void is formed through the wall, the wall acts as the frame and entrance to the shophouse itself. Owners of Seraph Awaken have to enter the shop through the back door then unlock the traditional folding shutters from inside

Timber Door

of the shop in order to start up their business.

Vintage Wooden Lock and Hatch

Covered Drain Figure 192: Metal door gate at the rear Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.7 WINDOWS 7.3.7.1 JALOUSIE WINDOW Master Frame

Jalousie windows can be found mostly on the first floor. It is very common and one of the most preferred openings in buildings ever since the olden times. The glass of the window is installed from within the window by sliding

Glass

them evenly into the retention clips with equal amount of pressure. Whereas the glass louvers act as spacers to maintain proper window width and

Iron Grill

structure during the installation process. ("Jalousie Windows Installation Glass Clip

Instructions", n.d.)

It maximizes natural ventilation by allowing airflow through entire window

Diagram 69: Details of jalousie window

area. It is also adjustable, and it can maintain desirable ventilation during heavy downpour or intense sunlight penetration. It is simple to repair.

However, it provides lack of insulation and water resistance but is still able to repel light rain.

Figure 193: Green tinted jalousie window Credit: Wong, 2018

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7.3.7.2 DOUBLE CASEMENT WINDOWS Double casement windows open and close like a door on the hinges of the side of the window through a crank mechanism. It is the second most airtight window, which is most suitable if applied in areas that has high rain intake.

The double casement windows are used in the upper storey of the shophouse.

Of the double casement windows existed in this shophouse, two of them are the main feature of the building. The other window is located next to the roastery room 2 placed under a set of jalousie windows.

Figure 194: Double casement window at living area Credit: Lee, 2018

All three double casement windows, which are directly placed in parts of the shophouse where there is direct open air, allow for excellent ventilation and have the ability to be sealed airtight when closed, hence this prevents leakage and air entry (Wallander, 2017). These windows are easy to open as they adopt single lever latches. They will be very effective tools of safety in cases of fire as the occupants in the upper storey can escape easily through these windows.

Figure 195: Double casement window near roastery room 2 Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.7.2.1 DETAILS

Single Level Latch

Double casement window has an extra locking element - slide bolt to secure the windows to be sealed completely especially against strong winds.

Wooden Muntin

Tempered glass is safe, long lasting and only requires low maintenance while it maintains clear quality. It is able to resist wear and tear and scratches. It

Single Clear Tempered Glass

also prevents life-threatening injuries when broken, it only produces blunt like pieces ("7 Advantages of Tempered Glass", n.d.).

Butt hinges are used to hinge wooden parts, in this case, the wooden door

Slide Bolt

parts of the shophouse, and especially for this type of window, both double and single casement windows.

Figure 196: Details of double casement window Credit: Lee, 2018

Double casement window is covered with iron grille and wire gauze as security elements.

Figure 197: Butt hinge Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.7.3 SINGLE SIDE HUNG WINDOW Only one single side hung window is used in the shophouse, which is located in the washroom on the first floor. The actual reason for installing it is unknown. However, there is a clothing line placed just outside this window.

Hence, the occupants are able to access the room through this window to hang their clothes outside.

Like the double casement window panels, this window is also to open and close and facilitates excellent ventilation.

Figure 198: Window opens inwards into the washroom on its hinge Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 199: Window slide latch lock Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 200: Butt hinge Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.7.4 FIXED WINDOWS Fixed windows are preferable as they require low cost and low maintenance, most commonly utilized in this shophouse, but for various reasons.

These fixed windows welcome natural light entering the spaces of the shophouse. However, fixed windows which are installed with glass do not allow ventilation, but do not obscure views from the occupants (Aden, 2011).

Some fixed windows have iron grill that creates non-adjustable ventilation in

Figure 201: Glass installed with fixed windows Credit: Lee, 2018

the space.

Figure 202: Fixed window with iron grills Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.8 SKYLIGHT Skylights are fixed windows installed in a roof. They allow maximum daylight penetration, repels rain, wind, and pests and they are easily and safely installed. Since a skylight is able to main high transmission of light into a space, they are able to cut down cost such as electricity.

The type of skylight installed in Seraph Awaken is the operable skylight layered with a corrugated roof skylight in the roof in the ground level. The openable skylight was inherited from Wah Yuen Kopitiam, where they use this skylight to direct the cooking odours out from the building. When Seraph

Figure 203: Clear polycarbonate panel as corrugated roof skylight Credit: Lee, 2018

Awaken opened, the owners installed clear polycarbonate panels to keep rain and pests out from entering the shophouse.

This skylight allows maximum intake of light into the corridor, resulting in the corridor seemingly more spacious and brighter.

Diagram 70: Operation of skylight as it slides along the rail

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7.3.9 SECURITY ELEMENTS A common feature of the windows of Seraph Awaken is security and safety elements, all of the windows on the first floor level include elements such as grill and wire gauze. An assumption that since most families used to live in the upper storey of this building, grill is installed to prevent occupants from accidentally falling out of the windows, especially children. It also prevents break ins from thefts. All these strengthen the security while still retaining the view and allows light to enter the spaces.

Figure 205: Iron grill coated with paint Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 204: Iron grill and wire gauze Credit: Lee, 2018

Figure 206: Wooden grill frame Credit: Lee, 2018

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7.3.10 FINISHINGS 7.3.10.1 PAINT The type of finishing used on the plaster components and doors is paint. Paint provides high and efficient coverage over the surface of the wood. An assumed type of painting used is acrylic paint. As acrylic paint is a very lightfast medium, the colour does not fade too much and still retain its brightness. (ThoughtCo., 2017) The facade of the shophouse uses paint to protect its walls and other surfaces such as door framings. However, paint is peeling off from the facade to reveal the plaster walls and wooden windows underneath.

Figure 207: Paint peeling off from facade Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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7.3.10.2 STIPPLE FINISH COAT Stipple is a common texture in commercial buildings. It is applied as a spray.

A stipple finish coating is used to cover flaws and imperfections of surfaces, especially joint mistakes on walls and ceilings (Wallander, 2017). Hence, this coating is most suitable to be applied on the shophouse walls to enhance their appearance.

7.3.10.3 PLASTER On the facade of the shophouse, many ornamentations are constructed using

Figure 208: Stipple finish coat Credit: Lee, 2018

plaster, which is composed of lime, sand and water. The ornamentations of the facade are in repetitive form, hence the most applicable method is pouring plaster into moulds to ensure the consistency of the forms (Knowles & Boehr, 2014).

Plastering is also applied to prevent termites from destroying the walls. This only applies to the staircase to the upper storey of the shophouse, where termites used to reside in the gap located just below the stringer. In order to prevent these termites to further imply damage on the structure, this finishing is applied onto it.

Figure 209: Plaster applied alongside stringer of staircase Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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7.3.10.4 POLYURETHANE SATIN WOOD FINISHING The wooden floor on the living area of the first floor level is stained, and then further applied with a polyurethane satin wood finishing, which is a type of penetrating finish. Polyurethane is an oil-based resin that is applied to protect wooden floor from scratches, water, chemicals, and everyday wear and tear (Munson, n.d.). The wooden floor was finished with polyurethane satin “top coating” that gives its shine.

Figure 210: Polyurethane satin wood finishing Credit: Lee, 2018

7.3.10.5 WOOD LAMINATION The wooden wall panels which envelope the roastery room 2 on the first floor level, are layered with a laminated finish which is then painted. Lamination is strong and protects the wall panels from scratches and overheating, which is suitable to maintain the temperature of the roastery rooms (Groshek, 2018).

Lamination is seen peeling off, revealing a wooden wall panel underneath, and an air bubble is spotted underneath the layer next to it.

Figure 211: Wood lamination Credit: Lee, 2018

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CHAPTER 8.0

BU I L D I N G DEFECTS AND DILAPIDATIONS This section is a compilation of our observation of the building’s physical impairments,

in

thoroughly observed.

which

were

BUILDING DEFECTS AND DILAPIDATIONS | 8.0

8.1 INTRODUCTION The building defects and dilapidation in Seraph Awaken were mainly due to deficiency in the design, negligence in supervision of construction process, defective building materials and improper usage of the materials. From the envelope of the shophouse, we observed nine types of defects from the existing damages to the building. These are also aspects of the shophouse that require further attention on reconstruction and maintenance though a very small degree.

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`8.2 CONSTRUCTION DEFECTS 8.2.1 SLAB SETTLEMENT Slab settlement is referred to the distortion or disruption of the foundation system which can cause serious damage to a building.

The slab settlement of the shophouse can be traced to the dehydration and shrinking of soil under the slabs. The extended periods of dry weather and leaking HVAC systems lead to drying and shrinking of soils beneath the concrete slab foundation. The resulting void that is formed below the concrete will cause the slabs to sink, settle and crack.

Figure 212: Slab settlement on the interior floor slabs

Another reason is caused by the poorly compacted fill soils below the

Credit: Koid, 2018

concrete slabs. During the construction of the shophouse, layers of soil are moved around or spread out to lift the grade to a desired level. The footings extend below the fill soils but the slab still remain on top after the structure is built. Poorly compacted fill soils will eventually consolidate beneath the weight of the slabs and causes a void to be formed. The slabs will then begin to crack and break as they settle into the void (Alexander, 2017).

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8.3 BIOLOGICAL DEFECTS 8.3.1 MOULD GROWTH Moulds are found growing on surface of the wood plank that is supporting the zinc roof at the rear exterior of the shophouse. They are made of dead organic materials when warm, moisture and airy conditions are present.

Therefore, they are commonly found near water leaks in a building. They are reproduced by spores which are then carried by air currents. Moulds have effect on people, causing them to have colds, sore throat, nasal congestion and skin irritations. Apart from that, mould growth is a superficial phenomenon that does not affect the strength or long-term durability of the wood.

Figure 213: Mould growth on the surface of wood plank Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.3.2 MOSS GROWTH Mosses are mainly grown on the surface of the floor and the bottom part of the wall located at the back exterior of the shophouse. They are small flowerless plants that grow in dense green clumps under shady condition.

The surface of the mosses that holds water moisture from the roof leakage, is a slip, trip, or fall safety hazard when people are walking on it. The surface of moss growth may also lead to spalling of the slabs and deterioration of the wall depending on the hardness of the slabs and concrete.

Figure 214: Moss growth on floor and wall Credit: Wong, 2018

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8.3.3 BLACK STREAKS ON CLAY ROOF TILES The sources of these black streaks are algae called Gloeocapsa magma spread by airborne spores, in which could be found on the terracotta clay roof tiles. The algae survive through photosynthesis and by feeding on limestone filler used in asphalt shingles. This dark and wet environment of the roof is the ideal habitat for the algae. The algae appear blue-green when the organism forms an outer coating to protect themselves from ultraviolet rays.

When decayed, the algae turn black and accumulates all over the clay roof tiles.

Figure 215: Black streaks on the outer surface of the terracotta clay roof tiles Credit: Kamsol, 2018

Figure 216: Black streaks on the inner surface of the terracotta clay roof tiles Credit: Lee, 2018

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8.4 ECOLOGICAL DEFECTS 8.4.1 UNIFORM CORROSION (GENERAL CORROSION) Uniform corrosion, also known as general corrosion, can be found on the exposed surface of metal pipes at the rear exterior of the shophouse. The metal pipes are corroded uniformly due to the exposure from the open atmospheres and nature waters, leading to a rusty appearance. The corrosion can be solved through adding a thin layer of paint coating, galvanization and cathodic protection (Mahdi, 2016).

Figure 217: Exposed surface of metal pipe at the rear exterior is uniformly corroded Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.4.2 LOCALIZED CORROSION Localized corrosion, unlike uniform corrosion, specifically targets one small area of the metal structure. In Seraph Awaken, it can be found on the surface of the metal door grill located at the rear exterior of the shophouse.

The watermark retains on the painted or plated surface when rainwater breaches the paint coating. The effect of corrosion begins at small defects in the coating and spreads to cause structural weakness. The ornaments on the metal grill of the back door are corroded and rusted even though it is painted.

Figure 218: Corroded surface on metal door grill Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.5 CONCRETE DEFECTS 8.5.1 EFFLORESCENCE Efflorescence of concrete can be found on the wall of first floor corridor. It is caused by humidity, condensation, moist condition, low temperatures and dews on concrete. There might be rainwater entering from the top of pitched roof and causes reaction with the minerals in the concrete. As the area is covered with little wind flow and sunlight penetration, the rainwater cannot be completely evaporated, therefore left white salts deposited on the surface of the concrete wall, in which eventually leading to the effect of efflorescence.

Figure 219: Efflorescence of concrete wall along passage Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.6 WOOD DEFECTS 8.6.1 WOOD CRACKING The wood cracks can be found at the wooden doors, door frames, and wood trusses of the shophouse. These are caused by aging throughout time, because the shop lasts for almost a century. The wood expands and contracts whenever there is a change of temperature, the wood cracks when it reaches its limit. However, some cracks are caused by human behavior, for instance, the door frame is cracked due to continuous opening and closing.

Figure 221: Wood cracks on the bottom of door Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 220: Air vent frames cracked

Figure 222: Wood trusses cracked due to aging

Credit: Lee, 2018

Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.6.1 DRY ROTTING In the shophouse, dry rot can be found on the surface of wooden staircase and wood panels of the clerestory. It is a wood decay caused by certain species of fungi that digest parts of the wood to reduce the wood strength and stiffness. Wood powders have not been formed which indicates the condition of dry rot is not severe. Without proper protection, intense damage can be caused to the wood and may be resulting in a huge collapse.

Figure 223: Dry rot on surface of wooden staircase Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 224: Dry rot on wooden panels of clerestory Credit: Lee, 2018

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8.7 WINDOW DEFECTS 8.7.1 BROKEN GLASS / CRACKS Thick paint-coated glasses on the transom windows are found on most doors and windows on the ground floor and first floor of the shophouse. However, a few of paint-coated glasses are broken on the edges, which is mainly due to constant slamming of the doors and windows below. It also starts with stress cracks that tend to curve in the shape of an hourglass and will most likely result in a complete window replacement after a period of time.

Figure 225: Paint-coated glass window cracked at the edge Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.7.2 WINDOW FRAME CRACKS The timber window frame cracks, which can be found at those window frames in the shophouse, are damaged due to moisture penetration as timber is not a long-lasting material in moist. This further leads to weakening of the wood and decay. It has been kept by paint but on the other hand overpainting contributed to the damage of the original wooden frame. Swollen wood due to moisture causes the glass window to crack and even break. Cracks also occur by structural movement of the building.

Figure 226: Cracked timber window frame due to moisture Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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8.8 WALL DEFECTS 8.8.1 MOUSE HOLE Holes made by rats and mice are mainly found at the bottom part of the wall throughout the shophouse. Rats and mice will cause serious damage to all kinds of structures in the shophouse as the latter is very old, has poor repair and no rodent-proofing. They also destroy insulation, electrical wiring, plumbing, and other structural components of the building. Sometimes, rodents can be seen running across the public area within the shophouse, affecting cleanliness of the space and impression of the customers while having coffee.

Figure 227: Mouse hole at the bottom corner of the wall Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.8.2 DAMP PATCHES AND HOLES IN THE WALL Damp patches are found on the walls as a result of excess of moisture that cannot escape and also because of the age and state of the shophouse. The older the building is, the more amount of moist it will be condensed. The natural tendency of moisture is to spread out from wet to dry areas, and also to move downwards under the influence of gravity. Here, there are two types of dampness caused by a local build-up of moisture depending on where it shows up, which are “rising damp” and “penetrating damp”.

Figure 228: Rising damp patches on the concrete wall Credit: Wong, 2018

Figure 229: Penetrating damp patches on the concrete wall Credit: Kamsol, 2018

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8.8.3 PLUMBING LEAKAGE Majority of the plumbing leakage are found near plumbing fixtures like pipes, sinks and toilets. Lack of regular checking on the plumbing systems over a long time and poorly-sealed flashings may result as a leakage through the exposed pipes on walls and ceilings. If proper solutions are not implied, the plumbing vent pipes may face malfunctioning, followed by damage to the main drain pipes. Ceilings that harbor excess amounts of water are prone to collapsing and mould growth, both of which can be a major hazard to the well-being of the shophouse.

Figure 230: Plumbing leakage on the wall Credit: Lee, 2018

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8.9 FLOOR DEFECTS 8.9.1 BUCKLING OF MOSAIC CERAMIC FLOOR TILES The buckled mosaic ceramic floor tiles can be found along the corridor on the ground floor of the shophouse. Possible causes of the cracks and buckles include lack of flexible adhesives used and lack of expansion joints in concrete that allow for the expansion and contraction of the concrete substrate during the laying of the tiles. When concrete substrate cracks, this is transmitted to the tile above in the form of a reflective crack. Here the tile cracks are long, continuous, and extending across multiple tiles, likelihood is high that the concrete below has more cracks.

Figure 231: Buckled mosaic ceramic floor tiles Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.10 FINISHING DEFECTS 8.10.1 PAINT PEELINGS From the exterior to interior spaces, most of the walls have paint peelings. In this case, the main cause of this defect is moisture and lack of renovation and proper care. During painting, the moisture in the air sticks on the walls and makes it nearly impossible for the paint to settle. As a result, moisture weakens the adhesive properties of the paint. When water penetrates through the paint coatings, it causes the layers to separate and detach from the surface. This eventually leads to bulging, cracking, and finally peeling.

