Studio Air Part A by LIXIANG ZHANG

STUDIO AIR Lixiang Zhang

Introduction

My name is Lixiang Zhang, and I am currently a third-year student majoring in architecture within the Bachelor of Environments at the University of Melbourne.

After finishing two architecture design studios in my second year, which are Earth and Water. I did learn some significant lessons from Masters and was able to use some design software to achieve my idea. More specifically, I used Rhino for building up my final models of Earth and Water studios and achieved the renderings through V-Ray for Rhino. Also, Ai, Indesign, Ps and AutoCAD should be familiar with as an architecture student. However, I have limited skill in Grasshopper and I believe that it is going to be enhanced through learning from this Air studio.

PERSPECTIVES/ PERSPECTIVES/ RENDERS RENDERS

R: OFFICE

LIGHT/CONCRETE/GLAZING COURTYARD

L: CAFE L: CAFE R: OFFICE R: OFFICE

Fig.1 LIGHT/CONCRETE/GLAZING LIGHT/CONCRETE/GLAZING COURTYARD COURTYARD

Fig.2

Fig.3 Fig.1/2/3 Studley Park Boathouse - Redevelopment (Inspired by Tadao Ando)

Fig. 4 Herring Island: A Place for Keeping Secrets Redevelopment Fig.4 3

Fig.5

CONCEPTUALISATION

CONTENTS

A.1. A.2. A.3. A.4. A.5. A.6.

Design Futuring Design Computation Composition/Generation Conclusion Learning Outcomes Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches

A.1.

Design Futuring

ENVIRONMENT/SUSTAINABIL One common consideration for architects is sustainability, more specifically, this type of sustainability is mainly related to environmental sustainability of buildings. Because one role of architecture is to achieve the sustainability of the environment and the whole society. 1 A s t h e t a l l e s t b u i l d i n g i n C h i n a a t p r e s e n t , S h a n g h a i To w e r ’s a c h i e v e m e n t s n o t o n l y t h e h e i g h t b u t a l s o a l i v i n g a r t wo r k t h a t c o u l d c o m b i n e a rc h i t e c t u re, technology and culture together. More importantly, Shanghai Tower is a significant e x a m p l e o f a c h i e v i n g e nv i r o n m e n t a l s u s t a i n a b i l i t y i n t h e a s p e c t o f d e s i g n i n g. As shown in Figure 6 and 7, there is a number of explorations of the building forms, and the architects achieved a balance between shape and function by computational technologies. The asymmetrical form of this building had been optimized, as a result, the wind tunnel test shows that it could reduce wind load by 24 percent.2 In addition, optimal rotation also achieved a lighter structure, which led to a saving in costly materials that worth $58 Million. 3 Another innovative idea for sustainability is Vertical Urbanism, which is dividing a skyscraper into several inner zones. 4 The reason for that is each zone could become an individual and functional complex and simplifying heating, cooling and vertical circulations, in order to save energy. 5 More importantly, this innovative idea was inspired by Shanghai’s traditional courtyards and neighbourhood parks. To an extent, the architects transformed local culture into local buildings. Overall, Shanghai tower has proved that architectural and technological innovations are significant factors for us to achieve a building’s environmental sustainability, while taking full advantages of computational technologies. 6

Fig.6

Fig.7

1. Terry Williamson, Helen Bennetts and Antony Radford, Understanding Sustainable Architecture (London: Spon Press, 2003), p. 135. 2. Kheir Al-Kodmany, Understanding Tall Buildings:A Theory Of Placemaking (London: Taylor and Francis, 2017), p.123. 3. Al-Kodmany, Understanding Tall Buildings. p.123. 4. Antony Wood and Steven Henry, Best Tall Buildings: CTBUH Awards: A Global Overview Of 2016 Skyscrapers (Mulgrave: The Images Publishing Group, 2016), p. 66. 5. Gensler Design Update, ‘Shanghai Tower’, Gensler Design Update < https://du.gensler.com/vol6/shanghai-tower/#/vertical-urbanism> [11 March 2018]. 10 6. Gensler Design Update.

