AIR FINAL JOURNAL by LIXIANG ZHANG

STUDIO AIR Lixiang Zhang

Introduction

My name is Lixiang Zhang, and I am currently a third-year student majoring in architecture within the Bachelor of Environments at the University of Melbourne.

After finishing two architecture design studios in my second year, which are Earth and Water. I did learn some significant lessons from Masters and was able to use some design software to achieve my idea. More specifically, I used Rhino for building up my final models of Earth and Water studios and achieved the renderings through V-Ray for Rhino. Also, Ai, Indesign, Ps and AutoCAD should be familiar with as an architecture student. However, I have limited skill in Grasshopper and I believe that it is going to be enhanced through learning from this Air studio.

PERSPECTIVES/ RENDERS

L: CAFE R: OFFICE

Fig.1

Fig.2

Fig.3 Fig.1/2/3 Studley Park Boathouse - Redevelopment (Inspired by Tadao Ando)

Fig. 4 Herring Island: A Place for Keeping Secrets Redevelopment Fig.4 3

Fig.5

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONTENTS

A.1. A.2. A.3. A.4. A.5. A.6.

Design Futuring Design Computation Composition/Generation Conclusion Learning Outcomes Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

A.1.

Design Futuring

ENVIRONMENT/SUSTAINABIL One common consideration for architects is sustainability, more specifically, this type of sustainability is mainly related to environmental sustainability of buildings. Because one role of architecture is to achieve the sustainability of the environment and the whole society. 1 A s t h e t a l l e s t b u i l d i n g i n C h i n a a t p r e s e n t , S h a n g h a i To w e r ’s a c h i e v e m e n t s n o t o n l y t h e h e i g h t b u t a l s o a l i v i n g a r t wo r k t h a t c o u l d c o m b i n e a rc h i t e c t u re, technology and culture together. More importantly, Shanghai Tower is a significant e x a m p l e o f a c h i e v i n g e nv i r o n m e n t a l s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i n t h e a s p e c t o f d e s i g n i n g. As shown in Figure 6 and 7, there is a number of explorations of the building forms, and the architects achieved a balance between shape and function by computational technologies. The asymmetrical form of this building had been optimized, as a result, the wind tunnel test shows that it could reduce wind load by 24 percent.2 In addition, optimal rotation also achieved a lighter structure, which led to a saving in costly materials that worth $58 Million. 3 Another innovative idea for sustainability is Vertical Urbanism, which is dividing a skyscraper into several inner zones. 4 The reason for that is each zone could become an individual and functional complex and simplifying heating, cooling and vertical circulations, in order to save energy. 5 More importantly, this innovative idea was inspired by Shanghai’s traditional courtyards and neighbourhood parks. To an extent, the architects transformed local culture into local buildings. Overall, Shanghai tower has proved that architectural and technological innovations are significant factors for us to achieve a building’s environmental sustainability, while taking full advantages of computational technologies. 6

Fig.6

Fig.7

1. Terry Williamson, Helen Bennetts and Antony Radford, Understanding Sustainable Architecture (London: Spon Press, 2003), p. 135. 2. Kheir Al-Kodmany, Understanding Tall Buildings:A Theory Of Placemaking (London: Taylor and Francis, 2017), p.123. 3. Al-Kodmany, Understanding Tall Buildings. p.123. 4. Antony Wood and Steven Henry, Best Tall Buildings: CTBUH Awards: A Global Overview Of 2016 Skyscrapers (Mulgrave: The Images Publishing Group, 2016), p. 66. 5. Gensler Design Update, ‘Shanghai Tower’, Gensler Design Update < https://du.gensler.com/vol6/shanghai-tower/#/vertical-urbanism> [11 March 2018]. 10 6. Gensler Design Update.

LITY

Shanghai Tower Gensler Fig.8 11

Freiburg Town Hall Ingenhoven architects

While considering the sustainability of buildings for designing f u t u r e , Fr e i b u r g To w n H a l l i s a n o t h e r o u t s t a n d i n g b u i l d i n g that has to be mentioned. Compared with Shanghai Tower in sustainability, this building did take a step further. Because the architects of this building are not just limited to saving energy, t h e y a l s o c o m e u p w i t h a n e w s o l u t i o n fo r c re a t i n g e n e r g y. This new innovation was to design a façade that using “staggered and vertically projecting modules with photovoltaic cells”. 1 As shown in the Figure 10, this type of façade did not make a compromise on the daylighting of the building. Besides, the modules could provide thermal comfort and solar power at the same time, while traditional solar panels that setting on the roof may affect the daylighting of some buildings. On the other hand, the materials of the facades come from local larch timber, and timber is an environmental friendly construction material.2 As a result, this building becomes “world’s first public net-surplusenergy building”, which is this building could create more energy than it consumed. 3 To sum up, achieving environmental sustainability of buildings is very significant for designing future. And nowadays, there are more and more methods available such as computational technologies, to provide us more opportunities to explore the possibilities of sustainability, as well as giving birth to new innovations and inventions.

Fig.9

Fig.10 1. "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Gooood.Hk, 2018 <http://www.gooood.hk/townhall-freiburg-im-breisgau-by-ingenhoven.htm> [11 March 2018]. 2. "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Archdaily, 2017 <https://www.archdaily. com/885885/freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects> [Accessed 11 March 2018]. 3. Archdaily.

A.2.