Figure 232: Paint peelings on exterior column Credit: Koid, 2018

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8.10.2 STAINING Staining can be found in most of the spaces throughout the shophouse. It is caused by on-site construction which is not finely done and left with many mistakes and accidental errors. Due to improper care while renovating the building, the floors are stained with paint and other liquids, which have been left as it is now. These worsen the appearance of the building, making it look dirty and untidy.

Figure 234: Staining on the timber flooring

Credit: Koid, 2018

Figure 233: Paint staining on five-foot walkway Credit: Lee, 2018

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8.10.3 RUST STAINING Rust stains are found on some parts of the floor tiles in the building. They are mainly caused by mineral deposits from hard water, mildew (one type of fungus), and rust marks. Rust weakens the tile, causing holes in the tile and floorboard. It mainly happens near the wet areas such as toilet and bathroom where metal and moisture mixes to form the rust. Moreover, it is also caused by furniture with a metal base such as chairs and tables. As a result, it makes the floor look ugly and dirty and it is almost impossible to remove them.

Figure 235: Rust staining on ceramic tiles Credit: Wong, 2018

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8.10.4 GREASE STAINING White ceramic tiles are found on walls all around the building, mainly in the interior. Unfortunately, dirt, rust and moist have left grease stains on the wall tiles. Due to its whitish colour, it is very much visible, and the grease destroys the shiny look of the ceramic tiles, changing it to a matte finish with a rusty brown stain on the edges of each tile. Lack of maintenance also leads to buckles, gaps and holes in the wall tiles.

Figure 236: Grease staining on white ceramic tiles Credit: Koid, 2018

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CHAPTER 9.0

BUILDING CONSERVATION PLAN AND IDEAS This chapter is focused on the design proposal for the rejuvenation of Seraph Awaken based on the founders’ purpose and intentions.

BUILDING CONSERVATION PLAN AND IDEAS | 9.0

9.1 CONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

9.1.1 FACTORS AFFECTING BUILDING CONSERVATION

The shophouse has been preserved well and perceived as a valuable

Multiple physical aging features can be spotted throughout the shophouse

heritage asset for the past 90 years. Even the previous tenants of this

through its 90 years since its completion. As reference from Chapter 8, there

shophouse, the owner of Wah Yuen Kopitiam did not pass down this building

are noticeable building defects that posed as evidence of maintenance needs

to just anyone with any motives, but ultimately handing it to the current

of the old shophouse such as:

tenants of Seraph Awaken with a promise that Ms. Ng Cheau See should protect it at all costs.

1. Unwanted growths 2. Corrosions 3. Natural weathering effects from natural water sources 4. Building settlements; and 5. Pests attacks If these building defects are left untreated in a timely manner, it will gradually weaken the structure of the building, making it feel more fragile and withering away in reality than it seems on the surface, eventually the building will risk demolition, hence, wiping out the preservation efforts in the past years.

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9.1.2 REASONS OF PRESERVING OLD SHOPHOUSE, SERAPH AWAKEN Jalan Stesen 1, where Seraph Awaken lies, was once a lively street, with people buzzing around in their business. It was busy with various types of activities such as the selling of gold jewelry, watches, prostitution, gangsters’ fights, hawker stalls, and many other diverse businesses and significant incidents, both famous and infamous. However, this street in the current time is somehow quiet and gradually forgotten, now most elderlies are running the traditional businesses.

The authorities noticed this, and with an effort to raise awareness to preserve heritage streets of the old town including Jalan Stesen 1, the recent event of Heritage Walk, proves that Seraph Awaken, along with the shophouses along the street has the potential to be rejuvenated into lively shophouses on the vibrant street, but constantly marked by constant evolution.

1. The public prefers an old historic building like where the coffee business of Seraph Awaken currently resides. Its pastel coloured facade and worn out exterior are aesthetically attractive and give its occupants the experience that they are living back in time, relaxed and watch the time goes by.

2. The building of Seraph Awaken may be built with more stable, higher quality materials. This is supported by the fact that the building is already almost 90 years old and still in a stable condition, despite its multiple building defects on its building surface (Rocchi, 2014).

3. Jalan Stesen 1 is known for its buildings that hold a history of almost a century, including an incident when a row of shophouses was destroyed in a fire in 1960s and rebuilt. The street requires these buildings in order to sustain its heritage identity.

4. The building of Seraph Awaken holds historical significance, hence it shall be considered for conservation.

There are a few reasons why the old shophouse, Seraph Awaken should continue to be preserved:

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9.2 IDENTIFIED ISSUES The founder, Cheau See’s concerns are mainly for her customers and her working environment. Her main goal in business is to provide the best and most personal coffee drinking experience. With that goal in mind, the environment of the cafe shophouse is essential to maintain a cozy, relaxing and pleasant atmosphere of where the customers dwell and indulge in their hand-brewed coffee. It is also an important factor as the owner requires the environment to be good so that she can concentrate fully on her business without much distraction.

During our interview session with Cheau See, she has revealed to us the constraints that she is currently facing. She seeks aid from us as we are architecture students. She hopes that we are able to innovate ideas to preserve Seraph Awaken as a token of appreciation for us to carry out our measuring activities and documentations over there.

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9.2.1 UNPLEASANT ODOURS ALONG CORRIDOR The rear of the shophouse, where the users will go through the corridor to

the drain along the corridor. However, it is not effective into blocking out the

the storage area, bathroom and toilet, is an affected factor. The corridor that

unpleasant odours. Cheau See also planted some vegetations in hope to

leads to the back part of the building is also a key spot of the café. As one

purify the air but it fails to do so, and it may affect other factors such as the

walks along the corridor, one will spot displays of some of Cheau See’s

intention of making the corridor into part of the dining areas. Besides, as

collectables such as her plants, lamps, and also newspaper clippings that

referenced from Chapter 8, odours may be sourced from rodents, unwanted

feature the famous coffee business on the window of the roastery room,

biological growths and corrosions at the back of the shophouse.

where the quality of the coffee beans is being carefully monitored. At the end of this corridor, one will reach the rear of the entire shophouse where the

Cheau See worries that the unpleasant odours will travel to the cafe where

bathroom and toilet sit on the left but a few storage items and furniture on the

most occupants are there and affect their drinking experience.

right. However, it is an unpleasant sight as they are poorly organized and just scattered around in the corner. This severely affects the genius loci that the corridor provides.

Occasionally, some unpleasant odours will emerge from the drain at the back of the building. The drain, that is connected to the main drainage system of the entire area, may be clogged in certain spots or collect foul substances from some other places of the area. Residues of dumped water from the previous tenants were channeled through the drain along the corridor to the drain at the back. Cheau See and the owner made several attempts to seal

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9.2.2 ROOF LEAKAGE

9.2.3 POOR VENTILATION AT LIVING AREA

Another main issue is the roof of the back part of the shophouse that covers

Almost one sixth of the first floor is not used due to limited funding, only one

the corridor, storage area, bathroom and toilet located at the ground floor.

room is utilized to be another roastery room for the tenants. Compared to the

Although the roof provides high ventilation and maximum comfort for the

ground floor, which is fairly ventilated and cooling, the first floor is directly the

occupants due to the skylight, Cheau See encounters leaking that is sourced

opposite. Once entered, one will feel stuffy and hot in seconds. The first floor

from the roof. Hence, she attempted to seal the holes in the roof but ultimately

is clearly not ventilated properly. This is due to the mechanical fans that are

having to spend a costly fee to renovate the back part of the roof, which it

not working efficiently and window openings which are constantly sealed,

has now replaced with a new layer of zinc corrugated sheet roofing. Although

preventing air flow from outside into the interior. The removal of ceiling boards

this may have possibly solved the issue, there is still leaking involved.

of the previous partitioned rooms also contributes to this issue, trapping heat in the space. As referenced from Chapter 8, the invasion of rodents like rats

The other possible source is leaking may be derived from the plumbing

may have entered the walls and destroying technical elements such as

system installed in the ceilings and walls as referred from Chapter 8. Water

insulation.

may leak out from the cracks in the ceilings and walls.

As for the roof at the first floor of the building which is installed with clay roof tiles, its clerestory is installed with fixed windows instead of open windows to prevent pests like pigeons from coming into the living area. However, there are still sights of bird droppings and feathers on the floor from the roof.

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9.3 DESIGN SOLUTIONS AND MODIFICATIONS

9.3.1 REGULAR MAINTENANCE

With conservation and preservation in mind, it is important to maintain the

The pipe fittings located in the walls and ceilings must be sealed tightly, the

proper condition of Seraph Awaken through three aspects, to understand its

cracks and holes that may contribute to leaking from the ceiling should be

historical significance, the developments surrounding it and long-term

patched up, and the holes that house rodents shall be sealed.

planning of the area.

The cultures of Seraph Awaken are coffee, personal experience and ambience of the shophouse. The exterior, its facade, its history of the usage of its spaces and organisation of spaces bring up the fact that Seraph Awaken has the potential to bring emphasis to its beauty and essence.

Currently, Seraph Awaken has undergone slight transformation to solve some of the technical issues as mentioned earlier. The roof at the back part was replaced with new layer of zinc sheet roofing to combat leakage. Partition walls from Wah Yuen Kopitiam were removed to accommodate the current tenants’ needs, and ceiling boards of the previous partitioned rooms were removed as well. Hence, issues resulting in technical design difficulties

9.3.2 AIR PURIFICATION The main sources of odor derive from the drainage system and places where rodents reside. Hence, the walls that have rodent holes shall be covered up to its original complete condition. As for the drain that runs along the corridor, the existence of many little holes along the covered drain and foul smell may emerge occasionally at random moments, hence it is difficult to locate exactly the source of the odours. The owner is strongly advised to occasionally run hot water cleaning along the main drainage system along the building to wash down any mould growth and bacteria accumulating at certain points of the drain.

appeared. Following the 3R Principle (Retention, Restoration and Repair), the building should not be altered, and execute replacements of components if they are very necessary.

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9.3.3 RESTORATION OF JACK ROOF Like Malay houses, a jack roof is built to facilitate passive cooling by ventilating the roof space and direct indoor hot air to exit via the jack roof.

Hence, the jack roof of Seraph Awaken must be restored to its initial purpose, by removing the glass. The mechanical fans installed in the clerestory should be repaired and large attic fans should also be installed to encourage cross ventilation within large open space of the living area at the first floor.

With the glass removed from the openings of the clerestory in the jack roof, there will be direct access of the pigeons to enter the living area. To prevent pigeons from remaining on the clerestory, wire mesh can be installed over the openings of the clerestory. Hence, the pigeons will not be convenient to perch on the clerestory platform, instead they are forced to go somewhere else. Also, a slanted layer of wooden block can be added onto the flat surface of siding along the clerestory to prevent pigeons from stopping there.

Diagram 71: Wire mesh installed along the clerestory

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9.3.4 INSTALLATION OF SHOJI SCREENS To prevent dust from falling off from the battens, a thick yet translucent paper called shoji paper can be installed underneath the battens of the roof. This paper is a popular Japanese screen or panel originally meant for doors and partitions. It is a suitable covering as its porosity not only brings in air, but efficiently filters out pests, dust and other irritating substances.

The light-weightiness and brightness of the shoji paper also enhance the openness of large living area. This shoji paper is versatile as well in term of aesthetics to the space. While its light and white appearance brings visual impact to the bold outline of the rafter framework of the roof of the shophouse, its translucency dissolves the direct bright light from the clerestory, which brightens and softens the space, making the dark and enclosed space look unified.

Diagram 72: Installation of shoji screens

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9.4 INTERIOR RENDERING

Diagram 73: Imagination of future gallery at the living area

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CHAPTER 10.0

CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION | 10.0

As architecture students representing Taylor’s University, we would like to

work. It is felt that we managed to obtain the maximum out of that experience.

express our utmost gratitude by mentioning that this module has encouraged

Also learnt the way of work in an organization, the importance of being

us individuals to carry out this assignment wholeheartedly, and bestowed full

punctual, commitment, and team spirit.

of respect towards the acknowledgement of how architecture and heritage intertwines in the course of the array of methodology managed during the

In pursuance of precisely represent and document of the historical structure,

documentation and measured drawings carried out. It's worth speak briefly

we were introduced to gradually familiarized with several apparatus and tools

of our regards to Ng Cheau See, barista and owner of Seraph Awaken, into

to aid in the abundant needs of recording measurements. Several methods

allowing and tolerating our presence in hopes that our assignment did not

to measure certain points were created using creativity were practiced

interfere negatively during the course of a week. Moreover, this course has

consistently in so to not always rely on technology if it were to be unavailable.

been considerate by exposing us to comprehend the values and

These brought out the innovative potential in us to further grasp the

understanding of an architect whilst preserving the jewel of history at its core.

understanding of obtaining data in record measurements.

The objective of our module provided us an opportunity to students identify,

Additionally, we discovered ways to implement a variety of documentation

observe, and practice how an architect is applicable in a real industry. Not

methodology - extending from fieldwork, interviews, local newspaper, world-

only to gain experience based upon the technical practices; as well to pay

wide-web, categorized self-study and analysis. By understanding the site and

attention to the management practices, and interacting among fellow peers.

building deeply; thorough revision we can adapt and learn from as how we

Throughout the procedure of this task, teamwork is an essential element that

interpret and explore tackle the many ways to comprehend the multitudinous

binds our information and skills as one, within the group consisting of 17

depiction, information and data that tallies with the building.

students, delegation of specific team members was distributed coherently in so of obtaining results and data efficiently hence increasing productivity of

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CONCLUSION | 10.0

Our assigned building, Seraph Awaken, located in Royal Klang Town, which

by temporary plywood partition walls, to roof over six families. The dividers

was once an international trading port and home to Europeans which

were then removed when Seraph Awaken came about. Mr. Lim, who

contributed the town’s developments and infrastructures. Reminiscing the

appreciates the value of conserving history and antiques, rented his shop to

rather vintage ‘feel’ little, this place is diversified with its customers welcomed.

Cheau See under a condition to not renovate anything of the old shophouse

This café truly appreciates how the beans are sourced from (countries of

despite its defects. The tradeoff: Seraph Awaken inherited sets of antique

beans) before its gracefully-hand brewed, to prepare that one cup of coffee

marble tables, the vintage lights and the original form of shophouse.

that is served; before their first sip of reverence. Seraph Awaken, a café opened during 2015, started off as a stall by the roadside of Bukit Tinggi,

Interviews with the locals provided insights of how old buildings today are not

Klang operating in their Perodua Kancil which bloomed into a getaway

cared and resulted into being demolished; it taught us the uttermost

establishment for the bookworms. Still standing among the other

importance of conserving historical buildings. Throughout the seven weeks

shophouses, harshly renovated to have a new and more “modern”

duration of our short semester, it gave us the chance to document the

appearance, owners of Seraph Awaken rent the antiquated shophouse

relevance of the 88-years old shophouse along with guides and precautions.

located along Jalan Stesen 1 from Mr.Lim Peng Hok, owner of Wah Yuen

Likewise, now we are familiarized with the many details conferred through

Kopitiam. The 86 years of Wah Yuen business was also a coffee shop for

and throughout the shophouse along with its defects.

locals to enjoy their delicacies before it has closed to rent their place out. But rather a more lively and obstreperous place, than today’s cafe with calm vibes.

Hence, we should thrive to improve and devise ways to conserve these shophouse in the hopes that our future generations could observe such

Built in 1928, Wah Yuen was owned by Mr Lim’s family. The shophouse was

historical buildings in the best possible condition. Based on an article

once a shop for business activities carried out at the ground floor and as an

composed by Kenneth Kidd on the problem with preserving historic buildings,

accommodation in the first floor. Six rooms found in the first floor were divided

preserving heritage buildings is actually more about ensuring a vibrant future;

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CONCLUSION | 10.0

than just treasuring the past. Conservation isn’t merely repairing with proper methods; rather skills and patience to repair carefully just so, the building functions as its original form without changing the authentic appearance.

While we encourage reusing an old unused building than demolishing; applying the practice of adaptive reusing buildings.

Demolition is certainly inevitable for these worn out building to pave way to modern age constructions. However, conserving such relic requires such knowledge and understanding to uphold its legacy and character of the site context. Skills and efforts should be carefully agreed upon remaining these structures to ground for the sake of preserving the rare qualities of the building, so it can be contemplated as a form of education to the people about history and heritage conservation.

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CHAPTER 11.0

REFERENCES, APPENDIX AND GLOSSARY

APPENDIX, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY | 11.0

11.1 REFERENCES A. (n.d.). Isometric View of Side Folding Sliding Grille. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.glassessential.com/folding-security-grille-technicaldetails/sliding-grille-isometric-view-drawing About. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.nyloncoffee.sg/about/ Administrator Posted June 02, 2011. (n.d.). Benefits of zinc make it popular cladding. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.metalconstructionnews.com/articles/benefits-of-zinc-make-itpopular-cladding Affeld, M. (2011, November 03). What Would Cause My Floor Tile to Buckle After 13 Years? | Hunker. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.hunker.com/12615622/what-would-cause-my-floor-tile-tobuckle-after-13-years

Arjun, N. (2017, November 22). Process of Brick Masonry Column Construction. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://theconstructor.org/building/brick-masonry-columnconstruction/19741/ A VISIT TO THE ISTANA ALAM SHAH. (2017, May 22). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://livelifelah.com/2017/05/22/a-visit-to-theistana-alam-shah/ Bennett, D. (2016, September 30). 3 Causes of Cracked or Broken Windows & How to Fix Them. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.allweatherkc.com/blog/3-causes-cracked-broken-windows-fix/ Brad Done | Apr 01, 2016. (2016, April 01). Whats the Difference Between Cast and Wrought Iron? Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.machinedesign.com/metals/what-s-difference-between-cast-andwrought-iron

Aluminum roofing / sheet steel / corrugated / ribbed METAPLAK 28 EDILFIBRO. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.archiexpo.com/prod/edilfibro/product-2334-877540.html

Causes of Rust Stains on Tiles. (2017, November 23). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://gharpedia.com/causes-of-rust-stains-on-tiles/

Angeline KH, Working Follow. (2014, September 20). [ARC 1215] Methods of Documentation & Measured Drawing: Lot 40-42, Ja... Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/angelineisme/lot-40

Ceiling Leak Repair | Goodman Plumbing | A Rating Angie's. (n.d.).

