ARCH7022 Architectural Research 2 Major Research Report
This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process without the prior written permission of The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072. © The University of Queensland This Major Research Report has been prepared by s4351729, 2018. Cover Image: perspective view of Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory in 1980s, The use of architecture heritage in Cherbourg, 2018.
Major Research Report ARCH7012 | 7022 | 7032 | 7042 Architectural Research Table of Contents
List of Figures………….........................…………….........................…………….........................……......................
Page No. II
PART A: Research Topic 1.1. Research topic.................……….........................…………….........................……………............................ 1.2. Surrounding context..…….........................…………….........................……………......................................
1-1 1.2-1 - 1.2-2
PART B: Methodology 2.1. Methodology………......................................................................................................................................
2.1-1
PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory 3.1. Historical timeline ........................................................................................................................................ 3.2. Reconstruction process 3.2.1. During 1925...................................…................................................................................................. 3.2.2. During 1930s - 40s........................…................................................................................................. 3.2.3. During 1950s - 60s.....….................…................................................................................................ 3.2.4. During 1970s - 90s.............…...................................................................................…...................... 3.3 Visualisation and animation...........................................................................................................................
3.2.1-1 - 3.2.1-2 3.2.2-1 - 3.2.2-2 3.2.3-1 - 3.2.3-2 3.2.4-1 - 3.2.4-2 3.2.5-1 - 3.2.5-2
PART D: Conclusion. 4.1. Conclusion.........................................................…...............…...............…...............…...............…............. 4.2. Recommendation...........................................................................…...............…...............…...................... 4.3. Acknowledgements............................................…...............…...............…...............…...............….............
4-1 4-1 4-1
Bibliography.............….................…......................................................................................................................
III - IV
3.1-1
Appendices Appendix A: Complete Historical Timeline of the Building Transformation.................................................... V Appendix B: Architectural drawings of Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement, Girls’ Dormitory Building.............. VI Appendix C: Revised Architectural Drawings - Cherbourg girls’ dormitory building...................................... VII - XXIV Appendix D: Additional Historical Photographs - For virtual reconstruction purpose only............................. XXV - XXVI Appendix E: Participants’ Feeback.............................................................................................................. XXVII Appendix F: Correspondence Files............................................................................................................... XXVII - XXXIX
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Major Research Report ARCH7012 | 7022 | 7032 | 7042 Architectural Research Table of Contents (cont.)
Page No. List of Figures Figure I: Perspective view of Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory in 1980s.................................................................................. Cover Figure 1.1.1: Administration domain - The office, boys’ dormitory, mothers’ quarters, and girls’ dormitory...................... 1-1 Figure 1.2.1: Aerial photograph of Cherbourg-Barambah in 1986.................................................................................... 1-3 Figure 1.2.2: Opening of the girl’s dormitory at Barambah (Cherbourg) Aboriginal Settlement.......................................... 1-3 Figure 2.1: Overall workflow for iconography-based modelling approach......................................................................... 2.1-1 Figure 3.1: Spatio-temporal representation of girls’ dormitory’s transformations............................................................. 3.1 Figure 3.2.1.1: Perspective view of the girls’ dormitory shows there is only one stairway at each balcony in 1925........ 3.2.1-1 Figure 3.2.1.2: Perspective view of the girls’ dormitory as it was built in 1925................................................................ 3.2.1-1 Figure 3.2.1.3: White picket fence was erected around the girls’ dormitory..................................................................... 3.2.1-2 Figure 3.2.1.4: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory surrounded by white picket fence............................................... 3.2.1-2 Figure 3.2.2.1: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory indicates the modifications made throughout 1930s to 1940s.... 3.2.2-1 Figure 3.2.2.2: Second floor of the girls’ dormitory........................................................................................................... 3.2.2-2 Figure 3.2.2.3: Group of DOMO girls standing at the veranda of the girls’ dormitory....................................................... 3.2.2-2 Figure 3.2.2.4: Six-foot high barbed wire fence erected around girls’ dormitory in late 1930s......................................... 3.2.2-2 Figure 3.2.2.5: Fire escape ladder at girls’ dormitory....................................................................................................... 3.2.2-2 Figure 3.3.2.1: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory indicates the modifications made throughout 1950s to 1960s.... 3.2.3-1 Figure 3.2.3.2: Ground floor of the girls’ dormitory were surrounded with wire mesh...................................................... 3.2.3-2 Figure 3.2.3.3: View of girls’ dormitory from Cherbourg hospital..................................................................................... 3.2.3-2 Figure 3.2.3.4: Additional windows were added at the back of the kitchen recess in late 1960s..................................... 3.2.3-2 Figure 3.2.4.1: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory indicates the modifications made throughout 1970s to 1990s.... 3.2.4-1 Figure 3.2.4.2: The mesh wire and weatherproof panels at the verandahs were removed in late 1980s. ...................... 3.2.4-2 Figure 3.2.4.3: Perspective view of the girls’ dormitory in late 1980s. ............................................................................ 3.2.4-2 Figure 3.3.1: Sign of degradation is shown in some historical photographs.................................................................... 