Design Computation

“Technology was not only a formal inspiration for a new architectural style, but altered also the entire architectural process from design to construction and operation of a building.”1 - Le Corbusier

Dear Ginza amano design office

Dear Ginza building is one project in Japan and designed by Am stands out from the surrounding architectural environment with The owner hopes that the design scheme will attract people b back of the central road of Ginza in Tokyo, which is not a good loc

Due to the limited visual and aesthetic appearance of the a double skin structure. 3 The irregularities of the facade a algorithms to reduce energy consumption. Moreover, it is accu much arbitrariness. The abstract flower pattern in the alum to balance the excessively sharp lines of the whole façade. design introduces a random and unique appearance, which

More specifically, according to the diagrams, it is clear to unde computational design to achieve this shape. The main steps are rectangular surface, and using that mesh to create mesh frame. O of this façade are related to Grasshopper, which is one significan

1. Marco Hemmerling and Luigi Cocchiarella, Informed Architecture: Computational Strat 2017), p. 3. 2. "Dear Ginza / Amano Design Office", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily.com/427

Fig.11

manno Architects. This building its irregular geometrical facade. because this building faces the cation for commercial activities.2

e building, this building uses are determined by computer urately calculated to avoid too minium punched metal is used It is obvious that this type of is more attractive for people.

erstand how the architects use creating a mesh from a normal Overall, all the design processes nt tool in computational design.

tegies In Architectural Design (Springer,

7501/dear-ginza-amano-design-office> [11

Fig.12

LANDESGARTENSCHAU EXHIBITION HALL ICD/ITKE/IIGS University of Stuttgart

Fig.13 18

The Landesgar tenschau Exhibition Hall a l s o proved the power of computation. It took full advantages of computational technologies to achieve the excellent design and rapid construction.

Fig.14

Specifically, a significant aspect to mention is that all 243 geometrically beech plywood plates of this building are designed digitally, in order to figure out the best solution for connecting 7600 joints.1 Furthermore, computational design also led to a rapid construction, because all the building components are prefabricated by robots, as shown in the Figure 15.2 And the robots even finished waterproofing and cladding of building materials.3 Besides, compared with conventional timber construction, this building achieved a smaller deviation, which is only 0.86mm for fabrication. 4 Therefore, it is no doubt that computation could optimize the complex process of design, and provide a better and fast construction method. To a large extent, it redefines construction because computational design could lead to more advantages than traditional construction. To a large extent, computation is able to break the limits of the traditional design process. It allows us to expand the boundaries of the imagination, as well as frees architectural design from traditional conditions and simplify the construction process.5

Fig.15

“A future where designers are not ‘limited by the design process, but are designing the process’”.6

1. "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall / ICD/ITKE/IIGS University Of Stuttgart", Archdaily, 2014 <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart> [11 March 2018] 2. Archdaily. 3. Archdaily. 4. "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall", Institute For Computational Design And Construction, 2014 <http://icd.uni-stuttgart. de/?p=11173> [11 March 2018]. 5. Marco Hemmerling and Luigi Cocchiarella, Informed Architecture: Computational Strategies In Architectural Design (Springer, 2017), p. 4. 6. Hauwa Olabisi Yusuf, "The Impact Of Digital-Computational Design On The Architectural Design Process", Academia.Edu, 2018 <https://www.academia.edu/5279735/The_Impact_Of_Digital-Computational_Design_On_The_Architectural_Design_Process> [11 March 2018]

A.3.

Composition Generation

First of all, from some practical examples, that is, architectural buildings, the change and development of buildings from composition to generation can be summed up in one sentence as "a process from partial to complete."

More specifically, "partial" is that most of the buildings were initially designed with computational technologies for some individual parts instead of the whole building. For instance, a s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r, t h e faรงade of Dear Ginza building is designed with grasshopper. H o w e v e r, w i t h t h e r a p i d development of technology, that is, the arrival of the age of the generation, some radical architects had already begun to completely use computational technologies to design their projects. A famous example is Zaha Hadid Architects, which has been considered as a significant leader in parametric design.

Meanwhile, there are still some doubts about parametric design, some people worried about parametric design turn people's design concepts into program concept and it will replace architects.1 In fact, that concern is unnecessary because they might misunderstand the idea and connotation of parametric design.

In general, this is the reason fo r w h at we c a n s e e s o m e avant-garde styles. Moreover, the design elements of traditional architecture that we understand are composed of traditional geometric patterns such as square, round and triangle. Thus, it seems that parametric design brings a new challenge to traditional design.

The significance of parametric design is not to update design methods, nor to bring avantgarde design, but rather to challenge traditional architectural design in a deeper level. 2 Because the basic design elements in the parametric design were transferred to irregular Nurb surfaces, Nurb curves, points and so on, which could be described and generated with new "computer scripts". 3

In addition, the core of parametric design is "logical modelling." In other words, it uses the logic of the object itself to establish this object.4 And the parametr ic model is the complex of many logical programmes. It takes various influencing fac tors as parameters and based on the study of the site and building performance, then the establishment of the parametric model after finding the rules.5

From Composition to Generation

1. Yasser Zarei, The Challenges Of Parametric Design In Architecture Today: Mapping The Design Practice, 2012, p. 85 <https://www.research. manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54523431/FULL_TEXT.PDF> [11 March 2018]. 2. Wen Shen, "The Rise Of PARAMETRICISM - A New Era Of Architecture Is Coming", Urban Environment Design, 2010. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid.

Compared with traditional design, it allows architects to generate building volume, space or structures, as well as change the value of the parameter and achieve more than one solution. Therefore, parametric design could not replace the architec tsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; core design concepts. It is only a design tool, which is very efficient.

Fig.16 - Basic Geometries

Fig.17 - Examples of Parametric Design

Fig.18

Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) has put that approach into their projects since a long time ago. Heydar Aliyev Center is one of their famous projects, which is located in Baku.1 The government prefers to give the building a futuristic appearance to unscramble and express the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and significance, instead of recovering the history.2 Based on the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ambition, the architects used the idea of parametric design to develop the whole building including interior design. Firstly, the undulating curves of this building were extended from the landscape. 3 This type of streamlined appearance could effectively divide the building into several functional areas while preserving the privacy of each individual area. Besides, the stack of streamlines appearance also naturally connects each functional area, to enhance the integration of this center.

