CONSTRUCTING A RESILIENT IJSSELDELTA: GREEN AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY BUILDER by m.gazel

URBAN GREEN-BLUE NARRATIVES Constructing Sustainable Urban Landscapes

EMU Spring Semester 2017

European Post-Master in Urbanism EMU spring semester 2017 TU Delft Studio Course European Higher Education Consortium in Urbanism Faculty of Architecture, Department of Urbanism Delft University of Technology Julianalaan 134 The Netherlands

Studio Participants: Zhouyiqi Chen Maricruz Gazel Monika Novkovikj Jean Baptiste Peter Rajat Uchil Cristina Wong Gertie van den Bosch Giuliana Gritti

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1. Constructing a Resilient IJsseldelta ........................................................................................ 5 CONSTRUCTING A Resilient IJsseldelta

Interscalarity Approach �� 11

2. Quadrant Analysis .................................................................................................................. 13 3. Transect Analysis ................................................................................................................... 29 4. Vision and Structure Plan ....................................................................................................... 45 5. Individual Projects................................................................................................................... 55 6. Reflection................................................................................................................................. 65

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CONSTRUCTING A RESILIENT IJSSELDELTA Introduction Methodology

1 5

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CONSTRUCTING A RESILIENT IJSSELDELTA Introduction

Overijssel is one of the twelve provinces conforming the Netherlands. Natural polder landscapes, productive green, rural and urban areas can be found throughout the province. The highest point is Takenberg and the lowest is the Mastenbroek polder, near Kampen. The IJssel is part of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta. The river leads to the IJsselmeer lake closed by a dam, Afsluitdijk, and discharges on the Noordzee. Kampen and Zwolle are located next to the IJssel, which make them prone to climate change risks, such as sea level rise, heat island effect, flood risk, drought, among others.

take place at different governance scales. At the city level, Zwolle leads the initiative by proposing the creation of a climate change campus – boosting knowledge economy simultaneously–, at the province level the Ijssel–Vecht delta programme is a branch of the national Delta programme, which takes some hotspots to improve the existing conditions, such as the Zwolle by–pass that connects the Overijssel river with the Almelose Kanaal. Finally, Room for the River is a national programme as well, whose aim is to create space for water along river edges, while making them safe and attractive.

As part of the Hanseatic League, heritage can be found in Zwolle and Kampen’s historic centres, as well as in old roads such as Zuiderzeestraatweg. The most acute challenge regarding Zwolle and Kampen are climate changes, followed by demographic shifts which can be summarised in aging population, shrinking of smaller towns in order to migrate to bigger cities as Zwolle, an artificial relationship with water, agglomeration effect, environmental degradation –soil and water pollution–, rigidity of the urban fabric and low quality levels of urban green, environmental vulnerability such as floods, subsidence, heat waves and finally, car dependancy. Zwolle is the capital and main city of the Overijssel province and north-eastern Netherlands since it is a transport hub at a national and international level –main connection to Germany–, economic and education centre. Additionally, the province’s vision aims to create ‘future–proof cities’ that cope with climate change. Programmes to address climate change effects

Left Page Fig. 1.0 – Imagery of the IJsseldelta Source: Google, 2017 7

Fig. 1.1

Fig. 1.2

Fig. 1.6

Fig. 1.7

Fig. 1.11 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ï¿½ SPRING 2017

Fig. 1.3

Fig. 1.8

Fig. 1.4

Fig. 1.5

Fig. 1.9

Fig. 1.10

Fig. 1.1 – Zwolle, main square

Fig. 1.7 – Zwolle

Fig. 1.2 – Kampen, river edge

Fig. 1.8 – Zwolle

Fig. 1.3 – Kampen

Fig. 1.9 – Kampen

Fig. 1.4 – Assendorp, Zwolle

Fig. 1.10 – IJssel surroundings

Fig. 1.5 – Zwolle

Fig. 1.11 – IJssel surroundings

Fig. 1.6 –Zwolle Source: Author’s own, 2017 9

Quadrant Scale (1) 50 x 50 km Analysed layers: Infrastructure Layer: water, railway and road, Water management Physical Layer: Landscape elements, Topography and soil Ocupation Layer: Built structure Dynamics Layer: Demographics, Human activities

Transect Scale (2) 2 x 10 km Analysed layers: Occupation layer: Built structure and Parcelisation Infrastrusture/ Network layer: Waterways, Railways, Roadways Physical layer: Soil, Topography, Landscape Elelments Dynamics layer: Accessibility to public transport and green, Climate change, Betweenes, Demographics Flows layer: Water, energy flows Project Scale (3)

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INTERSCALARITY APPROACH Methodology