3.3-1 Figure 3.3.2: Full textured 3D model of the girls’ dormitory in different past states.......................................................... 3.3-1 Figure II. Complete historical timeline of the Cherbourg girls’ dormitory........................................................................... V Figure III: Architectural drawings of Cherbourg girls’ dormitory........................................................................................ VI Figure A. Bedroom in the girls’ dormitory.......................................................................................................................... XXV Figure B. The dining room in the girls’ dormitory Cherbourg............................................................................................ XXV Figure C. Six-foot high barbed wire fence around girls’ dormitory.................................................................................... XXV Figure D. Bedroom in the girls’ dormitory......................................................................................................................... XXV Figure E. Interior view of the dormitory............................................................................................................................. XXV Figure F. Entrance gate of the girls’ dormitory.................................................................................................................. XXV Figure G. Stairway to upper floor of the girls’ dormitory.................................................................................................... XXVI Figure H. Upper floor of the girls’ dormitory...................................................................................................................... XXVI Figure I. Fenestration of the proposed pottery house...................................................................................................... XXVI Figure J. Inside buildings of the defunct Cherbourg......................................................................................................... XXVI Figure K. Group on veranda............................................................................................................................................. XXVI Figure L. Roy Fisher Senior standing at the back of old girls’ dormitory...........................................................................
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List of Figures |
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PART 1.1: RESEARCH TOPIC
Use iconographic sources for analysis and the reconstruction of the building transformation. Introduction Iconography is the branch of art history which studies the identification, definition, and interpretation of symbols, themes, and other imagery contents. The term “iconography” originates from the ancient Greek words, “eikon” (likeness) and “grahia” (to write). In the field of architectural heritage, this term is often used to refer a set of representations that is related to the building. Photographs, archive drawings, documentaries and sketches are among the most commonly used sources in iconography. They provide background information of the building. These sources also act as visual proof of state of the building at a given time, allowing historians to validate their theories of the construction methods involved, as well as on the evolution of the building. The building form is usually not constant in time and often undergoes changes or even perish in some cases. As visual aids for the study of building transformations, iconographic sources are useful in offering geometric data related to the shape of disappeared building and sometime even providing accurate information on the visual appearance of the building in that particular period.
Research Topic The Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory was built in 1925. It was the largest building on the settlement at that time. It stood alongside with the boy’s dormitory, mother’s quarter, superintendent office and the main street of Cherbourg. The girls’ dormitory building housed most children since the beginning of settlement. The girls’ dormitory had undergone significant changes over the years when it was in use. The girls’ dormitory was then closed in 1980 as the dormitory system was phased out in the late 1970s. The old dormitory building was eventually converted as a temporary accommodation for the local community until it was burnt down in 1997. Given this context, the report aims to use the existing iconographic sources to analyse the building transformation for the Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory. The report will also touch on the historical significant of the dormitory building, as well as the social impact of the dormitory system towards the Aboriginal community.
WOMENS JAIL
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE
BOYS’ DORMITORY
Figure 1.1.1: Administration domain - The office, boys’ dormitory, mothers’ quarters, and girls’ dormitory.
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MOTHERS’ QUARTER
GIRLS’ DORMITORY
source: Brianwood collection, 1930.
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PART 1.2: SURROUNDING CONTEXT Historical context of Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement
Cherbourg-Barambah Aboriginal Settlement Cherbourg is a relatively large Aboriginal community in Southeast Queensland, located approximately 260km from Brisbane (Besley 2013). It was founded on the traditional land of the Wakka-Wakka tribe by the Salvation Army missionary William J. Thomson in 1901 (Blake 2001). However, the Queensland Government took control of the settlement in 1904. From the beginning of its establishment, Aboriginal people from all over Queensland and New South Wales were forcibly relocated to the settlement under the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of Sale of Opium Act 1897 (Qld) (Besley 2013; Evans 2007). The reserve started with approximately 140 Aboriginal residents in 1904 and steadily increased after 1907 (Guthrie 1973). Early conditions in the settlement were challenging and the Aborigines’ activities were tightly controlled and moderated by the settlement officials. Their traditional languages and practices were prohibited within the settlement. Permission was required for them to leave the reserve or even to get married (Blake 2001; Newman 2015). Dormitory System Soon after the government inception in 1904, a dormitory system was established to take care of the abandoned Aboriginal children and those whose parents were incapable of taking care of them properly (Blake 2001). The dormitories were also used as a form of foster care, where the Aboriginal women would leave their children in the system while they worked away from the settlement. The dormitory system did respond to the needs of the communities in some way. However, there was also a deeper political reason for its establishment. The government aimed to reform the Aboriginal children by removing them from their culture and community; and forcing them to engage with the European culture and education (Besley 2013). Despite the proclaimed assimilation of the Aboriginal children to the European ways, the dormitory system in Cherbourg hardly resembled the mainstream ways of living.