One of the most challenging task architectural skin. In order to mak and exhibit homogeneity, it is functions, construction logic, and te containment system. This difficult computer technology. Furthermo also support the engineers to ach traditional columns. With the help o the engineers introduced the "boo requirement. 4 Thus, vertical struc hidden in the curtain wall system. of the building, this innovative s experience the fluidity of the interio

1. "Heydar Aliyev Center / Zaha Hadid Architects", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> [ 2. Archdaily. 3. Marc Kushner and Jennifer Krichels, The Future Of Architecture In 100 Buildings (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015), p. 55. 4. David McManus, "Heydar Aliyev Centre, Baku Building", E-Architect, 2017 <https://www.e-architect.co.uk/azerbaijan/heydar-aliyev-centre-baku> [1

ks in this building is the design of ke the building surface continuous necessary to integrate various echnical systems into the building's task was completed by advanced ore, computational technologies hieve a grand inner space without of the optimization of computation, ot columns" to meet the structural ctural components are able to be Considering the spatial experience structure allows visitors to better or space.

Heydar Aliyev Center Zaha Hadid Architects

Fig.19

Although this avant-garde design has many advantages, such as using parametric ideas to design and optimize the appearance of the building, as well as creative structural innovations. For architectural design, it also involves an aesthetic issue. The aesthetic problems, on the one hand, related to tradition, and on the other hand to personal subjective feelings. To a certain extent, it is this avant-garde design that has led to the incoordination of this building with surrounding buildings and the environment. Thus, at one point, this building deserves further debate.

[11 March 2018].

11 March 2018].

Elbphilharmonie Hamburg Herzog & de Meuron

Fig.20

This building was designed by Herzog & de Meuron in Hamburg. Its most interesting place is not the wavy appearance of facade but the Central Concert Hall, which has 10,000 unique carved acoustic panels, covering the ceiling, walls and railings. There are 1 million small holes with different sizes on these 10,000 carved acoustic panels, in order to create the perfect sound in the central concert hall. As the largest of the three concert halls, this Central Concert Hall is a work of art that entirely created by using computational algorithms. In other words, the designers form this design through parametric design and digital fabrications.1 1. One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016), p. 4 <http:// onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018].

randomly placed, individually shaped cells for regions of the concert hall.

Parametric definition of one of one million sound diffusing cells (Image: ONE TO ONE) Computational generation of one million sound diffusing cells (Image: ONE TO ONE)

Fig.21

Sound diffusing cells applied to concert hall walls and balustrades (Image: ONE TO ONE) Computational generation of ten thousand acoustic panels (Image: ONE TO ONE)

When the sound hits carved acoustic panels, the sound waves are either absorbed by the holes This momentous task, impossible to achieve by conventional means, was ultimately resolved by ONE TO ONE’s development of custom employing parametric definitions for the Each cell was or diffused. Thus, once these algorithms soundproof panels are combined, designers cancells. create a balanced placed topologically onto the Great Hall's wall surfaces and controlled in shape, size, depth, and location reverberation effect throughout the Central Concert Hall. In addition, as shown in the picture, computationally based on the acoustician's requirements. based on the geometry of the concert hall, the panels at specific locations require deeper and larger grooves to absorb the echo, while other areas require shallower and smaller grooves. 2 Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication and Assembly At the same time, the architects also have their own preference, which is the surface of these Once ONE TO ONE had completed the task of creating the acoustic surface pattern, Koren and his acoustical panels must be aesthetically consistent with the concert hall. Thus, the designers company was subsequently commissioned by Peuckert, the Bavaria‐based contractor of the Great Hall, to developed an algorithm to solve the problems, as acoustic a result,panels. it generated a model 10,000 plan and develop the fabrication documentation for the Since Peuckert was ofnot only 3 panels. responsible for the production, delivery, and installation of the acoustic panels but also for its plant and assembly planning, a long‐standing intensive cooperation between Peuckert and ONE TO ONE ensued.

Milling file for one of ten thousand acoustic panels (Image: ONE TO ONE)

One panel being CNC milled (Image: Peuckert)

Fig.22 As each panel is unique, Koren developed further software programs to automate the 3D planning and The Central Concert Hall is a strong evidence to gypsum demonstrate the panels advantage ofoptimize parametric digital production of approximately 10,000 CNC‐milled fiberboard and to the acoustic surface's substructure. The architects defined a precise and intricate network of gap lines, which, design. However, these thousands of irregular holes of panels are based on functions, which not unlike the sound diffusing pattern itself, was meant to be seamless places across the hall's surfaces. means that it does not take into account beauty. To some extent, looking at these panels may Therefore, the edges of the panels were defined in such a way that they would always align with the edges make some people feel uncomfortable. of the neighboring panels, resulting in planar, curved, and twisted edges including rabbets in some cases. Because of the varying degrees of complexity in edge conditions, the employment of a five‐axis milling machine in the manufacturing of the panels was inevitable. The curvature of the front surface was 2. One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonie’S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016), p. 3 <http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018]. 3. One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonie’S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016), p. 4<http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018].

A.4.

Conclusion Part A explored several architectural precedents and discussed some of my thinking on computational design. These case studies investigated the effects of computational design on architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; design concepts, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of computation. Overall, the computational design is useful and efficient for architecture in many ways. Exploring the architectural elements around the site and use that to doing computational design is my ideal design direction. Because the precedents that designed by Zaha Hadid gave me some inspiration and considerations. I personally do not prefer to make the design only have a bit of a fit with the surrounding environment. In my opinion, excellent architectural works are very important, but more importantly, this work should be associated with the surrounding environment and coexist instead of standing alone.

A.5.