“Constructing Sustainable Urban Landscapes” projects are addressed by an inter–scalarity approach in order to understand the different layers and dynamics of the study area. The first scale (1) takes a section of the northern Overijssel province and is addressed through the layer approach, taking into consideration fours layers: physical, infrastructure, occupation and dynamic layers. Moreover, the quadrant scale (2) analyses and understands the immediate surroundings of Zwolle and Kampen, as well as the current condition of the river corridor that connects them. Third scale (3) is composed by five transects, of which three are located in Zwolle while the rest is situated in Kampen. Due to shifts among scales, a more detailed analysis is presented in this phase. Finally, according to the regional vision, each student selected a strategic area to further develop, in which a new set of inter-scalarity is presented. It is worth noting that the dynamic among scales is not linear: conclusions from the quadrant appear in the transects, as well as final reflections from individual projects surface in the regional scale. Thus, in a constant process of moving across scales. Following the four layer approach the following maps were analysed for the Quadrant scale: 1–Infrastructure: water: surface water drainage system, surface and ground water storage, water transport network, water hierarchical system, railway and road: regional infrastructure, commuting patterns: accessibility to public transport, Water management infrastructure: dikes, water units 2–Physical Layer: patches, corridors and

stepping stones, blue corridors, landscape elements, topography, geology 3–Occupation Layer: Built construction year, building use 4–Dynamic Layer: Distribution population (by age groups, gender and density), human activities: Under the same methodology of the four layers though with a different precision the following maps were analysed for the Transect scale: 1–Occupation layer: buildings and parcels, building status, building’s functions, construction year, GSI, FSI 2–Network layer: infrastructure 3–Physical layer: topography, geology: water holding capacity, ndvi analysis, landscape elements 4–Dynamics layer: commuting patterns, mobility human activities: education, recreation, religious, demography: population density 5–Flows layer: land subsidence: ground movement, heat island: ground surface temperature, flood risk: current sea level, flood risk: 150cm sea level rise BG Scenario, flood damage million EUR/ha, ground water

Left Page: Fig. 1.12 – Diagram of Interscalarity approach Source: Author’s own, 2017 11

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QUADRANT ANALYSIS

Fig. 2.1 – Quadrant map – Data source: TOP10NL, 2015 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

QUADRANT APPROACH Introduction

Based interâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;scalarity approach to understand the different layers and dynamics of the study area. The first scale quadrant is about 50 Ă&#x2014; 50km. And it is to understand basic conditions in the northern Overijssel province. According to the layer approach, the analysis of quadrant is divided into eight different topics: water infrastructure, transportation, landscape elements, topography (together with soil), built structure, demographics, human activities and water performance. Moreover, the synthesis between topics is concluded into four layers: physical layer, infrastructure, occupation and dynamic layer. Each layer has a syhthesis map of the main structure and potential areas. The conclusion of quadrant is a fundamental understanding the region as a whole, and it provides basis for further anaylsis as transect with more pertinency.

Topography

Soil

Patches

Corridors and stepping stones

Blue corridors

Landscape elements

Transportation

Dykes and pumps

Water units

Water management infrastructure

Commuting pattern

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QUADRANT APPROACH Physical, infrastructure, occupation and dynamic layers

Drainage system

Ground water storage

Water transportation

Water infrastructure

Built structure

Building age

Building use

Human activities

Frequency of visit

Service area of schools

Service area of recreational areas

Demographics

Fig. 2.2 – Soil – Data source: Grondsoortenkaart, 2006 0

Peat 4 km

Organic material (Veen) Peat (Moerig op zand) Zand) Clay Loam (Lichte zavel)

Sand Loam Clay

Fig. 2.5 – Patches – Data source: TOP10NL, 2017 4 km

Peat / Organic material (Veen) Clay Loam (Zware zavel) Data source: Grondsoortenkaart 2006 Sandy Peat (Moerig op zand) Loam (Leem) Drawn by: Jean-Baptiste Peter - 2017 grasssland Sand (Zand) Silty Clay (Lichte klei) Sandy Clay Loam (Lichte zavel) Clay (Zware klei) Clay Loam (Zware zavel) Loam (Leem) GEOLOGY Silty Clay (Lichte klei) coniferous Three Clay main(Zware groups of soils can be identified in the Ijsseldelta: klei) -The organic soils (peat) which are used for pasture and are oxydating due to the

of the ground water level Fig. 2.3 – Topograhy – lowering Fig. 2.6 – Corridors and - The historical river beds, which are composed mainly of clay and sand soils, supsource: AHN2_int, stepping stones – areas biodiversity with numerous bird species nesting in these groups of Data soils can be identified in 2006 theport Ijsseldelta: - The sand deposits which are the highestData areasource: and therefore the less exposed to TOP10NL, 2017 flooding soils (peat) which are used for pasture and are oxydating due to the

he ground water level cal river beds, which are composed mainly of clay and sand soils, supsity with numerous bird species nesting in these areas eposits which are the highest area and therefore the less exposed to

Fig. 2.4 – Topograhy – Data source: AHN2_int, 2006

-5.0m

Fig. 2.7 – River hierarchy – Data source: TOP10NL, 2017

lakes and ponds waterways

30.0m

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LANDSCAPE ELEMENTS AND TOPOGRAPHY Physical layer

Potential ecological corridor Existing ecological corridor

Fig. 2.8 – Synthesis of physical layer – Source: Author’s own, 2017

The river forms the organising element with the potential for intensification and connection of the green structure. It accommodates, functions such

Urban limits with poor ecological corridor

as farming, recreation, flood defense systems and cultural activities.

