Renewing Stream: ENSURING ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION FOR THE COMMUNITY

PERSON IN CHARGE:

Dr. Yuli Setyo Indartono

Chair of Institute for Research and Community Services ITB

AUTHORS:

Mindriany Syafila Qomarudin Helmy

Yuli Setyo Indartono

Deny Willy Junaidy

Rino Rakhmata Mukti

Mohammad Farid

EDITOR: Islaminur Pempasa

Renewing Stream

ENSURING ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION FOR THE COMMUNITY

EDITORIAL TEAM:

Yudi Noorachman

Risa Anggreini

Saffanah Zahirah

PHOTOGRAPHERS:

Harry Surjana Ferdyansyah

GRAPHIC DESIGNERS:

Irman Nugraha

ILLUSTRATORS:

Fachri Fauzy

Ali Parma

COVER:

AI processing by Irman Nugraha using Midjourney from the source photo of Citarum River by Harry Surjana

SECRETARIAT: Noviyanti

Dian Sumardiana

Nisa Refika Linda Syah Khotimah

All Staff of General Administration, Finance, and Information System of Institute for Research and Community Services Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)

First edition: March 2024

ISBN: 978-623-297-436-4

e- ISBN: 978-623-297-437-1

Copyright ©2024

This document is published by ITB Press. Copyright belongs to LPPM ITB - Bandung and is protected by law. Reprint, partial quoting, or using the content in any form without permission is strictly prohibited.

Institute for Research and Community Services Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB)

CRCS Building 6th Floor Ganesha Street No. 10, Bandung 40132

West Java, Indonesia (022) 86010050 / 86010051

https://lppm.itb.ac.id https://pengabdian.lppm.itb.ac.id

Email: lppm@itb.ac.id

FOREWORD

Overcome The Challenges

Prof. Reini Wirahadikusumah, Ph.D. Rector of ITB for 2020-2025

THE Citarum River, like rivers around the world, flows in tandem with the growth of human life. At its inception, the river becomes a mother, borrowing the Sundanese term "indung cai," giving birth to new ecosystems, values, and ways of life. Its flow connects humans, places, and other forms of life, nurturing civilizations along the way.

The interdependence between humans and rivers makes it a central aspect of population growth. Rivers should not be only perceived as water sources to fulfill basic needs of humans but also to become the source for energy and even to offer economic potential. Alongside growth, challenges arise in river management. To increase river loads, it is thus necessary to involve multidisciplinary approaches, encompassing social, cultural, as well as scientific and technological aspects.

When the heavy burden borne by the Citarum River triggered the national initiative of Citarum Harum, ITB (Institut Teknologi Bandung) directly became part of the effort to address this collective challenge. ITB practically formed the

Citarum Harum ITB Task Force, which became a part of this significant program.

We view the Citarum from a holistic perspective, recognizing ITB's role in responding to national interests and the dynamics of global knowledge, as well as the entire transformation process that encompasses all aspects of the Universities Tridarma: education, research, and community service. These efforts will only be meaningful if they have a tangible impact on improving the quality of life for communities.

In the context of community service, ITB scientists and engineers approach critical issues concerning the Citarum River, including water resources, sanitation, energy, infrastructure, waste management, and economic empowerment.

A variety of approaches, methods, and technologies implemented during the period 2018-2022, documented in this book, are expected to not only benefit the Citarum River but also be replicated and scaled up in overcoming the challenges of river management in Indonesia and globally.***

FOREWORD

B enefits for All

Prof. Dr. Kadarsah Suryadi Rector of ITB for 2015-2020

THE Citarum River is indeed a blessing for at least 27.5 million people who directly utilize it, especially in West Java and DKI Jakarta. Moreover, beneficiaries include those receiving around 1,880 megawatts of hydroelectric power from hydropower plants scattered across Java Island and possibly Bali as well. The Citarum serves as a source of drinking water for community of DKI Jakarta, with 80 percent of the water coming from the river, which passes through 10 regencies and cities in West Java and DKI Jakarta, in addition to irrigating 420 thousand hectares of agricultural land.

The challenges faced are equally significant. In 2018, Lieutenant General Doni Monardo (the late) invited ITB to collaborate, along with various other universities and stakeholders. We immediately embraced this invitation because ITB also shares responsibility in other environmental and social contexts. The knowledge and technology we acquire must be applicable in addressing the existing challenges, including in the sustainability of river management.

ITB has relevant fields, and many scientists conduct research related to the Citarum River or the management of other rivers. In terms of scientific disciplines, we can mention Environmental

Engineering, Biology and Life Science Technology, Chemical Engineering, Pharmacy, Geodesy, and others in improving fish and other aquatic cultivation as well as waste management.

We began with a multidisciplinary approach and developed several concepts and applied technologies, such as zero discharge for domestic waste, biofilter bioseptic tank technology, anaerobic filter tank processes adopting Johkasou technology from Japan, biodigesters, revitalization of industrial and area wastewater treatment plants, bioremediation, floating gardens, and capacity building through training and clean technology optimization.

The application of science and technology can be viewed from two perspectives: through the Citarum River and its community. There is a contribution to driving the utilization of knowledge and technology developed on campus while also generating several new research topics. ITB is not only for ITB, but ITB also benefits society, the nation, and the country.

The next development includes promoting research to become entrepreneurial. Research does not stop on paper; it grows into innovative products that can be utilized by society provide added economic and social value, as well as improving the quality of human life.***

FOREWORD Rivers Sustainability Toolkit

Dr. Yuli Setyo Indartono Chair of Institute for Research and Community Services ITB

THE Citarum Harum program has been regulated through Presidential Regulation Number 15 of 2018 concerning the Acceleration of Pollution Control and Damage in the Citarum River Basin Area. The Citarum Harum program initiated by the government requires cooperation from all parties in handling it. Several universities in West Java, including ITB, have been actively involved since 2018 in assisting with the handling of the Citarum River through the dissemination of the application of appropriate science and technology.

Specifically, ITB formed the ITB Citarum Harum Task Force led by Prof. Mindriany Syafila to coordinate the implementation of science and technology in the Citarum Harum area from 2018 to 2022. The implementation of these programs involved science and engineering students in line with the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia's MBKM program.

This program also provides opportunities for students to hone their skills according to their talents and interests by directly entering the workforce as preparation for future careers. The inclusion of the Merdeka Belajar-Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) initiative in ITB's Citarum Harum community service activities further strengthens the correlation with the development of engineering curriculum that

considers humanitarian aspects.

ITB has implemented dozens of scientific and technological works in several sectors of the Citarum Harum River Basin Area, ranging from Bandung Regency, Cianjur Regency, Bandung City, Cimahi City, West Bandung Regency, to Subang Regency. The implementation of science and technology such as bioremediation, water quality sensors including for maintaining river biota, sanitation, aquaculture, aquaponics, composting, upcycling plastic waste, automatic trash skimmers, waste bank management, as well as Black Soldier Fly (BSF), maggot cultivation, small-scale microhydro or hydroelectric power, including the cleaning of water hyacinth in the Cirata Reservoir area with gangboats to water hyacinth which is then upcycled into briquettes.

All of the above science and technology application programs are in line with the vision of Excellent Scientific Culture in the practice of community service, while also being a hallmark of community service at ITB. The implementation products are documented in a series of books covering topics such as water resources and sanitation, energy and infrastructure, as well as waste management and economic empowerment, with the hope of inspiring river managers and surrounding communities in choosing approaches and tools for river management.***

INTRODUCTORY

Managing Waste and Pollution

Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D. Chair of the ITB Task Force for Citarum Harum

Ifor the period 2018-2022

N the spirit of realizing ITB as a globally respected and locally relevant university and in support of the central government's program and the West Java Provincial Government regarding the Acceleration of Pollution Control and Damage in the Citarum River Basin (DAS), ITB actively plays a role through the Integrated Task Force for Citarum Harum Restoration, which has been established since 2018. Under the coordination of the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM ITB), ITB applies the expertise of its academic community in science and technology for handling of the Citarum River Basin, such as household waste management, sanitation, critical land handling, water resources management, as well as community empowerment and education.

The sources of pollution in the Citarum River are categorized into domestic and industrial sources. Domestic sources of pollution consist of household wastewater and solid waste. On the other hand, industrial sources of pollution encompass all sources from various institutions, including industries, hospitals, hotels, as well as small-scale industries. Additionally, there are combined sources of pollution originating from three dominant land uses: agriculture, forestry, and urban built-up areas. Based on calculations, the pollutant load in the Citarum River Basin comes from domestic waste (62%), livestock/fishery waste (20%), industrial waste (12%), and agricultural waste (6%).

The contribution of pollution loads from the domestic/household sector needs to receive more attention from various parties. This is because the majority of pollutants come from contributions from the community with various characteristics, levels of awareness, and willingness related to their domestic waste issues. Some are diligent in building wastewater treatment facilities (such as septic tanks) in accordance with regulations, while others directly dispose of their waste into water channels/rivers.

Socialization and training on healthy living and sanitation carried out continuously are important steps in raising public awareness about the importance of good health and sanitation. Various campaigns promoting healthy

behaviors and sustained mentoring conducted since 2018, involving active participation of students in the community, are expected to stimulate enthusiasm among the public to increase awareness of healthy lifestyles.

This book: "Renewing Stream" summarizes several activities conducted by the ITB academic community as a tangible contribution to society in terms of socialization, assistance, and improvement of community-based sanitation infrastructure. These activities range from providing clean water through the introduction of simple biosand filter technology to integrated membrane technology for drinking water, harvesting rainwater for clean and drinking water, managing household wastewater with septic tanks, and empowering communities through training in homemade aquaponics systems that can be used to meet the needs of household vegetables.

The awareness to care for and preserve the environment will be easier if the community's awareness of the importance of environmental conservation is well-established. Therefore, various programs and activities aimed at empowering communities with economic potential are expected to stimulate community involvement. The development of infrastructure through appropriate and simple technologies that are easy to apply and adopt by the community is expected to improve the standard of living for the community.***

Reducing River Load

Simple

Controlling Industrial Pollution

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy, M.T., Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

The Implementation of Slow Sand Filters

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy, M.T., Dady Surachman, M.Si., Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D.

Wetland-Based Aquaponics

Dr. Taufikurahman, Endra Susila, S.T., M.T., Ph.D.

Dr. Lulu L. Fitri, Ramadhani Eka Putra, Ph.D.

Hidayat, M.T.,

Treating Domestic Liquid Waste

Syarif Hidayat, M.T., Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

Rainwater Harvesting

Dr. Mariana Marselina, Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

Dr. Mariana Marselina, Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

1 Community-Based Sanitation

Community-Based Sanitation Program in Support of the Healthy Living Community Movement (Gerakan Masyarakat Hidup Sehat/Germas) in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency

Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy, Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D.

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

The sanitation condition in Kampung Tarikolot Village, Cinangsi Village, is highly concerning. The community relies on water flow from the river to fulfill daily activities such as washing, bathing, and cooking. However, mostly households in Kampung Tarikolot do not have septic tanks. Efforts and strategic measures are required to assist the community in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, in improving access to adequate sanitation and promoting healthy living behaviors.

Renewing Stream

CLEAN water and proper sanitation are basic needs that must be fulfilled in society. These two aspects are closely related to other aspects of life such as health. Not only for consumption, water is also needed for other daily activities such as farming, cooking, washing, and bathing. The fulfillment of these needs will proceed smoothly if there is an initial emergence of community awareness regarding the importance of maintaining both of these aspects.

In connection with that, activities to improve sanitation facilities are carried out in order to support the Healthy Living Community Movement (Gerakan Masyarakat Hidup Sehat/Germas) in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency.

This activity is expected to serve as an initial step in raising awareness among the community regarding the importance of having

and maintaining access to clean water and adequate sanitation, particularly considering its impact on future public health. The activity is conducted due to the desire to avoid implementing programs that are merely monumental and then abandoned due to a lack of ownership or difficulty in obtaining raw materials for the applied technology.

Relying While Polluting

The sanitation condition in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, is highly concerning. The community relies on water flow from the river to fulfill daily activities such as washing, bathing, and cooking. This situation is indeed highly undesirable, especially for the health of the community utilizing this water. Moreover, domestic wastewater has been found to be directly discharged into water bodies, thus polluting the receiving water bodies.