Learning Outcomes Through learning computational theories and practices from the lectures and further discussions in the studio, as well as different case studies. I have a closer understanding of parametric design, including that how it affects the architectural design, some basic scripting, and its development from the birth to generation. More importantly, through studying these precedents, I realized that parametric design could have many uses and advantages, it did play an important role in contemporary architecture. Besides, the computation also brings not only changes in the appearance of building, but also a revolution in architecture in a new era. Because it reduced the amount of architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; work, at the same time, achieved more results. More importantly, it promotes a series of innovations and inventions, such as materials, structure and construction. Meanwhile, I have also gained some inspirations for my past works, which are using computation to explore new faĂ§ade or randomly adjust the original faĂ§ade to achieve a balance between daylight and appearance.

A.6.

Ap Al Sk

The two types of algorithmic exploration, which combined tra elements with algorithmic stretch

ppendix â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lgorithmic ketches

sketches are a kind of spatial aditional vertical and horizontal h and rotation.

Refere Books/Journals Al-Kodmany, Kheir, Understanding Tall Buildings: A Theory Of Placemaking (London: Taylor and Francis, 2017) Hemmerling, Marco, and Luigi Cocchiarella, Informed Architecture: Computational Strategies In Architectural Design (Springer, 2017) Kushner, Marc, and Jennifer Krichels, The Future Of Architecture In 100 Buildings (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015) Shen, Wen, "The Rise Of PARAMETRICISM - A New Era Of Architecture Is Coming", Urban Environment Design, 2010 Williamson, Terry, Helen Bennetts, and Antony Radford, Understanding Sustainable Architecture (London: Spon Press, 2003) Wood, Antony, and Steven Henry, Best Tall Buildings: CTBUH Awards: A Global Overview Of 2016 Skyscrapers (Mulgrave: The Images Publishing Group, 2016)

Websites "Dear Ginza / Amano Design Office", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily.com/427501/dearginza-amano-design-office> [11 March 2018] Gensler Design Update, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shanghai Towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Gensler Design Update <https://du.gensler.com/vol6/ shanghai-tower/#/vertical-urbanism> [11 March 2018] "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Archdaily, 2017 <https://www.archdaily.com/885885/ freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects> [11 March 2018] "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Gooood.Hk, 2018 <http://www.gooood.hk/townhall-freiburg-im-breisgau-by-ingenhoven.htm> [11 March 2018] "Heydar Aliyev Center / Zaha Hadid Architects", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily. com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> [11 March 2018] "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall / ICD/ITKE/IIGS University Of Stuttgart", Archdaily, 2014 <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itke-iigs-universityof-stuttgart> [11 March 2018]

ences "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall", Institute For Computational Design And Construction, 2014 <http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=11173> [11 March 2018] McManus, David, "Heydar Aliyev Centre, Baku Building", E-Architect, 2017 <https://www.e-architect. co.uk/azerbaijan/heydar-aliyev-centre-baku> [11 March 2018] One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016) <http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_ Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018] Yusuf, Hauwa Olabisi, "The Impact Of Digital-Computational Design On The Architectural Design Process", Academia.Edu, 2018 <https://www.academia.edu/5279735/The_Impact_Of_DigitalComputational_Design_On_The_Architectural_Design_Process> [11 March 2018] Zarei, Yasser, The Challenges Of Parametric Design In Architecture Today: Mapping The Design Practice, 2012 <https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54523431/FULL_TEXT.PDF> [11 March 2018]

Refere Images Figure. 5 Stairs, Retrieved from <https://ravidhingra.wordpress.com/tag/stairs/> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 6 Optimal Rotation for minimizing wind loads, Retrieved from <https://w w w.archdaily.com/783216/shanghai-towergensler/56da0b5ce58ece77ee000011-shanghai-tower-gensler-detail-3> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 7 Optimal Rotation for minimizing wind loads, Retrieved from <https://w w w.archdaily.com/783216/shanghai-towergensler/56da0b04e58ece77ee00000e-shanghai-tower-gensler-diagram-1> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 8 Shanghai Tower, Retrieved from <https://w w w.archdaily.com/783216/shanghai-towergensler/56da085ae58ece77ee000004-shanghai-tower-gensler-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 9 Freiburg Town Hall, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/885885/freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects/5a 3b3ad0b22e38b00a000235-freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 10 Freiburg Town Hall, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/885885/freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects /5a3b3ba2b22e38b00a00023d-freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 11 Step 1, Retrieved from <http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/computational-design-assignment-1-4/ fig12> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 12 Dear Ginza Faรงade, R e t r i e ve d f ro m < h t t p s : / / w w w. a rc h d a i l y. co m / 4 2 7 5 0 1 / d e a r - gi n z a - a m a n o - d e s i gn office/522fe4f5e8e44e333b000122-dear-ginza-amano-design-office-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 13 LANDESGARTENSCHAU EXHIBITION HALL, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itkeiigs-university-of-stuttgart/53ab676bc07a8033bd000139-landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icditke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018]

ences Figure. 14 Force, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itkeiigs-university-of-stuttgart/53ab68b0c07a80e73200013c-landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icditke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart-diagram> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 15 Robotic Fabrication, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itkeiigs-university-of-stuttgart/53ab6618c07a8033bd00012f-landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icditke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 16 Basic Geometries, Retrieved from <http://idahoptv.org/sciencetrek/topics/mountain_goats/activity1_WrkSht3.cfm> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 17 Examples of Parametric Design, Retrieved from <https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/300896818845714989/> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 18 Heydar Aliyev Center, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects /52852180e8e44e222500014a-heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 19 Heydar Aliyev Center, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects /52852233e8e44e222500014b-heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 20 the Central Concert Hall, Retrieved from <https://www.archily.com/802093/elbphilharmonie-hamburg-herzog-and-demeuron/585bed5ee58ece3895000158-elbphilharmonie-hamburg-herzog-and-de-meuronphoto> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 21&22 Design Process, Retrieved from <http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie. pdf> [Accessed 11 March 2018]

CRITERIA DESIGN

Fig. 1

B.1.