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Girls’ Dormitory The first girls’ dormitory was built in 1909 (Blake 2001). The children had to sleep on the floor as there was no bed in those earlier dormitories. In the late 1920s, the dormitories were overcrowded due to the influx in number of Aboriginal people in the settlement (Besley 2016). The sawmill was later established in 1919, which facilitated the construction of new dormitory buildings and little cottages for the Aboriginal families. These buildings were built to resolve the overcrowding situation, and they eventually replaced the original dormitories (Blake 2001). Many DOMO girls recall the life in the dormitory system as harsh and institutionalizing (Mok 2005; Hofmeyr 2016). The children in the dormitories often had to look after each other. This helped them to develop a strong sense of identity. The impacts of the dormitory system were varied amongst the children; some saw the upbringing in the system to be positive, while some found it inhumane and unpleasant (Mok 2005). The dormitory system in Cherbourg remained operational until the late 1980s, despite several reports indicate that the dormitory life was physically and mentally damaging to the children.
PART A: Project objective |
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Current heritage precinct boundary Girls’ dormitory boundary Girls’ dormitory Toilet compartment and woman gaols
Figure 1.2.1: Aerial photograph of Cherbourg-Barambah Aboriginal Settlement in 1986.
Figure 1.2.2: Opening of the girls’ dormitory at Barambah (Cherbourg) Aboriginal Settlement in 1925.
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source: QImagery, 1986.
source: Betty McKenzie Collection, 1925.
PART A: Project objective |
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PART 2.1: METHODOLOGY
Using iconographic sources to analyse and reconstructing of the building transformation. Methodology The report aims to use the existing iconographic sources to create a continuous biography of the girls’ dormitory and explore how the dormitory changed over time. The report will touch on the process of iconography-based modelling and 3D model structuring in accordance with the temporal point of view. The overall process is to integrate different techniques of modelling, data collecting and structuring into a coherent workflow.
The following stage of the process comprises the interpretation of changes in the girls’ dormitory throughout the period. Literature references, such as Blake’s A Dumping Ground, and Mok’s Cherbourg Dorm Girls along with the correspondence files of the girls’ dormitory, will be heavily discussed in this stage, in relation to the established timeline produced from previous action.
The process begins with the construction of a detailed 3D model of the girls’ dormitory. This 3D model is developed based on the information obtained from the archive drawings that were produced in 1941. It makes up the general support for the following actions regarding the space-time iconography referencing. The complete construction process of the original
The final stage consists of the production of digital mock-up for each building phase. These building phases were presented to the guests during the site visit and a critical revision was made in order to achieve the best possible outcomes. The gathered feedbacks not only clear up any ambiguities regarding the girls’ dormitory but also provide an additional layer of information to
3D model could be referred to the cumulative report.
the established timeline.
The second stage involves the utilising of correspondence files of the girls’ dormitory to extrapolate an accurate timeline. This is carried out to show the changes and modifications of the building made over the years. Other iconographic sources, such as historical photographs and video clips, will also be referred to provide comprehensive details on the visual appearance of the girls’ dormitory at the time.
The finished product could be integrated as part of the exhibition for the Ration Shed Museum and used for Cherbourg’s touristic development in the future.
PART A.1
PRODUCT A
PART B.1
Archive Drawings
Semantic 3D model of the original state of the girls’ dormitory.
Space and time referencing of iconography
PART A.2
extraction of relevant information
(drawn in 1941)
PART B.2.1 Geometric modelling of the past states.
site visit & presentation reiterative process
Historical aerial photographs & Topgraphy maps
PART C1
PRODUCT C
Digital mock-up of building states.
Production of videos & standalone executables
Figure 2.1: Overall workflow for the iconography-based modelling approach.