From the preliminary observation results, it was found that almost all community in Kampung Tarikolot do not have septic tanks at their homes. According to data provided by the Head of Tarikolot

Village (RT), in RT 04 RW 14, there are 110 households whose homes do not have septic tanks. Additionally, the community often dispose of waste directly into the river located near the public bathing area. This poses a significant health risk considering that some nearby residents also use river water for daily purposes.

Therefore, strategic measures are needed to assist the community in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, in improving access to adequate sanitation and promoting healthy living behaviors. Community service activities conducted by the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) are expected to enhance community awareness to adopt cleaner and healthier lifestyles.

The condition of public bathing facilities and washing amenities in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village.

Renewing Stream

Enhancement of Awareness

The community service activity in Kampung Tarikolot was proposed in 2021. The primary objective was to enhance public awareness regarding the importance of clean sanitation and the adoption of healthy lifestyles. With the increase in awareness, the health of the community in Kampung Tarikolot can be well maintained.

This program is also expected to serve as a good example for other villages around Cinangsi Village, thus its benefits can be extended widely.

The approach to addressing the issue of clean water quality at the activity site is carried out through:

a. General community service activities and specifically promoting healthy living initiatives.

b. Demonstration of using simple filters using recycled water bottles.

c. Improving sanitation facilities in several locations such as septic tanks in public baths, washing facilities in several households, and channels/ water storage tanks used to collect water from the river.

The overall impact of this activity is expected to enhance the quality of life for the community. Additionally, it can foster greater appreciation from the community towards the world of university, especially ITB, thus fostering a harmonious relationship between the university sector and the community. Moreover, it is also specifically anticipated to partially fulfill basic needs related to access to good and healthy sanitation for the community around Cinangsi Village.

Dissemination of the Healthy Living Community Movement (Germas) and adaptation to new habits in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency.

Adaptation to New Habits

Dissemination of Germas and Adaptation to New Habits

In the first activity, a dissemination of the Healthy Living Community Movement (Germas) was conducted to the community around Kampung Tarikolot. The purpose of this activity is to introduce the healthy living movement and adaptation to new habits to children and village officials so that these habits become part of their daily routines/lifestyle.

The materials provided include information on the importance of proper handwashing and adaptation to new habits. The dissemination is carried out both centrally at a islamic boarding school/Quranic study center belonging to one of the resident and by distributing leaflets to households.

6 Steps of Washing Hands with Soap

Renewing Stream

Demonstration of making simple filters.

The Use of Filters

In the second activity, a demonstration of the utilization of filters made from recycled or unused materials was conducted. The activity commenced with an explanation to the community regarding clean water and its significance for life. Subsequently, the constituent materials of the filter layers along with their functions were elucidated.

Following that, the audience was divided into two groups to attempt making simple water filters independently and applying them. Subsequently, a demonstration was conducted by comparing the initial water sample with the water that had been filtered using the simple filter.

Improvement and Provision of Sanitation Facilities and Infrastructure

Provision of sanitation facilities, establishment of public toilets/public facilities in Kampung Tarikolot,

Cinangsi Village.

Renewing Stream

Improvement of sanitation in the form of a bathroom and toilet facility equipped with a septic tank at the Islamic boarding school in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village in 2021.

Renewing Stream

The outputs of this activity involve the implementation of appropriate building/technology in the form of good sanitation facilities such as standard septic tanks, washing facilities, and improvement of clean water reservoirs. The results of this community service activity are documented in the form of reports and videos that are published on (1) http://research.itb.ac.id and ResearchGate, (2) The YouTube accounts of LPPM ITB, KMIL, and HMTL, as well as personal IGTV accounts of the activity implementers.

This activity receives full attention and support from the surrounding community. This indicates the community's desire to shift towards a better lifestyle, especially concerning health and environmental matters.

It takes hard work to change community behavior to adopt healthy lifestyles as it is a new concept for some residents in the village. This means that the activity must be repeated, as a one-time effort is insufficient.

Most residents use river water suspected to be contaminated with domestic waste. This water is stored in front of households, necessitating a personalized approach to change this habit. Meanwhile, factors that could strengthen and enhance the effectiveness of the activity include full support from village of fi cials and stakeholders in the area.***

Reducing River Load

Domestic Waste Treatment to Reduce Pollution Load and Efforts to Improve River Water Quality

Dr. Ǫomarudin Helmy

Dr. Teddy Tedjakusuma, Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D., Dady Surachman, M.Si.

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

This activity aims to implement appropriate technology in treating solid domestic waste (household waste) discharged into water channels that eventually flow into river bodies. The objective is to reduce pollution load and contribute to environmental quality improvement efforts in the community of Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency. The installation to be socialized and implemented is a household waste composter, which will be utilized to produce compost/natural fertilizer for agricultural activities in the village community.

Renewing Stream

THE Citarum River Basin (CRB) is the largest river basin in West Java, experiencing significant pressure due to utilization exceeding its carrying capacity, including from domestic activities, agriculture, plantations, and industry. Domestic and agricultural activities are two main components contributing to the degradation of river water quality and quantity. This situation affects environmental sanitation systems, leading to outbreaks of waterborne diseases.

Composting and Biofilter

Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency, has not been technically served by the Sanitary Agency of Cianjur Regency (Dinas Kebersihan Kabupaten Cianjur) regarding the management of solid waste in the form of household waste. The community burn household waste individually, dispose of it in agricultural areas/yard, dump and pile up waste on the roadside, and dispose of it into the nearest water channels near their homes.

The scope of the activities conducted includes conducting a waste condition survey in Cinangsi Village, engaging with community groups regarding waste management, providing outreach and training to the community on composting waste management, and transferring technology to the community regarding composting technology using simple composters.

Renewing Stream

This also results in river and reservoir siltation, the proliferation of harmful macrophytes and microphytes in the environment, loss of fish species in river waters, as well as the death of cultured fish in the Saguling and Cirata reservoirs, and accelerated corrosion rates in hydropower plant installations. Domestic (liquid and solid), agricultural, and industrial waste increase the in flux of excessive nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as other organic matter, leading to low levels of dissolved oxygen essential for aquatic ecosystem life and high levels of BOD, COD, and E. coli bacteria.

The waste management situation in Cinangsi Village.

From this program, socialization and construction of biofilters are carried out to treat domestic liquid waste from households. Physically, assistance in the form of 10 composters is also provided, along with training on composting household waste conducted by community of RT 04 Cinangsi Village, aiming to assist the community of Cinangsi Village in household waste management efforts.

The implementation of biofilters by the community of RT 04 Cinangsi Village.

Renewing Stream

Operation of Technology

STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE (SOP) FOR COMPOSTING IN CINANGSI VILLAGE, WEST JAVA

I. Basic Definition of Compost

The basic definition of compost or compost fertilizer is one of the organic fertilizers made from the decomposition process of organic materials (both plant and animal residues). The composting process can occur aerobically and anaerobically, which complement each other in certain environmental conditions. This process is also called decomposition or breakdown.

The composting process essentially mimics the formation process of humus in nature. However, by engineering environmental conditions, compost production can be accelerated, typically within a period of 30-90 days. This timeframe exceeds the natural speed of humus formation. Therefore, compost is always readily available when needed without having to wait for many years.

II. Benefits of Compost

In addition to providing nutrients for plants, compost fertilizers work by improving the physical, chemical, and biological structure of the soil.

1. Physical Benefits

Good soil is characterized by its crumbly or granular texture, which provides adequate airspace for air and water flow. Poor soil, on the other hand, can either be sandy, where soil particles do not adhere to each other, or clayey, where particles stick together excessively.

Compost acts as a binder for soil particles and can serve to balance the cohesion level of the soil. The presence of compost in the soil also attracts microorganisms to engage in activities within the soil. Consequently, soil that was initially hard and dif fi cult for water and air penetration can become more friable again due to microbial activities.

2. Chemical Benefits

Chemically, compost fertilizers can enhance the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. The higher the organic content in the soil, the better its cation exchange capacity. Cation exchange capacity functions to release essential elements for easy absorption by plants.

3. Biological Benefits

Compost contains beneficial microorganisms for plants. In the soil, compost will support microbial life. In addition to containing decomposing bacteria and fungi, the presence of compost will keep the soil cool, neither too moist nor too dry.

Such conditions are highly favored by microorganisms. For instance, earthworms prefer to inhabit soil with high organic content rather than hard or sandy soil. Earthworms can provide natural fertilizer in the form of vermicompost, which is beneficial for plants.

III. Characteristics of Good Compost

Good compost exhibits the following characteristics:

(1) It smells similar to soil, without any foul odor.

(2) It has a dark brown color, with a granular texture resembling soil.

(3) When submerged in water, it sinks entirely, and the water remains clear without changing color.

(4) When applied to the soil, it does not promote weed growth.

IV. Advantages of Compost Compared to Artificial Fertilizers

Artificial fertilizers are fertilizers made using a series of specific chemical processes, utilizing chemicals containing high nutrient elements such as urea. Artificial fertilizers have the advantage of being readily soluble and quickly absorbed by plants, but they are more expensive, and incorrect dosages can damage the environment. Additionally, the use of artificial fertilizers is not continuous. This means that fertilizers only benefit the planting process at that time. Once the plants have grown, the fertilizer no longer serves the purpose of improving the soil of the former plant.

Renewing Stream

Compost fertilizer, which is a natural fertilizer, has the following advantages:

(1) It does not require any cost for production.

(2) It is easy to apply.

(3) It does not require special maintenance.

(4) It reduces the accumulation of existing organic waste.

(5) It enriches the soil.

V. Simple Composting Process

(1) Prepare a drum or storage container with sufficient airflow.

(2) Prepare fertile soil from the surrounding area.

(3) Gather organic waste from kitchen scraps and animal manure.

(4) Prepare a stirring stick.

(5) Mix the above-mentioned materials as shown in the following diagram:

Compost drum composition diagram

(6) Add organic waste and soil in a ratio of 1-2 handfuls per ½ kg of organic waste (applied in multiples) every day. Then, close the compost drum (composter).

(7) After one week, stir the contents of the drum using a stick. The success of composting heavily relies on the drum stirring technique. The entire mixture should be stirred evenly.

(8) After 2 months, the bottom 1/3 part of the drum contents can be extracted and used as readyto-use compost fertilizer for plants.

(9) The remaining 2/3 portion becomes the new bottom part of the compost drum. After the next 2 months, step number (8) can be repeated with the addition of organic waste and soil.

VI. Methods of Delivering Composting Material:

Recording attendance as a supervisory function for subsequent visits

Explaining what compost is and the types of waste that can be used

Ensuring all participants understand and sort the waste properly

Explaining the benefits of compost

Explaining the characteristics of good compost

Explaining the advantages of compost over synthetic fertilizers

Explaining the stages of compost production

Initiating the composting process

Ensuring there is a responsible person for each composting site

Distribution of control cards

Training in household waste composting and distribution of composters to the community in Cinangsi Village.

Composting Control Card

Explanation:

This control card is an example of a control form for the routine filling of composters with each responsible person for each hole. Communities can follow a control form like this or can use other control forms implemented by the local village head. This control card aims to ensure that if a failure occurs with the compost system in the future, the cause of the compost failure can be identified.

Managing Industrial Liquid Waste

Minimizing the Pollution Load of the Citarum River through Industrial Liquid Waste Management with a Good WWTP Operational Practice Approach

Dr. Ǫomarudin Helmy Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D., Andri Gumilar, M.T. Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

The community service involves technical guidance provided to operators of industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) regarding liquid waste management with a good WWTP operational practice approach. This activity aims to enhance the understanding and knowledge of operators regarding the optimal operation of WWTPs.

Renewing Stream

DESPITE various policies and regulations regarding water pollution control being implemented, the decline in water quality continues. This is due to weak supervision and law enforcement, as well as pollution control technologies based on chemical addition that still fail to meet the established criteria.

Contamination from pollutants originating from industrial activities, agriculture, livestock farming, and household activities has led to a significant decrease in water quality in water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Currently, several policies and regulations related to water pollution control have been implemented, including Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 and Minister of Environment Regulation No. 13 of 2010. However, weak supervision practices and law enforcement have led to the continued deterioration of water quality in water bodies.