LITY

Shanghai Tower Gensler Fig.8 11

Freiburg Town Hall Ingenhoven architects

While considering the sustainability of buildings for designing f u t u r e , Fr e i b u r g To w n H a l l i s a n o t h e r o u t s t a n d i n g b u i l d i n g that has to be mentioned. Compared with Shanghai Tower in sustainability, this building did take a step further. Because the architects of this building are not just limited to saving energy, t h e y a l s o c o m e u p w i t h a n e w s o l u t i o n fo r c re a t i n g e n e r g y. This new innovation was to design a façade that using “staggered and vertically projecting modules with photovoltaic cells”. 1 As shown in the Figure 10, this type of façade did not make a compromise on the daylighting of the building. Besides, the modules could provide thermal comfort and solar power at the same time, while traditional solar panels that setting on the roof may affect the daylighting of some buildings. On the other hand, the materials of the facades come from local larch timber, and timber is an environmental friendly construction material.2 As a result, this building becomes “world’s first public net-surplusenergy building”, which is this building could create more energy than it consumed. 3 To sum up, achieving environmental sustainability of buildings is very significant for designing future. And nowadays, there are more and more methods available such as computational technologies, to provide us more opportunities to explore the possibilities of sustainability, as well as giving birth to new innovations and inventions.

Fig.9

Fig.10 1. "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Gooood.Hk, 2018 <http://www.gooood.hk/townhall-freiburg-im-breisgau-by-ingenhoven.htm> [11 March 2018]. 2. "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Archdaily, 2017 <https://www.archdaily. com/885885/freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects> [Accessed 11 March 2018]. 3. Archdaily.

A.2.

Design Computation

“Technology was not only a formal inspiration for a new architectural style, but altered also the entire architectural process from design to construction and operation of a building.”1 - Le Corbusier

Dear Ginza amano design office

Dear Ginza building is one project in Japan and designed by Am stands out from the surrounding architectural environment with The owner hopes that the design scheme will attract people b back of the central road of Ginza in Tokyo, which is not a good loc

Due to the limited visual and aesthetic appearance of the a double skin structure. 3 The irregularities of the facade a algorithms to reduce energy consumption. Moreover, it is accu much arbitrariness. The abstract flower pattern in the alum to balance the excessively sharp lines of the whole façade. design introduces a random and unique appearance, which

More specifically, according to the diagrams, it is clear to unde computational design to achieve this shape. The main steps are rectangular surface, and using that mesh to create mesh frame. O of this façade are related to Grasshopper, which is one significan

1. Marco Hemmerling and Luigi Cocchiarella, Informed Architecture: Computational Strat 2017), p. 3. 2. "Dear Ginza / Amano Design Office", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily.com/427

Fig.11

manno Architects. This building its irregular geometrical facade. because this building faces the cation for commercial activities.2

e building, this building uses are determined by computer urately calculated to avoid too minium punched metal is used It is obvious that this type of is more attractive for people.

erstand how the architects use creating a mesh from a normal Overall, all the design processes nt tool in computational design.

tegies In Architectural Design (Springer,

7501/dear-ginza-amano-design-office> [11

Fig.12

LANDESGARTENSCHAU EXHIBITION HALL ICD/ITKE/IIGS University of Stuttgart

Fig.13 18

The Land esgar tensc hau Ex hib it ion Hall a l s o proved the power of computation. It took full advantages of computational technologies to achieve the excellent design and rapid construction.

Fig.14

Specifically, a significant aspect to mention is that all 243 geometrically beech plywood plates of this building are designed digitally, in order to figure out the best solution for connecting 7600 joints.1 Furthermore, computational design also led to a rapid construction, because all the building components are prefabricated by robots, as shown in the Figure 15.2 And the robots even finished waterproofing and cladding of building materials.3 Besides, compared with conventional timber construction, this building achieved a smaller deviation, which is only 0.86mm for fabrication. 4 Therefore, it is no doubt that computation could optimize the complex process of design, and provide a better and fast construction method. To a large extent, it redefines construction because computational design could lead to more advantages than traditional construction. To a large extent, computation is able to break the limits of the traditional design process. It allows us to expand the boundaries of the imagination, as well as frees architectural design from traditional conditions and simplify the construction process.5