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ARH 314 and 315 Terminology. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://img.uoregon.edu/arh314/terminology/Terminology_all.html

Chan, D. (2015, December 09). Kota Raja Fire station turns into gallery for historical artifacts. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from

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https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/12/116491/kota-raja-fire-station-turnsgallery-historical-artifacts Chin Kon Yit., Chen, V. and Lim, T. (2014). Kuala Lumpur. Singapore: Archipelago Press.

Clay Tile Roofing. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.selfhelpandmore.com/building/roofing/types/clay-tile.php C. (n.d.). Measured Drawings Report. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://issuu.com/chanyiqin/docs/measured_drawings_report Designing Buildings Wiki Share your construction industry knowledge. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Building_acoustics Difference Between Stainless steel and Mild steel. (2015, April 01).

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Esther Lau Follow. (2013, December 06). The old standard chartered bank.

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Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://findingjing.com/discover-penangthrough-its-doors/ Fores, J. S. (2017, December 02). 15 Causes of Peeling Paint on Walls, Ceilings, and Other Surfaces. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://dengarden.com/home-improvement/Why-do-I-have-Paint-PeelingOff-in-my-Bathroom-Walls-and-Ceiling From Emily To You. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.emily2u.com/private-tour-of-istana-alam-shah-official-palace-ofthe-sultan-of-selangor/ Gallagher, J. J. (n.d.). Cause of Peeling Paint. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.proreferral.com/hg/top-3-causes-peeling-paint/ Glossary of Terms for Wrought Iron Door Architecture. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.canteradoors.com/glossary-of-terms/ Glossary of Window and Door Terms. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.marvin.com/support/glossary Groshek, B. N. (2018, January 22). Wood Veneer vs. Laminate. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.nationalbusinessfurniture.com/Blog/wood-veneer-vs-laminate

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Guide to Clear Wood Finishes & How to Apply Polyurethane. (n.d.).

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H. (2017, February 26). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B8uwI5KOT2U&t=8s I. (n.d.). Interesting Places In Malaysia. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://interestingplace1.blogspot.my/2011/07/sultan-abdul-aziz-royal.html Important Characteristics of Ceramic and Porcelain Tile. (2015, February 20). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.builddirect.com/learningcenter/flooring/important-characteristics-ceramic/

Hinges - different types explained. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.diydata.com/carpentry/hinges/hinges.php

Ismail, H. I. (1970, January 01). Padang Jawa - Masih Ku Ingat, Dulu Lain Sekarang Lain. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://padangjawaku.blogspot.my/2013/02/bandar-klang-dahulumempunyai-jambatan.html

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Home. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://ocmulgeeconcreteservices.com/raleigh-services/benefits-of-usingreinforced-concrete-in-construction/

Jain, V. (2016, December 06). Types of RCC Column and its Construction Methods. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/types-of-rcc-columnconstruction/13700/

Hopler, W. (n.d.). Angel Types in Christianity. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.thoughtco.com/angel-types-in-christianity-123833 Hunt, R. (2016, January 13). Door and window maintenance in old houses.

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Jalousie Windows - Compare Window Types & Save. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://modernize.com/windows/types/jalousiewindows Joyce Wee Follow. (2016, March 09). 44 king street report. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/joyce_weewee/44-kingstreet-report-59292796

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JPC-DESIGN, W. /. (n.d.). Whyangels.com - What the Bible says about Angels! Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.whyangels.com/seraphim_cherubim_creatures.html Kate Taylor on May 5, 2015 Favorited Add to Favorites. (2017, December 01). 4 Types of Wood Joints and When to Use Them. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.craftsy.com/blog/2015/05/types-of-wood-joints/ Kelang 巴生. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.facebook.com/kelangpasang/posts/240035626173139 Khoo, S. and Berbar, H. (2009). Heritage houses of Penang. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Editions.

Klang Selatan Fire Station. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.tourismselangor.my/destinations/klang-selatan-fire-station/ Knowles, E., & Boehr, K. (2014). The Comprehensive Guide for Selecting Interior Finishes (1st ed.). Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Kota Raja Fire and Rescue Station Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://selangorfirefightergallery.blogspot.my/p/gallery.html Kota Raja Fire and Rescue Station Gallery. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://selangorfirefightergallery.blogspot.my/p/history.html Liz, C. (1970, January 01). Caving in SE Asia. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://cavinglizsea.blogspot.my/2007/12/tin-mining-relics_15.html

Khor, S. (2016, November 04). The Origins Of The Hokkien, Cantonese, And Other Chinese Dialect Groups In Malaysia. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://says.com/my/lifestyle/history-ancestral-origin-spokendialect-of-chinese-people-in-malaysia

Lumpur, T. O. (2016, November 23). Perangsang Jati. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.timeout.com/kualalumpur/shopping/perangsang-jati

Kinsey, D. (2017, September 06). Causes of Damp. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.homebuilding.co.uk/causes-of-damp/

Lumpur, T. O. (2015, May 27). Seraph Awaken. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.timeout.com/kuala-lumpur/restaurants/seraphawaken

Klang heritage walk. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.thesundaily.my/node/141368 Klang Railway Station. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.tourismselangor.my/destinations/klang-railway-station/

L. (2015, September 30). The Advantages of Acrylic Paints. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://limitededitionart.wordpress.com/2011/07/07/the-advantages-ofacrylic-paints/ Lee, P. and Chen, J. (1998). Rumah Baba. Singapore: National Heritage Board, Singapore History Museum.

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Manivanan, M. (n.d.). History of Tin Mining in Malaysia. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://mmadventure.com/kuala-lumpur-attractions/history-oftin-mining-in-malaysia.htm Muthiah, W. (2014, December 10). The royal town of Selangor. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2014/12/11/the-royal-town-ofselangor/ M. (n.d.). Posts about Anatomy of A Rowhouse on Baltimore Brick By Brick.

Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://baltimorebrickbybrick.com/category/anatomy-of-a-rowhouse/page/2/ Making the Case for Casement Windows. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.thespruce.com/pros-of-casement-windows-1822892 Mishra, G. (2017, November 09). Types of Bonds in Brick Masonry Wall Construction and their Applications. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://theconstructor.org/building/types-bonds-brick-masonry-flemishenglish-wall/11616/ Munson, C. (2011, July 21). Satin Polyurethane vs. Semigloss | Hunker.

Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.hunker.com/12003697/satinpolyurethane-vs-semigloss National Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://roots.sg/learn/collections/list?coloffcat=3c1c2a8e224b4412adfe145c a388ab37&page=295

Network, D. (2015, March 27). All About the Different Types of Wood Finishes. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.diynetwork.com/howto/skills-and-know-how/painting/all-about-the-different-types-of-woodfinishes Ong Seng Peng Jeff, Student at Taylor's University Follow. (2016, March 08). PENANG SHOPHOUSES - ( LORONG IKAN LOT 3,5,7). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.slideshare.net/JeffOng9612/penangshophouses-lorong-ikan-lot-357 Online, T. S. (2016, September 28). Do you know ... our local kopi ?

Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2016/09/29/our-local-kopi/ Overview Terracotta Floor Tiles, the Uses, Characteristics and More. (n.d.).

Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.thespruce.com/terracotta-floortiles-overview-1315086 Park, J. E. (2016, May 05). Build a Behemoth Cold Brew Coffee Drip Tower | Make: Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://makezine.com/projects/build-a-behemoth-cold-brew-coffee-driptower/ P. (n.d.). Door Terminology. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://pezcame.com/ZG9vciB0ZXJtaW5vbG9neQ/ Picture Windows: Advantages and Disadvantages. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.replacementwindowsfordummies.com/articles/picture-windowsadvantages-and-disadvantages

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P. (2015, November 12). Klang Info. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.mpklang.gov.my/en/visitors/klang-info P. (2017, April 10). Kuala Selangor Info. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.mdks.gov.my/en/visitors/kuala-selangor-info Planning Successful Rehabilitation Projects, Window DocumentationTechnical Preservation Services, National Park Service. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.nps.gov/tps/standards/applyingrehabilitation/successful-rehab/windows-documentation.htm Plywood as a Building Material. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.understandconstruction.com/plywood.html Premium Burglar Bars in Dallas. Family Safety and Security since 1981.

Real strong security bars for commercial and residential homes. (n.d.).

Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.burglarbarsindallas.com/ourservices/construction-management/ Rajendra, E. (2015, December 11). 10 places to visit in Klang. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/focus/2015/12/12/10-places-to-visit-inklang-soak-in-the-sights-shop-and-savour-good-food/ Reasons for Cracked Tile on Floors and Walls. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.thespruce.com/reasons-why-tile-floor-iscracked-1822645

Report. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://issuu.com/bridgettan/docs/final_report___photobook_f6ae7bf70f688 d/1?ff=true&e=0%2F34039654 Rodent-Proof Construction. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://icwdm.org/handbook/rodents/RodentExclusion.asp Royal Klang Town Heritage Walk. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.lokalocal.com/tour/1466/royal-klang-town-heritage-walk Ruxyn, T. (2017, April 26). The Stories And Facts Behind How The 13 States Of Malaysia Got Their Names. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-origins-of-state-names-in-malaysia See How Wall Texture Can Hide Flaws and Reduce Drywall Finishing. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.thespruce.com/hideflaws-with-stipple-texture-4121027 Sejarah Negeri Selangor. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.selangor.gov.my/index.php/pages/view/124 Singapore Window Grill - #1 Aluminium & Wrought Iron Grilles Supplier in Singapore. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.windowgrill.com.sg/blog/installing-window-grilles-for-home.html Slamdot, I. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.normansheetmetalroofing.com/services/roof-coatings-skylights/

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SUNTUF 庐 Rooflights. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.palram.com/suntuf_rooflights Teak. (2016, May 13). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://buildingmaterials.com.my/materials/teak T. (2017, September 12). The Singapore Shophouse @ Spottiswoode, Bukit Pasoh, Chinatown, Little India and Kampong Glam. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://blog.travelbuddee.com/singapore-shophouse/ The Benefits of Textured Glass • Cornwall Glass. (2016, July 20). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.cornwallglass.ca/benefits-textured-glass/ The Different Characteristics Of Glazed And Unglazed Tile. (2015, January 12). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.builddirect.com/learningcenter/flooring/characteristics-glazed-and-unglazed-tile/ The Editors of Encyclop 忙 dia Britannica. (2012, May 04). Louver.

Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.britannica.com/technology/louver The Origin and History of Chinese Malaysian Culture. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://asianinspirations.com.au/asian-culture/theorigin-and-history-of-chinese-malaysian-culture-2/ Tiles, B. (n.d.). Buckling Floor Tiles. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.beaumont-tiles.com.au/Tile-DIY-Info/Tile-Care/The-TileDoctor/Buckling-Floor-Tiles

T. (2016, September 21). Klang Heritage Walk - A Walk Through the Royal Capital of Selangor. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://blog.travelbuddee.com/klang-heritage-walk/ The Sultan Abdul Aziz Royal Gallery Klang. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://www.malaysia-traveller.com/sultan-abdul-aziz-royalgallery.html Types of Construction Joints in Concrete. (2017, June 30). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://engineeringfeed.com/types-constructionjoints-concrete Unwin, S. (2007). Doorway. London: Routledge.

User, S. (n.d.). Gedung Raja Abdullah, Kelang, Selangor. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.heritage.gov.my/ms/konservasi/konservasi-bangunan/bangunanperdagangan/gedung-raja-abdullah-kelang-selangor Using Gypsum Board for Walls and Ceilings Section I. (2011, December 02). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://www.gypsum.org/technical/using-gypsum-board-for-walls-andceilings/using-gypsum-board-for-walls-and-ceilings-section-i/ We Love Klang – Klang City Rejuvenation Project. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://weloveklang.com/ What Causes Concrete Slab Settlement? (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from

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http://www.foundationrepairofarkansas.com/blog/2017/12/12/what-causesconcrete-slab-settlement

Zinc Roofing has a rich global history and is known for its long lifespan. (n.d.). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://wadearch.com/zinc-roofing/

When Dreams Awaken. (n.d.). Retrieved February 28, 2018, from http://www.malaysia.my/article/business/when_dreams_awaken/

7 Advantages Of Tempered Glass. (2018, January 05). Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://pleasantonglass.com/blog/7-advantages-temperedglass/

Whilde, E. (2007). Surface & Finishes (1st ed.). London: Anne Furniss.

Williams, J. (2017, December 05). Parts Finder Jalousie Windows With Glass And Aluminium Plus White Wall For Interior Ideas. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.swbh.org/awesome-jalousie-windows-for-homeinterior-design-ideas/parts-finder-jalousie-windows-with-glass-andaluminium-plus-white-wall-for-interior-ideas/ W. (2017, December 20). Properties of Bricks | A Complete Guide.

Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://civilguides.com/properties-of-bricks/ W. (2017, December 27). Properties of Wood and Timber used in Construction. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from https://civilguides.com/properties-of-wood-timber/ Thatweb.co, T. W. (n.d.). The Advantages and Disadvantages of Polycarbonate Roofing26 May 2015. Retrieved March 04, 2018, from http://www.morganasphalte.co.uk/news/the-advantages-anddisadvantages-of-polycarbonate-roofing/# Zienchuk, J. (2015, October 13). An Introduction to Singaporean Kopi Culture. Retrieved February 28, 2018, from https://epicureandculture.com/an-introduction-to-singaporean-kopi-culture/

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11.2 APPENDIX 11.2.1 INTERVIEW TRANSCRIPTS 11.2.1.1 MS. NG CHEAU SEE Interview with the founder of Seraph Awaken, Ms. Ng Cheau See Minor changes have been done to compose proper sentence structure, without changing the overall meaning delivered through the conversation.

Kalvin: Let me introduce ourselves, we are students from Taylor’s University Architecture School. The reason we come today is to understand about your building background and history. After that we will be doing Measured Drawing assignment to understand its building construction in order to produce a 3D model. Besides, we will also produce a report about the building including Jalan Stesen 1 and the history of Klang.

Cheau See: I don’t really know much about the building, the person who really understand the whole building is the owner.

Kalvin: Did you buy or rent this shophouse?

Cheau See: We rented this shophouse. We’ve been here for 2 and a half-year already, which is even less than you guys studying in Taylor’s University. About the history of this shophouse, the owner did not actually tell me a lot; he’s a senior citizen, which is about 70 to 80 years old. Still, he’s energetic and talkative person as he’s highly educated too, maybe you can ask him for more information. He is a strict person, he will normally give short replies, but he knows a lot.

Therefore, the story of this shophouse is all from him but not so informative.

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Kalvin: Is he always around Jalan Stesen 1?

Cheau See: He stays at Setia Alam, but he will always be around here, if you really wanted to meet him, you can set a time to meet him as he grew up at this shoplot till he ends his business.

Kalvin: Are you staying here?

Cheau See: No Kalvin: So, what is first floor for?

Cheau See: The first floor is not in use right now, but we used one of the room as roastery room, one is at the first floor and another one is at the ground floor, now my husband is currently roasting the coffee beans. The one located at the first floor is a small room, but the living area is big. Unfortunately, we cannot fully use the space as it’s too much.

Kalvin: Is the cost of renting this shoplot high?

Cheau See: Two thousand and five hundred ringgit.

Kalvin: But the first floor is empty, don’t you think it’s a waste?

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Cheau See: Wasted as in its beauty, actually we wanted to let everyone to know how beautiful it is, so during that time when your lecturer came and tell us you’ve got this Measured Drawing module, it’s really a good idea for us as we’ve a way to keep as a history record of this shop lot, which we can also present this to anyone else later. We did think about making the first floor living area as an exhibition hall, but we do not have extra capital on that. Even though we found an opportunity but when we think about it, due to our business hour, I don’t think it work. Right now, we’ll be waiting for someone who is passionate enough to help us fulfill our desire as an exhibition hall at the first floor.

Kalvin: Why is it named Seraph Awaken? Where does your inspiration come from?

Cheau See: Seraph is one of an angel’s name, she is the angel of beauty, she represents the beauty in this world. First, we found the name Seraphic, it represents beauty as well, but we found out the name, Seraphic is derived from the word Seraph, I simply love this word, actually it does not have any relation to coffee, we just simply love it!

Kalvin: Why is it “fei” (fly) in Chinese?

Cheau See: Because Seraph has 6 wings, the middle part of its body has 2 huge wings to flying, the wings at the top part to cover its eyes and the bottom wings is the smallest which are used to hide its legs, after that we also found “fei” (fly) in the Seal Script Writing, it seems to have 6 wings as well, not to mention it but it has been simplified to tiny wing in Chinese that seems it couldn’t fly like a chick anymore.