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are installations designed to treat liquid waste from factory production processes to prevent environmental pollution. WWTPs is regulated by Minister of Environment Regulation No. 5 of 2014 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, as well as Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental

Protection and Management. The government, through the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, mandates that every company must have personnel certified as operators/staff and managers for liquid waste management.

Large and expensive wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) alone are not sufficient to guarantee the quality of their ef fl uent. Therefore, reliable operators with suf fi cient knowledge and skills are required to operate the WWTPs effectively and address any issues or disruptions that may arise. The role of these operators is crucial and decisive for the overall performance of the WWTPs. In the end, this will have a positive impact on the reputation of companies, hotels, and hospitals in the community if their wastewater does not pollute the environment.

The performance of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operators can affect the assessment of the proper rating. In short, an operator must possess adequate knowledge for the WWTP to function optimally. It is within this framework that the community engagement activities by ITB are organized.

Optimization of Liquid Waste Management

The prevalence of cases of "encasement" or closure of liquid waste disposal channels by the Citarum Harum Task Force team due to effluents not meeting the quality standards has led to many industries, particularly textile industries, ceasing operations. This is due to the inadequate or suboptimal management of industrial wastewater, which has the potential to harm the economic climate. Additionally, environmental damage occurs, including social environments around the waste disposal site that do not meet quality standards.

Training on industrial wastewater management with a good WWTP operational practice approach.

The focus of this community service is to approach the local government as the regulator, in this case, the West Bandung Regency Government, as well as various industries located in the West Bandung Regency area.

Community service in the form of technical guidance or training is provided to industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operators related to the management of liquid waste using the good WWTP operational practice approach.

This training is expected to enhance the knowledge and capabilities of industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operators in optimizing the management of industrial liquid waste.

The implementation of social awareness activities includes education, mentoring, and counseling. The local government, as the regulator responsible for waste management, greatly benefits from the training or technical guidance provided by ITB. So far, the local government has lacked information regarding community service programs conducted by ITB. Following the training event on industrial waste management, the Environmental Agency of West Bandung Regency (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Bandung Barat) invited the university to engage in frequent collaborations concerning technical issues related to industrial waste management.***

The operators of industrial wastewater treatment plant (WWTP).

Simple Clean Water Management

Simple Clean Water Treatment to Support the Healthy Living Community Movement (Gerakan Masyarakat Hidup Sehat/ Germas)

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D.

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

In this activity, the team conducted training and socialization on simple clean water management to support the Healthy Living Community Movement (Germas) in the village of Cinangsi, Cianjur Regency. The hope is this activity will instill a sense of ownership and responsibility, ensuring that the appropriate technology applied will not be neglected in the future.

Basic Needs

Clean water and proper sanitation are fundamental human needs. Both are closely related to health aspects. In addition to consumption, water is also used for daily activities such as farming, cooking, washing, and bathing. The efforts to meet these needs will proceed smoothly if there is a prior emergence of awareness to preserve these vital elements.

As an initial step in creating urgency regarding the importance of having and maintaining access to clean water and sanitation, especially for public health, the ITB team conducted community service in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency. In this village located in the Citarum River Basin, the team conducted training and socialization on simple clean water management to support the Healthy Living Community Movement (Germas). The hope is this activity will cultivate a sense of urgency to own and maintain, ensuring that the applied technology does not fall into disuse.

Before the beginning of this program, the team conducted several surveys to ascertain the potential and existing problems. The surveys revealed that to meet their daily water needs, community relied on water from river streams.

The concern lies in the fact that these water streams also serve as outlets for domestic waste from community, and a considerable amount of litter is found within them. Although the immediate effects may not be felt, direct discharge of waste into water bodies without treatment will have adverse long-term effects on both the community and the environment.

The Condition of the Community

- There is a stream (tributary/small river) used by the residents to meet their daily needs such as washing, bathing, and cooking.

- The stream (tributary/small river) surrounding the residential area is also used for irrigation purposes for fish ponds located in the yards of the residents' houses.

- The community utilizes water from the small river for daily needs, including poor sanitation practices such as disposing of domestic waste (garbage, wastewater from laundry, kitchen wastewater, etc.) directly into the water body, which also includes open defecation.

Renewing Stream

Scope of Implementation

- Germas in adapting to new habits.

- Socialization of the 3M movement (washing hands, keeping distance, wearing masks) to elementary school students.

- Demonstration of simple filters using drinking water bottles and everyday materials to be used as water for sanitation purposes (bathing, washing, toilets).

Germas Training

The activities carried out for 3 years in Cinangsi Village have been appreciated by local community leaders. The most tangible benefit felt by the community is the partial fulfillment of their basic needs for clean/drinking water that meets consumption standards, thereby enhancing their productivity.

The training and socialization activities begin with light exercises guided by music. This is done with the expectation that the participants, who are elementary school students, will be more enthusiastic and focused, thus prepared to receive the presented material. The first material provided covers the 7 main points of Germas, which are wearing a mask and maintaining distance, washing hands with soap, providing hand sanitizer, consuming a balanced nutritious diet, exercising regularly, refraining from shaking hands, and the importance of taking a bath upon arriving home.

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Simple Water Filter

The subsequent training session and socialization were divided into two groups. Each group participated in a demonstration of creating a simple water filter using materials such as plastic bottles, gravel, coconut husks, charcoal, palm fibers, and sponges. During the demonstration, it was illustrated that murky water passing through this simple water filter would become clearer.

Firstly, an explanation was given regarding what clean water is and why it is essential for life. Then, the components of the filter layers and their functions were presented. After that, the audience was divided into two groups to try making simple water filters. Next, a demonstration was conducted by comparing the initial water sample with the filtered water.

Handwashing with Soap

The final topic covered in the training and socialization session is the correct steps for handwashing with soap (Cuci Tangan Pakai Sabun/CTPS). Before starting the CTPS material, two representatives from the participants are asked to demonstrate how they wash their hands.

The demonstration is conducted with the participants' eyes closed. Participants wear rubber

gloves, and colored oil paint is used as soap. This allows for the assessment of participants' ability to thoroughly wash their hands with soap. After the demonstration by the participants, the steps of CTPS are presented accompanied by music.

Through a series of activities, it is hoped that participants will become more aware of the importance of sanitation. In addition to direct socialization, posters are also distributed in collaboration with local village officials.

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Points to Note:

In Larger Capacity

Gravel Foam

Coconut husk Charcoal Sand

Charcoal 8cm

Physical Improvement

In addition to conducting socialization of the Healthy Living Community Movement in the context of adapting to the new habits advocated by the government, this community service activity also involves physical improvement of sanitation facilities. The improvement was carried out on the toilets and ablution facilities at one of the musallas, as well as the installation of handwashing facilities for the Quranic Education Park (Taman Pendidikan Quran/TPQ) in RT 07 of Cinangsi Village. This community service activity is one of the 15 funded projects under the topdown scheme of the ITB Community Service Program in 2020. ***

Physical condition of the exterior and interior before the repairs.

Physical condition of the exterior and interior after the repairs.

Controlling Industrial Pollution

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Assistance is provided to stakeholders of local government in the field of water pollution control and waste management in the Citarum River Basin area, in addition to providing education on water pollution control and waste management. Education related to waste and sanitation is expected to further enhance awareness of environmental management in the vicinity of the Citarum River Basin.

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

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Pollution Control

The rivers in the Citarum River Basin (Daerah Aliran Sungai/DAS) area have the potential to serve as water resources that can be a source of raw water for the community. This aligns with the spirit of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 2030, particularly goal number 6, which aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of clean water and sanitation for all.

The Citarum River Basin (DAS Citarum), which serves as a water source for the community, has been contaminated by industrial pollutants. The contamination of pollutants from industrial activities in the vicinity of the Citarum River Basin has led to a significant decline in water quality in water bodies such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs.

The decline in water quality continues despite the implementation of various policies and regulations governing water pollution control, such as Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on Water Quality Management and Pollution Control, as well as recent regulations, such as Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021 on Environmental Protection and Management. This is due to the persistent weakness in monitoring and law enforcement, as well as the technological aspects of pollution control.

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Capacity building in the field of water pollution control and hazardous waste management in industries within the Citarum River Basin is a continuation of activities initiated in the years 2019-2020. These activities include technical training for wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) operators to improve best practices in managing WWTPs in their respective industries, as well as outreach to community and village officials in the vicinity. Additionally, it pertains to the control of domestic waste pollution in the Kampung Tarikolot, Cianjur Regency, in 2020.

Assistance was provided to stakeholders in the field of water and waste pollution control by the local government in the Citarum River Basin area.

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Stakeholder Engagement Assistance

Based on the survey results and discussions, the community in Kampung Tarikolot requires education regarding the importance of sanitation and safe drinking water at the household level. Currently, the residents still use water sourced from the tributaries of the Citarum River, which are contaminated with domestic waste.

Although the direct impacts may not be immediately evident, it is well understood that poor sanitation will

have long-term health implications. Therefore, stakeholder engagement is being conducted in Kampung Tarikolot to establish adequate sanitation and clean water sources. The activities are carried out through mentoring and organizing outreach programs in the field of water pollution control and waste management.

Through these activities, it is hoped that awareness of the management of the environment around the Citarum River Basin will continue to increase in line with applicable policies and regulations.

Initial surveys and discussions with community and village officials regarding sanitation conditions.

Capacity Building

The capacity building activities were conducted in collaboration with the Environmental Agency of West Bandung Regency (Dinas Lingkungan Hidup Kabupaten Bandung Barat) in 2019 and the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in 2021 to provide socialization and technical assistance to textile industry players in the Bojongsoang area. ***

The construction of sanitation facilities is carried out through collective efforts involving the local community.

The Implementation of Slow Sand Filters

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Approximately 60% of surface water pollution originates from domestic wastewater directly discharged into water bodies. Continuous guidance and outreach to communities around the activity sites regarding the importance of proper domestic wastewater management are crucial. Additionally, education on the maintenance and maintenance of biosand filters is provided.

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy Dady Surachman, M.Si., Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D.

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Domestic Wastewater

The activity of controlling water pollution is carried out with the aim of continually providing knowledge (lifelong learning) and ensuring the sustainability of previous service activities considering the complexity of issues in the field of pollution control.

Domestic wastewater treatment plants are installations designed to process liquid waste from household activities to prevent environmental pollution in the surrounding area. These plants, often abbreviated as IPAL (Instalasi Pengolahan Air Limbah), are regulated under Ministerial Regulation No. 5 of 2014 issued by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) as well as Law No. 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management. Despite the implementation of various policies and regulations related to water pollution control, the deterioration of water quality in bodies of water continues to occur. This is primarily due to weak supervision and law enforcement, as well as a lack of public awareness regarding household waste disposal.

Contamination from pollutants originating from industrial activities, agriculture, livestock farming, and household practices has resulted in signi fi cant degradation of water quality in bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. Despite the implementation of various policies and regulations regarding water pollution control, including Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 and the latest Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, the weak enforcement practices and law enforcement have led to an ongoing decline in water quality in bodies of water.

Continuous socialization and coaching regarding the importance of a healthy lifestyle to the community are crucial because approximately 60% of surface water pollution is attributed to domestic wastewater directly discharged into water bodies.

The objective of the community service activity in 2022 is a continuation of the activities from 2018 to 2021 related to the installation of sanitation facilities

conducted in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency. This includes providing coaching and outreach to the community around the activity site regarding the importance of proper management of domestic wastewater. Secondly, providing education on the maintenance and upkeep of biosand filters. Thirdly, developing and improving the sanitation facilities installation established since 2018 in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency.

Survey and Prototype

The benefits of the development and improvement of previous sanitation installations serve as efforts to maintain the continuity of community engagement activities in Cinangsi Village. This activity can serve as a catalyst for the development of the village to become a high-quality and progressive area through the improvement of clean water quality. Additionally, it helps enhance understanding and awareness regarding clean water and sanitation aspects.

Site survey was conducted on July 5, 2023. The first visit involved only Environmental Infrastructure Engineering students from ITB. During this initial visit, the students observed the surrounding conditions while accompanied by the heads of the local RT and RW to gather information about the existing sanitation facilities and potential locations for other activities.