Fig.15

“A future where designers are not ‘limited by the design process, but are designing the process’”.6

1. "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall / ICD/ITKE/IIGS University Of Stuttgart", Archdaily, 2014 <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart> [11 March 2018] 2. Archdaily. 3. Archdaily. 4. "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall", Institute For Computational Design And Construction, 2014 <http://icd.uni-stuttgart. de/?p=11173> [11 March 2018]. 5. Marco Hemmerling and Luigi Cocchiarella, Informed Architecture: Computational Strategies In Architectural Design (Springer, 2017), p. 4. 6. Hauwa Olabisi Yusuf, "The Impact Of Digital-Computational Design On The Architectural Design Process", Academia.Edu, 2018 <https://www.academia.edu/5279735/The_Impact_Of_Digital-Computational_Design_On_The_Architectural_Design_Process> [11 March 2018]

A.3.

Composition Generation

First of all, from some practical examples, that is, architectural buildings, the change and development of buildings from composition to generation can be summed up in one sentence as "a process from partial to complete."

More specifically, "partial" is that most of the buildings were initially designed with computational technologies for some individual parts instead of the whole building. For instance, a s m e n t i o n e d e a r l i e r, t h e faรงade of Dear Ginza building is designed with grasshopper. H o w e v e r, w i t h t h e r a p i d development of technology, that is, the arrival of the age of the generation, some radical architects had already begun to completely use computational technologies to design their projects. A famous example is Zaha Hadid Architects, which has been considered as a significant leader in parametric design.

Meanwhile, there are still some doubts about parametric design, some people worried about parametric design turn people's design concepts into program concept and it will replace architects.1 In fact, that concern is unnecessary because they might misunderstand the idea and connotation of parametric design.

In general, this is the reason fo r w h at we c a n s e e s o m e avant-garde styles. Moreover, the design elements of traditional architecture that we understand are composed of traditional geometric patterns such as square, round and triangle. Thus, it seems that parametric design brings a new challenge to traditional design.

The significance of parametric design is not to update design methods, nor to bring avantgarde design, but rather to challenge traditional architectural design in a deeper level. 2 Because the basic design elements in the parametric design were transferred to irregular Nurb surfaces, Nurb curves, points and so on, which could be described and generated with new "computer scripts". 3

In addition, the core of parametric design is "logical modelling." In other words, it uses the logic of the object itself to establish this object. 4 And the parametr ic model is the complex of many logical programmes. It takes various influencing fac tors as parameters and based on the study of the site and building performance, then the establishment of the parametric model after finding the rules.5

From Composition to Generation

1. Yasser Zarei, The Challenges Of Parametric Design In Architecture Today: Mapping The Design Practice, 2012, p. 85 <https://www.research. manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54523431/FULL_TEXT.PDF> [11 March 2018]. 2. Wen Shen, "The Rise Of PARAMETRICISM - A New Era Of Architecture Is Coming", Urban Environment Design, 2010. 3. Ibid. 4. Ibid. 5. Ibid.

Compared with traditional design, it allows architects to generate building volume, space or structures, as well as change the value of the parameter and achieve more than one solution. Therefore, parametric design could not replace the architec tsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; core design concepts. It is only a design tool, which is very efficient.

Fig.16 - Basic Geometries

Fig.17 - Examples of Parametric Design

Fig.18

Zaha Hadid Architects (ZHA) has put that approach into their projects since a long time ago. Heydar Aliyev Center is one of their famous projects, which is located in Baku.1 The government prefers to give the building a futuristic appearance to unscramble and express the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture and significance, instead of recovering the history.2 Based on the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ambition, the architects used the idea of parametric design to develop the whole building including interior design. Firstly, the undulating curves of this building were extended from the landscape. 3 This type of streamlined appearance could effectively divide the building into several functional areas while preserving the privacy of each individual area. Besides, the stack of streamlines appearance also naturally connects each functional area, to enhance the integration of this center.