Research Field - Biomimicry As mentioned in Part A, it is a big challenge to achieve buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sustainability at present. The former case studies also demonstrated that there are still some limitations while using computational power to optimize the design. Therefore, it is necessary for architects to take full advantages of computational design from a new perspective. Biomimicry becomes one of the hottest topics in architecture. In simple terms, biomimicry is to solve complex human problems, through imitating the elements of nature. 1 Biomimicry in architecture has many applications, while the architectural form is the most common application. In general, it is called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Bionic Architectureâ&#x20AC;?.

1. Zach Mortice, "Nature Does It Better: Biomimicry In Architecture And Engineering", Redshift, 2016 <https://www.autodesk.com/ redshift/biomimicry-in-architecture/> [Accessed 20 April 2018].

Fig. 2

Precedent Project 1 Canopy by United Visual Artists From the perspective of architectural form in Bionic architecture, Maple Leaf Square Canopy, which is also called Canopy, is a project that done by UVA (United Visual Artists).1 This project is the reproduction of natural light in a forest. It is a sculpture that spanning the front faรงade of the building, consisting of thousands of identical modules within a 90-meter organic mesh.2 The aim of this form is to imitate the effect of the dappled light on the ground to reflect nature, which is like people walking through the forest. In order to produce the natural irregularity and beauty, there are over 8000 identical polygonal modules forming together and making up different natural elements such as the cells of leaves and the shape of the maple leaf.3

1. Nico Saieh, "Maple Leaf Square Canopy / United Visual Artists", Archdaily, 2010 <https://www.archdaily.com/81576/maple-leafsquare-canopy-united-visual-artists> [Accessed 20 April 2018]. 2. "Canopy By United Visual Artists - Designplaygrounds", Designplaygrounds, 2015 <http://designplaygrounds.com/deviants/ canopy-by-by-united-visual-artists/> [Accessed 20 April 2018]. 3. Nico Saieh, "Maple Leaf Square Canopy / United Visual Artists", Archdaily, 2010 <https://www.archdaily.com/81576/maple-leafsquare-canopy-united-visual-artists> [Accessed 20 April 2018].

Fig. 3

Precedent Project 2 ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 This pavilion is an exploration that integrate the biological structure of the sea urchin into architectural design.4 Because it aimed at developing a modular system that could provide enough capacity. Through studying the biological structure of the sand dollar, which is belonging to sea urchins. The architects found that the particular geometric arrangement of their plates and joining systems could provide high capacity. 5 This new structure also allows a wide range of custom geometry to fit in, while traditional lightweight construction can only load optimized shapes.6 However, it brought challenges for construction because of more than 850 geometrically different components, as well as more than 100,000 finger joints.7 It is still an innovation that expanded the degree of integration of bionics and architecture. 4. Amy Frearson, "ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion At The University Of Stuttgart | Dezeen", Dezeen, 2011 <https://www.dezeen. com/2011/10/31/icditke-research-pavilion-at-the-university-of-stuttgart/> [Accessed 20 April 2018]. 5. "ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 / ICD/ITKE University Of Stuttgart", Archdaily, 2012 <https://www.archdaily.com/200685/ icditke-research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart> [Accessed 20 April 2018]. 6. Archdaily. 7. Amy Frearson, "ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion At The University Of Stuttgart | Dezeen", Dezeen, 2011 <https://www.dezeen. com/2011/10/31/icditke-research-pavilion-at-the-university-of-stuttgart/> [Accessed 20 April 2018].

B.2.

B A F

D Exploration G

Iterations A - Redefining the polygons size and number of sides B - Changing the floating points number C - Changing the number of curves on each surface while keeping increasing the floating points number D- Changing the expresssions and decreasing the number of Cluster components E - Decreasing floating points number to maximum extent, and drcreasing Cluster components F - Increasing the number of seeds to a higher level G - Changing the curves on each pattern and seeds

n Process

Case Study 1.0

The Morning Line 7

All the iterations are based on the basic individual component that building up the Morning Line, in order to explore the original definition in grasshopper to a maximum extent. Besides, the new iterations are mainly based on three aspects of grasshopper definition, which are defining the polygons size and number of side, creating the tetrahedron and initial iterations, drawing a pattern on each face and drawing curves. Thus, the whole exploration process is progressive, as shown in the above exploration process diagram, which allows the ideal iteration could be explored and developed further.

Selection Criteria Client – Flying Fox Bat Suitability – appropriate in size and form to fit this type of large bats for moving in and out Stability – providing enough structural stability to resist the influences of kinetic energy that caused by the bat while they suddenly catching the structure Sustainability – sustainable, durable, environmental friendly materials – good for bats’ health without any chemical hazards Complexity – easy or hard to fabricate and construct, compared to traditional bat boxes

Suitability Stability

Rendered Image

Sustainability Complexity

Vector Image

Suitability

Vector Image

Stability Sustainability Complexity

Rendered Image

Suitability Stability Sustainability Complexity

Vector Image

Rendered Image

Bottom View 12

Suitability Stability Sustainability Complexity

Rendered Image

Vector Image

B.2. 13

B.3.