Discussion with community.

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On August 27, 2023, another visit was conducted with a team of faculty members and students to validate the activity locations. During the survey, the team collected raw water samples for analysis to determine the appropriate treatment methods to be used at the site.

The students created a socialization tool starting from November 22nd to November 26th. The prototype serves to clarify the mechanism during the socialization regarding the operation of the tool and to provide a clearer picture to the community.

The process of creating socialization tools and validation the activity location.

Installation Maintenance

In this activity, current conditions of the installations built since 2018 and the activities of the community in operating the clean water treatment and sanitation facilities are monitored. The monitoring is conducted to understand the habits, adaptation, and knowledge of the community regarding the maintenance of the installed facilities, with the expectation that the installations can operate sustainably.

The survey team collected raw water samples for analysis.

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In addition, there is a socialization of the Healthy Living Community Movement related to good sanitation practices, including the construction, operation, and maintenance of slow sand filter installations, which is a modification of the rapid sand filtration installations built in previous years' activities.

Discussion on the development and improvement of previous sanitation installations.

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Furthermore, maintenance and replacement of damaged materials from previous installations were conducted, including water taps, filter media, lighting fixtures, paint, and the piping installation for directing clean water to the public sanitation facilities.

Maintenance and repairment of public sanitation facilities.

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Slow Sand Filter Processing (Operation of the Equipment):

1. Water is collected in a pre-sedimentation tank to reduce sand and mud.

2. River water is pumped into the first tank for sedimentation process using clay tile plate settlers. The purpose of sedimentation is to reduce the amount of solid particles in the water.

3. The water that has passed through the sedimentation tank then enters the second and third tanks, which are the filtration tanks containing gravel and sand used to filter out dirt particles in the water.

4. The water that has gone through the sedimentation and filtration processes then enters tank number 4, which is the tank for water storage.

5. The clean water is ready for use and discharged through the water tap.

The sedimentation tank uses a reduce the amount of solid particles in the water.

Th ta sa he pre-sedimentation nk is used to reduce nd and mud.

Wetland-Based Aquaponics

River Water Purification Using Prototype of Constructed Wetlands and Its Utilization in Aquaponics

Dr. Taufikurahman Plant Sciences and Biotechnology Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology

Endra Susila, Ph.D.

Geotechnical Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

In this activity, there is socialization with the surrounding community to educate and implement the artificial wetland and aquaponics system. This activity involves the community of Kampung Tarikolot, RT 04 RW 03, Hamlet 3, with the benefit of reducing pollutants that contaminate the Citarum River Basin, enabling the community to use the water for their daily needs.

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The High Contamination of Water Sources

Based on the initial survey, in Kampung Tarikolot RT 04 RW 03, Hemlet 3, there are approximately 120 households in one neighborhood. The majority of the community members work as farmers, laborers, civil servants, and teachers. The community in this area relies on a water source derived from the Cikundul River, which is part of the Citarum River Basin. The river water is used by the community for daily activities such as bathing, laundry, and dishwashing.

The condition of the water from the river is turbid and unsuitable for daily activities. During rainfall, the river water becomes dark brown due to sediment from the soil mixing into the river water. The community also engages in fish farming in ponds and agriculture with seasonal crops such as rice and other crops using water from the river. Fish commonly farmed include tilapia and goldfish. Additionally, there are several businesses such as livestock farming and fisheries in the vicinity of RT 04.

Prototype of Constructed Wetland for Aquaponics

Palm Coir

Silica Sand

Zeolite Stone

Pumice Stone

The Operation of the Technology

Water samples were collected to assess water quality, focusing on several parameters including pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia (NH3), nitrite, and nitrate. These parameters were selected because the pollutants suspected to contaminate the area are primarily organic waste originating from daily human activities, agriculture, and fisheries.

implementation process of cons tructing the constructed wetland included the following stages:

1. Water purification was conducted gradually by passing it through filter layers containing palm coir, silica, zeolite, and pumice stone.

2. The water then directed to the constructed wetland area containing phytoremediator plants such as Typha angustifolia, Canna indica, and Cyperus papyrus.

like Typha

The planning and design of the constructed wetland were conducted through a literature review focusing on the selection of suitable plants and media to be used in Cinangsi Village. The construction of the constructed wetland took place at the selected location as per the previous field survey. The construction process was assisted by the local community and supervised and monitored by team members. The construction took one week to complete.

The surrounding community was encouraged to participate in educating and implementing the constructed wetland and aquaponic system. The

3. Vegetable seedlings are sown for the aquaponics installation, consisting of water spinach, lettuce, and spinach, which will be harvested by the surrounding community for consumption.

The community is provided with a booklet containing information about phytoremediation systems, constructed wetlands, and aquaponic systems, including suitable media and maintenance procedures. Many stakeholders need to be coordinated regarding the implementation of constructed wetland and aquaponic systems, including homeowners with fish ponds and fields, as well as representatives from the village (RW/RT).

The expected targets of this activity are the construction of a prototype of constructed wetland and the ability of community to create a simple aquaponic system at their respective homes. The benefit of reducing pollutants that contaminate the Citarum River Basin is the community can use river water to meet their daily needs. This prototype can be upscaled with larger land area and volume.***

angustifolia, Canna indica, Cyperus papyrus are grown.

Integrated Membrane Technology for Drinking Water

Prof. I Gede Wenten, Ph.D. Dr. Khoiruddin

Chemical Engineering Process Design and Development Research Group, Faculty of Industrial Technology

The ultrafiltration membrane unit can be utilized to address the issue of clean water availability in various regions across Indonesia. The unit can be utilized to address issues regarding clean drinking water not only in Cipatujah Village, Tasikmalaya Regency, but also in remote areas inaccessible to Regional Water Utility Company (Perusahaan Daerah Air Minum/PDAM) and other regions facing challenges in accessing clean water.

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Availability of Drinking Water

The lack of availability of drinking water due to the dry season is a major issue faced by community in several areas in Tasikmalaya Regency. Some water sources experience drought, while the remaining sources are not suitable for drinking due to contamination. To meet the demand for clean drinking water and other needs, community in these villages rely on water supply assistance from the local government of Cipatujah Village.

Ultrafiltration (UF) technology is a solution to address the issue of clean water availability. UF membranes can remove iron (Fe3+), colloids, bacteria, and all particulate matter causing turbidity in surface water sources while retaining essential minerals within it.

The ultrafiltration unit is equipped with an integrated module featuring activated carbon in the initial stage to remove odor, organic substances, and free chlorine. Zinc oxide nanoparticles act as antibacterial agents in the disinfection stage. With this integrated ultrafiltration unit, clean and potable water can be produced simultaneously.

To meet the need for clean water, the community in Cipatujah Village, Tasikmalaya Regency relies solely on assistance and tank trucks from the Regional Water Utility Company (PDAM). With the installation of UF units in the village, surface water sources (such as rivers and wells) can be treated to produce potable water for drinking and cooking. The community will no longer depend on PDAM tank trucks in case of delays in delivery.

Ultrafiltration

In the ultrafiltration unit installed on site, surface water from the reservoir is directed to the UF unit to disinfect and remove bacteria and viruses, then further directed to the activated carbon unit to adsorb impurities that are not filtered by the

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UF membrane. The UF unit is integrated with ZnO particles as antibacterial agents and bioceramics to restore freshness and important minerals in the water. The installed UF membrane unit can be utilized to treat surface water, such as river water and well water, into clean and potable water simultaneously. This activity can help to meet the needs of drinking water and clean water for the community in Cipatujah Village so that the community is not dependent on PDAM tank trucks.***

Installation of integrated UF membrane units in Cipatujah Village, Tasikmalaya Regency.

EMBEDDED ULTRAFILTRATION

TECHNOLOGY WITHOUT ELECTRICITY

IGW GROUNDWATER SPRINGS is a

Embedded Membrane

Black sand and rocks

Bioceramics

through rocks and sand

Decomposition

Example of a Membrane Unit Implementing the Concept of IGW Groundwater Springs

ADVANTAGES For Users/Business/Economy

For the Community

For the Environment

Upcycling Domestic Waste

Process Management and Upcycling of Domestic Waste Education in Improving Community Quality of Life

Dr. Lulu Lusianti Fitri Physiology, Animal Development, and Biomedical Sciences Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology

Ramadhani Eka Putra, Ph.D.

Natural Resource Management Research Group, School of Life Sciences and Technology

The latest approach of this method involves the development of an organic waste management system known as CORS (Conversion of Organic Refuse by Saprophages). The success of this method in processing organic waste from residential and agricultural areas presents a potential for its utilization as part of environmental restoration efforts in areas contaminated by organic waste, including the aquatic environment of the Citarum River.

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The Latent Problems of Organic Waste

One of the effort to address the latent problems of organic waste in various areas along the Citarum River banks is the intelligent capacity of the local inhabitants to convert waste into useful products.

Unlike “inorganic” waste, the processing of organic waste does not yield products with high economic value. This is because of the high level of human involvement in its processing and the relatively low value of the products, resulting in insignificant economic impacts.

One approach that has been developed since the early 2010s at the School of Life Sciences and Technology, ITB, is the application of biokonversion processes. Biokonversion is carried out to convert organic waste into high-value products (such as liquid fertilizer, compost, animal feed) through the decomposition process by black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). This reduces production costs due to the high level of human involvement in the process.

This method has been periodically applied to practitioners of organic waste management in the cities of Bandung, Rancaekek, Ciamis, and several other cities as part of a technology dissemination program.

The latest approach of this method involves the development of an organic waste management system known as CORS (Conversion of Organic Refuse by Saprophages). The CORS application began

to be implemented in early 2019 in several coffee farmer groups in the Sumedang Regency area and has started to yield results as the basis for the establishment of new production units.

The success of this method in processing organic waste from residential and agricultural areas provides potential for its utilization as part of the restoration of environments polluted by organic waste, including the aquatic environment of the Citarum River.

The Citarum River is one of the main water sources for economic activities and is known as one of the most polluted rivers. In several segments, pollution originates from organic waste resulting from agricultural and livestock activities along both the tributaries and the main stem of the Citarum River.

In this community service activity, the application of CORS technology is implemented in several areas suspected to be sources of organic waste polluting the tributaries and main stem of the Citarum River. The approach taken in this activity involves the integration of CORS with agricultural and livestock systems to empower community groups such as youth, women, and economically disadvantaged individuals.

The activities carried out in this community service program involve the dissemination of technology applications to various sectors of society (schools, waste management practitioners, farmers, livestock breeders, organic waste-generating economic activity managers, and small-scale industries) around the Citarum River.

This activity aims to manage organic waste, produce directly valuable economic products from organic waste, produce further products from intermediate products (such as livestock and horticulture), and increase community participation in improving environmental conditions in the areas around the Citarum River.

For ITB, this activity is expected to contribute to the improvement of the environment along the Citarum River and provide additional knowledge related to

the effectiveness of the application of appropriate technology developed by the laboratory. Furthermore, obtaining input in the form of participants’ needs and creative ideas that can be further developed with ITB. On the other hand, further information can be a fundamental asset for the team and ITB in developing organic waste processing technology using the concept of bioconversion.

CORS

Human economic activities generate approximately 60% of organic waste. The main issue faced in managing this waste in developing countries, such as Indonesia, is the collection and processing, which often only covers 50-70% of the total waste. Generally, this waste is collected at waste disposal sites, which are usually open, allowing for the spread of diseases and toxic compounds in the environment.

The issue becomes even more complex when organic waste pollution reaches bodies of water. Organic waste can also cause significant changes in ecosystems, resulting in a decline in water quality. This decrease in quality can lead to significant economic losses associated with water treatment for human consumption needs.

One example of this case that has garnered significant attention at the national level is the decline in the quality of the Citarum River, which is one of the main rivers in Java Island, serving the water needs of two provinces with the largest populations in Indonesia, West Java and DKI Jakarta.

Another alternative approach to managing organic waste is through the use of waste conversion processes. Bioconversion, also known as biotransformation, is a process that utilizes living organisms, typically microorganisms. This process involves chemical

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transformations that, when conducted through non-biological methods, require significant costs or energy and may even be unfeasible.