Kalvin: Regarding the history of this shoplot, before you rented it, what kind of businesses were carried out in this shop lot?

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Cheau See: Kopitiam, called Wah Yuan, its plaque is still hanging on iron grill on the top of the entrance.

Kalvin: Remain its presence?

Cheau See: Yes! Observe the dark area above the wooden plaque, it’s Wah Yuen, and it was there around the year 1956, even though they started their business earlier, but maybe earlier than that, I’m not sure about that, you can try ask the owner for more information, he knows a lot about it as its an important event for his family to hang the plaque up.

Kalvin: Do you guys ever thought of taking it down?

Cheau See: Nope, we just take it down to clean it and place it back again.

Kalvin: As its plaque and your plaque hanging outside the entrance, don’t you think people will get confused with its name?

Cheau See: Yes, but we don’t mind about it, it’s just like why we chose the name Seraph Awaken, it doesn’t mean you need to have a coffee relation name, as long as you like it; it has its own meaning. I’m okay with people who gets confused with the name; when people walks along the 5-foot way, they thought the name is Wah Yuen, but when they drive along the street, they see Seraph Awaken; otherwise we’re fine with both names.

Kalvin: Why this shoplot? Why is this location?

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Cheau See: We were scouting for a shoplot for so long, from KL to PJ, finding for an old town location, as we used to sell coffee by the roadside, which gives a natural environment, you can feel the wind, you can feel the heat, when it rains, you can feel it too. Soon, we met a lot of regular customer where we all enjoy having coffee in a nature environment. And when we thought about to opening a café, we wanted to a place without air conditioning, which we’re to find a traditional old shoplot. As the current design of shoplots might not think strategically enough to have natural ventilation going through, rather than just keeping it within four walls as the outside air is polluted. So, we looked for shoplots around Kuala Lumpur. Fortunately, we found this shoplot as its nearby our home, Klang.

Kalvin: But why do you choose this shoplot? Is it because the rental is cheap?

Cheau See: It was a coincidence, it was during my sister’s meal at Sin Teo Heng, which is a famous Teowchew restaurant, and well preserved. When you’re having a meal inside the shoplot, you can feel the wind breeze. My sister noticed the shoplot right in front of her. When the first time I gazed upon the shoplot, I love it. Compared to the other shoplots, which has more ‘modern’ design and fittings.

Kalvin: But, this shoplot is keeps its traditional design?

Cheau See: Yes, the traditional shoplot design is like this one here, in addition, its cooling, which means the opposite side of it should be well ventilated as well.

As I made a call to the owner, he mentioned the very characteristics of the shophouses and felt the urge to rent this shoplot, as I feel he is a god person. He doesn’t care the amount of renting me for the shoplot. As he said at his age right now, he doesn’t really care about the money but hopes that we can help him in preserving the shoplot, and so the shoplot was not rented out for almost 2 years as the neighboring building is the second largest building in Little India Street, where a lot of Indian were likely to rent around this area, which made the renting price go up about four or five thousand yet they are still willing to rent. Once rented, they renovate the whole shoplot. During our first day here, the stores beside covered the traditional floor tiles for the sake of convenience; it doesen’t look

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appealing. This gave a reason why this shoplot is not being rented out to anyone else, until us. Surprisingly, the owner is the president of the Coffee Association of Klang District, and I think that’s interesting.

Kalvin: So, does he come here often to have coffee?

Cheau See: Nope. He never come unless we’re to pay the rent, we asked him to stay; but refuses. I’m not sure why but I do think he’s would give us pressure if he were to stay long, as he is the owner and seniors might have this kind of thoughts. Therefore, he wouldn’t stay too long. He does have children and grandchildren, they often come around to support us, especially that time when we newly open as there weren’t much customer. His children are around 50 years old now, therefore making the owner quite old.

Kalvin: By the way, why do you guys just used the front part for business? Because, if it was me, I would expand my business until the rear of the shoplot. Or is it you are afraid renovating will destroy the traditional design of this shoplot?

Cheau See: No! The rear is nice, we do hope that we can expand our business until the rear of the shoplot.

Kalvin: Is it because of your financial difficulties?

Cheau See: Not very likely, at first just want to focus on the front section first, maybe half-a-year later we will start to expand; but we found out there is no possibility to do so because of several reasons. back during the days, as this is a traditional shoplot, therefore their drainage system connects to other shoplots, if there’s anyone else disposing their waste through this drainage, the smell might build up from the corridor till the rear of the shoplot. Therefore, we tried covering up the

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drain. If you wanted to completely remove the smell, you need to fully cover the drain. In doing so, we might just destroy the traditional design of the shoplot as we changed the drainage system of it. We fear the unpleasant odor would disturb the comfortability of our patrons. In addition, we’ve tried to fix the roof 3 times; but do not know how to solve the leaking problem. Specifically, the clerestory roof, where when it starts to leak during raining, earlier this time around, we spent thousands of ringgit to change the whole roof, but the leaking still occurs.

Kalvin: So, did you managed to change the whole roof?

Cheau See: Yes, the whole rear part of the shoplot!

Kalvin: Is it you replaced them from terracotta roof tiles to corrugated roof sheet?

Cheau See: No, it is zinc!

Kalvin: So, you replaced it with zinc?

Cheau See: No, it used to be zinc, the rear of these traditional shoplot are usually zinc. There is an openable skylight, not terracotta roof tiles, where it is still operable. The front part of the shoplot is all terracotta roof tiles but the rear of the shoplot isn’t. They did not placed terracotta roof tiles at the rear of the shoplot as people used to dry their clothes there.

Kalvin: Did you change the terracotta roof tiles before?

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Cheau See : No Kalvin：Is the rear of the shoplot leaking? How about the front portion?

Cheau See: Yes! I think the ground floor doesn’t leak because there’s a ceiling covering overhead. First floor has leakage problem from the clerestory roof before but has been fixed.

Kalvin: Do you renovate this shoplot? Is this door originally belonged to the shoplot? Did you ever paint-over before?

Cheau See: We didn’t paint the door Kalvin：Which means you never touched it before? It remains the original?

Cheau See: Yes! During the early time, the door was used to be built piece by piece. This was long before we were here, there are always stories to be told by the elders. The door used to be arranged one by one in a line to either close or open; but now it turned into an accordion shutter, which is more convenient.

Currently, this bi-folding door is the only one left across the street; which you are to fold the door to the end and placed 3 wooden blocks in order to lock the door, and later exit from the back door once the door is locked. As exiting through backdoor is dangerous, therefore most of the bi-folding door has been replaced with a fast and easy accordion door.

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Kalvin: Where do you exit from?

Cheau See: We do also exit from the backdoor! But one strength about this door is that during last Christmas, there was a drunkard throwing our potted plants to the door, it used to be a lot of plants across the walkway but now left less than half of it, most of the pots are broken but the door still remained intact, undamaged.

We guessed if it weren’t for the door, we would’ve been in burden.

Kalvin: Did you call the police or something?

Cheau See: Yes! The police arrested the person but is released now.

Kalvin: What else did you renovate?

Cheau See: The plasterboard attached to the staircase, we applied silicon at the edges of it as there might be tiny bugs will fall from the gap of the edge.

Kalvin: Besides this, which part of the building is renovated too? Did you guys install the floor tiles along rear from the corridor walkway?

Cheau See: No, the previous owner did it as it used to be kitchen area where they used to cook and wash their dishes. It used to be a wall along the bathroom which when you walk through the corridor walkway, you need to turn left as there’s a wall blocking the way which, you can see next to the wall, it’s a dishwashing area, it was very dirty. We took the wall away later on.

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Kalvin: Is the openable skylight is originally located along the zinc roof?

Cheau See: Yes, but we replaced it with a new one as there was leakage before but it’s still openable! At first, we often will open the skylight but sometimes there’s something falling from the skylight, and sometimes the adjustable string malfunctioned, then we just closed it but never sealed it.

Kalvin: Is there any furniture being preserved?

Cheau See: Those marble table, the one you’re sitting is the ones we bought, but those marble table and wooden chair across the wall is inherited by the previous owner, where we will leave some notes to notify customer to take care of those antique furniture, but it’s hard to let everyone to know, as most of the café is in freestyle as you can simply just drag and join the table and chair. Sometimes I’ll urge them not to move if it’s without my permission. But it’s hard to manage as currently four of them is broken. We tried to find a carpenter to fix it but alas, the chair itself is already fragile. Unless we can find a proper way to fix it.

Kalvin: What made it broken?

Cheau See: For example, it used to be joined with nails but when you sit on it every day, it starts to rattle and shake. The wood itself cracks so if you wanted to nail it back it’s difficult as it has forms a bigger hole when you keep replacing it. Unless we can find some place where they have the proper way to fix this antique furniture. But in Malaysia it’s hard to look for a shop to fix it. Even if I found it, it might be expensive.

Kalvin: Besides the table and chair, what else?

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Cheau See: The rest are bought by us. This cupboard actually is new, but the carpenter built during the old times, we’re not trying imitate but they made it since from the very beginning. Cups are mostly brought during our trip to Japan. Each cup were different, one of a kind. Plates too were from Japan.

Kalvin：You guys were selling coffee at Bukit Tinggi? Is Bukit Tinggi at Klang?

Cheau See：Yes, do you know where is Aeon Jusco? Bandar Botanic, heard of it?

Kalvin: I don’t know?

Cheau See: Bandar Botanic. That area has about 20 to 30 café there.

Kalvin: How long would it take us to get there?

Cheau See: 15 minutes, 7 kilometers.

Kalvin: Did you worry of having less customer at the very beginning?

Cheau See：Not really.

Kalvin: What were you doing before you start the coffee business? Why did you pursue onto brewing coffee?

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Cheau See: Back when I was studying, I worked in a coffee shop. After that, I fell in love with coffee. That was a long time ago, around ten plus years ago, before college.

Kalvin: Which college?

Cheau See: New Era College. After that I did everything coffee related. Yes, I was studying fine arts back then, I drank a lot of coffee too. I felt that New Era did not taught fine art well, I didn`t learn much, but after I went to Taiwan I learnt a lot more about fine arts, everything little by little. I have no idea what the art market and the art direction trend of Malaysian artists are going for.

Kalvin: Don`t you think it`s hard to develop fine arts in Malaysia?

Cheau See: No, I don`t think so Kalvin: Why so?

Cheau See: I feel that if you know what you want and what you`re doing, you can do anything. It doesn’t mean that in Malaysia you can`t make it. In contrast, I think that there are still big markets that is not saturated yet.

Kalvin: Okay, so it`s because you like fine arts, you proceeded into café?

Cheau See: I feel that business and fine art are very related, it’s both a type of concept.

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Kalvin: It`s about the pleasure and enjoyment, then you chose to sell coffee by the roadside instead of renting a shop?

Cheau See: We were poor in the beginning?

Kalvin: Was business good back then?

Cheau See: Starting, the worse day we could sell 3 cups of coffee after a whole day by the roadside. But we met a lot of our old customers by the roadside, we made a lot of friends. I had to control the coffee`s quality and service and etc under an umbrella in a hot and humid climate, it is not easy. There was not much business at the roadside, but I feel that if I keep doing what I`m doing, I know it will be successful in the end. Because I know that I want to offer my customers, and my difference among other coffee makers.

Kalvin: I feel that your customer group are made up of more elderly than young, like 30 years old and above?

Cheau See: Actually there`s both, but we really don`t have really young ones, maybe because they don`t have the spending control yet.

Kalvin: I don`t agree, because cafĂŠs are made up of mostly youngsters.

Cheau See: I have a different feeling, because we focus on our coffee`s quality, and don`t provide wi-fi here, so people don`t feel that the price is worth it. It`s just a cup of coffee. We do have some young regular customers, and all good people are willing to come back. I was asked that what do I think of my customer group, I feel that my customers they know how to appreciate things, if they keep coming back. Because the lack of air conditioning and WiFi here.

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Kalvin: Is the Jalan Besar street the main focus among these streets Cheau See: Nope, if I`m not wrong, this was Klang`s famous street, this Aogui, we call aogui in Hokkien (back alley) has a bak kut teh shop, called Aogui Bak Kut TehThe, it’s the first Bak Kut Teh shop, it’s the birth place of Bak Kut Teh. He is called De Ti, Ti means teh in Hokkien.

Cheau See: (continue) So there was no tea in the early version of Bak Kut Teh, all bones and meat that makes up the soup, paired with rice. This meal was suitable for those people that are poor but need to build strength for work. De Ti knows how to use Chinese medicine so he included some herbs to help those people retain their strength. He was quite famous back then, he is not a true Chinese traditional medicine doctor, just when you`re sick just ask him, and he will put some herbs into the soup, everyone thought it was good, and the stall got more famous among other Bak Kut soup stalls. Bak Kut Teh was then passed down, and a lot of shops use De Ti as their namesake, now this shop is run by their direct 3 rd generation of descendants.

Cheau See: (continue) In the early days, there were a lot of jewellery and watch retails, and Klang`s first air conditioned restaurant. In front is a Teow Chew porridge shop. It was a quadruple-floor air-conditioned restaurant. They have quite a history, but I don`t remember clearly. If anyone wanted a wedding ceremony or important life events they will come to this street to buy gold jewellery and propose. There were a lot of brothels here, A LOT. This place is very sketchy, and a lot of rich people come here to “enjoy” themselves, prostitution and such.

Kalvin: Are there any (brothels) now?

Cheau See: There`s only one left, the upper floor of the other kopitiam with a lot of plants. I know some history of this place if you need I can tell you. There`s not

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much history to be read because there`s not much written historical material. A lot of history is passed down verbally, not written. Some artists will ask those old folks and collect them.

Kalvin: We want to ask too, but not sure who to ask.

Cheau See: There are a lot of elderly people that has higher education. There were a lot of schools here such as Convent, ACS, MGS and those English schools.

So, a lot of people speaks English here. The lady that works in the Teow Chew Porridge shop remembers a lot, and is willing to talk about it. She can tell you a lot of stories.

Kalvin: How old are you?

Cheau See: 30 Kalvin: Can you elaborate to me the design of your shirt?

Cheau See: This is what we think about the element of roasting. This is the heart, and these are Oracle Bone Script, it means roast the bean with your heart, this is bean, this is water (moisture) therefore it depends on the concentration of water in the bean. Usually you always taste the acidity of the beans. If its sour, means the concentration of moisture in bean is a lot. Therefore, the taste of coffee beans flavour is strong. So, if you want to taste the Ethiopia bean as in Ethiopia Dumerso or Sumatra Lingtong, maybe the taste will be different because they do not dark roast the coffee, so it retains its flavor. If you dark roast it, the aroma will be really strong, because the water content of the beans is reduced, it will lose its own flavor and more of a roasting flavor to it. This is wind, wind controls the

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fire and water. If the fire is big, you cannot remove the fire by hand, you can only use wind to blow out the fire.

Kalvin: Sounds like principle of roasting Cheau See: Yes, it elements Kalvin: Was this shirt designed by you?

Cheau See: Yes Kalvin: I think that if the people who is not into this will not have this kind of thinking. By the way, why is your business hour from 12pm to 7pm? Because most of the café closes at 10pm.

Cheau See: Because most of the cafes are run by the employees, not by the employer. Because managing it by yourself uses a lot of body energy, but if there aren’t any customers you still need the focus span of attention. We do not serve food, seldom people come by during breakfast time. Since this area’s weekdays are based off the office ‘s timing. Therefore, it’s impossible for them to enjoy coffee after having breakfast and off to work. They want have their breakfast and coffee altogether, hence we don’t serve breakfast.

Kalvin: Do you know the owner of the drawing beside?

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Cheau See: I know.

Kalvin: You start your business here?

Cheau See: Yes. Kalvin: Do you know them? What kind of businesses are they having there?

Cheau See: The right shoplot is his office. The traditional Chinese medicine shop in front has a long history. Around 70-80 years old, or more. They are quite famous, spanning across the whole region of Asia. They had a doctor from China and amended a lot of the medicine recipes to better suit South East Asians, and received the respect, and recognition of the locals. People from all around came to see him.

Kalvin: But why do I see a sign of a lawyer firm?

Cheau See: That one I’m not sure, you can ask them.

Kalvin: But I think I saw an office employee went up.

Cheau See: I think they rented half the building to someone else, but I don`t think it was official. Because we didn`t see any strangers going in; just people working in the Chinese Medicine shop. I think it was left by the people beforehand, and did not took down the sign.

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Kalvin: What about the shop beside?

Cheau See: They sold clothing and school apparels.

Kalvin: Was it a restaurant before?

Cheau See: Ah, I think it is owned by different people. I’m not sure of it. They were called Qun Le? Long ago, the old folks here told me there was a marriage next door and had their wedding feast there. Like the China Hotel, the hotels can be rented out. The 2nd floor was a brothel, while the 1st floor was a normal hotel and ground floor was a koptiam.

[Cheau See left to serve the customers] Cheau See: (continue) The clothes shop was a hotel before, called Qun Le. Now right there is a short uncle, everyone knows him. I feel that uncle grew up here.

Not sure if Qun Le was his, but the clothes shop is truly owned by him. Maybe it’s his? I`m not fairly sure.

Kalvin: How long was the clothes shop opened?

Cheau See: Around 10+ years, a lot of locals will come to this shop.

Kalvin: What do they usually buy?

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Cheau See: They would buy normal student uniform like white shirt and shoes. Before school reopens there will be a lot of Malays here buying stuff, there’s a lot of Malay customers.