Case Study 2.0 BanQ / Office dA

The fundamental requirements of designing this interior space of Banq restaurant are to maximize the flexibility of the ground space and fit various mechanical systems into space. Thus, Banq restaurant used a striated wood-slatted system to cover the entire ceiling, because it could visually hide the mechanical, plumbing, and lighting systems, as well as providing a virtual canopy for the interior space of this restaurant.1 More importantly, this type of design could ensure the flexibility and versatility of ground space to meet different activitiesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; needs. 2 The geometry of the wood slats is radiused, which could smoothen the boundaries of adjacent areas and increase the integrity of the whole ceiling.3

Fig. 4

1. "Banq / Office Da", Archdaily, 2009 <https://www.archdaily.com/42581/banq-office-da> [Accessed 20 April 2018]. 2. "BANQ", NADAAA, 2008 <http://www.nadaaa.com/portfolio/banq/?id=159> [Accessed 20 April 2018]. 3. "Banq / Office Da", Archdaily, 2009 <https://www.archdaily.com/42581/banq-office-da> [Accessed 20 April 2018].

Fig. 5

Reverse-enginee Step 1

Step 2

Set up the surface

Step 5

Image sampler and amplification of movement

Generate a group of points on the surface

Step 6

Find the extents of the surface and create intersection planes

er / 8 main steps Step 3

Step 4

Move points

Step 7

Set up the plane and project an object onto an plane

Create a surface from the points

Step 8

Create a lofted surface through a set of section curves

Process Diagramn plane

Set up the surface

Generate a group of points on the surface

Move points

Create a s

Image sampler and amplification of movement

Find the extents of the surface and create intersection planes

surface from the points

Set up the plane and project an object onto an plane

Create a lofted surface through a set of section curves

B.4.

Technique: Development

Primary Iterations The nine vector outputs are the first step to explore the definition of the second case study by changing the number and movement in the surface division, in order to understand the basic components for running the design.

B. 4.

Further Exploration of Primary Iterations - Rendered Outputs - There are four main type of iterations that based on the reverseengineered definition, only changing the number of some components.

Main Changes for primary iterations - Dividing the surface (1/2/3) - Changing the movement (4/5) - Extruding (6/7/8/9) - Changing the direction (10/11/12)

B. 4.

Reconsideration for Selection Criteria and Practical Application Designing shelters for flying fox bats, the traditional bat boxes that are fixed to the trees are not practical because they cannot be oversized to ensure stability. In addition, the habit of these large bats is to hang on tree branches instead of staying inside a small box. Thus, So, finding a perfect structure that can stretch in the air like a tree branch could become a design worth considering.

Secondary Design after Reconsideration Based on these considerations, the four corners of the original plane are stretched to connect to other trees in reality. Besides, taking into account the actual use of the situation, the entire structure should become very large compared to traditional bat boxes, because the flying fox bats are very big. Therefore, the plane reserved two large holes. The purpose of this is to ensure that the bat can fly freely, even if this design is installed in the jungle. On the other hand, this design of holes and gaps allows more natural light to pass through while simulating natural shades on the ground. Then, as shown in the images (A - E) , five different designs were generated by exploring new iterations. There are three types out of the five iterations were further optimized.

More Iterations

Optimization for structural stability

Optimization for practicability

The Third Version

Further Exploration The former iterations have revealed a problem that deserves consideration. That is, a large area of holes will have a certain influence on the stability of the entire structure. Therefore, this third version of new exploration has made a new change by reducing the number of holes and changing the position, in order to achieve a balance between practicability and stability.

Parameter Adjustments

Further Opt

above - perspecti

below - bottom vi

timizations

ive - vector output

iew - raster output

Selected Design

Rendered View 32

B.5.

Technique: Prototypes

B.6.

Technique: Proposal

Group Project by Bella Chow Sam Bonwick Fyfe Lixiang Zhang

Prototype

PRECEDENTS Precedents

AGGREGATION AND COMPUTATION METHOD

KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

LIVABILTY - Chosen site is appropria water and fruitful trees fo - Materials used reflects t

USEFULLNESS FOR CLIENT - Responds to the need of - Allows sunlight to enter in body temperature

SUITABILITY IN COMPARISO - Appropriate in form and s - Is an open structure that

PROGRAM THAT REFLECTS - Materiality - Structure/ form reflects th

AGGREGATION - Creates complexity from - Maximises habitable surfa

ate for the client and is their prefered habitat location surrounded by or feeding. the nature of the material of the trees they live in (natural habitat)

T a new habitat that will not break due to heavy loads of bat families nto the structure for client to bask in the sun and be at a comfortable

ON TO CURRENT BAT BOX sizing to fit even the largest of bat communities allows bats to hang with space and fly in from the top/ bottom

S THAT OF THE CLIENTS NATURAL HABITAT

he program behind a strong branch

simple geometry ace area

FABRICATION PROPOS MATERIAL OPTIONS

SAL

CHOSEN MATE

LASER CUTTIN

Laser cut individual geo make up the structures then manually fix toget and glue.

TECHTONIC SYSTEM

Notches in each of the ture will provide the m position. However to e non toxic glue will be

Glue toxicity Joins with timber howe adhesive that bonds tim

It is non-toxic, non-flam the bats if they come in

CHOSEN MATERIAL

Medium 3.0mm Dimensi the mate

LASER CUTTING FABRICATION SYS

Laser cut individual geometries that make up the structures composition then manually fix together with notches and glue.

49 50

TECHTONIC SYSTEM

m Density Fibreboard

ionally stabel, Homogenous material that reflects eriality of the clients natural habitat.

STEM

Laser cut individual geometries that make up the structures composition then manually fix together with notches and glue.

TECHTONIC SYSTEM

Notches in each of the geometric components that m ture will provide the main structural connections to th position. However to ensure that the notches stay in p non toxic glue will be used to fix the notches to eacho

Glue toxicity Joins with timber however for extra strength will be glued adhesive that bonds timber together with a great amoun

It is non-toxic, non-flammable & Solvent free so that the g the bats if they come into contact with it on the structure

make up the struche structural complace Weldbond other.

d with Weldbond that is a universal nt of strength.

glue will not impact negatively on e.