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PART B: Methodology |
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PART 3.1: HISTORICAL TIMELINE
Using iconographic sources to analyse and reconstructing of the building transformation. Architectural Changes According to the information provided in the correspondence files, the girls’ dormitory had undergone multiple changes since its initial construction. The 3D representation, which is based on the written descriptions, also provides a visual chronology of these changes made on the building. The iconographic sources will be attached with temporal attributes once they were spatially referenced. Each building phase represents an individual period with its existing building features. The complete historical timeline of the changes in the girls’ dormitory is shown in Appendix A.
1920
1930
1940
• Additions • 2 stairways on landing. • Lattice screens. • 4 fire escapes ladders. • 6-foot-high barbed wire fences around the girls’ dormitory.
1950
Past States Structuring Prior to the reconstruction process of each phase of the dormitory, in-depth building analysis and literature research were carried out in order to understand the rationale behind these modifications. The reconstruction process of the building phases will be discussed further in the following section.
1960
• Modifying • Covered balconies with weatherproof panels. • Additions • Install lightweight panels at the top of each fire escape ladder. • Partitioned off large sleeping quarters.
1970
1980
1990
1997
• Repurpose • The building was being used for urgent short-term accommodation.
Figure 3.1: Spatio-temporal representation of girls’ dormitory’s transformations. On the top, the historical photographs (sorted in chronological order) and the 3D representations of each past state. On the bottom indicates the temporal notation based on the correspondence files.
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
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PART 3.2.1: 1925
Virtual reconstruction process of Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory (In 1925) Referencing in Reconstruction Process The initial virtual reconstruction approach for the girls’ dormitory was well-documented in the cumulative report. The reconstruction model is developed based on the archive drawings produced in 1941. In developing the virtual model, historical photographs and correspondence files have been used as reference in order recreate the girls’ dormitory building as it was built in 1925.
Number of Stairways In figure 3.2.1.1, it is evident that there was only one stairway on each landing when the dormitory was initially built in 1925. This information is also briefly mentioned in the correspondence file - memorandum 34/6007. A
White picket fences Figure 3.2.1.3. shows a 4-foot tall picket fence built around the girls’ dormitory, separating the girls from the main camp. B
Figure 3.2.1.1: Perspective view of the girls’ dormitory shows there is only one stairway at each balcony in 1925.
Figure 3.2.1.2: Perspective view of the girls’ dormitory as it was built in 1925.
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
source: Unknown, 1925
source: Author, 2018
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Figure 3.2.1.3: White picket fence was erected around the girls’ dormitory.
source: Hofmeyr, 2016
B
Legend B
White picket fence
Figure 3.2.1.4: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory surrounded by white picket fence.
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
source: Author, 2018
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PART 3.2.2: 1930S - 1940S
Virtual reconstruction process of Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory (1930s to 1940s) Additional Stairways Originally, there were only two stairways in the girls’ dormitory, one on each landing. Two additional stairways were later added during the late 1930s by the superintendent to minimise congestion in the case of fire. A
Permanent fire escapes In 1941, the idea of installing permanent fire escapes around the girls’ dormitory came to light in the wake of a disastrous fire occurred at Gommeri, which destroyed the Royal Hotel and claimed eight lives. Furthermore, the matron also raises the issue regarding the existent stairways that could potentially pose as obstacles in the case of emergency as such they were locked against the exits during the night. In 1942, four metal fire escapes were then erected around the girls’ dormitory. A patrol
Lattice partition In 1937, the second floor of the girls’ dormitory was divided off midway across the veranda with lattice screens (refer to Figure 3.2.2.2). This was to separate the big girls from the little girls as the blankets from the little girls’ sleeping quarters were often got stolen by the older girls. C
B
Six-foot high barbed wire fences Refer to Figure 3.2.2.4, a six-foot high barbed wire fences were built around the girls’ dormitory in the late 1930s (Blake 2001). These barriers not only acted as a form of control over the girls, but also as an attempt to break down traditional kinship and cultural system through segregating the girls from the main camp. D
would also have to be on guard throughout the night to prevent intruders from entering the dormitories through the fire escape ladders.
C
B
A D
Modifications (1930s - 1940s) A B C D
Additional stairway Fire escape ladders Lattice-work partitions Barbed wire fence
Figure 3.2.2.1: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory indicates the modifications made throughout 1930s to 1940s.
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
source: Author, 2018
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Original location of lattice screen
3.2.2.3 3.2.2.2
3.2.2.5 3.2.2.4
Figure 3.2.2.2: Second floor of the girls’ dormitory (source: Hofmeyr, 2016). Figure 3.2.2.3: Group of DOMO girls standing at the veranda of the girls’ dormitory (source: Cherbourgmemory, 1933). Figure 3.2.2.4: Six-foot high barbed wire fence erected around girls’ dormitory in late 1930s (source: Hofmeyr, 2016). Figure 3.2.2.5: Fire escape ladder at girls’ dormitory (source: O’Chin, n.d.).