In the past decade, ITB research teams have conducted a series of studies on biokonversion processes using the larvae of black soldier flies (BSF), Hermetia illucens. These fly larvae have the capability to convert various types of organic waste into plant substrate and biomass suitable for quality livestock feed production. Moreover, they have the potential to serve as a source of protein and lipids for biodiesel. Additionally, the resulting leachate can be developed into liquid organic fertilizer.

Another advantage of using BSF as an organic waste management agent is its ability to control the presence of houseflies by suppressing the population of housefly larvae through egg predation and nutritional competition.

In further development, the CORS (Conversion of Organic Refuse by Saprophages) process is now being developed by utilizing various types of animals acting as saprophages to produce a consortium in a more efficient organic waste treatment system. This is due to the different characteristics of each animal. For example, earthworms are the best animals for managing sludge, while Hong Kong flies play the most effective role in processing waste with high fiber content.

Based on the experience gained from interacting with waste management practitioners and related information gathered during community service activities, waste management will be successful if it yields economically valuable products. Therefore, in this community service activity, participants not only acquire knowledge about organic waste management but also learn about the application of the resulting products as part of an integrated agricultural system.

This is supported by research conducted at the School of Life Sciences and Technology (SITH), Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB) since 2010 regarding CORS technology. This technology has been applied as part of an integrated agricultural system at a small scale and in laboratory settings since 2017, and by various community groups since 2019.

The findings from observations, surveys, and interviews identified issues related to domestic waste management. It was observed that domestic waste is the responsibility of waste management personnel, and there is no direct benefit from domestic waste management.

The Operation of Technology/Tools

Methodology Offered:

1. Outreach/Workshop

- Providing explanations regarding the role of the community in controlling environmental pollution levels.

- Conveying information about findings or research related to the application of knowledge

in the field of life sciences and waste management systems in several cities in Indonesia and worldwide. This information can enhance the insights of farmers regarding the development of domestic waste management systems.

- Fundamentals and various models of waste banks.

2. Pilot project.

3. Mentoring.

Table of the needs and contributions of benefactor and beneficiary in the community service program

Parties

Benefactor (ITB)

Beneficiary (Community Group)

Needs Contributions

Location and community groups for the implementation process and technology trials as part of science and technology development.

Information regarding challenges requiring science and technology approaches for resolution.

Knowledge and technology to improve quality of life through problem-solving processes.

Knowledge about domestic waste management with different types.

Training for the establishment and management of waste banks.

Paradigm shift regarding waste through technology and social engineering.

The community group that will utilize the technology and knowledge provided by the benefactor.

Providing information related to the utilization of technology and knowledge as well as new developments that can serve as a basis for the development of new knowledge and technology.

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The outreach is provided in the form of training and discussions covering the following topics:

1. Overview, the impact of domestic waste on environmental quality and human life.

2. Methods in the utilization of biological agents for organic waste processing, factors affecting colony growth, colony maintenance, and harvesting processes.

3. Methods related to the use of technology and knowledge related to domestic waste management.

4. Preparation of products from domestic waste processing.

5. Economic management of products from domestic waste processing in the form of waste banks.

Pilot project

1. Pilot project on environmental education and domestic waste management at educational institutions.

2. Household business units through the utilization of products from domestic waste processing.

Stage of activities:

a. Dissemination to the participants targeted by the activity.

b. Identification of case-by-case problems and alternative solutions.

The objective of this activity is to enhance the knowledge and capabilities of community groups in managing domestic waste through recycling and upcycling processes, to disseminate methods of domestic waste management, and to increase community involvement in waste management activities.

The beneficiaries will gain new knowledge in domestic waste processing to generate economically valuable products that can be utilized as a source of income. Additionally, there will be improvements in environmental quality in terms of physical and social health, where new activity models can be implemented by groups that have not yet found employment.

The Economic Value

At least two community groups benefit directly from the program, as demonstrated by the application of knowledge acquired during their activities. The products resulting from domestic waste processing have economic value and can be sold or applied as part of activities to enhance personal or community quality of life.

Furthermore, it is expected that there will be an improvement in the quality of the environment along the Citarum River (indicated by a reduction in domestic waste pollution in the areas where community service programs are implemented). Meanwhile, for the training participants, they can independently manage domestic waste, which can contribute to reducing the total amount of waste pollution in the water body of the Citarum River.

The training participants are expected to implement the disseminated technology and utilize it as one of the additional sources of income. Through theoretical knowledge and application from the provided prototype, they can develop new prototype models that are suitable for their environment.

The training participants undergo a change in perception and paradigm regarding domestic waste and develop new creative ideas based on the knowledge they acquire during the training activities.

From this activity, it is expected that participants will gain information and skills to manage domestic waste, both biodegradable and non-biodegradable,

to improve the quality of life and replicate these practices in surrounding areas.

The potential sustainability of this activity lies in:

1. Adoption of the technology as one of the policies for organic waste management at the community level.

2. Adoption of the technology by industrial stakeholders producing organic waste based on the socialization outcomes at the community level.

3. Establishment of new businesses by youth and women groups that produce economically valuable products as a result of the knowledge gained during the community service program.

4. Increased community participation in technology utilization.

Replication is expected to occur through the adoption of technology as one of the policies for organic waste management at the community level and by organic waste-producing industries based on the socialization outcomes at the community level.***

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Separation of organic waste

Collection of organic waste

Insect biomass for animal feed

Biodegradation of organic waste with insects

Residue for fertilizer

Supply of Clean Water through Borehole Wells

Expanding the Application of Biosand Filters to Support the Clean Water Supply Program in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency

Teddy Tedjakusuma, Ph.D.

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy, Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D.

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

In order to meet the clean water needs of the community in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, District of Cikalongkulon, Cianjur Regency, the construction of a clean water supply system is being carried out using an alternative system, namely providing clean water from groundwater through boreholes. The work can yield clean water by drilling to a depth of 40 meters.

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The Need for Clean Water

Clean water is an essential requirement for life and activities. The community of Kampung Tarikolot fulfill their need for clean water from several sources, particularly groundwater (shallow wells) and river water. The condition of the river water, which is not suitable for consumption without prior treatment, has prompted the team to plan a water treatment system using biosand filters.

In order to gain further insight of the availability of raw water and other conditions, a preliminary survey was conducted by a team consisting of ITB lecturers, technicians, and students. One of the main survey activities was the inspection and measurement of the river planned as the raw water source for clean water.

This activity involves collecting river water samples and measuring the river discharge. From this survey, it was concluded that the river water is not suitable as a raw water source for clean water due to its low quality, indicated by high turbidity (assessed visually), as well as the potential for river overflow during the rainy season which could damage intake structures if built. Another factor is river pollution originating from fishing activities in the upstream area.

With these considerations in mind, an alternative activity is planned, namely the construction of boreholes to obtain a raw water source from groundwater. The chosen location is an area near a mosque/islamic school in RT 02 RW 04, Kampung Tarikolot.

The next step after deciding on the river drilling plan is to search for the implementation team for the drilling activity. After obtaining two alternative teams of workers, namely workers from the location area (local workers) and workers from Bandung City. Therefore, it was decided to use the services of local workers who were experienced in drilling wells. This team consists of four workers, including a foreman. During the implementation, the team was accompanied by technicians from ITB who served as supervisors for the work.

Operation of Technology/Tools

The first step in carrying out the work is mobilizing the equipment. The main equipment for this activity is a drilling machine with drill rods (drill stems) measuring 3 meters in length and 4 inches in diameter. In addition, piping, a 0.5 HP National brand pump, a 500-liter tank (reservoir), plastic mines with a diameter of 4 mm and a length of 50 meters, 10 pieces of 4-inch PVC pipes, 10 pieces of 3/4 inch PVC pipes, and 40 meters of waterproof cable are also prepared.

The drilling begins with a depth corresponding to the length of the drill rod, which is every 3 meters with a well diameter matching the drill rod diameter of 4 inches. After the well is excavated to a depth of 20 meters, which occurs after a week of work, groundwater is obtained. However, the flow rate of this groundwater is still low, so it is decided to continue drilling. Once the well depth reaches 40 meters, an adequate flow of groundwater is obtained.

The drilling is concluded by pumping/cleaning the accumulated water at the bottom of the well, which is still dirty due to mixing with soil from the drilling activities, using a 0.5 HP or 367-watt submersible pump.

After cleaning the bottom, the installation of well casing begins, which consists of PVC pipes with a length of 4 meters each. The installation is carried out sequentially, and the pipes are connected with pipe adhesive. The pipes are lowered using a plastic rope in a chain-like manner until reaching the bottom of the well.

After the casing installation is completed, a new submersible pump with a capacity of 0.5 horsepower (same as the capacity of the pump used to extract dirty water previously) is lowered using a plastic rope, after being fitted with a series of PVC pipes with a diameter of 4 inches for water flow upwards and also waterproof cables for electrical current to the pump.

Flowing to 100 Households

The pump, which is 1 meter long and equipped with a wire mesh 10 cm long, is installed approximately 3 meters above the bottom of the well to avoid debris at the bottom of the well and because at this depth the groundwater surface has been reached. This water flow pipe is then continued to the 500liter tank that was previously installed on the roof of the mosque.

The outlet pipe from the tank is divided into two locations: the first one goes to the ablution area of the mosque, which is fi tted with 3 taps, and the second one goes to the communal bathroom (MCK) built concurrently with the well drilling work, with a total of 2 taps. The electrical cable is connected to the power source inside the islamic school building, with a capacity of 900 watts.

With the completion of the pump installation along with the piping, the drilling of the borehole came to an end. The pump was then activated and successfully drew water at a rate of approximately 10 liters per second.

Drilling Machine:

Drill rod (drill stem) 3 meters in length with a diameter of 4 inches.

Drill bit

Biosand Filter for Clean Water Flow

Provision of Clean Water Facilities with Biosand Filter Technology in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency

Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D. Teddy Tedjakusuma, Ph.D.

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

The provision or construction of biosand filters used to treat the raw water sources available around the community of Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, intended for hygienic and sanitation purposes. The outcome of this activity is the implementation of appropriate technology in the form of biosand filters for clean water treatment.

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Water and The Characterization of Poverty

Speaking about poverty inevitably involves addressing access to clean water. Poverty is not only related to issues of low income and consumption but also access to basic services such as access to clean water, education, health care, nutrition, and so on (CGI, 2000). Abram (1999) delineates poverty characterization, which includes difficult and often expensive access to basic services, requiring significant efforts to sustain life, low health standards making individuals vulnerable to diseases,

minimum cost of obtaining basic services consumes a significant portion of total expenditures including education, and low literacy rates.

Thus, their competitiveness to improve their standard of living becomes very low. This means they are bound by a continuous cycle of poverty. The reality shows that 20.2% of the Indonesian rural population can be categorized as poor, while for urban areas, it is 13.5% (World Bank-Asia Foundation, 2004).

Until now, the efforts of providing drinking water by the local government of Cianjur Regency are still

focused on systems with large or medium connection capacities, such as PDAM (Regional Water Utility Company) and IKK (District Capital Drinking Water Supply System). Meanwhile, approximately 80% of the population who have not received connections from PDAM have to patiently wait.

The PDAM system requires substantial investment. The lack of access to clean water from the PDAM system is quite evident around Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village. The local community still relies on water supply from the river without adequate water treatment. The community channels water from the

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river to storage tanks located in front of their houses (commonly referred to as ‘kulak’ by the local community).

Afterwards, this water is used for daily sanitation activities. Considering the existing conditions and the limited capacity of the government in providing clean water, tactical steps/efforts are needed to assist the community in Kampung Tarikolot in meeting their need for clean water. Thus, it is hoped that the community engagement activities to be carried out will enhance the access of the people of Kampung Tarikolot to clean water.

The provision of clean water in Cinangsi Village.

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Biosand Filter

In this activity, clean water provision is carried out using biosand filter installations in public facilities and Islamic boarding schools around Kampung Tarikolot. The community service activity aims to implement appropriate technology in treating raw water from the surrounding river into clean water. The installation to be constructed is the biosand filter, which has been proven capable of removing organic compounds and suspended solids present in raw water.