One of the most challenging task architectural skin. In order to mak and exhibit homogeneity, it is functions, construction logic, and te containment system. This difficult computer technology. Furthermo also support the engineers to ach traditional columns. With the help o the engineers introduced the "boo requirement. 4 Thus, vertical struc hidden in the curtain wall system. of the building, this innovative s experience the fluidity of the interio

1. "Heydar Aliyev Center / Zaha Hadid Architects", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> [ 2. Archdaily. 3. Marc Kushner and Jennifer Krichels, The Future Of Architecture In 100 Buildings (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015), p. 55. 4. David McManus, "Heydar Aliyev Centre, Baku Building", E-Architect, 2017 <https://www.e-architect.co.uk/azerbaijan/heydar-aliyev-centre-baku> [1

ks in this building is the design of ke the building surface continuous necessary to integrate various echnical systems into the building's task was completed by advanced ore, computational technologies hieve a grand inner space without of the optimization of computation, ot columns" to meet the structural ctural components are able to be Considering the spatial experience structure allows visitors to better or space.

Heydar Aliyev Center Zaha Hadid Architects

Fig.19

Although this avant-garde design has many advantages, such as using parametric ideas to design and optimize the appearance of the building, as well as creative structural innovations. For architectural design, it also involves an aesthetic issue. The aesthetic problems, on the one hand, related to tradition, and on the other hand to personal subjective feelings. To a certain extent, it is this avant-garde design that has led to the incoordination of this building with surrounding buildings and the environment. Thus, at one point, this building deserves further debate.

[11 March 2018].

11 March 2018].

Elbphilharmonie Hamburg Herzog & de Meuron

Fig.20

This building was designed by Herzog & de Meuron in Hamburg. Its most interesting place is not the wavy appearance of facade but the Central Concert Hall, which has 10,000 unique carved acoustic panels, covering the ceiling, walls and railings. There are 1 million small holes with different sizes on these 10,000 carved acoustic panels, in order to create the perfect sound in the central concert hall. As the largest of the three concert halls, this Central Concert Hall is a work of art that entirely created by using computational algorithms. In other words, the designers form this design through parametric design and digital fabrications.1 1. One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016), p. 4 <http:// onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018].

randomly placed, individually shaped cells for regions of the concert hall.

Parametric definition of one of one million sound diffusing cells (Image: ONE TO ONE) Computational generation of one million sound diffusing cells (Image: ONE TO ONE)

Fig.21

Sound diffusing cells applied to concert hall walls and balustrades (Image: ONE TO ONE) Computational generation of ten thousand acoustic panels (Image: ONE TO ONE)

When the sound hits carved acoustic panels, the sound waves are either absorbed by the holes This momentous task, impossible to achieve by conventional means, was ultimately resolved by ONE TO ONE’s development of custom employing parametric definitions for the Each cell was or diffused. Thus, once these algorithms soundproof panels are combined, designers cancells. create a balanced placed topologically onto the Great Hall's wall surfaces and controlled in shape, size, depth, and location reverberation effect throughout the Central Concert Hall. In addition, as shown in the picture, computationally based on the acoustician's requirements. based on the geometry of the concert hall, the panels at specific locations require deeper and larger grooves to absorb the echo, while other areas require shallower and smaller grooves. 2 Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication and Assembly At the same time, the architects also have their own preference, which is the surface of these Once ONE TO ONE had completed the task of creating the acoustic surface pattern, Koren and his acoustical panels must be aesthetically consistent with the concert hall. Thus, the designers company was subsequently commissioned by Peuckert, the Bavaria‐based contractor of the Great Hall, to developed an algorithm to solve the problems, as acoustic a result,panels. it generated a model 10,000 plan and develop the fabrication documentation for the Since Peuckert was ofnot only 3 panels. responsible for the production, delivery, and installation of the acoustic panels but also for its plant and assembly planning, a long‐standing intensive cooperation between Peuckert and ONE TO ONE ensued.