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
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PART 3.2.3: 1950S - 1960S
Virtual reconstruction process of Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory (1950s to 1960s) Wire Mesh Another common form of enforced barriers in the girls’ dormitory as illustrated in Figure 3.2.3.2 was the wire mesh. A report from 1954 reveals that there were numerous occasions of men entering the dormitory. Therefore, the council proposed to have a strong brass wire mesh wrapping around the veranda since the 6-foot high barbed wire fence was removed in the early 1950s. In addition to that, lightweight panels were installed at the top of each fire escape ladder to prevent men from intruding the dormitory. A
Weatherproof panels It is clearly seen in Figure 3.2.3.3 that the balcony on the second floor was fully enclosed. This was probably due to the increasing number of inmates in the dormitory system during B
However, during the schedule meeting, Aunty Sandra and other invited guest weren’t able to determine the actual function for these enclosed balconies, perhaps a follow-up interview with other DOMO girls could help to clear up this ambiguity. Stove recess and Kitchen Correspondence files from the Department of Aboriginals and Torress Strait Islander Partnerships also indicate that the kitchen in the dormitory was in bad state of repair in 1953. A photograph in the 1960s of the dormitory building also shows that the kitchen windows were broken, and the back wall was heavily damaged. However, there was no mention regarding when these windows were added to the back of the kitchen area. C
1950s and many of them were forced to sleep on the verandahs. This solution was quite satisfactory except during wet weather. To overcome this issue, the council proposed to have verandah panels on by means that the verandahs would be totally weatherproof.
B A C
Modifications (1950s - 1960s) A B C
Wire mesh Weatherproof panels Kitchen windows
Figure 3.3.2.1: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory indicates the modifications made throughout 1950s to 1960s.
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
source: Author, 2018
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Barbed wire fences around verandah
viewpoint
Figure 3.2.3.2: Ground floor of the girls’ dormitory were surrounded with wire mesh. (source: Cherbourgmemory, 1980).
viewpoint
Figure 3.2.3.3: View of girls’ dormitory from Cherbourg hospital. (source: Cherbourgmemory, 1960).
viewpoint
Figure 3.2.3.4: Additional windows were added at the back of the kitchen recess in late 1960s. (source: O’Chin, 1960).
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
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PART 3.2.4: 1970S - 1990S
Virtual reconstruction process of Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory (1930s to 1940s) A Sleeping quarters As indicated in the correspondence files, the sleeping quarters were partitioned in a way to provide privacy to the children, creating a more personal atmosphere in the building. B Building Extension According to Aunty Sandra as well as the correspondence file, an extension was made at the front of the building (refer to figure 3.2.4.3) as a lounge and indoor play area for the small children. C Restoration to original state The photographic evidence in DOMO girls DVD shows that the mesh wires around the verandahs were removed in the 1980s, along with the weatherproof panels. D Short term accomodation The dormitory system in Cherbourg was slowly phased out in the 1970s. As a result, the girls’ dormitory was closed down in 1980. The old dormitory building then was used as a short-term accommodation for the local communities. The correspondence files later show that the short-term accommodation solution was unsuccessful and resulted in many people illegally squatting in the dormitory.
B
C
Modifications (1970s - 1990s) B C
Building extension. Restoration to original state.
Figure 3.2.4.1: 3D virtual model of the girls’ dormitory indicates the modifications made throughout 1970s to 1990s.
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PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
source: Author, 2018
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Weatherproof panels were removed
Mesh wire were removed
viewpoint
Figure 3.2.4.2: The mesh wire and weatherproof panels at the verandas were removed in late 1980s. (source: Hofmeyr, 2016)
viewpoint
Building Extension
Figure 3.2.4.3: Perspective view of the girls’ dormitory in late 1980s.
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(source: Hofmeyr, 2016)
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PART 3.3: VISUALISATION AND ANIMATION
Use iconographic sources for analysis and the reconstruction of the building transformation. Visualisation and Animation In the study of architectural heritage, 3D modeling remains the main visualisation tool to provide a visual chronology of the building changes. Still images are not as efficient and comprehensive in depicting the building transformations as compared to 3D digital model. After developing the virtual model for each state of the girls’ dormitory using Autodesk Revit, Unity 3D was used to apply textures on the constructed geometry in order to make the final models realistic. On the contrary, raster-texture mapping technique is not possible in this situation due to the resolution of the collected photographs is lower than the images commonly used for this purpose. Furthermore, some photographs do present a degradation from the print support (refer to Figure 3.3.1).