The objective of this activity is to establish a clean water treatment facility in the form of a biosand filter to process raw water in Kampung Tarikolot into clean water for the daily needs of the residents. Additionally, standard operating procedures for the biosand filter will be developed, aiming for community involvement in the maintenance of the biosand filter.

Preliminary survey, measurement, and socialization activities to the community in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village.

Provision of clean water in the pesantren (Islamic boarding school) in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village.

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The approach to addressing the issue of clean water quality at the activity site involves raising awareness about the plan to create a clean water treatment device for the community and establishing household-scale clean water treatment installations in several communal water storage facilities, especially those used as public water sources.

The output of this activity is the implementation of appropriate technology in the form of biosand filters for clean water treatment. The results of this community service activity are documented in the form of reports and videos published on http://research.itb.ac.id and researchgate, the YouTube accounts of Institute for Research and Community

Construction of clean water sanitation facilities.

Services ITB (LPPM ITB), Environmental Infrastructure Students Organization ITB (KMIL ITB), as well as on personal IGTV channels of the activity organizers.

The specific impact of the activity is expected to fulfill part of the basic needs of the community around Cinangsi Village for clean/drinking water suitable for consumption, thereby enhancing their productivity.***

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Provision of clean water in public facilities in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village.

Treating Domestic Liquid Waste

Installation of Domestic Liquid Waste Treatment in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency

Syarif Hidayat, Ph.D.

Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

In the community service activities of 2022, provision of clean water facilities and establishment of wastewater treatment installations were carried out. The activities included conducting surveys and site observations to identify the needs for the construction of clean water facilities and domestic wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in the project area, conducting socialization sessions regarding the community service plans to the local community, and providing continuous support and guidance on good sanitation practices for the surrounding community.

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The Awareness of Communities in River Basin Areas

Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, Cikalongkulon District, Cianjur Regency is a village located in the Citarum River Basin (Daerah Aliran Sungai/DAS), which is the largest river basin in West Java. In this community service activity, provision of clean water facilities and the establishment of wastewater treatment installations are carried out in the area.

The activities conducted include conducting surveys and site observations to assess the location and needs for the construction of clean water facilities and domestic wastewater treatment plants (IPAL) at the project site. Additionally, there is a socialization effort regarding the community service plan to the surrounding residents, as well as providing ongoing support and guidance related to good sanitation practices for the local community.

The purpose of conducting this community service is to support the healthy living community movement in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, thereby ensuring the wellbeing of both the community and the environment. Through these activities, the aim is to raise awareness among the comunity to adopt a cleaner and healthier lifestyle. Additionally, this activity is expected to serve as a model for other areas around Cinangsi Village, thereby amplifying the resulting impact to a broader extent.

The community of Kampung Tarikolot plays a crucial role and serves as the spearhead in this activity. The project is conducted over a period of approximately 8 months, from April to November. During the initial two months (April-May), preliminary observations are carried out to assess the existing sanitation conditions in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village. During June-July, stakeholder and community engagement sessions are conducted to raise awareness about the community service activities being undertaken. From July to September, the construction of sanitation facilities such as public toilets, septic tanks, and washing facilities is carried out at selected locations.

During October-November, monitoring is conducted to assess the sustainability of the community’s habits following the construction of sanitation facilities. The community service activities in 2022 also involve students from the Environmental Engineering and Environmental Infrastructure Engineering study programs, both those enrolled in the Kampus Merdeka General Course and those who are not. The output of this community service activity is the establishment of public sanitation facilities in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village.

Water and Health

Clean water and proper sanitation are basic needs that must be met in society. Both are closely related to aspects of life such as health. In addition to consumption, water is also used for daily activities such as farming, cooking, washing, and bathing. Efforts to meet these needs will proceed smoothly if there is prior awareness among the community about the importance of both aspects.

Improving sanitation facilities to support the Healthy Living Community Movement (Germas) in Cinangsi Village is expected to serve as an initial step in forming the urgency regarding the importance of having and maintaining access to clean water and adequate sanitation, especially for the future health conditions of the community.

The sanitation conditions in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village are highly concerning. The community relies on river water for daily activities such as washing, bathing, and cooking. This practice is highly detrimental, especially for the health of individuals using this water. Additionally, domestic wastewater is found to be directly discharged into water bodies, causing pollution.

From the preliminary observation results, it was found that almost all residents in Kampung Tarikolot do not have septic tanks in their homes. According to data from the Head of Village in Kampung Tarikolot, there are 110 households in RT 04 RW 14 that are not equipped with septic tanks. Additionally, near public bathing areas, residents are seen defecating directly into the river.

This is certainly dangerous for the health of the surrounding community, considering that some people use river water for their daily needs. Based on the above conditions, tactical steps or efforts are needed to assist the community in Kampung Tarikolot in improving access to proper sanitation and promoting healthy living behaviors.

The sanitation conditions in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, are extremely concerning. The community relies on the river water to meet their daily needs such as washing, bathing, and cooking.

The sanitation conditions in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village are highly concerning. The community relies on river water for daily activities such as washing, bathing, and cooking.

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The Water Distribution System

As of now, the efforts of providing drinking water by the Cianjur Regional Government are still primarily focused on systems with large or medium capacity connections, such as the Regional Water Utility Company (PDAM) and District Capital Drinking Water Supply System (IKK). Meanwhile, approximately 80% of the population without access to the PDAM pipeline must patiently wait.

The PDAM system requires a significant investment cost. The lack of access to clean water from the PDAM is quite evident in the vicinity of Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village. The surrounding community still relies on water supply from the river without adequate water treatment. The community channels water from the river to storage tanks located in front of their homes (usually referred to by the locals as “kulak”).

Afterward, this water is used for daily activities. Considering this situation and acknowledging the limited capacity of the government in providing clean water, tactical steps or efforts are needed to assist the community in Kampung Tarikolot in meeting their need for clean water. Therefore, it is expected that the community service activities to be conducted will enhance the access of the Kampung Tarikolot community to clean water.

Clean Water Supports Teaching and Learning Activities

In this activity, clean water provision in the form of a drilled well, public toilets, and septic tanks is carried out to support teaching and learning activities at Darun Najan Islamic School and Mosque of Al Ibrahim in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village. This activity aims to support the government, especially in improving sanitation access and health for the residents of Kampung Tarikolot.

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The aim of the proposed activity in 2022 is to enhance the awareness of the community in Kampung Tarikolot regarding the importance of clean and healthy sanitation, thereby ensuring the well-being of the community’s health. Additionally, this initiative is envisioned to serve as a positive example for other villages around Cinangsi Village, thereby extending the beneficial impact of the program.

The approach to addressing the issue of clean water quality at the activity site involves conducting general community outreach about the community service activities and specifically promoting healthy living practices. Additionally, facilities for providing clean water and sanitation are constructed, such as septic tanks at public bathing areas, washing facilities in several households, and channels/tanks for collecting water from the river.

Preliminary survey, measurements, and socialization activities with community in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village.

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Provision of wastewater sanitation facilities at Darun Najan Islamic School and Al Ibrahim Mosque, Cinangsi Village.

The outputs of this activity include the implementation of appropriate building/technology in the form of good sanitation facilities such as standard septic tanks, washing facilities, and improvements to clean water reservoirs. The impact of this activity is expected to fulfill some of the basic needs of the community around Cinangsi Village for good and healthy sanitation access.***

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Provision of clean water at Darun Najan Islamic School and Al Ibrahim Mosque, Cinangsi Village.

Rainwater Harvesting

Community Assistance in Implementing Rainwater Harvesting (PAH) in the Citarum Watershed Area (Non-Cinangsi Village)

Dr. Mariana Marselina Environmental Management Technology Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D. Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Integrated river basin (DAS) management prioritizes on-site river basin management, which involves managing rainwater at its point of occurrence. One form of such management is rainwater harvesting (PAH). Rainwater harvesting involves capturing rainwater locally and storing it for use in meeting water needs. The water collected in the rainwater harvesting tank at this site is estimated to meet approximately 6.4% of the daily water needs of the community.

On-site Management

On-site management through rainwater harvesting (PAH) systems presents a solution for water availability for communities. With rainwater harvesting, the collected water stored in tanks or containers can be used by the community when needed in the future.

Rainwater harvesting (PAH) is also a method to control runoff and serves as a conservation effort for groundwater. The tanks or containers used for PAH can be stored above or below ground level depending on the availability of land. PAH can be utilized for various community needs apart from drinking water consumption, such as bathing, washing, watering plants, handwashing during the COVID-19 pandemic, and other necessities.

Rain as an Alternative Source

Indonesia is located in a tropical region with relatively high annual rainfall. Based on the average rainfall data, the rainy season occurs from November to April. Java Island experiences moderate to high rainfall, ranging from 250 mm/month to 550 mm/month (Multono, 2014; Wahid and Usman, 2017; Setiawan, 2021).

Rainwater that falls will infiltrate into the soil and then saturate it. After the soil becomes saturated, surface runoff will occur. This runoff water can cause flooding (Annisa et al., 2016; Bahunta, 2019). Additionally, land cover that obstructs the infiltration of water into the soil can also be another cause of surface runoff.

Floods can occur due to the magnitude of surface runoff. Residential areas, roads, and other areas that cannot absorb water will lead to a high potential for flooding. One way to address this is by creating infiltration wells or rainwater harvesting facilities from where the rain falls.

One of the principles of sustainable water resource management is the ability to identify alternative water sources that can be utilized according to needs, not necessarily always meeting drinking water standards. Rainwater is one of the important alternative water sources, especially in areas lacking clean water supply systems, with low surface water quality, and no groundwater availability (Malik et al., 2016). As an alternative water source, rainwater can be utilized to fulfill various needs through appropriate treatment tailored to the intended use of the rainwater.

Other method to reduce the potential for flooding and augment water supply in urban areas is by implementing rainwater harvesting systems. Rainwater harvesting involves collecting, channeling, and storing rainwater for future use.

The Rainwater Harvesting (PAH) technology can be utilized to collect rainwater falling on the surface of a building’s roof, the ground surface, roads, or other surfaces, which is then utilized as a source of clean water supply. The PAH system can be considered as a low-cost and simple system.

Furthermore, the collected rainwater can also be used for irrigation purposes, urban water supply, assisting in water management in urban and rural areas, landscape maintenance, and replenishing groundwater reserves (Quinn et al., 2020; Suprayogi et al., 2019; Malik et al., 2016; Asnaning et al., 2018; Joleha et al., 2019).

In the Citarum Harum activity in 2021, the chosen location is in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City. This location is part of the Citarum River Basin. During the rainy season, floods often occur in this area due to high runoff. Meanwhile, during the dry season, water shortages are frequent.

Other method to reduce the potential for flooding and augment water supply in urban areas is by implementing rainwater harvesting systems.

The location Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City (Marselina et al., 2022).

Water Demand

Projection

Leuwigajah Subdistrict is part of South Cimahi District, Cimahi City, which has an average rainfall of 294.75 mm with an average of 18 rainy days in 2018 (BPS, 2019). The population in Leuwigajah Subdistrict is 43,477 people with a population density of 11,049.63 individuals per square kilometer. Leuwigajah Subdistrict covers an area of 3.93473 square kilometers and is located at an elevation of 726 meters above sea level (BPS, 2020).

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Based on the data compiled from the Central Statistics Agency (Badan Pusat Statistik) in 2021, the highest rainfall in 2018 occurred in April, amounting to 221 mm, while the lowest rainfall occurred in July, at 12 mm. The rainfall data is presented in Table 1 below:

The population in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict in 2021 amounted to 1,350 people, consisting of 730 males and 665 females. The population projection in RW 19 Leuwigajah Subdistrict is calculated using the equation:

Pt = Po(1+(r×t))

Where:

Pt = population in year t

Po = population in the base year

R = population growth rate

t = projection year

Based on the criteria set by the Ministry of Public Works and Public Housing (Kementerian PUPR), Cimahi City falls into the category of a large city, with a total population of 568,400 people. The daily water requirement per person is 120 liters/person/day. The clean water requirement can be calculated based on the following equation:

Table of Rainfall in Cimahi City in 2018 (BPS, 2020)

Based on the calculation using the formula above, the projected population and the projected water needs for the residents in RW 19 of Leuwigajah Subdistrict can be seen in the following table:

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The projected water demand based on the population projection in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City

The design of PAH buildings is tailored to the water needs of the community and the availability of rainwater. Based on the standard PAH design, if every house in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City builds one PAH, each house can store approximately 125 m³ as shown in the following table:

Calculation Results of Rainwater Harvesting Capacity for Each House in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City

Based on the calculation, the community of RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City can build rainwater harvesting systems (PAH) capable of storing 123,870 liters or 123,87 m3 of rainwater.