Milling file for one of ten thousand acoustic panels (Image: ONE TO ONE)

One panel being CNC milled (Image: Peuckert)

Fig.22 As each panel is unique, Koren developed further software programs to automate the 3D planning and The Central Concert Hall is a strong evidence to gypsum demonstrate the panels advantage ofoptimize parametric digital production of approximately 10,000 CNC‐milled fiberboard and to the acoustic surface's substructure. The architects defined a precise and intricate network of gap lines, which, design. However, these thousands of irregular holes of panels are based on functions, which not unlike the sound diffusing pattern itself, was meant to be seamless places across the hall's surfaces. means that it does not take into account beauty. To some extent, looking at these panels may Therefore, the edges of the panels were defined in such a way that they would always align with the edges make some people feel uncomfortable. of the neighboring panels, resulting in planar, curved, and twisted edges including rabbets in some cases. Because of the varying degrees of complexity in edge conditions, the employment of a five‐axis milling machine in the manufacturing of the panels was inevitable. The curvature of the front surface was 2. One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonie’S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016), p. 3 <http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018]. 3. One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonie’S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016), p. 4<http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018].

A.4.

Conclusion Part A explored several architectural precedents and discussed some of my thinking on computational design. These case studies investigated the effects of computational design on architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; design concepts, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of computation. Overall, the computational design is useful and efficient for architecture in many ways. Exploring the architectural elements around the site and use that to doing computational design is my ideal design direction. Because the precedents that designed by Zaha Hadid gave me some inspiration and considerations. I personally do not prefer to make the design only have a bit of a fit with the surrounding environment. In my opinion, excellent architectural works are very important, but more importantly, this work should be associated with the surrounding environment and coexist instead of standing alone.

A.5.

Learning Outcomes Through learning computational theories and practices from the lectures and further discussions in the studio, as well as different case studies. I have a closer understanding of parametric design, including that how it affects the architectural design, some basic scripting, and its development from the birth to generation. More importantly, through studying these precedents, I realized that parametric design could have many uses and advantages, it did play an important role in contemporary architecture. Besides, the computation also brings not only changes in the appearance of building, but also a revolution in architecture in a new era. Because it reduced the amount of architectsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; work, at the same time, achieved more results. More importantly, it promotes a series of innovations and inventions, such as materials, structure and construction. Meanwhile, I have also gained some inspirations for my past works, which are using computation to explore new faĂ§ade or randomly adjust the original faĂ§ade to achieve a balance between daylight and appearance.

A.6.

Ap Al Sk

The two types of algorithmic exploration, which combined tra elements with algorithmic stretch

ppendix â&#x20AC;&#x201C; lgorithmic ketches

sketches are a kind of spatial aditional vertical and horizontal h and rotation.

Refere Books/Journals Al-Kodmany, Kheir, Understanding Tall Buildings: A Theory Of Placemaking (London: Taylor and Francis, 2017) Hemmerling, Marco, and Luigi Cocchiarella, Informed Architecture: Computational Strategies In Architectural Design (Springer, 2017) Kushner, Marc, and Jennifer Krichels, The Future Of Architecture In 100 Buildings (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2015) Shen, Wen, "The Rise Of PARAMETRICISM - A New Era Of Architecture Is Coming", Urban Environment Design, 2010 Williamson, Terry, Helen Bennetts, and Antony Radford, Understanding Sustainable Architecture (London: Spon Press, 2003) Wood, Antony, and Steven Henry, Best Tall Buildings: CTBUH Awards: A Global Overview Of 2016 Skyscrapers (Mulgrave: The Images Publishing Group, 2016)

Websites "Dear Ginza / Amano Design Office", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily.com/427501/dearginza-amano-design-office> [11 March 2018] Gensler Design Update, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shanghai Towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Gensler Design Update <https://du.gensler.com/vol6/ shanghai-tower/#/vertical-urbanism> [11 March 2018] "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Archdaily, 2017 <https://www.archdaily.com/885885/ freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects> [11 March 2018] "Freiburg Town Hall / Ingenhoven Architects", Gooood.Hk, 2018 <http://www.gooood.hk/townhall-freiburg-im-breisgau-by-ingenhoven.htm> [11 March 2018] "Heydar Aliyev Center / Zaha Hadid Architects", Archdaily, 2013 <https://www.archdaily. com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects> [11 March 2018] "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall / ICD/ITKE/IIGS University Of Stuttgart", Archdaily, 2014 <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itke-iigs-universityof-stuttgart> [11 March 2018]