During the production stage, multiple light sources and environment options were explored to better visualise the overall appearance of the girls’ dormitory model. Several animations and interactive walkthrough were developed in the process to show the different phases of the dormitory. These animations produced can be viewed in this link: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCm5moSyNpgyA730-x_ oWcoA, and the interactive walkthrough models can be downloaded as a Unity standalone executable (refer to Figure 3.3.2.) from this link: https://drive.google.com/ open?id=1Y0FMiJ9O5f5ZdTR2HNZ9puhU9LSE8C_R. At this stage of the project, it is difficult to estimate the level of accuracy of these reconstructed models since the girls’ dormitory building no longer exists. The follow-up project could potentially include a workshop session with the local community members to gather feedbacks and comments regarding the girls’ dormitory in order to achieve a more conceivable outcome for these models.
Figure 3.3.1: Sign of degradation is shown in some historical photographs.
source: Cherbourgmemory, 1930
A
B
C
D
Figure 3.3.2: Full textured 3D model of the girls’ dormitory in different past states. (a) Girls’ dormitory as built in 1925. (b) Girls’ dormitory in 1940s. (c) Girl’s dormitory in 1960s. (d) Girls’ dormitory in 1980s. source: Author, 2018 ARCH7012 | 7022 | 7032 | 7042 : Architectural Research 2
PART C: Virtual reconstruction of the past states of the girls’ dormitory |
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PART 4: CONCLUSION
Use iconographic sources for analysis and the reconstruction of the building transformation. Conclusion The goal of this report is to use the existing iconographic sources to analyse and recreate the different phases of the girls’ dormitory. The overall process includes the integration of various techniques of modelling, data collecting and semantic structuring. The spatio-temporal analysis of the dormitory is made possible with the extensive use of iconography. There were various challenges encountered throughout the project, for example, the insufficient amount of information available, and the difficulty in creating digital mock-ups that illustrates the life cycle of the building. Despite the challenges faced in the process, an established link between geometric and temporal representations of the dormitory building is achieved.
Acknowledgements It would not have been possible without the help from all participants who gave their valuable time, suggestions and contributions into this project. Hereby, I would like to express my gratitude to multiple organisations, which include the Queensland State Archive for all the help in gathering the historical documents, and Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnership, who granted access to several restricted records related to the research topic. Last but not least, I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Timothy O’Rourke, who has provided assistance throughout the project.
The next step of the project will focus on connecting all the information generated from iconographic sources using the Nubes platform. Linking all these sources to the morphology representation is essential to further illustrate the building transformations. Recommendations With the rapid advancement of 3D modelling software, it allows the recreation of the girls’ dormitory building in a digital workspace. Virtual reconstruction undoubtedly has many advantages and potentials in the field of architecture. For instance, the building model can be reproduced in many different ways. However, this should not only be used by specialised scholars, but also by non-expert community, such as students and other museum visitors. As this project emphasises on the historical awareness of the local community, the reconstructed model could assist other disciplines that are involved in Cherbourg’s cultural heritage. The scalability of the 3D models has opened doors to many interesting scenarios like virtual tour, educational video, digital games, smart tourism through Augmented Reality mobile application, and visual browsing system (eg: Nubes platform). All these could potentially help users to further understand the spatio-temporal building transformation of the girls’ dormitory. Lastly, the reconstructed model could be 3D printed and placed alongside with the virtual video tour in the museum for visitors to experience and visualise the entire girls’ dormitory building and its features. The high-resolution still images could also be rendered for additional use in the Ration Shed Museum. ARCH7012 | 7022 | 7032 | 7042 : Architectural Research 2
PART D: Conclusion |
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Chicago 15th B Style