Kalvin: I`m shocked, I thought there would be more Chinese customers.

Cheau See: Yea, yea, yea, more Malays, and the best part is no matter the race, they all have a lot of history here, and lived harmoniously. Not long ago, a Malay came to my shop while I was playing some tunes. He said the tunes reminded him of his time in Australia, and we chatted, he said he grew up here and that the current coffee roasting room was an air-conditioned room that people came to play Mahjong. At lot of people came to this street to play Mahjong to kill time.

Kalvin: At that time, how many Mahjong tables can this place fit?

Cheau See: This wall wasn’t there, from this door to that room was a huge space to play Mahjong, the children would use the toilet and came into the room. It was confusing for them, so I renovated it to what it looks like now.

Kalvin: Why are there 2 doors?

Cheau See: One for the roaster and one is a Mahjong room.

Kalvin: And the room beside the toilet which is said to have dinosaurs?

Cheau See: That’s just another toilet, also be a shower room!

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Kalvin: I just wondered why are there dinosaurs there?

Cheau See: Last time the backdoor was not locked, but the kids keep playing outside when their parents come to play Mahjong, as told by the local men here.

Kalvin: Is the current owner the first owner of the shop?

Cheau See: No, the first owner is his father, his parents were the shop’s manager.

Kalvin: This shop ran for a long time?

Cheau See: Yea, quite long. Started from 1928, as stated outside. The buildings in front are built circa 1930+ but renovated in the 50`s by the developers again by law. So, the shops in front look newer. But if you look closely, the interiors are similar but the exterior is so much different. They also have a small stretch of space in front of their shop because it was shortened.

Kalvin: Oh, it was the same length before?

Cheau See: Funny part is, only four shops got shortened, others remained.

Kalvin: Do you ever felt like renovating the shop?

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Cheau See: Never thought of it before.

Kalvin: Would you want to keep this tradition going on?

Cheau See: I`ll let the owner`s son to decide on this one.

Kalvin: Do you wish that someone would inherit this (your) business?

Cheau See：Nope, I’m quite young, and haven’t gave this much thought. But, if I died suddenly means the shop will have to be closed. I’m not sure what will happen if I get older. (laughters) Kalvin: May I know your daily working schedule?

Cheau See: Working schedule, reach the café and start business.

Kalvin: So, you came here by 12pm?

Cheau See：I usually reach here at 11:30am and 12pm to open the shoplot’s front door. Then we will start our business after arranging all the things back to their original place such as tables and chairs

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Kalvin: Why do you want to place the chairs on the table?

Cheau See: Because we will clean the floor the night before. If the chairs are on the floor will trouble us.

Kalvin: Then why not just sweep, why put the chairs up the table?

Cheau See: Because if I don`t during cleaning, the chairs will be moved around very often, and break easily as I’ve mentioned before: they’re fragile.

Kalvin: Does the new chairs need to be placed up as well?

Cheau See: Taking it up would be more systematic. (Talks to friend). I`ll answer one more question first.

Kalvin: This should be the last question then.

Cheau See: Okay, its open, I have to calibrate that espresso grinder. If you guys go to different coffee shops they usually serve espresso-based coffee, ours is special because we have handmade coffee, and each grinder grinds one kind of coffee bean, and in the morning we will need to try our coffee and make some adjustments.

Kalvin: Wouldn’t it be the same every day?

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Cheau See: Nope, because the beans are fresh, and if they are not they wouldn`t need so many steps (methods). You can just press one button and be done with it. We use fresh beans and its different. It changes every day, so in a short amount of time if you want to extract the coffee you need to keep testing the beans.

We are also very particular about our coffee`s quality. You need to check them every time and use different settings according to the bean`s condition. I realised that every time I give a lecture to students about this topic, they are quite interested. A student asked me the same question before, you`re the second one to ask.

Then I decided to do my own research and forgotten about the details today.

Kalvin: What would you feel to do the exact same thing daily?

Cheau See: Maybe I`m not that type of person who writes down everything. I know what I want to do but I never wrote it down to express it. Like how when I`m exercising, I will also exercise the mind. Like how to fix a problem, even the workers needs to come up with creative solutions themselves.

Kalvin: Do you have any old photos of this place?

Cheau See: Oh, I don’t but the uncle has. He is willing to help you guys out if you want more information about what he told me before. I did send that letter that your university has given to the uncle and he happily replied to that email. The uncle also mentioned that he would want a copy of the report for his collection. He is really interested; if you want any help from him I can help relay the message.

Kalvin: May we have his contact number please? Thank you for the interview!

Cheau See: Okay sure, I think you leave your contact details with me and I’ll inform him about it.

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11.2.1.2 MR. LIM PENG HOK Interview with the owner, Mr. Lim Peng Hok Minor changes have been done to compose proper sentence structure, without changing the overall meaning delivered through the conservation.

Mr. Lim: Where are you all from?

Kalvin: We are all from Taylor’s University Lakeside Campus. Before the interview begins, can we ask for your permission to record it down of the conversation between us please? First of all, I would like to introduce myself, my name is Kalvin, my interview team and I are from Taylor’s University’s architecture course. We will be taking measurements of every details for this shophouse, which then we will be doing a report about this shophouse, as well as the construction drawings.

We will be giving out 1 set of report with construction drawings to you too.

Mr. Lim: Sure! Sure! Thank you! I’ll try my best to tell you all what I know.

Kalvin: Can you please introduce yourself?

Mr. Lim: Lim, P.H Lim.

Kalvin: May I have your full name?

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Mr. Lim: (Writing on the paper) Lim Peng Hok. Address, No: 28, Lorong Station, Klang.

Kalvin: Lorong Station? I thought the address written is Jalan Station, but why do you write Lorong Station?

Mr. Lim: This is Lorong Station, Jalan Station is in front of that KTM Station! There’s a railway station, near Chong Kok Kopitiam there, that street is known as Jalan Station, that one is the main road.

Kalvin: I see! So, this street is Lorong Station. May I know how old are you?

Mr. Lim: (Writing on paper) IC: 430214-10-5095, this is mine. Nineteen forty-three, Feburary 14, this is my date of birth. Forty-three, that means this year I’m 75 years old.

Kalvin: Was that time when you were born having World War 2? Were you born here in this shophouse?

Mr. Lim: During the Japanese Occupation, as World War 2 happened in 1942, I was born in 1943, can you still remember? In 1942, Singapore was occupied. I was born in Pulau Ketam, do you know Pulau Ketam? Somewhere around here…

Kalvin: Oh I know where it is, so did your parent work here previously?

Mr. Lim: No, this shop was not originated from my parent, they took over the shop business from 1956 June 15 onwards, before Malaysia independence in 1957.

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Kalvin: So, before your parent took over the shop, what kind of career were they involved in?

Mr. Lim: Now this shophouse still belongs to ours! Prior to that was also a kopitiam, with same Chinese name, Hua Yuan. But for the business registration, they changed to different spelling in English.

Kalvin: So, before your parent took over, it has been called as Hua Yuan?

Mr. Lim: Yes! Kalvin: Do you still remember the name for the previous kopitiam owner?

Mr. Lim: I don’t really know, the previous owner also rented the shop, until my parent took over then they bought it.

Kalvin: But do you still remember this building owner’s name?

Mr. Lim: Owner…Yap Kian! (Writing on the paper) Yap Kian. My parent bought this shophouse from Yap Kian’s third generation. Yap Kian was dead during that time.

Kalvin: So, is Yap Kian considered as the first owner for this shophouse?

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Mr. Lim: Yes, he built three shophouses in a row here, which included the building on both left (Chartered Accountant) and right (Wee Min Trading) of this shophouse. These shophouses were then sold at the same time.

Kalvin: So, did your parent only buy this lot? Why did they pick this lot instead of the rest? Why not the lot beside?

Mr. Lim: Because my parent only could afford to buy this one lot, we also had the similar business prior to renting this shophouse.

Kalvin: I see! Meaning to say, your parent rented first in year 1956? When your parent bought it?

Mr. Lim: Yes! This…I can’t really remember, but it was around 10 years later!

Kalvin: Were the two neighbouring shophouses rented too?

Mr. Lim: Lot no. 30 on my left was rented, a shop selling Western cloth products called Da An. Lot no. 28 belongs to ours. Lot no. 26 on my right is called Qun Le, Qun Le Restaurant.

Kalvin: Was Yap Kian the first owner of Wah Yuen? Did he own his own business?

Mr. Lim: He built the shophouses! He was selling liabilities. These shophouses were not sold by him, he was no longer here, it was sold by his great-grandson, his third generation. These shophouses were built in 1929!

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Kalvin: But 1928 was crafted on the front façade of the shophouse?

Mr. Lim: It is written 1928 on top, right, it has been titled during 1928 but not constructed yet!

Kalvin: So, does it mean that the completion of this shophouse falls in 1929?

Mr. Lim: Last time, it took a long time to construct a building, it normally took about 1 year to complete the construction.

Kalvin: So, did Yap Kian own his own company? What was the name? Were the shophouses designed by architects from his own company?

Mr. Lim: Yes! Yes! (Writing on the paper) Fu Wan Xiang, his Construction Company! Last time the information was minimal and I do not know if the design part is done by them. There were no buildings around this area. The shophouses opposite ours were rebuilt as it was destroyed during the World War II. Kalvin: So, did the shophouses rebuild after it has been demolished during World War II? Around when?

Mr. Lim: Yes! Yes! I cannot remember.

Kalvin: All right, can I know more about the background of Fu Wan Xiang Construction Company? Did Yap Kian own a lot of properties? What else did he still have?

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Mr. Lim: Back then, he owned a lot of properties, and his main business was managing the Shell petrol kiosks, but I am not sure about the others.

Kalvin: Back then, was the street very popular?

Mr. Lim: Right, this street was the most famous street in Klang! Generally, this street was dirty, there were opium smokers, prostitution and also gambling centres here!

Kalvin: Was the whole street having the similar business?

Mr. Lim: No, no. There were 8 shops selling opium, prostitutions, gambling centres, it was very complicated‌ and also hawker centres. This Qun Le Restaurant was the most famous restaurant in Klang. Do you know?

Kalvin: I do not know, but I heard that this area was mainly selling gold and watches!

Mr. Lim: Yes, there were 4 watch shops! Now there were only three shops left: Hua Xin, the one next door, and the opposite half shop!

Kalvin: I heard that people often bought gold and watches here, followed by having weddings at this Qun Le Restaurant?

Mr. Lim: Right, the traders were selling gold, watches, but normally the target was traders from Indonesia, because it was inconvenient to obtain things like this back in the country, they came to Port Klang to buy the stuff, do you know Port Klang? There were agents helping them to obtain what they wanted to buy and

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bringing back to them. This is why all the shops selling gold and watches are here. Back then, this street was very bustling. There were still bunch of people along the street even it was 3 or 4 in the morning, mainly gamblers, drug addicts and opium smokers.

Kalvin: So, the main reasons they came here were to smoke opium, and gamble…?

Mr. Lim: No, back then the only two banks in the whole Klang were here too, OCBC and the Chartered Bank. Two banks available only, there was no others, small banks came into the town later. People from far came here for trading, followed by banking and having dim sum here!

Kalvin: I see! What was your parent’s occupation before renting this shop in 1956?

Mr. Lim: They were having the similar kopitiam business at Kuala Lumpur, Batu Road, Coliseum Theatre there, do you know? Batu Road is now Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman! Back then it was called Xing Fa. It has been long time ago, and it was illegal due to the status of the building being a temporary building (TBG). A temporary building has no plan, having a wooden house with zinc roof as the structure!

Christal: Is it the old cinema?

Mr. Lim: Yes, the old cinema, very old cinema. My house was there last time. On 8th Jan 1956, a fire burnt down the temporary building, and we found this place and moved here after half and a year, and that was why we were here!

Kalvin: Do you have photographs of it? Where did you stay during that period? I mean after your house was burnt down?

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APPENDIX, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY | 11.0 Mr. Lim: No, all were burnt! We were staying in our relative’s house while searching for new shop and then we found here!

Kalvin: It is okay. So, your parent rented this shop during year 1956? When did you take over the ownership?

Mr. Lim: Right! I took over the ownership in year 1971, nineteen seventy-one, and I ended the business here. Since I became the building owner, I started to rent to other people.

Kalvin: May I know you father’s name?

Mr. Lim: (Writing on the paper) Lim Hee Kuan!

Kalvin: So, your father bought this shop that time, and he stopped working until year 1971. Why didn’t you continue the business in year 1971?

Mr. Lim: Because I was married in year 1965, I did other jobs. I once worked as agent for Rothmans cigarettes, followed by working in a chemical industry which produced copper sulfate and silver nitrate. Do you know silver nitrate? It is commonly used to be added into the production of mirror.

Kalvin: What is the reason behind to stop you from continuing the kopitiam business?

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Mr. Lim: It is very tough to manage a shop selling traditional coffee because you have to wake up at 6 in the morning and work until 12 midnight, a total of 18 hours. You cannot directly take a rest after closing because you still have to clean and wash. When you wake up, you have to boil water. Generally, back then people were more hardworking compared to people in the modern days. People now are not even able to work for 10 hours, what do you think about 19 hours?

Kalvin: But why did the shop open from 6 in the morning till 12 midnight back then?

Mr. Lim: There were a lot of visitors on this street, no matter which timing. Every shop selling traditional coffee here was open, if you don’t open your shop, you will lose business. Last time, Yen Woh Chinese Medicine Store and Yung An used to be a traditional coffee shop. The shop which was burnt down used to be a traditional coffee shop too!

Kalvin: So, you had a great competition back then, were they many people visiting this shop?

Mr. Lim: There were more people in the morning, it was full everywhere. The nicest bak kut teh shop is here, the Sin Teo Heng Restaurant opposite our shop serves the best Teochew food! Also, the Qun Le Restaurant was also very famous, and the wonton noodle from Qiu Ji was famous too, but there were no longer available now!

Kalvin: What was the previous shop for Biz Hotel opposite this shop?

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Mr. Lim: It used to be a hawker centre. The first stall was selling kway teow and Hainanese rice, the second stall selling Hokkien noodle, the third stall belonged to Sin Teo Heng. New building was built to replace the hawker centre, at first it served as a Chinese medicine store called Yong Ning. It just turned into a hotel recently less than a year!

Kalvin: I heard that there was restructuring of shophouses during the 1950s. Was length sacrificed for height of the shophouse?

Mr. Lim: No, no. It was under provision of the town planner, but it was not the problem of length sacrificing for height! You can see the shophouses opposite ours!

The town planner always changed the policy, making the shophouses along the whole street to look weird. The new building beside us was elevated but not recessed inwards.

Kalvin: Is it Wee Min Trading beside? What happened?

Mr. Lim: He was not renovating, but he bombed the whole behind part of the building! Last time the shop used to be Qun Le Restaurant, but he wanted a new building! So, he maintained the front part but elevating the behind part of the building.

Kalvin: Who did you pass over to after year 1971?

Mr. Lim: I didn’t pass over to anybody, instead I rented to others. After a while, my wife’s younger brother wanted to continue the business, he did for more than 20 years and stopped, only I rented to Cheau See. But he is no longer here!

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Kalvin: How long did you rent to the others after year 1971?

Mr. Lim: Not too long, it was around three years, I took it back because my wife’s brother wanted to run the business.

Kalvin: Do you still remember the name of the first tenant? What is the name of your wife’s brother?

Mr. Lim: I cannot remember! (Writing on the paper) Ong Sai Heng, the name of my wife’s brother.

Kalvin: So, you rented this shop to others since year 1971 up to today? Are you planning to preserve this shop?

Mr. Lim: I am being the building owner, but not running any business! I am not using it since my father bought it, why should I sell it? Once you sell, you cannot see the value anymore instead of the money!

Kalvin: So, back then when brewing the coffee, can you describe the situation of the shop? I heard that there were children running around, even into the mahjong room?

Mr. Lim: Yes! Yes, really! This is because the front door and back door were both opened! They ran into our shop and everywhere, they just behaved like they were running on the street!

Kalvin: Was the coffee shop just occupying the front part of the building?

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Mr. Lim: Yes, it just occupied the front part. We used to brew coffee at the walkway there behind the door!

Kalvin: Was there a kitchen along the walkway?

Mr. Lim: That was once the spot for the hawker to cook chicken rice!

Kalvin: Was there any stalls during the nighttime?

Mr. Lim: No, it is because there was a hawker centre opposite our shop!

Kalvin: So what did you sell during the nighttime?

Mr. Lim: We were selling drinks and breads, also playing mahjong. There lived families on the upper floor in each shophouse. Do you understand what I am trying to convey?

Kalvin: Yes I do! So, who rented the rooms upstairs?

Mr. Lim: Different families. In my case, I rented to 5 families and there were about 2-3 kids from each family! Same goes to the shop next door. Only Qun Le Restaurant rented to one family.

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Kalvin: Did you live upstairs as well?

Mr. Lim: Yes, yes!

Kalvin: Why is it empty now?

Mr. Lim: The partition walls were removed by Cheau See’s request during renovation. I agreed as it is old and not utilized anymore, so I just let her remove.

Christal: What was the size of each room, roughly?

Mr. Lim: Normally the rooms were very small. As you can see, there was a walkway at the middle, 3 rooms on the left and 2 rooms on the right. There was also another room at the back. In total, there were 6 rooms upstairs. People during that period lived compactly, the whole family including children was housed under one room.

Christal: What were their occupations?