MATERIAL EXPLORATION

3D Model for Prototype 56

Render

B.7.

Learning Objectives and Outcomes

Through further research and development of the two case studies, including subsequent adjustments and optimizations, the part b allowed me to further understand more definitions in grasshopper and the process, as well as the relationship between different components. There is no doubt that this part puts higher demands on the use of grasshopper. But in general, this part once again confirms the tremendous advantages and the power of parametric design. Skilled application of grasshopper can not only save a lot of time and energy for design but also explore the whole design to a new level. However, how to better use the power of parametric for practical design needs, this issue requires more learning and exploration in the future.

B.8.

Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

The design of the two algorithmic sketches are the relatively successful examples. Compared with part A's sketches, the differences are that these examples use more complex and different components, for instance, combining two main groups together and generate new shapes, and the whole design by grasshopper completely instead of setting up an object in Rhino first. The first sketch is similar to an extension of the case study of Spanish Pavilion. However, it used a completely different approach to get similar results, which illustrates the scalability of grasshopper that using different methods to get the same thing. The second exploration was inspired by the circular geometry of definitions of the Morning Line. To sum up, the algorithmic sketches were attempts to generate more complex designs for practical needs by grasshopper.

Rendered

Outputs

Raster Outputs

Vector Output 65

Raster Output

Rendered Output 66

References "BANQ", NADAAA, 2008 <http://www.nadaaa.com/portfolio/banq/?id=159> [Accessed 20 April 2018] "Banq / Office Da", Archdaily, 2009 <https://www.archdaily.com/42581/banq-office-da> [Accessed 20 April 2018] "Canopy By United Visual Artists - Designplaygrounds", Designplaygrounds, 2015 <http:// designplaygrounds.com/deviants/canopy-by-by-united-visual-artists/> [Accessed 20 April 2018] Frearson, Amy, "ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion At The University Of Stuttgart | Dezeen", Dezeen, 2011 <https://www.dezeen.com/2011/10/31/icditke-research-pavilion-at-the-university-of-stuttgart/> [Accessed 20 April 2018] "ICD | ITKE Research Pavilion 2011 / ICD/ITKE University Of Stuttgart", Archdaily, 2012 <https://www. archdaily.com/200685/icditke-research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart> [Accessed 20 April 2018] Mortice, Zach, "Nature Does It Better: Biomimicry In Architecture And Engineering", Redshift, 2016 <https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/biomimicry-in-architecture/> [Accessed 20 April 2018] Saieh, Nico, "Maple Leaf Square Canopy / United Visual Artists", Archdaily, 2010 <https://www. archdaily.com/81576/maple-leaf-square-canopy-united-visual-artists> [Accessed 20 April 2018]

63 67

Images Figure 1 http://www.formakers.eu/project-125-dimitrie-stefanescu-patrick-bedarfbogdan-hambasan-za11pavillion Figure 2 https://images.adsttc.com/media/images/55f8/037d/d4f7/b722/1500/00e0/large_jpg/uva_ canopy__4.jpg?1442317176 Figure 3 https://www.archdaily.com/200685/icditke-research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart/5004 e8bc28ba0d4e8d000dd7-icditke-research-pavilion-icd-itke-university-of-stuttgart-photo Figure 4 https://www.arch2o.com/banq-restaurant-office-da/arch2o-banq-office-da-12/ Figure 5 https://www.modlar.com/photos/4967/banq-restaurant-dining-area/

64 68

DETAILED DESIGN

Feedback Unstable connections

Unpractical space and density of design

Lack of construction feasibility (Complex Space Form)

Further research on the activities of bats

Type A – Plenty of space below (example of activities: cleaning their wings mouths)

Type B – Complex space (example of activities: hiding or playing)

Type C – Space with strong and horizontal branch (example of activities: suddenly catching or sleeping)

Type D – Space with secondary branch (example of activities: climbing)

C.1.

DESIGN CONCEPT The feedback did figure out some serious problems of the design and the aspects that could be improved. The most significant problem of the design was that the structure did not achieve enough stability for so many big bats. Besides, the buildability of this complex structure was also need to consider. Third, the density and shape of the design could be improved further, based on the actual activities and living habits of the flying fox bats. Starting from the further research of activities analysis of the bats, four types of space that the bats need for their daily activities such as hanging and sleeping were came up with. Also, the bats also need shades instead of exposing to direct sunlight, which lead to a new consideration about the density and porosity of the design. Therefore, the new design concept was mainly producing â&#x20AC;&#x153;artificial branchesâ&#x20AC;? to protect the tree branched from bats, as well as focus on meeting the actual requirements of the bats and the structural stability and buildability of the whole design.

COMPO DIFFEREN

POINTS TO PULL NEW SURFACE EXTRUDED POLYGON

NEW S

OG POLYGON EDGES

EDGE LIN

OG POLYGON EDGES

EDGE LIN

GROUP A: WB FRAME BREAKING MESH INTO TWO LISTS

GROUP B: FILLED GROUP A: MOULD LOFT

TECHNIQUE DIAGRAM 4

ONENT NTIATION

SURFACE LINES

NEW MESH

NEW SURFACE

NES (GROUP)

UTPUT MESH

DELAUNAY MESH LOFT

SURFACE VARITATION AND BOX MORPH

ARRANGEMENT DIFFERENTIATION DIFFERENTIATION A DIFFERENTIATION B DIFFERENTIATION C DIFFERENTIATION D DIFFERENTIATION E

CURVE DIFFERENTIATION CURVE A CURVE B CURVE C CURVE D

CONSTRUCTION DIAGRAM

PROTOTYPE MODEL IN RHINO SPILT UP THREE TYPE OF COMPONENTS TYPE A

TYPE B

TYPE C

ADD BASE FOR EACH COMPONENT DEPTH ADJUSTMENT FOR FABRICATION CONSULTATION WITH FABLAB'S STAFF TO IDENTIFY POTENTIAL PROBLEMS IN FABRICATION FURTHER ADJUSTMENT PLACE THE COMPONENTS INTO THE TEMPLATE FILE SCALE CHECK AND SUBMIT LASER CUTTING MAKE HOLES IN THE WORKSHOP READY TO CONNECT

C.2.