Literature References Besley, J., Hofmeyr, R., Newman, M., Williams, L., Langton, R., Schneider, T., & Ration Shed Museum. 2013. On the banks of the Barambah: A history of Cherbourg from the Ration Shed Museum. Murgon, Qld.: The Ration Shed Museum. Blake, T. 2001. A depot of semi-starvation, disease and misery. Chap. 4 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Blake, T. 2001. The Barambah mob - one big tribe. Chap. 7 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Blake, T. 2001. To leave as little remembrance. Chap. 3 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Blake, T. 2001. Treated like slaves...like merchandise. Chap. 5 in A dumping ground: A History of the Cherbourg settlement. St. Lucia, Qld: University of Queensland Press. Evans, R. 2007. History of Queensland. 1st ed. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. Guthire, G. 1976. The development of Cherbourg. Chap. 3 in Cherbourg: A Queensland Aboriginal Reserve. Studies in Applied Geographical Research. Armadale: Dept. of Geography, University of New England. Hofmeyr, R. 2016. The Domo Girls. Cherbourg, Qld: A Zebra Crossing Pictures. CD-ROM. Kreutz, A. 2015. “That’s my home”: historical and contemporary insights. Chap. 2 in Children and the Environment in an Australian Indigenous Community. New York: Routledge. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/uqldetail.action?doc1D=1864783 (accessed September 29th, 2018). Mok, J. 2005. Cherbourg Dorm Girls. Fortitude Valley, Qld. Multicultural Community Centre. Newman, M., S. Lawrence, P. Scarett, T. Schneider, R. Langton, Barambah Committee, and Ration Shed Museum. 2015. Brief history of Barambah. Section 2 in The Boys from Barambah : The Story of the Black Diggers of Barambah-Cherbourg of World War 1. First ed. Murgon: Ration Shed Museum. Parsons, M. 2014. Constructing Hygienic Subjects: The Regulation and Reformation of Aboriginal Bodies. Chap 3. In Bodily Subjects: Essays on Gender and Health, 1800-2000, ed. Tracy Penny Light, et al, 74-95. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. Unknown. 1979. Barambah, Cherbourg 1904 - 1979. S.l.: s.n. Other References: Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships. 1943. Cherbourg, Building, Girl’s Dormitory. Item ID: 645152. [Correspondence Files]. Retrieved from Queensland State Archive. Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Partnerships. 1983. Cherbourg, Building, Girl’s Dormitory. Item ID: 645153. [Correspondence Files]. Retrieved from Queensland State Archive. Queensland State Archive. 1941. Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement - Girls Dormitory Building. Item ID: 583024. [Architectural plans]. Retrieved from Queensland State Archive.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY (CONT.) Chicago 15th B Style
Image References Brianwood, E. 1928. Girls dormitory-group on verandah. Brainwood Collection, AIATSIS. https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/print/229449/ O’Chin, R. 1980. Playing at the Girls Dormitory 1980s. Proud, D. 1950. The dining room in the Girls Dormitory Cherbourg c1950. QImagery. 1986. Murgon 1986. https://qimagery.information.qld.gov.au/?sid=air-photo-where&sval=NAME%3D%27QAP4423191%27 Unknown. 1925. Back view of the Girls Dormitory at Barambah Aboriginal Settlement 1925. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1925. The Stopford Home for Aboriginal Girls or the Girls’ Dormitory at Barambah Aboriginal Settlement. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1930. Aerial view of Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1930. Office and dormitory area at Barambah Aboriginal Settlement 1930. Brainwood Collection. Unknown. 1930. The Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement. http://cherbourgmemory.org/the-girls-dormitory-at-cherbourgaboriginal-settlement-c1930/ Unknown. 1930. Group with Nancy Chambers at the Girls Dormitory in Cherbroug. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1938. Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement c1938. Betty McKenzie Collection. Unknown. 1950. A bedroom in the Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg c1950. John Oxley Library, State Library of Queensland neg: 74703. Unknown. 1950. The dining room in the Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg. Unknown. 1960. Girls-Dormitory. Unknown. 1961. View of Girls Dormitory from Cherbourg Hospital. Hilda Secombe Collection. Unknown. 1980. Sewing room in the Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg. Unknown. 1980. Stairway to upper floor of the Girls Dormitory Unknown. 1986. Inside buildings of the defunct Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement. https://collection.aiatsis.gov.au/print/388269. Unknown. 1986. Roy Fisher Senior in front of old dormitory buildings at the defunct Cherbourg Aboriginal Settlement. https://collection. aiatsis.gov.au/print/388263. Unknown. 1986. Sewing room in the Girls Dormitory at Cherbourg 1986. http://cherbourgmemory.org/sewing-room-in-the-girlsdormitory-at-cherbourg-1986/ Unknown. 1987. Ground floor of the Girls’ Dormitory 1987. http://cherbourgmemory.org/ground-floor-of-the-girls-dormitory-1987/ Unknown. 1987. Stairway to upper floor of the Girls Dormitory 1987. http://cherbourgmemory.org/stairway-to-upper-floor-of-the-girlsdormitory-1987/