Mr. Lim: There were normally…Family from the room on the first left worked as barbers, they worked opposite our shop. Family from the room on the first right worked as cobblers, family from the room on the second right worked as cobblers in Bata shoes company. Family from the room on the second left worked as barbers, family from the room on the third left worked as soy milk hawkers.

Kalvin: Why isn’t there any toilet at the back of upstairs?

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Mr. Lim: It is not supposed to be a toilet, just a bathroom upstairs for shower. The toilet is at downstairs. The space behind used to be a small kitchen for the tenants. The soy milk hawkers at that period ground their soybeans there. After my wife’s younger brother moved in to live upstairs, we stopped renting to anyone else. He also changed the layout and built the bathroom to replace the small kitchen upstairs for his own usage.

Kalvin: Hence he lived upstairs alone? And how about the other 5 rooms? Were they empty then?

Mr. Lim: He lived upstairs, all the rooms were occupied by his sons and a worker of the coffee shop.

Kalvin: When did your wife’s brother stop renting? I heard that the shophouse was empty for 2 years before renting to Cheau See. Is that true?

Mr. Lim: She has been renting for two and a half year so far. It was empty for a year before renting to her. I am not willing to throw away all the old furniture, luckily they wanted to use. I am afraid of renting to other people too because they might not pay me rental and utilities fees on time.

Kalvin: Is there any other changes on the building, other than the bathroom and partition walls of the rooms upstairs?

Mr. Lim: No, no, only the floor. This…We put tiles on the floor during the 1960s, before that it was cemented.

Kalvin: You mean that the whole floors were cemented?

Mr. Lim: These were completed by us. As you can see, it has been around 60 years and the tiles are all still in good condition. Do you notice that?

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Kalvin: I heard that you are the only one who keeps the wooden shutter among all the shops along this street?

Mr. Lim: Yes. Initially there were 3 shops which remained the wooden shutter, they were all Fuzhounese, but we are the only one now. My dad said that we made the door by ourselves back then and we keep it until now.

Kalvin: How much was the rental of each room upstairs back then?

Mr. Lim: It was just 30 bucks per month, but some tenants still owed me the money. Back then, life is hard. Everyone lived in tough conditions, there is no instant success or happiness. My children are now in Australia, I had my 50th wedding anniversary party here two years ago, and I had my wedding ceremony here as well…

Kalvin: Why didn’t you let your children to continue your business here?

Mr. Lim: They have migrated to Australia. My third son and his family are doing IT in Australia, and his eldest brother who is already 51 - 52 years old, is now a regional manager of Castrol engine oil company. My second son is having his own computer business, and my daughter is also doing IT in Singapore. They will come back once every year during Chinese New Year. As I get older, I only wish to be happy and healthy, and I feel that it is better to have a simpler life at this age. You guys are still young, still have many opportunities in your life.

Kalvin: Oh, where do you live now?

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Mr. Lim: I used to live at Jalan Istana nearby, which is located just behind the Klang Club. However, there were many foreign labourers there and I decided to move to Batu Belah, which is just 5km away from here.

Kalvin: Would you mind sharing the history of Klang with us? Was it ruled by the Malays?

Mr. Lim: Back then, you would rarely see the Malays in this Klang area. They would only go to two places, which were Kampung Jawa and Jeloprai. Both are nearby, they won’t be visiting here as there is also no any shop operated by the Malays here on this street, instead just an Indian shop.

Kalvin: But why are there more and more Indians over here?

Mr. Lim: Yes, the Jalan Tengku Kelana then became the Little India, resulting in more and more Indians, many of them are illegal foreign labourers, do you know?

Kalvin: We studied history before and knew that the labourers from India travelled here by train. Is that true?

Mr. Lim: For labourers from India and China, both have the similar population growth. What does it mean? They were brought here as demanded. Why? Because there were a lot of rubber estates here which required labourers from India. How about the Chinese? They were brought in for tin mining industry, just like Ipoh and Taiping back then. A lot of Chinese locals there now, right?

Kalvin: Was Klang one of the areas for tin mining?

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Mr. Lim: Not really, Klang was more famous for the crops, as well as the coffee beans planted in Jinjang North. Why it is no longer available? The lands now are used for other purposes, mainly construction. We imported coffee beans from Jawa in Indonesia and some other places around the world because they are now using more professional and modern ways in planting coffee beans with high qualities.

Kalvin: Were there more Chinese on this street back then? Were they all from local or China?

Mr. Lim: Local, local. It used to be Chinese living along the whole street, except there was only a mamak restaurant owned by the Indians. There were many local Chinese families staying upstairs of each shophouse, making the whole street bustling and lively, mainly because of the children playing around and making noise.

Kalvin: I heard that there was a Mahjong room here? Back then, were there a lot of people visiting here to play Mahjong? Is that considered a type of gambling?

Mr. Lim: Yes, playing Mahjong while drinking tea. Gambling is gambling, it’s not a game. Back then, people didn’t have much entertainments like nowadays. Also, have you heard of “zi hua” before? Last time, people used to play this game…they bought the numbers in the morning whereas the results were announced at night. Combination of numbers were selected between 1 and 36, if you win the game, you will get compensation by 30 times of each RM1 paid.

Christal: RM30 was considered a lot back then, it was almost the rental of a month.

Mr. Lim: Yes, there were different types of gambling over here. It was very lively on this street, and this is why I mentioned that this place was very dirty and complicated.

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Kalvin: So it was lively here just because of this reason?

Mr. Lim: This is for night time. During day time, there were mostly businessmen and traders here along the street. Some came from the hilltop down to the town to sell their crops; some came for the bank. Traders from Pulau Ketam, Indonesia and other places usually came to the town to buy local products, gold and watches. Therefore, this street was lively back then due to multiple ongoing businesses along the street.

Kalvin: Was there any stall along the street?

Mr. Lim: No stall. The three buildings opposite our shop was initially hawker centres. The left-corner building used to be a coffee shop, the center one used to sell Hainanese chicken rice and Hokkien noodle, the building beside used to be an empty land. Teck Teh was here later too.

Kalvin: Was the road same as now? As in parking are allowed at both sides?

Mr. Lim: Same, same!

Kalvin: Was the red brick walkway in front of your shop there since you moved in? We are currently researching on five-foot ways, where is the boundary of this five feet apart walkway?

Mr. Lim: Yes. Below the walkway is the drainage system, the five-foot walkway serves as cover for the drain. Based on what I know, if it is not covered, it will be very smelly and dirty because people used to throw everything into it.

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Kalvin: Did you sell traditional coffee last time? Hainanese?

Mr. Lim: Traditional coffee, it is just like the Chong Kok Kopitiam, but we are Fuzhounese. The traditional local coffee shop is mainly originated from Hainan, selling Hainanese coffee. The rest are from Fuzhou.

Kalvin: Oh, so yours was from Fuzhou. Did you sell breads as well?

Mr. Lim: Breads, butter breads, eggs, half boiled eggs.

Kalvin: It is almost similar with what Chong Kok sells. Was Chong Kok there after you?

Mr. Lim: No, Chong Kok was here earlier than us. Chong Kok was here since 1940. As you can see from the parasol, it is written there “Established 1940” and their cups are printed with “75 years”. Back then, we also had a couplet in our coffee shop. I write for you…it is about Wah Yuen.

Kalvin: Can you explain about the couplet?

Mr. Lim: The couplet is part of the old traditions and it described the shop’s environment. Wah Yuen was very big and beautiful. Moreover, it also mentioned that we are the first Nanyang coffee shop along the street. Back then, there was a couplet in every shop, the old ones. I saw it daily, that’s why I still remember clearly.

Kalvin: Why was it taken down then?

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Mr. Lim: Because we took it down to wash. It was very dirty and was attacked by termites. The glass was dirty, the frame too, and it was causing troubles. The health department did not allow us to put it on, because the dust accumulated would affect the cleanliness of the shop.

Kalvin: Was the shop painted before?

Mr. LimďźšYes, it is a must to paint, Cheau See painted it after renting.

Kalvin: Were the equipment used to brew coffee back then similar to what we have now? For traditional coffee I mean.

Mr. Lim: Do you know coffee bag? We used that to brew our traditional coffee. Chong Kok also uses coffee bags now to brew their coffee, but what are the differences as compared to now? Nowadays people are using gas instead of charcoal. Some used electric cooker, some used coal gas.

Kalvin: So did you use charcoal back then? Until that time?

Mr. Lim: Ah, it is very troublesome to use charcoal because we had to wake up at 6 in the morning to burn the charcoal and wait for the water to boil. Now, by using gas, it is very convenient, and the water gets to boil faster.

Kalvin: Do you think if there is any difference in term of the taste of the coffee by brewing coffee using charcoal and gas?

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Mr. Lim: It is good to use gas, why? There won’t be innovation if f it is not good. I think it is just psychological effect and the main key on the taste is about the temperature of water. We boil the water until its boiling point and brew the coffee, only then the taste will be there. The coffee is more flavourful when you brew with boiling water. Same principle goes to fried noodle by the hawkers.

Kalvin: Cheau See’s principle in brewing coffee is to use her “heart”. How about yours? Any philosophy behind to brew your coffee?

Mr. Lim: To me, now, I feel like the owners of traditional coffee shops should switch their business to others. Because it is a disadvantage as the Malays do not visit the shop.

Kalvin: Why? Mr. Lim: It is due to religions. Mamak shops can have businesses from all three main races, right? Chinese, Malays and the Indians. But it is a different case for the traditional coffee shop. Nowadays, traditional coffee shop is not popular as it used to be because people would stop running the business if the business was not going well. For me, my children do not want to continue my business because they have their own careers. In fact, running a traditional coffee shop is profitable.

Why? There are two reasons, based on my experiences. First, you would not have too much pressure, just finish your work would do. Second, you could save money because the working hour is relatively longer, making you have no time and energy to spend money outside.

Kalvin: Yes, I agree with this.

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Mr. Lim: It is good to have profit margin, but prior to that you need to have stable business, and it is all about the services you provide. If your services are not good enough, there won’t be customers visiting the shop. This is a service industry, it is not about the price of the coffee, in fact, the price is paid for the services.

Kalvin: Is the skylight there since the shop is built? The openable skylight.

Mr. Lim: Yes, it is there back then because there was a fried noodle stall in the shop, making the shop very smoky. The business was not good so there was no vacuum fan but skylight.

Kalvin: Were you using this roof back then? The zinc roofs.

Mr. Lim: Yes, no changes, I tried my best not to change anything. As you can see, certain parts can be repaired but I do not do that.

Kalvin: Are you considered having retirement now?

Mr. Lim: I am not retired, because retiree can get pension, but I do not have. I am not governmental servant but having own business, so I did not submit EPF. This is called unemployment, it is totally different from retirement!

Kalvin: Hahaha, when were you unemployed?

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Mr. Lim: I was unemployed since I was 55 years old, it has been 20 years up to now. Can you remember 1997? The financial crisis and the handover of Hong Kong’s administration to China in 1997.

Kalvin: I see, I heard that you are the chairman of a coffee association? Is that nationally?

Mr. Lim: Actually I was the secretary general until I was 70 years old. I am now 75, I stopped when I was 70, because it was not an easy job. I had to go all over the nation for my job.

Kalvin: How did you become secretary general?

Mr. Lim: I represented Klang, I was the representative of chairman in Klang, our office is the local chapter. Those selling traditional coffee here are our club members, they are registered and underwent training. I was selected as chairman after I joined the club.

Kalvin: When did you become the chairman?

Mr. Lim: I worked for a long time…From 1989 up to 1990, 2011 up to 2016. 5 years ago, I was working as the secretary general at the headquarter near Jalan Pudu, which is located opposite the Swiss Garden Inn Hotel.

Kalvin: What do you do for your daily life now?

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Mr. Lim: My life is simple now. I just mentioned that it is better to have simpler life at this age. I have morning tea with my friends at 6.30 am, followed by buying stuff at the market, reading newspapers and taking rest at home. I also took lunch after rest, followed by dinner and chit-chatting with friends. Sometimes, there are functions, I would have some beer and gathering with old friends. My life is totally simple, because I do not have much energy to go further and drive during night time, it is pretty dangerous.

Kalvin: We realized that the whole shop is slanted. Why is it so?

Mr. Lim: It was not done nicely last time. The shop over there is also facing the same problem. I know that the total area of this shop is 1892 square feet, around 20ft x 90ft, I think it’s 1829 square feet…

Christal: Oh, when it comes to measuring, we do not know how to properly take the measurements. Do you still have any construction plans of this shop?

Mr. Lim: No, no. Back then, not much information was given to us. We only needed to pay for the stamp duty in order to equip the land after getting the title. There was no plan given too.

Kalvin: I heard that there is a drain along the corridor? And it is stinky?

Mr. Lim: Ya, ya. It is not stinky as it is covered now.

Kalvin：Did you do any other renovations?

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Mr. Lim: I tried not to change anything, the same goes to me when I bought a new house. It is because it would be dirty and troublesome once I moved them away. It has been well designed and I don’t think that we need to do much furnishings. Look at the shop besides us, the renovation done was very bad, it looks weird.

Kalvin: Do you remember when are the neighbouring shops being rented out?

Mr. Lim: The lot no. 30 does not belong to Da An anymore. It is now owned by Yen Woh Chinese Medicine Store. The father runs the Chinese medicine business whereas the daughter runs the account business on each half of the shop. The shop was sold at the same time as ours, in the 1960s. Wee Min Trading Sdn Bhd had their business at lot no. 22 first before moving to lot no. 26. They started off by having a stall in the night market, their business was getting better and eventually they rented a shop to have their business.

Kalvin: Was it before or after 2000?

Mr. Lim: It was before 2000. Qun Le Restaurant did not have any stalls back then. This old street now only has Sykt Wah Sang Brothers left from the past, together with Sin Teo Heng Restaurant.

Kalvin: Was Sykt Wah Sang Brothers built earlier than Wah Yuen Kopitiam? And was it burnt down previously?

Mr. Lim: Yes, it was built before us. No, it was the neighbouring yellow watch shop which burnt down. Sykt Wah Sang Brothers was burnt partially by the spreading fire.

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Kalvin：Oh, I saw that it was built in the year 1800 something.

Mr. Lim: Yes. Back then, people would visit this street as it is located nearby the railway station. There is a bridge at the end of the street. It used to have a row of shophouses including a wholesale store. The whole row of shophouses was torn down due to the construction of bridge.

Kalvin：Oh, the street was demolished due to the construction of bridge, when was it happened?

Mr. Lim: Around the 1970s. The street was demolished when the bridge was built. The wholesale business there was one of the largest, including wholesalers and agents selling spices, rubbers, coffees, biscuits, glutinous rice balls and so on.

Kalvin: I realised that the old buildings were built in a scattered manner and small quantity. They were all constructed by different builders. As compared to now, the shophouses built are in rows.

Mr. Lim: Last time, the shophouses built were concentrated, all the way up to the bank there, even the railway station was also built here. They were built separately and owned by different people. There was no developer back then. If I have enough money, I will build the number of shophouses I want to have. For instance, Yap Kian built these three shophouses. It used to have shophouses at the private car park area there. Lot no. 32 beside the lot no. 30, was called Guang Da Long.

It was rented half to an Indian ophthalmologist and another half as a watch shop. Lot no. 34 was Yi Cheng selling tea, and lot no. 36 belonged to Yen Woh Chinese Medicine Store right across our shop. The private car park was also owned by Yen Woh now.

Kalvin: Oh, then why is it empty now?

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Mr. Lim: Yen Woh had land deed agreement with Guang Da Long, but the construction stopped after the foundation was built. This is due to the use of bomb instead of hydraulic pump for piling which has resulted in cracks in walls of Guang Da Long.

Kalvin: So the three shophouses were built by the others?

Mr. Lim: Yes. Yen Woh still owns its shop, but Guang Da Long is different.

Kalvin: Was Yen Woh famous back then?

Mr. Lim: Very famous. The owner was very friendly and nice. He was a Chinese medicine doctor named Yang Guo Hao. However, he is no longer here.

Kalvin: Since when this place underwent a complete change? And how did that affect you?

Mr. Lim: Everything became different after the bridge was built. The traffic is more congested and focused here, and people are not able to conveniently walk along the street as they used to be.

Kalvin: I found out that there are more and more Malays and Indians here, and there are streets that belong to different races, for example, this street belongs to the Malays and so forth. Oh, and is there a Kuan Yin Temple over there?

Mr. Lim: The temple is newly built, but its history is over 100 years. The Kuan Yin Temple is in the Chinese area but there are many Indians there too. The shophouses are all scattered around and there is no actual area that belongs to the Chinese in Old Klang as well as along Jalan Meru. This old street is also no

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longer complete as some shophouses were burnt down, and few has turned into two private car parks today. The car park is owned by a wealthy businessman, named Wang Jin Cai. Kalvin: I see. So, the empty lands were turned into private car parks. Do the local Chinese visit the Kuan Yin Temple as well?

Mr. Lim: Many will visit. It is because the temple is currently managed by a number of associations, it is very similar to your school’s administration.

Kalvin: There is a row of pre-war shophouses near to the old railway station which looks dilapidated. Are the shophouses built at the same period as yours?

Mr. Lim: It was very bustling in that area too, mainly due to the strategic locations of the railway station and two banks there. Last time, there were also fertiliser suppliers there. However, nowadays it is no longer bustling along Jalan Timur Raya as most buildings are just left vacant after burnt down. It is a pity. The buildings there were mostly owned by wealthy businessmen who had estates and lands. The historical buildings here include the royal palace and government office which serves as a museum now.