ences "Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall", Institute For Computational Design And Construction, 2014 <http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=11173> [11 March 2018] McManus, David, "Heydar Aliyev Centre, Baku Building", E-Architect, 2017 <https://www.e-architect. co.uk/azerbaijan/heydar-aliyev-centre-baku> [11 March 2018] One Million Cells And Ten Thousand Panels: Digital Fabrication Of Elbphilharmonieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S Acoustic Interior (New York: One to One, 2016) <http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_ Elbphilharmonie.pdf> [11 March 2018] Yusuf, Hauwa Olabisi, "The Impact Of Digital-Computational Design On The Architectural Design Process", Academia.Edu, 2018 <https://www.academia.edu/5279735/The_Impact_Of_DigitalComputational_Design_On_The_Architectural_Design_Process> [11 March 2018] Zarei, Yasser, The Challenges Of Parametric Design In Architecture Today: Mapping The Design Practice, 2012 <https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54523431/FULL_TEXT.PDF> [11 March 2018]

Refere Images Figure. 5 Stairs, Retrieved from <https://ravidhingra.wordpress.com/tag/stairs/> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 6 Optimal Rotation for minimizing wind loads, Retrieved from <https://w w w.archdaily.com/783216/shanghai-towergensler/56da0b5ce58ece77ee000011-shanghai-tower-gensler-detail-3> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 7 Optimal Rotation for minimizing wind loads, Retrieved from <https://w w w.archdaily.com/783216/shanghai-towergensler/56da0b04e58ece77ee00000e-shanghai-tower-gensler-diagram-1> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 8 Shanghai Tower, Retrieved from <https://w w w.archdaily.com/783216/shanghai-towergensler/56da085ae58ece77ee000004-shanghai-tower-gensler-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 9 Freiburg Town Hall, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/885885/freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects/5a 3b3ad0b22e38b00a000235-freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 10 Freiburg Town Hall, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/885885/freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects /5a3b3ba2b22e38b00a00023d-freiburg-town-hall-ingenhoven-architects-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 11 Step 1, Retrieved from <http://www.iaacblog.com/programs/computational-design-assignment-1-4/ fig12> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 12 Dear Ginza Faรงade, R e t r i e ve d f ro m < h t t p s : / / w w w. a rc h d a i l y. co m / 4 2 7 5 0 1 / d e a r - gi n z a - a m a n o - d e s i gn office/522fe4f5e8e44e333b000122-dear-ginza-amano-design-office-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 13 LANDESGARTENSCHAU EXHIBITION HALL, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itkeiigs-university-of-stuttgart/53ab676bc07a8033bd000139-landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icditke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018]

ences Figure. 14 Force, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itkeiigs-university-of-stuttgart/53ab68b0c07a80e73200013c-landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icditke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart-diagram> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 15 Robotic Fabrication, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/520897/landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icd-itkeiigs-university-of-stuttgart/53ab6618c07a8033bd00012f-landesgartenschau-exhibition-hall-icditke-iigs-university-of-stuttgart-image> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 16 Basic Geometries, Retrieved from <http://idahoptv.org/sciencetrek/topics/mountain_goats/activity1_WrkSht3.cfm> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 17 Examples of Parametric Design, Retrieved from <https://www.pinterest.com.au/pin/300896818845714989/> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 18 Heydar Aliyev Center, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects /52852180e8e44e222500014a-heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 19 Heydar Aliyev Center, Retrieved from <https://www.archdaily.com/448774/heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects /52852233e8e44e222500014b-heydar-aliyev-center-zaha-hadid-architects-photo> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 20 the Central Concert Hall, Retrieved from <https://www.archily.com/802093/elbphilharmonie-hamburg-herzog-and-demeuron/585bed5ee58ece3895000158-elbphilharmonie-hamburg-herzog-and-de-meuronphoto> [Accessed 11 March 2018] Figure. 21&22 Design Process, Retrieved from <http://onetoone.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/161128_PR_Elbphilharmonie. pdf> [Accessed 11 March 2018]