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APPENDICES A
Complete Historical Timeline of the Building Changes
V
B
Architectural Drawings of Cherbourg Girls’ Dormitory
VI
C
Revised Architectural Drawings (up to scale) Cherbourg girls dormitory building
D
Additional Historical Photographs For virtual reconstruction purpose only
E
Participants’ Feedback
F
Correspondence Files
VII - XXIV XXV - XXVI XXVII XXVIII - XXXIX
APPENDIX A: COMPLETE HISTORICAL TIMELINE OF THE CHANGES IN CHERBOURG GIRLS’ DORM Timeline infographics
2
1
1920s
1940s
1950s
FOUNDED
1930s
O. Building Purpose i) Girls’ dormitory ii) Short-term accommodation
GIRLS DORMITORY
A. Enforced Barriers i) White picket fence ii) Six-foot high wire fence iii) Wire mesh iv) Lattice partitions B. Egress i) Additional stairways ii) Fire escape ladders C. Miscellaneous Items i) Weatherproof panels ii) Partitioned bedrooms iii) Building extension
1925
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1930s - 1940s
MITORY 4
3
1970s
1980s
1990s
DESTROYED
1960s
SHORT TERM ACCOMMODATION
1950s - 1960s
1970s - 1990s
APPENDIX A: Complete historical timeline of the changes in the Cherbourg’s girls’ dormitory |
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APPENDIX B: ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS OF CHERBOURG GIRLS’ DORMITORY (DRAWN IN 1941) For reconstruction purposes
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APPENDIX B: Architectural drawing of Cherbourg girls’ dormitory |
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APPENDIX C: REVISED ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS OF CHERBOURG GIRLS’ DORMITORY For reconstruction purposes
APPENDIX D: HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS
A
For reconstruction purposes
B
Figure A. Bedroom in the girls’ dormitory (Source: Hofmeyr 2016). Figure B. The dining room in the girls’ dormitory Cherbourg (Source: Proud 1950). Figure C. Six-foot-high barbed wire fence around girls’ dormitory (Source: Hofmeyr 2016). Figure D. Bedroom in the girls’ dormitory (Source: John Oxley Library 1950). Figure E. Interior view of the dormitory (Source: Unknown 1980). Figure F. Entrance gate of the girls’ dormitory (Source: Hofmeyr 2016). C
A
D
B
E
C
F
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E
F
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G
I
K
L
H J
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APPENDIX D: HISTORICAL PHOTOGRAPHS (CONT) For reconstruction purposes
Figure G. Stairway to upper floor of the girls’ dormitory (source: cherbourgmemory 1987). Figure H. Upper floor of the girls’ dormitory (source: Hofmeyr 2016). Figure I. Fenestration of the proposed pottery house (source: Author 2018). Figure J. Inside buildings of the defunct Cherbourg (source: AIATSIS 1986). Figure K. Group on veranda (source: Brianwood 1928). Figure L. Roy Fisher Senior standing at the back of old girls’ dormitory (source: AIATSIS 1986).
G
H
K I
L J
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APPENDIX E: PARTICIPANTS’ FEEDBACK A) SITE VISIT AND MEETING: Date : 30th October 2018 Time : 10:00am - 12:00pm Location : Ration Shed Museum, Cherbourg Attendees : Aunty Sandra Morgan, Chairwomen of the Ration Shed Museum. : Dr. Timothy O’Rourke, Course Instructor : Mr. Mark Newman, Project manager of the Boys’ Dormitory Project. : Mr. Peter Trail, Designer. Comments : 1920s - 40s a) There isn’t any column in the middle of the passage, which connected the kitchen and dining area. b) The brickwork in stove recess area should be pulled back to where the timber column begins. c) In 1940s, the barbed wire fences were erected around the girls’ dormitory to prevent the girls from running away.
: 1950s - 60s
a) The participants weren’t able to identify the function of the enclosed balconies. b) Aunty Sandra pointed out that the main doors were solid doors instead of screen doors.
: 1970s - 90s a) The extend building structure served as a lounge and indoor play area of smaller children.
Notes
: The overall shade for the finished models seem to be too dark for general user. : The surrounding context could be included to add additional site context to the built model. : Woman jail, laundry area and bathroom could be incorporated in the virtual model. : From a non-expert community member’s point of view, perhaps adding furniture could help the users to better visualize the function of each room
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APPENDIX F: CORRESPONDENCE FILES
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APPENDIX F: CORRESPONDENCE FILES (CONT.)
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APPENDIX F: CORRESPONDENCE FILES (CONT.)
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APPENDIX F: CORRESPONDENCE FILES (CONT.)
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APPENDIX F: CORRESPONDENCE FILES (CONT.)
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APPENDIX F: CORRESPONDENCE FILES (CONT.)
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End of the report. Thank you.
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