Kalvin: Which one?

Mr. Lim: That gallery, it used to be a government office. The present post office used to be a law court too.

Kalvin: How about the mosque? Is it built then？

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Mr. Lim: No, the Indian Muslim Mosque in Little India has a grave inside which belongs to the land owner. I don’t know how long it has been there. It was there when I first came to Klang.

Kalvin: Are there more Malays in the Little India?

Mr. Lim: No, there are more mamak restaurants which are owned by local Indian Muslims, but nowadays there are many foreign labourers there.

Kalvin: Will the areas in Klang be sorted according to the races segregated there?

Mr. Lim: There are mainly foreign labourers staying in this old town now. They rent and live upstairs of the shophouses. The new town has lesser, due to the high costs.

Kalvin: Oh. We would like to thank you for the interview.

Mr. Lim: Thank you, I would like to leave soon. I am sorry if I am not able to give you the complete information, but I have tried to give you what I know.

Kalvin: Sure, thank you very much.

Christal: Thank you for the meeting, thank you so much for the time, thank you so much Mr. Lim.

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11.2.2 PERMISSION LETTERS 11.2.2.1 TAYLOR’S UNIVERSITY

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11.2.2.2 MAJLIS PERBANDARAN KLANG (MPK)

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11.2.3 COLOUR-CODED ZONING MAP

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11.2.4 DRAWINGS/SKETCHES OF THE BUILDING AND ITS SURROUNDING

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11.2.5 POSTCARDS

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11.2.6 PHOTOBOOK Annotations and captions were intentionally left out to allow the readers to have their own perception and comprehension of the photographs.

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11.2.7 SCALED DRAWINGS

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METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION AND MEASURED DRAWINGS (ARC 60305) SERAPH AWAKEN N0. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

STUDENT ID

1 2

0326467 0324105

NAME AMIRAH BATRISYA BINTI AZMAN ARINA NADIA BINTI FARID

3

0326428

4

NO.

DRAWING NO.

SECTION

DRAWING TITLE

DRAWING LIST

14

SECT-102-008

SECTION A-A

PLN-101-011 ELEV-101-004

KEY PLAN, LOCATION PLAN, SITE PLAN

15

SECT-103-008

SECTION B-B

ARIVENTHAR A/L AYAHVOO

1 2

SITE ELEVATION

16 SECT-104-008

SECTION C-C

CARMEN CHAN SHEN WEN

3

SECT-101-008

SITE SECTION

17 SECT-105-008

SECTION D-D

5

0326485 0326715

18 SECT-106-008

SECTION E-E

6

0324495

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

4

PLN-102-011

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

19 SECT-107-008

SECTION F-F

7

0327822

KALVIN BONG JIA YING

5

PLN-103-011

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

8

0325031

KENNETT LIM ROONG XIANG

6

PLN-204-011

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FURNITURE

20 DTA-101-014

DOOR SCHEDULE 1

9

0327831

KOID CHUN CHEN

7

PLN-205-011

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FINISHING

21 DTA-105-014

DOOR SCHEDULE 2

10 0327896

KOK SZE KUAN

8

PLN-206-011

FIRST FLOOR PLAN FINISHING

22 DTA-109-014

DOOR SCHEDULE 3

11 0327896

LIM LIH HAN

9

PLN-107-011

GROUND FLOOR REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

23 DTA-112-014

DOOR SCHEDULE 4

12

0325983

MELISA BINTI FAISAL

10 PLN-108-011

FIRST FLOOR PLAN REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

24 DTA-201-007

WINDOW SCHEDULE 1

13

0327850

NAHIDA AUCKBARAULLEE

ROOF PLAN

14

0325540

NAZRUL KAMSOL

11 PLN-109-011 ELEVATION 12 ELEV-102-004

SOUTH WEST ELEVATION

WINDOW SCHEDULE 2 25 DTA-205-007 STRUCTURAL DETAILS STAIRCASE DETAIL 26 DTS-101-002

13 ELEV-103-004

NORTH EAST ELEVATION

15 0326488 16 0322399 17

0327850

CHRISTAL WONG CHING LING

NICHOLAS CHOY JIA WEI SIRAJEDDIN ALI SULIMAN SALEH WONG LIENG KAM

PLAN

ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS

ORNAMENTAL DETAILS 27 DTD-101-002 AXONOMETRIC 28 AXO-101-001

FACADE ORNAMENTAL DETAILS EXPLODED AXONOMETRIC

13

10

3

11

2

5 4

1

SELANGOR

6 12

7 8

14 5.

6.

7.

8.

PULAI INDAH KAMPUNG NELAYAN TELOK GONG STRAITS OF MALACCA

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

26

LEGEND 1. KLANG RIVER 2. TAMAN BUKIT KUDA 3. SETIA ALAM 4. TAMAN SENTOSA 4. PULAU KLANG

NTS

75

0

MAP OF KLANG, SELANGOR

MAP OF SEMENANJUNG MALAYSIA

KEY PLAN

58

10

PULAU CAREY BUKIT JELUTONG TAMAN SRI MUDA KOTA KEMUNING KAPAR

A

10

AN

3

JALAN TENGKU KELANA

EN GK U

KEL

JA

AN T JAL

6

LA N

JAL AN BE SA R 2

10

JA

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TE

LA N

NG

ST

ES

UD

J

DIA

AN

EN

IN

7

1

ST

ES

TIM U

RR AY A

ALA N

KU

JAL

1

JA

1

EN

1

BES AR

LA N

A

5

JA

9

LA N

KE

LA

NT

EN

DA

AH

UD

IAU

DIN

TE

MZ

GK

8

JAL AN

HA

NG

TO

KU

JA

JAL AN

SCALE 1:1500

BES AR

LOCATION PLAN

LEGEND 1. SERAPH AWAKEN CAFE 2. KLANG RAILWAY STATION 3. GEDUNG RAJA ABDULLAH 4. CHENNAI SILK PALACE

5.

6.

7.

8.

PRE-WAR SHOPHOUSES POLICE STATION CHONG KOK KOPITIAM POST OFFICE

9.

10.

PROJECT TITLE ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SERAPH AWAKEN 28, JALAN STESEN 1, 41000, KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

TENGKU KELANA MOSQUE OPEN CAR PARK

SITE PLAN SCALE 1:150

DRAWING TITLE

KEY PLAN LOCATION PLAN SITE PLAN

0

10

20

30

40

50 METERS

DRAWING NO.

REFERENCE STARTING DATE

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

AS SHOWN

DRAWN BY

KENNETT LIM , SIRAJEDDIN, CHRISTAL WONG

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-101-012

SHEET NO.

01 28

SHOPHOUSES

ELEV

OPEN CARPARK

K.L.YONG & CO. SDN BHD

SERAPH AWAKEN

WEE MIN TRADING SDN BHD

SHOPHOUSES

ALLEY

SITE ELEVATION SCALE 1:150

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SITE ELEVATION

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

5

10

15

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 150

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL, CLARA LEE

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

ELEV-101-004

20 METERS

SHEET NO.

02 28

SHOPHOUSES

SECT

BACK ALLEY

SERAPH AWAKEN

JALAN STESEN 1

SHOPHOUSES

SITE SECTION SCALE 1:200

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SITE SECTION

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

5

10

15

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 200

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL, CLARA LEE

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECT-101-008

20 METERS

SHEET NO.

03 28

UP 2

D7

1

4

3

5

6

7

8

9

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

CERAMIC TILES

D4

FIVE FOOT WALKWAY MOSAIC TILES

415 DROP

19

BATHROOM

60 DROP

JALAN STESEN 1

18

D3

CAFE

STORAGE ROOM

ROASTERY ROOM 1

ROASTERY ROOM 1

MOSAIC TILES

MOSAIC TILES

MOSAIC TILES

CONCRETE FLOOR

D8

KITCHEN MOSAIC TILES

D2

D1

D9

W1

D6

D10

W2

CORRIDOR MOSAIC TILES

D5

BUILT-IN CONCRETE COUNTERTOP

PLN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-102-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

04 28

DN

PASSAGE

D13

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

TIMBER PLANKS

D14 W3

ROASTERY ROOM 2

KITCHEN

TIMBER PLANKS

D11

CERAMIC TILES

LIVING AREA

BATHROOM

TIMBER PLANKS

D12 W5

ZINC ROOFING SHEET

CERAMIC TILES

W5

W6

W3 W4

PLN

SKYLIGHT

SKYLIGHT

FIRST FLOOR PLAN SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-103-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

05 28

LEGEND RATTAN CHAIR MARBLE TABLE ANTIQUE WOODEN CHAIR SQUARE WOODEN STOOL CHINESE VINTAGE STOOL ROUND WOODEN STOOL

UP 2

1

4

3

5

6

7

9

BATHROOM CERAMIC TILES

D4

D2

D1

ROASTERY ROOM 1 CONCRETE FLOOR

W1

WINDOW SYMBOL

D8

D7

STORAGE ROOM MOSAIC TILES KITCHEN MOSAIC TILES

W1

D5

DOOR SYMBOL

415 DROP

JALAN STESEN 1

8

D3

D1

CAFE MOSAIC TILES

D6

D9

D10

W2

CORRIDOR MOSAIC TILES BUILT-IN CONCRETE COUNTERTOP

PLN

GROUND FLOOR FURNITURE LAYOUT SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR FURNITURE LAYOUT

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-204-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

06 28

LEGEND 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

1

2

4

3

5

6

7

8

9

7 415 DROP

JALAN STESEN 1

UP

6

FIVE FOOT WALKWAY CAFE STORAGE ROOM ROASTERY ROOM1 CORRIDOR BATHROOM TOILET STORAGE AREA

60 DROP

1

2

3

4

8

4

5

PLN

GROUND FLOOR FINISHING SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR FINISHING

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-205-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

07 28

LEGEND 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

DN 11

12

13

14

15

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19

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1

3

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6

PLN

LIVING AREA PASSAGE ROASTERY ROOM 2 WASHROOM BATHROOM SKYLIGHT ZINC ROOF

5

7

6

FIRST FLOOR FINISHING SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

FIRST FLOOR FINISHING

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-206-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

08 28

PLN

GROUND FLOOR REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

GROUND FLOOR REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-107-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

09 28

PLN

FIRST FLOOR REFLECTED CEILING PLAN SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

FIRST FLOOR REFLECTED CEILING PLAN

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

03/01/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-108-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

10 28

PLN

ROOF PLAN SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

ROOF PLAN

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE PEI LIN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

PLN-109-011

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

11 28

ELEV

SOUTH WEST ELEVATION SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SOUTH WEST ELEVATION

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

ELEV-102-004

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

12 28

ELEV

NORTH EAST ELEVATION SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

NORTH EAST ELEVATION

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

ELEV-103-004

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

13 28

SECT

SECTION A-A' SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SECTION A-A'

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECT-102-008

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

14 28

SECT

SECTION B-B' SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SECTION B-B'

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECT -103-008

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

15 28

VOID

SECT

SECTION C-C' SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SECTION C-C'

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECT-104-008

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

16 28

VOID

SECT

SECTION D-D' SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SECTION D-D'

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECT-105-008

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

17 28

VOID

SECT

SECTION E-E' SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SECTION E-E'

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

MELISA BT. FAISAL

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECT-106-008

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

18 28

VOID

SECT

SECTION F-F SCALE 1:50

0

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

SECTION F-F

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

1

2

3

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

1 : 50

DRAWN BY

CLARA LEE, CHRISTAL WONG

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECT-107-008

4

5 METERS

SHEET NO.

19 28

1180 1080 5472 770 DTA

PLAN

300

375

SCALE 1:50

PLAN

DTA

SCALE 1:20

5472

986

90

980

90

986

90 274

90

70

42

TIMBER DIAMOND GRILLE MESH

TIMBER DIAMOND GRILLE MESH 970

45

23 9 TIMBER FRAMED, LEDGED AND BRACED SINGLE SWING DOOR

3130

99

90

4250 3372

4250

95

3000

4250

1652

ACCORDION SHUTTERS

DETAIL: DOOR HINGE 930

DTA

133

DOOR LOCK 1528

DOOR HINGE

1038

970

275

45

975

930

833

TIMBER DOOR FRAME

TIMBER DOOR FRAME

1080

2160

90

SCALE 1:10

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

DTA

SCALE 1:50

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:50

SECTION a-a' SCALE 1:50 DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:20

DOOR TYPE

D1

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

QUANTITY

3130

1000

1180

800

90

1180

840

986

90

2730

2160

5472

1

DTA

SCALE 1:20

SECTION b-b' SCALE 1:20

1

DOOR TYPE

D2

QUANTITY

TRADITIONAL TIMBER ACCORDION SHUTTERS WITH LOCK SYSTEM

DESCRIPTION

TIMBER FRAMED, LEDGED AND BRACED SINGLE SWING DOOR WITH LOCK SYSTEM AND TIMBER DIAMOND GRILL MESH

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - CAFE

LOCATION

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - STORAGE

992 800

DTA

PLAN

150

SCALE 1:25

992

PLAN SCALE 1:25

800

992

42

89 26

DTA

DOOR HINGE 310

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

216

1300

42

175

729

911

216

LATCH HASP BARREL BOLT SET

261

1735

30

2170

1962

DOOR HINGE

80

922

253

42

130

1963

939

METAL BAR

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:25

INTERIOR ELEVATION SCALE 1:25

DTA

SECTION c-c' SCALE 1:25

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION SCALE 1:25

DOOR TYPE

D4

METAL BAR SINGLE SWING GRILLE

DESCRIPTION

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - STAIRCSE

LOCATION

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - STORAGE

DOOR TYPE

D3

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

QUANTITY

1

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

DOOR SCHEDULE 1

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

DTA

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SECTION d-d'

DTA

SCALE 1:25

QUANTITY

DETAIL: LATCH HASP BARREL BOLT SET SCALE 1:5

SCALE 1:25

1

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

AS SHOWN

DRAWN BY

KOK SZE KUAN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

DTA-101-014

SHEET NO.

20 28

1110

1110 65

DTA

395

395

65

PLAN

DTA

PLAN SCALE 1:20

SCALE 1:20

1110

1110 1110

995

1110

995

995

905

995

905

217

815

815

217

300

300

GLASS

2125

113

685 113 DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:20

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SECTION f-f'

DTA

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:20

EXTERIOR ELEVATION SCALE 1:20

METAL COLLAPSIBLE GATE WITH CHANNEL TRACK, RECESSED SILL, LOCK SYSTEM AND TRANSOM WINDOW

DESCRIPTION

ALUMINIUM CASEMENT SINGLE SWING DOOR WITH LOCK SYSTEM AND TRANSOM WINDOW

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - CORRIDOR

LOCATION

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - CORRIDOR

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

1

QUANTITY

DTA

SECTION f-f' SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:20

D6

D5

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

DOOR TYPE

DOOR TYPE

3338

138

138

DOOR KNOB

685

2125

DOOR KNOB

3338

1065

3338

3338

1065

GLASS

127

ALUMINIUM CASEMENT DOOR

127

ALUMINIUM CASEMENT DOOR

300

4170

4170

TRANSOM WINDOW

PARTITION WALL

300

PARTITION WALL

910

910

910

TRANSOM WINDOW

910

TIMBER DOOR FRAME

TIMBER DOOR FRAME

1

QUANTITY

740 881 610

DTA

PLAN SCALE 1:25

152

153

753

DTA

PLAN SCALE 1:25

881 740

753

TIMBER DOOR FRAME 400

31 85

1935

2060

2060 1660

1935

1789

1935

1905

1789

DOOR HINGE

30

1789

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

1995

101

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

DOOR HINGE

1660

TIMBER DOOR FRAME

881

610

335 65

740

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

DTA

SECTION g-g'

DTA

DOOR TYPE

D8

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

DESCRIPTION

TIMBER LEDGED SINGLE SWING DOOR WITH LOCK SYSTEM

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - KITCHEN

LOCATION

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - KITCHEN

DOOR TYPE

D7

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

QUANTITY

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

DOOR SCHEDULE 2

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

DTA

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

1

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

INTERIOR ELEVATION SCALE 1:25

DTA

SECTION h-h' SCALE 1:25

QUANTITY

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

AS SHOWN

DRAWN BY

KOK SZE KUAN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

DTA-105-014

SHEET NO.