TECTONIC ELEMENTS + PROTOTYPES

AGGREGATION SHAPE

Basic Shape (the flexible shape and structural adequacy)

Transform into a solid component (Explore the possibility of diversity in three-dimensional space)

TECTONIC

CORE E

The hexagon component is the core construction element of the design. T connections, this single component could produce

Type A - Solid - Mainly provide higher strength 10

Ty - Solid a - Mainly se - Provide pa

VARYING HEIGHT /TEXTURE

Varying Height/Texture (Grasshopper)

Perforations and Varying Depth (Attempt to produce artificial branches)

ELEMENTS

ELEMENT

Through its own three forms of free combination and angle adjustment in e varieties of shapes and spaces to meet bat's needs.

ype B and Hollow erve as habitat art of flexibility

THERMAL CONTROL

Type C - Mainl Hollow - Flexibility - Artificial (tree) shade through sunlight exposure

PROTOTYPES

Type A

Type B

Type C

Drilled Hole - 6mm diameter

Th 2 dow snug connection;

Dowel - 32mm Long

The 3 dow

snug connection

he First Test wels per edge Result not stable while lifting up

CONNECTION Dowel Connection

Second Test wels per edge Result n; stable while lifting up

The First Test lifting up TWO components Result stable

The Seco lifting up THRE Res stab

STRUCTURAL S 16

ond Test EE components sult ble

The Third Test lifting up three components while SHAKING Result stable

STABILITY TEST 17

approx. 20 degree sag

> 65 degrees

ANGLE TEST & ADJUSTMENT

CONNECTIONS

The cantilevered parts of the design, as shown in the Figure 1, and the weight of the bat should be specifically taken into account for structural stability. Therefore, through a series of angle adjustments in the test, the minimum angle between the cantilevered structure and the ground in a stable condition is 65 degree. This test could ensure the actual structural stability.

CONNECTIONS

Fig. 1 However, each component should have different angle changes when connected, in order to achieve the diversification of the overall shape in the envisioned design. Thus, as shown in the Figure 2, the highlighted part shows that the angle of the holes in each component is adjusted to ensure the feasibility of the angle change without affecting the structural stability.

- 3 Dowels for each connection con nnection - Enhance the strength

Fig. 2 - Angle adjustment for shape for ibilit - Fl Flexibility

zero porosity = zero light transmittance

high porosity = high light transmittance

medium porosity = medium light t mittance

low light environment test

trans-

shade contrast between three components

Fig. 3 natural shade

LIGHT/SHADE

RENDERS

PROTOTYPES

C.3.

FINAL DETAIL MODEL

SHAPE/ I

/ACTUAL INSTALLMENT

Type A - Solid - Mainly provide higher strength

Type B - Solid and Hollow - Mainly serve as habitat - Provide part of flexibility

Type C - Mainl Hollow - Flexibility - Artificial (tree) shade through sunlight exposure

FINAL MODEL COMPONENTS Further feedback of the prototype was provided, and it mentioned that it could be a better way to integrate the connection type into every component, instead of adding or figuring out connections after producing the components. More specifically, designing components which have their own structural connections could lead to an unpredictable form and achieve a high performance in structural stability for the whole structure. Therefore, the connection type was designed into each component and the shape of each component was slightly changed in order to achieve better structural stabilit y and form. On the other hand, some key features of the prototype have remained. For instance, the varieties of the density of the three components still exist due to useful light exposure and functions.

TY FABR 3D P

3D PRINTING COMPONENTS

YPE A RICATION PRINTING

RENDER VIEW

SIDE VIEW

CONNECTION

Result stable

Res stab

STRUCTURAL T 36

sult ble

Result stable

TEST - FORM 1 37

Result stable

STRUCTURAL T 38

Result stable

TEST - FORM 2 39

CLOSE VIEWS 40

S - CONNECTIONS 41

3D PRINTING COMPONENTS

RENDER

FINAL DETAIL MODEL

A l t h o u g h o n l y o n e t y p e o f co m p o n e n t w a s tested, the three components are the same size and connection type. Through the tests of connection and structural stability, the results proved that this type of connec tion method and the overall structure could achieve good stability. At last, the serious problem of inadequate design stability has been successfully solved.

C.4.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES

Starting from learning this studio, there was a preliminary understanding of parametric design, an analysis of architectural buildings that used parametric design, as well as a preliminary study of different grasshopper scripts. Through these studies, I gradually learned what parametric design is and how to use parametric power to achieve real buildings. Afterwards, the study has been extended to a skilled use of grasshopper to design our own project. And I realized the charm of parametric design, not only saving time and effort, but also allowing more possibilities to be seen during the design process. More importantly, it allows any possibilit y out of thousands of or even unlimited possibilities to become reality and achievable in a very short time. For example, the adjustment of the density of the components for the bats is selected among hundreds of outcomes through grasshopper. Undoubtedly, if there is no parametric design in the project, there would be a big limitation in producing a better density. In addition, I also realized that the aim of the design is not just to turn the ideas into reality, but more importantly, how to comprehensively consider the impact of various factors on the design and the actual needs of clients, as well as the feasibility and buildability of the design.

REFERENCES

Figure. 3 http://jeremykingsley.com/becoming-a-leader-of-the-green-factor-and-how-to-go-about-it/