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Operational Procedure of the Technology

The rainwater harvesting process involves channeling rainwater falling on a building’s roof to a storage unit, which can be a tank or reservoir. Rainwater is directed through pipes or gutters installed on the building’s roof. Before entering the storage tank, the rainwater undergoes a filtration process to ensure that the collected rainwater is cleaner and suitable for use.

The filtration system consists of activated carbon sized 1-2 mm, crushed marble sized 1-2 mm, sand sized 0.4-1.2 mm, and gravel sized 15-20 mm. After passing through this filtration system, the water will be collected in the storage tank.

In the tank, a water tap and pipes are provided to channel the water into the ground or bodies of water when the PAH storage tank is full.

Dimensions

3 x 3 x 2 m

Foundation

River stones

Slope

Base floor 2%

Concrete quality

fc’ 14.5 MPa or K-175

Reinforcement

8 mm diameter steel,

spacing 150 mm

Logical Flow of Rainwater Harvesting System (RWH)

In the activity of constructing Rainwater Harvesting Systems (PAH) in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, the PAHs are built adjacent to the RW 19 community hall. This location was chosen to facilitate the community’s access to the harvested rainwater. Additionally, this site is in close proximity to areas designated for plant nurseries and organic waste processing activities carried out by the community of RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City.

The PAH structures are constructed using brick construction. The tank roofs are covered with concrete and plastered with cement. Rainwater falling on the roof of the RW 19 community hall building will be directed using gutters and pipes to the filtration system inside the tank. The filtration tank is built within the storage tank with the filtration materials arranged from top to bottom, including activated carbon, crushed marble, sand, and gravel.

At the bottom part of the filtration tank, a pipe is installed to channel the water to the main storage tank. This main storage tank is also equipped with drainage pipes to divert excess water to a water body or to allow it to percolate into the ground.

In this rainwater harvesting (PAH) structure, there is one main tap and several additional pipes installed to distribute water to locations further away.

Installation of rainwater harvesting tanks in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City. Pipes are used to distribute the collected rainwater, and gravel acts as a medium for filtering the rainwater.

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Utilization

The construction of rainwater harvesting (PAH) in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City has successfully provided additional water supply to meet the community’s needs, especially during the dry season. The harvested rainwater is also utilized to fulfill the requirements during various activities held at the RW 19 hall.

Rainwater harvesting activities are one of the efforts that can be undertaken to reduce the volume of surface runoff in urban areas. Additionally, it represents a form of water resource conservation initiative. The rampant land use changes occurring in urban areas result in a decreasing infiltration of water into the ground, thereby reducing the baseflow in rivers. This phenomenon is also one of the contributing factors to the increase in surface runoff, potentially leading to flooding.

The high surface runoff during the rainy season can lead to water shortages during the dry season. One effort to prevent water shortages during the dry season is to build tanks or rainwater reservoirs. This rainwater harvesting system can be constructed in every household as it can be adapted to the availability of land.

Rainwater can be collected using tanks or reservoirs that can be placed on the surface of the ground or stored underground. These rainwater harvesting systems can also be built communally if individual construction is not feasible.

The rainwater harvesting system implemented in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, can serve as a model for the surrounding community. With a reservoir size capable of storing approximately 8 of rainwater, this constructed rainwater harvesting system can fulfill around 6.4% of the daily water needs of the community.

In addition to meeting the daily needs of the community, the harvested rainwater is utilized to support a newly constructed plant nursery in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict. This nursery hosts various types of plants, including vegetables and fruits, thus the collected rainwater significantly aids in irrigating these plants.

The establishment of the PAH system prevents rainwater falling on the roof of the RW 19 hall from being wasted and becoming runoff. This is in line with one of the principles of water resource management, which is to explore alternative sources that can be utilized as water sources to meet daily needs.

The overflowing rainwater from the storage tank, when the tank is full, will be directed to channels and discharged into water bodies or the ground to seep into the soil. This is done with the aim of replenishing groundwater reserves to ensure the sustainability of water resources.

The rainwater harvesting activities in RW 19, Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, are in line with the aspirations of the community. This is because the construction of rainwater harvesting systems can

assist the community in meeting their clean water needs and serve as an example for the community of RW 19 to utilize the rainwater that falls in their area.

Although not all clean water needs are met, at least the rainwater collected in the rainwater harvesting system in RW 19 can assist the community who have established a nursery near the RW 19 community hall, where the rainwater harvesting tank is located.

Selection of the construction of rainwater harvesting tank building considers durability and sustainability so that it can be utilized by the community for a long period. The rainwater harvesting tank built in RW 19 Leuwigajah Subdistrict uses brick masonry construction, with columns made of concrete and plastered. This choice was made to prevent water leakage and maintain cleanliness.

Additionally, the rainwater filtration system is chosen using materials that are easy to maintain. To clean the rainwater filtering materials, it can be done by flushing clean water until the filtering materials are clean again. These filtering materials are also considered to prevent insects or other animals carried by rainwater from entering the main storage tank.

The rainwater filtering materials consist of activated carbon, crushed marble, sand, and gravel. These materials are widely available in the market, making them easy to find and purchase at affordable prices. Although the collected rainwater may not meet the standards for drinking water, it can still be utilized

to fulfill the daily needs of the community, such as washing, flushing toilets, cleaning vehicles, watering plants, and so on.

The establishment of the PAH system at the RW 19 hall in Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, is expected to enhance the community’s understanding of securing water reserves during the dry season and mitigate the risk of excessive surface runoff during the rainy season.

The construction of rainwater harvesting system in the RW 19 area of Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, contributes to the community by providing a reservoir for storing clean water for future use or during water shortages. Furthermore, the construction of the rainwater harvesting system sets an example for the surrounding community that rainwater can be collected for utilization rather than being wasted as surface runoff.

The challenge faced in the construction of the rainwater harvesting system (PAH) is the availability of land. Not all households agree to build PAH systems on their premises due to insufficient space. However, an alternative approach is to construct PAH systems communally, allowing shared usage among residents.

The resources utilized in the construction of rainwater harvesting system (PAH) in RW 19 Leuwigajah Subdistrict include approval from the head of Leuwigajah Subdistrict, assistance from the head of RW 19, as well as contributions from the local community. The materials used to construct the

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Socialization of the plan for rainwater harvesting system development attended by the Head of Leuwigajah Subdistrict and the Head of RW 19.

rainwater harvesting system (PAH) were obtained from the nearest hardware store to the construction site, utilizing affordable materials.

The PAH system was constructed next to the RW 19 hall based on the suggestion from the head of RW 19 and with permission from the landowners in the community. Prior to the construction of this PAH system, a socialization effort was conducted involving community representatives and was facilitated by the head of Leuwigajah Subdistrict.

The PAH building is maintained by the officials of RW 19 and the youth organization (karang taruna) of RW 19. The location next to the RW 19 hall was chosen to facilitate monitoring. This was done to prevent excessive use by any party. The community has also agreed to this. Before being used, a trial is conducted on the reservoir tank by collecting water for several days. This is done to observe if there are any leaks in the tank.

Based on the results of the trial, the PAH tank built in RW 19 can be used effectively. The handover of the results of this activity is conducted at the Leuwigajah Subdistrict office so that the subdistrict authorities are aware of the management of this PAH system.

Supporting Seed Houses

Rainwater harvesting systems, or PAH, are not a new phenomenon in Indonesia. Numerous studies have been conducted on the construction of PAH systems in various regions of Indonesia. Although not a novel concept, the construction of a PAH system in RW 19 Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, is the first of its kind in the Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City.

The establishment of the PAH system in the RW 19 area of Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, is a form of support for community activities. One of the community group that benefits from the establishment of the PAH system is the community involved in building seedling houses near the RW 19 hall.

Besides that, the construction of this PAH system provides an initiative to utilize existing water resources sustainably. The community can better understand that rainfall can be utilized and not wasted. Looking ahead, the hope is that more communities will build PAH systems, either independently or communally, so that they still have a reserve of water resources to use when they face water shortages.***

The establishment of the PAH system in the RW 19 area of Leuwigajah Subdistrict, Cimahi City, is a form of support for community activities.

Communal Rainwater Harvesting

Dr. Mariana Marselina Environmental Management Technology Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D. Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Cinangsi Village, located in the Cianjur Regency of West Java Province, is part of the Citarum River Basin (DAS) area, experiencing an annual average rainfall of 3,339 mm/year with a daily average of 50.73 mm/day. As one of the regions within the Citarum River Basin, Cinangsi Village faces the potential risk of flooding during the rainy season and drought during the dry season, primarily due to low infiltration rates in the area. Rainwater harvesting (PAH) is utilized as a source of water supply during the dry season.

Water Resource Crisis

The Citarum River Basin is the largest and longest river basin in West Java Province, with a main river length of approximately 269 km. One of the areas that is also part of the Citarum River Basin is the Cianjur Regency. The Cianjur Regency still faces issues related to water resource crisis.

In 2020, the prolonged dry season caused residents in six villages in Cianjur Regency to experience a crisis in the availability of raw water for two months. The community were forced to use water from puddles in the Cisalak River, which did not meet the quality standards, to meet their bathing, washing, and sanitation (MCK) needs.

The prolonged dry season led to the drying up of the local river basin area (DAS) due to the collapse of the Cikondang irrigation dam and wells running dry. This case highlights the importance of water resource management to address water scarcity during droughts.

Cianjur Regency is located in the central part of the Citarum River Basin, near the Cirata Reservoir. Based on data from the past 21 years, from 2000 to 2020, the highest average annual rainfall occurred in 2016, with 3,339 mm per year.

Based on the monthly rainfall data in the Central Citarum River Basin, this area has a monsoon climate characterized by peak rainfall concentrated during the wet months from October to May. It experiences relatively low rainfall during the dry months, below 100 mm per month, from June to September.

Based on field monitoring, it was found that some communities in Cianjur Regency still lack access to clean water. The access referred to is access to clean water with quantity, quality, and continuity in accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation No. 492 of 2010 concerning Drinking Water Quality Requirements, thus alternative clean water provision is needed, including rainwater harvesting (RWH).

Communal Rainwater Harvesting (RWH)

In essence, many Indonesians traditionally implement Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) by placing buckets or containers under roofs to collect rainwater, which is then utilized for watering plants. Apart from conserving water and serving as a solution for areas lacking water from groundwater or surface water sources, RWH is now widely implemented in large cities to prevent floods. However, to introduce the RWH system in Cinangsi Village, a communal RWH system was developed so that it could be used collectively to meet the needs of the village community.

In 2022, Cinangsi Village, with a population of 7,190 people (BPS Cikalongkulon, 2022), still relies on wells or protected springs as the primary source of water for 53.75% of its community. A total of 14.04% of the population rely on water sources from unprotected wells or springs, 5.32% use piped water, 22.25% use water from boreholes or pumps, 0.19% use bottled water, and 4.44% use other water sources (BPS, 2022).

The purpose of constructing RWH systems is also a manifestation of conservation efforts, where rainwater is not immediately discarded but utilized first to reduce runoff. In addition, it serves as one of the means to provide clean water for the surrounding community. With the construction of RWH systems, it is hoped that it can alleviate the burden on the usage of water from these sources, thus ensuring the sustainability of water resources.

Kampung Tarikolot, located in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency, is part of the Citarum River Basin area. Cinangsi Village is situated in the central part of the river basin and close to Cirata Reservoir. This village is at an elevation of less than 500 meters above sea level (masl) with a total area of 58.63 square kilometers (km2).

In 2022, the population of Cinangsi Village is 7,190 people (BPS Cikalongkulon, 2022), with 53.75% of its community relying on wells or protected springs as their main source of water.

In 2022, Cinangsi Village, with a population of 7,190 people (BPS Cikalongkulon, 2022), still relies on wells or protected springs as the primary source of water for 53.75% of its community.