21 28

1064

1064

365

SCALE 1:25

1066

1066

120

797

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

DTA

2080

2080

2023

2080

2080

LOCK AND LATCH METAL GRILLE

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:25

LOCATION

2023

122

2080

METAL DOOR FRAME

829

LOCK HANDLE WITH BACKPLATE

DESCRIPTION

1066

DOOR HINGE

TIMBER DOOR FRAME

D9

SCALE 1:25

970

DOOR HINGE

DOOR TYPE

DTA

SECTION i-i'

DTA

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

QUANTITY

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR WITH LOCK SYSTEM

DESCRIPTION

METAL ORNAMENTAL SINGLE SWING GRILLE WITH LOCK AND LATCH

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - KITCHEN

LOCATION

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - KITCHEN

1200

SCALE 1:25

1

850

260

DTA

PLAN

260

SCALE 1:25

1200 600

1200

525

1050

PLAN

DTA

SCALE 1:25

152

TIMBER DOOR FRAME TIMBER DIAMOND GRILLE MESH

30

840

1002 850

1002 76

76

840

840

810

29

76 TIMBRE DOOR FRAME

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION SCALE 1:25

2076

2076

865

785

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:25

SECTION k-k'

DTA

SCALE 1:25

QUANTITY

2000

190

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

2333 DTA

685

625

2335

190

DOOR HANDLE

163

3175

TIMBER DOUBLE SWING DOOR

LOCATION

SECTION j-j'

1002

1050

DESCRIPTION

DTA

SCALE 1:25

D10

D11

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:25

1

QUANTITY

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DOOR TYPE

DOOR TYPE

PLAN

1066

970

970

DTA

366

PLAN

DTA

DETAIL: DOOR HANDLE

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

SCALE 1:2

DOOR TYPE

D12

TIMBER TWO PANEL SQUARE TOP SMOOTH DOUBLE SWING DOOR WITH TIMBER DIAMOND GRILLE MESH

DESCRIPTION

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - LIVING AREA

LOCATION

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - PASSAGE

1

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

DOOR SCHEDULE 3

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

DTA

SCALE 1:25

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

QUANTITY

1

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

AS SHOWN

DRAWN BY

KOK SZE KUAN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECTION l-l' SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

DTA-109-014

SHEET NO.

22 28

1112

860

800

250

193

720

800

PLAN

PLAN

DTA

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

1112 252

DTA

1112 60

60

1052 30

70

860

700

860

720 125

130

70

TIMBER DOOR FRAME

140

700

700

770

TIMBER DIAMOND GRILLE MESH

PLASTIC SINGLE SWING DOOR

1845

77

25

1830

1845

1605

1830

1605

SLIDE BOLT LOCK

2003

1874

89

DOOR LOCK

2003

2736

2734

30

TIMBER SINGLE SWING DOOR

DOOR HINGE

31

32 DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION SCALE 1:25

DTA

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

SCALE 1:25

SECTION m-m'

DTA

SCALE 1:25

DETAIL: TIMBER DIAMOND GRILLE MESH

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

D14

TIMBER BATTENED AND LEDGED SINGLE SWING DOOR WITH LOCK SYSTEM AND TIMBER DIAMOND GRILLE MESH

DESCRIPTION

PLASTIC SINGLE SWING DOOR WITH SLIDE BOLT LOCK

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - PASSAGE

LOCATION

D13

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

QUANTITY

1

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

DOOR SCHEDULE 4

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

DTA

INTERIOR ELEVATION SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:5

DOOR TYPE

DOOR TYPE

100

100

DOOR HINGE

DTA

SECTION n-n' SCALE 1:25

QUANTITY

DTA

DETAIL:SLIDE BOLT LOCK SCALE 1:1

1

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - BATHROOM

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

AS SHOWN

DRAWN BY

KOK SZE KUAN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

DTA-112-014

SHEET NO.

23 28

1190 595

OUTSIDE

2440

595 1220

INSIDE

1220

OUTSIDE TIMBER FRAME

659

INSIDE

TRANSOM

2210

560 10

ICY TEXTURE

41

CAST IRON PANELS

1070

1339

GREEN TINTED JALOUSIE WINDOW

800

70

20

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

SECTION o-o'

DTA

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

NOT TO SCALE

1

QUANTITY

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DOOR TYPE

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

DOOR TYPE

W1

DESCRIPTION

FIXED WINDOW WITH TIMBER FRAME AND CAST IRON BALUSTRADES

DESCRIPTION

TIMBER FRAMED WINDOW WITH GLASS LOUVERS

LOCATION

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - CORRIDOR

LOCATION

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - ROASTERY ROOM 1

W2

SECTION p-p' NOT TO SCALE

1

QUANTITY

1070

1955 978

INTERIOR ELEVATION

535

978

535

OUTSIDE OUTSIDE INSIDE INSIDE 694

IRON GRILLE

255

65

TIMBER FRAME

GLASS

MAIN CONNECTING BAR MASTER FRAME

TIMBER POST

1500

2291

TRANSOM

85

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

INTERIOR ELEVATION NOT TO SCALE

SECTION q-q'

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

NOT TO SCALE

W4

TIMBER FRAMED, DOUBLE SHUTTERED FRENCH WINDOW

DESCRIPTION

TIMBER FRAMED, JALOUSIE WINDOW WITH METAL GRILL BARS AND GLASS LOUVERS

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL, LIVING AREA

LOCATION

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - LIVING AREA

W3

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

QUANTITY

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

WINDOW SCHEDULE 1

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

INTERIOR ELEVATION NOT TO SCALE

DOOR TYPE

DOOR TYPE

2

DTA

QUANTITY

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

NOT TO SCALE

DRAWN BY

SERAJEDDIN ALI, CLARA LEE

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

SECTION q-q' NOT TO SCALE

1

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

DTA

DTA-201-007

SHEET NO.

24 28

1237 619

619

OUTSIDE

2300

INSIDE

HEAD JAMB

SIDE JAMB WOODEN MUNTINS GRILLE AND WIRE GAUZE

GLASS SILL

SILL

DTA

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

DOOR TYPE

W5

QUANTITY

DESCRIPTION

FIXED WINDOW WITH TIMBER FRAME AND CAST IRON BALUSTRADES

LOCATION

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - PASSAGE, ROASTERY ROOM 2

OUTSIDE

SECTION r-r' NOT TO SCALE

2

1700

3000

INSIDE

STEEL WIRE MESH FRAME JOINTS

DTA

EXTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

DOOR TYPE

W6

DESCRIPTION

SINGLE SIDE HUNG WINDOW WITH STEEL WIRE MESH

LOCATION

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL, KITCHEN

INTERIOR ELEVATION

DTA

NOT TO SCALE

QUANTITY

SECTION s-s' NOT TO SCALE

1

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

WINDOW SCHEDULE 2

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

NOT TO SCALE

DRAWN BY

SERAJEDDIN ALI, CLARA LEE

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

DTA-205-007

SHEET NO.

25 28

5529

2620

1073

275

19

898

20

275

NEWEL CAP

NEWEL POST

275

1298 305

683

310

275

17

12

GRILLE

1968

275

13

275

14

275

15

275

16

10

5747

5412

618

11 TIMBER HANDRAIL

9 275

4251

TIMBER BALUSTRADE

275

8

278

7

CONCRETE STEP WITH TILES TOPPINGS

798

DTA

DTA

FRONT ELEVATION

DTA

SIDE ELEVATION SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

SCALE 1:25

AXONOMETRIC SCALE 1:25

150

PLAN

2620 142

142 42

DTA

1040

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

850

1040

NEWEL POST

DETAIL: TIMBER BALUSTER

DTA

DETAIL: TIMBER NEWEL POST SCALE 1:10

SCALE 1:10

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

STAIRCASE DETAIL

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

STORAGE UNDER STAIRCASE

142

NEWEL CAP

850

1

752

275

2

STORAGE AREA UNDERNEATH THE STAIRCASE 238

275

3

292

4

275

5

2144

275

6

DTA

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/2018

DATE

01/03/2018

SCALE

AS SHOWN

DRAWN BY

KOK SZE KUAN

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

DTS-101-002

SHEET NO.

26 28

PARTY WALL CLERESTORY WINDOWS TERRACOTTA TILES

3220

3924

4012

DETAILED DRAWING 1 CROWNED CORNICE WINDOW FRAME WITH TRANSOM KEYSTONE

4359

1096

DETAILED DRAWING 2 PLASTER RIBBON ORNAMENT DETAILED DRAWING 3 PLASTER BELL ORNAMENT ON COLUMNS

5885

DTD

DETAIL:DOUBLE HUNG WINDOW

DETAIL:CROWNED CORNICE

DTD

SCALE NTS

DTD

2

DETAIL TYPE

WINDOW FRAME WITH KEYSTONE

DESCRIPTION

CROWNED CORNICE TO DECORATE AND TO PREVENT TERMITES NESTING IN TIMBER WINDOWS

LOCATION

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - FACING THE MAIN STREET, JALAN STESEN SATU

FRONT ELEVATION OF SERAPH AWAKEN

QUANTITY

DETAIL: KEYSTONE SCALE NTS

SCALE NTS

2398 1585 630

6821

6276

853 DTD

DETAIL: PLASTER RIBBON ORNAMENT SCALE NTS

DTD

DETAIL: PLASTER BELL ORNAMENT SCALE NTS

WINDOW TYPE

COLUMN ORNAMENT

DESCRIPTION

LOCATION

2

WINDOW TYPE

PLASTER RIBBON ORNAMENT

MADE WITH PLASTER AND ACTS A DECORATIVE ELEMENT FOR THE COLUMNS

DESCRIPTION

FLORAL MOTIFS

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL - COLUMNS

LOCATION

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL - BELOW THE DOUBLE HUNG WINDODS

QUANTITY

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

FACADE ORNAMENTAL DETAILS

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

QUANTITY

2

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

NTS

DRAWN BY

CHRISTAL WONG CHING LING

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

DTD-101-002

SHEET NO.

27 28

ROOF LEVEL

TERRACOTTA CLAY ROOF TILES CORRUGATED ZINC ROOF SHEETING JACK ROOF WITH CLERESTORY

FIRST FLOOR LEVEL PLYWOOD PARTITION WALL TIMBER JOIST

GROUND FLOOR LEVEL

UNGLAZED PORCELAIN MOSAIC FLOOR TILES

AXO

AXONOMETRIC DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

PROJECT TITLE

DRAWING TITLE

ARC 60305 / METHODS OF DOCUMENTATION & MEASURED DRAWINGS

AXONOMETRIC DRAWING

SERAPH AWAKEN NO. 28, JALAN STESEN SATU, 41000 KLANG, SELANGOR, MALAYSIA

DRAWING NO. STARTING DATE

08/01/18

DATE

01/03/18

SCALE

NOT TO SCALE

DRAWN BY

SERAJEDDIN ALI, CLARA LEE

CHECKED BY

MR. MOHD. ADIB RAMLI

MEASURED BY

GROUP 8

AXO-101-002

SHEET NO.

28 28

APPENDIX, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY | 11.0

11.3 GLOSSARY Abbreviation – the process of abbreviating something

Coalesced – come together to form one mass or whole

Abundant – existing or available in large quantities; plentiful

Coherently – (with reference to speech) in a clear and understandable way

Aforementioned – denoting a thing or person previously mentioned

Commemorating – recall and show respect for (someone or something).

Archway – a curved structure forming a passage or entrance

Compelled – force or oblige (someone) to do something

Array – an ordered series or arrangement

Comprehend – grasp mentally; understand

Artefacts – something observed in a scientific investigation or experiment that is not naturally present but occurs as a result of the preparative or investigative procedure

Comprehensible – able to be understood; intelligible

Asphalt shingles – a type of wall or roof shingle that uses asphalt for waterproofing Auspicious – conducive to success; favourable Barista – a person who serves in a coffee bar Bestowed – confer or present (an honour, right, or gift) Brothel – a house where men visit prostitutes Bulging – swell or protrude to an incongruous extent Cater – try to satisfy (a need or demand) Cathodic protection – is a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface by making it the cathode of an electrochemical cell

Concoctions – an elaborate story, especially a fabricated one Congestion – the state of being congested Conscience – a person's moral sense of right and wrong, viewed as acting as a guide to one's behaviour Consolidate – make (something) physically stronger or more solid Context – the circumstances that form the setting for an event, statement, or idea, and in terms of which it can be fully understood Conventional – based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed Counteract – act against (something) in order to reduce its force or neutralize it Courtesy – the showing of politeness in one's attitude and behavior towards others

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APPENDIX, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY | 11.0

Custody – the protective care or guardianship of someone or something Dados – the lower part of the wall of a room, below about waist height, when decorated differently from the upper part Delegation – the action or process of delegating or being delegated Delegation – the action or process of delegating or being delegated Delicacies – a choice or expensive food Depiction – the action of depicting something, especially in a work of art Derivation – the action of obtaining something from a source or origin Desirable – wished for as being an attractive, useful, or necessary course of action Dialects – a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a specific region or social group Dilapidated – (of a building or object) in a state of disrepair or ruin as a result of age or neglect Dislocation – disturbance from a proper, original, or usual place or state 62 Dispersion – the action or process of distributing things or people over a wide area Distinctive – characteristic of one person or thing, and so serving to distinguish it from others Erect – rigidly upright or straight

Ethnicities – the fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition Etymology – the study of the origin of words and the way in which their meanings have changed throughout history Favorable – to the advantage of someone or something Festoons – a chain or garland of flowers, leaves, or ribbons, hung in a curve as a decoration Fundamental – forming a necessary base or core; of central importance Gauze – a thin transparent fabric of silk, linen, or cotton Heritable – of a characteristic) transmissible from parent to offspring 6 Heritors – a person who inherits Imminent – about to happen Impermeability – Relating to a material through which substances, such as liquids or gases, cannot pass. Some substances, such as some types of contact lenses, are permeable to gas but impermeable to liquid Influx – an arrival or entry of large numbers of people or things Infrastructures – the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society or enterprise Inhabitation – to exist or be situated within; dwell in Intertwining – connect or link (two or more things) closely

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APPENDIX, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY | 11.0

Introductory – serving as an introduction to a subject or topic; basic or preliminary Kopitiam – a traditional coffee shop found in Southeast Asia, patronized for meals and beverages Labourers – a person doing unskilled manual work for wages Legacies – an amount of money or property left to someone in a will Linguist – a person skilled in foreign languages Malaria – an intermittent and remittent fever caused by a protozoan parasite which invades the red blood cells and is transmitted by mosquitoes in many tropical and subtropical regions Malleable – (of a metal or other material) able to be hammered or pressed into shape without breaking or cracking Mamak – mamak stall, a type of food establishment that serves Indian nor Malay food Memorabilia – objects kept or collected because of their associations with memorable people or events Methodology – a system of methods used in a particular area of study or activity Meticulously – in a way that shows great attention to detail; very thoroughly Mosaic – a picture or pattern produced by arranging together small pieces of stone, tile, glass, etc

Mullions – a vertical bar between the panes of glass in a window Myriad – a countless or extremely great number of people or things Nasal congestion – another term for a stuffy nose. It is often a symptom of another health problem, such as a sinus infection Nomad – a person who does not stay long in the same place; a wanderer Non-combustible – made of material that does not burn if exposed to fire; incombustible Non-degradable – A pollutant that is not broken down by natural processes Notable – worthy of attention or notice; remarkable Notorious – famous or well known, typically for some bad quality or deed Officiated – act as an official in charge of something, especially a sporting event Orientalist – someone from the West who studies the language, culture, history or customs of countries in Eastern Asia Parallax error – a displacement or difference in the apparent position of an object viewed along two different lines of sight, and is measured by the angle or semi-angle of inclination between those two lines Paraphernalia – miscellaneous articles, especially the equipment needed for a particular activity Pave way – make progress or development easier, as in Her findings paved the way for developing a new vaccine

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APPENDIX, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY | 11.0

Pictogram – a simple drawing that represents something Plaques – an ornamental tablet, typically of metal, porcelain, or wood that is fixed to a wall or other surface in commemoration of a person or event Possess – have as belonging to one; own Prominent – important; famous Prostitution – the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment Pursuance – engagement in an activity or course of action 99 Raucous – making or constituting a disturbingly harsh and loud noise Recessed – attach (a fitment) by setting it back into the wall or surface to which it is fixed Relegated – assign an inferior rank or position to Relic – an object surviving from an earlier time, especially one of historical interest Remnant – a part or quantity that is left after the greater part has been used, removed, or destroyed Reside – be situated Reverberation – prolongation of a sound; resonance Reverence – deep respect for someone or something

Rodent-proofing – the standard legislative document for construction, stipulates that measures must be in place to prevent entry by rats and mice Rodents – a gnawing mammal of an order that includes rats, mice, squirrels, hamsters, porcupines, and their relatives, distinguished by strong constantly growing incisors and no canine teeth. They constitute the largest order of mammals Rustic – made in a plain and simple fashion, in particular Sealed – fasten or close securely Segregation – the action or state of setting someone or something apart from others Sprouting – appear or develop suddenly and in large numbers Stench – a strong and very unpleasant smell Stiffness – the quality of being severe or strong Stucco – fine plaster used for coating wall surfaces or moulding into architectural decorations Suave – (especially of a man) charming, confident, and elegant Sultanate – the office, dignity, or power of a sultan Sustainability – the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level Sutra – a rule or aphorism in Sanskrit literature, or a set of these on grammar or Hindu law or philosophy

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APPENDIX, REFERENCES AND GLOSSARY | 11.0

Synagogues – a building in which Jews meet for religious worship or instruction Tangible – clear and definite; real Terracotta – a type of fired clay, typically of a brownish-red color and unglazed, used as an ornamental building material and in modeling Threshold – a strip of wood or stone forming the bottom of a doorway and crossed in entering a house or room Traitors – a person who betrays someone or something, such as a friend, cause, or principle Transcendent – beyond or above the range of normal or physical human experience Trinkets – a small ornament or item of jewellery that is of little value Tulang mawas – One or the implements for shaping the timber was probably the iron-socketed tool Utilitarian – designed to be useful or practical rather than attractive Veranda – a roofed platform along the outside of a house, level with the ground floor Voyage – a long journey involving travel by sea or in space Wither – cause to decline or deteriorate; weaken Yamtuan – also known as Yang di-Pertuan Besar, is the royal title of the ruler of the Malaysian state of Negeri Sembilan

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