The location of Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency.

The population of Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency, in 2022 is recorded at 7,190 people. The population growth rate in Cinangsi Village is 1.2%, with a population density of 12.37 people per square kilometer. The number of households with access to clean drinking water was 615,639 households in 2018, and it increased to 711,020 households in 2020. However, there are still communities lacking access to clean water.

Population projection was conducted to estimate the population in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency. The method of calculation utilized is the exponential method. This method was chosen based on the coefficient values and standard deviations obtained, whereby population projections were computed by assuming constant population growth or decline over time. The method is demonstrated in the equation below.

Pn = Po×ern

where:

Pn = population count in the projection year;

PO = population count in the initial year;

r = population growth rate; and n = time (years).

Based on the formula above, the population projection for Cinangsi Village was calculated. The calculation was based on the population count in the year 2022, projecting the population count until the year 2032.

Population Projection Results for Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency, from 2022 to 2032

Based on rainfall data for the past 21 years, from 2000 to 2020, the highest rainfall in the Central Citarum River Basin occurred in 2016, amounting to 3,339 mm/year. The average daily rainfall in the central area of the Citarum Watershed is approximately 50.73 mm/day.

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Monthly rainfall in the central part of the Citarum River Basin

(Waluyo, 2022)

Clean Water Needs

The general requirement for clean water per person is typically 120 liters per person per day. The clean water requirement in Cinangsi Village can be calculated using the equation below.

q = ×total population 120 liter day person

By using the equation above, the clean water requirement for the population of Cinangsi Village can be determined based on the projected population count.

The projected clean water requirement in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency

The Rainwater Harvesting System is constructed by considering community water needs, rainfall availability, and land availability. Based on RWH design standards, to meet the water needs in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, a RWH tank with a capacity of 39m3 is required. However, due to land constraints, the RWH tank that can be constructed in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, is only capable of holding 18m3.

Based on the calculation, with a roof catchment area of 45 m², it can hold approximately 39 m³ of water, thus serving as an alternative water resource to meet the daily needs of the community.

The calculation result of the Rainwater Harvesting System (RWH) capacity that can be built in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village.

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Technology Operation

The Rainwater Harvesting System (RWH) works by collecting rainwater that falls on the roof area of buildings, channeling it using gutters, then directing it to a filtration tank, and finally storing it in the main storage tank. Before constructing this PAH system, there is a planning process consisting of several stages, namely:

1. Analysis of current conditions in the planning area

Field surveys are conducted to obtain information on current conditions in the planning area, including rainfall intensity, availability of clean water, feasible rainwater catchment areas, and the population to be served.

2. Determination of RWH construction location

The selected location is situated in critical areas with a minimum rainfall of 1,300 mm per year.

The RWH location must also meet requirements such as being adjacent to or behind buildings

close to the building’s gutters, being on flat and firm ground, and allowing storage of necessary materials and equipment.

3. RWH Design

Design is carried out based on applicable design criteria and Indonesian National Standards (SNI) (as stated in the Socialization Module and Dissemination of Rainwater Harvesting Standards and Manuals) including parameters such as rainfall intensity, catchment area, and duration of rainfall. Subsequently, material requirements for RWH are calculated, including ferrocement, brickwork, fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), and others.

4. Operation and maintenance of RWH

RWH tanks should be emptied at least once every 2 months and at the beginning of the rainy season. Maintenance of RWH involves cleaning gutters, the reservoir’s base floor, and periodically emptying the tank.

The RWH is designed for buildings with tiled roofs to facilitate the installation of gutters along the roof edges and channel rainwater into the storage tank. The RWH tank can be constructed from materials such as ferrocement, brickwork, and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP), but it is not recommended to use iron or drum materials due to their susceptibility to rusting.

The RWH tank in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, is designed to be square-shaped using brickwork with dimensions of the filter tank measuring 0.6 x 0.6 x 2 meters. This PAH tank is equipped with two manhole openings in each tank, namely the filter tank and the water storage tank.

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The RWH tank is designed using river stone foundations with a floor slope of 2%, and concrete quality of fc’ 14.5 MPa or K-175. Reinforcement for this RWH tank uses 8 mm diameter iron rods spaced at 150 mm intervals for the tank floor and roof cover. To prevent leaks, the RWH tank structure is plastered with a ratio of 1 part cement to 2 parts sand or 1 bucket of cement to 2 buckets of sand.

The foundation of the RWH tank, brickwork which constitutes the construction of the RWH tank, sand which serves as one of the filtering media in the filter tank, monitoring hole or manhole, and the front view of the RWH tank in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency.

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Several steps that can be taken by the community to support the operation and maintenance of RWH:

1. Community as users of RWH can appoint individuals or groups to become managers if the RWH will be utilized communally.

2. Distribution of clean water sourced from RWH can be conducted according to agreed schedules.

3. Maintenance of RWH includes daily, weekly, monthly, and yearly maintenance by managers or the community as RWH users.

4. Monthly maintenance involves cleaning the filter media at least once a month, emptying the storage tank, inspecting for cracks, and checking for leaks in the RWH.

5. Yearly maintenance is carried out by cleaning the RWH at the beginning of each rainy season, clearing vegetation growing around the tank, and draining water accumulated from the first rain.

The construction of the RWH system in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, can provide additional reserves of water resources. The amount of rainwater that can be collected is approximately 18 m³. Although it does not yet meet drinking water standards, the collected rainwater can be beneficial for the surrounding community to meet their daily needs, such as bathing, washing, watering plants, and so on.

In addition to constructing the RWH tank, there is also a dissemination or education program regarding the importance of clean water and the function of the RWH tank built in Cinangsi Village. This dissemination is conducted for elementary school students in grades V and VI at Tegalsari Public Elementary School, Cinangsi Village. It is hoped through this activity, the community will gain a better understanding of the importance of having alternative sources of clean water as one of the efforts towards sustainable water resource management.

Socialization and education regarding the RWH system and water resources at Tegalsari Public Elementary School, Cinangsi Village.

Reducing Surface Runoff

Rainwater harvesting systems are one of the efforts in sustainable water resource management. This is done to reduce surface runoff and increase water infiltration into the soil. The construction of PAH is one of the efforts to address water crisis issues in the Cianjur Regency during the dry season.The majority of community in Cinangsi Village, Cianjur Regency, still rely on wells or protected springs as their source

of clean water, while the rest obtain water from unprotected wells, tap water, boreholes, or even bottled water. As an effort to reduce the burden of using water from these sources, a rainwater harvesting system is built. The RWH can be installed above or below the ground surface and adjusted according to the available land. The RWH system built in Cinangsi Village is expected to serve as an example for the surrounding community who wish to construct their own RWH system or for other villages.

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The RWH tank built in Cinangsi Village has dimensions of 3 x 3 x 2 meters and is located on land adjacent to the Islamic boarding school (pesantren). In addition to meeting the needs of the surrounding community, the rainwater collected in the RWH system can also be utilized by the students (santri) at the pesantren. In the pesantren, there are often religious activities that attract many people from the community. Therefore, the rainwater collected in the RWH tank can be used as wudu water for ablution purposes during these activities.

With the construction of the RWH system in Cinangsi Village, rainwater falling on the roofs of the pesantren’s buildings is not directly discharged onto the ground and wasted. The over flow from the storage tank will be directed to water bodies and infiltrated into the soil in the surrounding plantation areas.

The RWH system requires minimal energy for maintenance. It only needs to be emptied once every 2 months and at the beginning of the rainy season. Cleaning the filter material can be done by flushing it with clean water. The presence of control holes or manholes makes maintenance and checking the condition inside the storage tank easier.

The rainwater harvesting system built in Cinangsi Village can be said to have fulfilled the expectations of the village community, especially the pesantren and its surrounding community. This is because the surrounding community still relies on well water to meet their clean water needs and does not yet have other alternative water resources. Although the

harvested rainwater may not meet the standards for drinking water, the surrounding community can still utilize it for other daily purposes, such as washing, ablution (wudu), and watering plants.

The construction of RWH tank is chosen to utilize brickwork and river stone foundations, with a floor slope of 2%. This construction is selected with considerations for safety and durability, ensuring that it can be utilized for a longer period by the community, given the old soil condition. To prevent leaks, the RWH tank structure is plastered using a ratio of 1 part cement to 2 parts sand, or 1 bucket of cement to 2 buckets of sand. The filtration system provided measures 0.6 x 0.6 x 2 meters, with filter materials consisting of zeolite, activated carbon, sand, and silica. This filtration system is employed to ensure that the harvested rainwater is suitable for use and can be utilized by the community.

The construction of the RWH system in Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, is expected to set an example and provide understanding to the community about obtaining alternative sources of clean water besides well water. It also aims to reduce the risk of clean water crises during the dry season.

The construction of rainwater harvesting tanks in Cinangsi Village contributes to providing the surrounding community with alternative water resources that can be used to meet daily needs. Additionally, the education and awareness-raising activities conducted for elementary school students are also efforts to raise awareness among the community about the importance of water resources.

The challenge in constructing the RWH system in Cinangsi Village lies in the availability of land for building tanks independently. The limited land owned by each household poses a constraint, leading to the construction of RWH tanks on land owned by the pesantren, which is adjacent to residential areas. By being constructed on the land of the pesantren, in addition to meeting the needs of the surrounding community, the harvested rainwater can also be used for activities frequently held at the pesantren.

The human resources utilized in the construction of the RWH system are local community of Kampung Tarikolot, Cinangsi Village, who are directly supervised by the local RT leader. The materials used are also sourced from hardware stores located near the construction site of the PAH tank. Before the construction of the RWH tank, there was a socialization process with the surrounding community. After its completion, educational sessions were conducted with the local community to inform them about the utility of the RWH tank.

The RWH structure is maintained by the local RT officials, assisted by the pesantren management. This is done to ensure that the RWH system becomes a collective responsibility. Several methods for maintaining the RWH tank include conducting regular maintenance, both weekly, monthly, and annually. Routine maintenance can be performed every month or at the beginning of the rainy season. The purpose is to observe the possibility of leaks in the RWH tank. The construction of the rainwater harvesting system is similar to the activities carried out in the previous year in the city of Cimahi.***

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The challenge in constructing the RWH system in Cinangsi Village lies in the availability of land for building tanks independently.

Prof. Mindriany Syafila, Ph.D.

Is the Chair of the ITB Task Force for Citarum Harum for the period 20182022. She is a member of the Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITB. She completed her bachelor's and master's studies at ITB and obtained her doctoral degree from Victoria University of Manchester (University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology/UMIST), United Kingdom.

Dr. Yuli Setyo Indartono

Has been the Chair of the Institute for Research and Community Service (LPPM) at ITB since 2021. He is affiliated with the Thermal Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at ITB. He completed his bachelor's and master's studies at ITB, while he obtained his doctoral degree from Kobe University, Japan.

Dr. Qomarudin Helmy

Currently serves as the Head of the ITB Task Force for Citarum Harum in 2023. He is part of the Water and Wastewater Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering at ITB. He completed his master's and doctoral studies at ITB. He is actively involved in community service activities that support the Citarum Harum program, such as training on simple water treatment and industrial wastewater treatment with a good WWTP operational approach.

Deny Willy Junaidy, Ph.D.

Serves as the Secretary of the Community Service Division at LPPM ITB. He is directly responsible for implementing one of the university's Tri Dharma, which is expected to have a direct impact on society. He completed his bachelor's and master's studies at ITB, while his Ph.D. was obtained from the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST), Japan. Currently, he is affiliated with the Human and Interior Space Research Group, Faculty of Art and Design at ITB.

Mohammad Farid, Ph.D.

Serves as the Secretary of the General Affairs Division at LPPM ITB. He is a member of the Water Resources Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITB. He completed his bachelor's and master's studies at ITB. His doctoral education was pursued at Tohoku University, Japan.

Dr.rer. nat. Rino Rakhmata Mukti

Is the Secretary of the Research Division at LPPM ITB since 2020. He is a member of the Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Research Group, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, ITB. He pursued his bachelor's degree at ITB. His master's and doctoral education was completed at Universiti Teknologi Malaysia and Technische Universität München, Germany, respectively. His research on zeolite materials has earned him several prestigious awards.