Fig. 2.9 – Transportation – Data source: TOP10NL, 2017

Fig. 2.12 – Pumps and dykes – Data source: Waterstaatskaart, 2017

railway train station pumps

highway Fig. 2.10 – Commuting pattern – Data source: TOP10NL, 2017

dykes Fig. 2.13 – Water units – Data source: Waterstaatskaart, 2017

1.4m

service area of train service area of bus

-3.5 Fig. 2.11 – Water transport network – Data source: Wateratlas - Provincie Overijssel, 2017

Fig. 2.14 – Water management – Data source: Waterstaatskaart, 2017 pumps dykes 1.4m

service area of bus

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-3.5

WATER MANAGEMENT AND TRANSPORTATION Infrastructure layer

-0.4/0.0 0.2/2.4 -3.5/-2.5 1.5/0.5 water surface pumps dykes Railway Train stations Roadway: regional roads Fig. 2.15 – Synthesis of infrastructure layer – Source: Author’s own, 2017

The primary structure of the river and the secondary structure of roadways and railways forms the organizing structure for economic functions .Apart from this, the water-management system is primarily divided in water units

‘waterschap’ that continue to maintain the level of water within the hinterland to ensure drainage, and protection of dykes during extreme summer.

Fig. 2.18 – Built structure – Data source: BAG, 2016

Fig. 2.16 – FSI – Data source: BAG, 2016

low

high

built Legend

Fig. 2.17 – GSI – Data source: BAG, 2016

regionalblocks fsi 0.000000 - 0.164503 0.164504 - 0.496209 0.496210 - 0.929410 0.929411 - 1.895675 1.895676 - 3.641916

Fig. 2.19 – Building use – Data source: BAG, 2016

low

residential high

mix use Legend gsi 0.000000 - 0.068894 0.068895 - 0.193726 0.193727 - 0.312177 0.312178 - 0.593421 0.593422 - 1.526758

Fig. 2.20 – Building age – Data source: BAG, 2016

2016

1700s

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BUILT USE AND SPACE MATRIX Occupation layer

Industrial zone Residential zone Commercial zone Growth/Compaction River Fig. 2.21 – Synthesis of occupation layer – Source: Author’s own, 2017

The river corridor forms the organizing element for major urban and economic functions such as residential and industrial zones. At times, it

restricts and organizes the functions to allow for growth and compaction too.

Fig. 2.22 – Frequency of visit – Data source: Openstreetmap & BBG & Cultural heritage agency of the NL, 2017 low

high Fig. 2.23 – Service area of schools – Data source: Openstreetmap, 2017

Fig. 2.25 – Age distribution - children – Data source: Buurtkaart 2016

medium connection

high connection Fig. 2.26 – Age distribution - elderly – Data source: Buurtkaart, 2016

500m

medium connection

5000m

high connection

Fig. 2.24 – Service area of recreation – Data source: BBG, 2017

Fig. 2.27 – Population density – Data source: Buurtkaart, 2016

500m

1500m

3000

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HUMAN ACTIVITY AND DEMOGRAPHICS Dynamic layer

Religious Cultural Heritage Education Recreation Commercial Land trade route River trade route Fig. 2.28 – Synthesis of dynamic layer – Source: Author’s own, 2017

The river forms the organizing element for recreation on a seasonal, weekly and daily basis. The historic land trade links areas with heritage

and cultural value forming the cultural and heritage axis.

Dynamic Layer

Occupation Layer

Infrastructure Layer

Physical Layer

Fig. 2.29 – Layer approach – Source: Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

GREEN BLUE NETWORK Synthesis

Fig. 2.30 – Synthesis of quadrant – Source: Author’s own, 2017

The Green-Blue network forms the spine for organizing the occupation and dynamic layer as

well the physical layer. From this stems the vision towards a climate resilient Zwolle. 27

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TRANSECT ANALYSIS

Fig. 3.1 - Transect Map - Data Source: bag 2016, top10nl 2015 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ï¿½ SPRING 2017

REGIONAL TRANSECT Location

To understand more in depth, the region transects are selected. Each of which represents a different condition of the most demonstrative urban areas in the region, Zwolle and Kampen. The aim is to draw more specific conclusions about the regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s characteristics, relationships and structure. In this way five transects were selected. Zwolle was divided in three parallel to the river. The object of transect A is to understand the relationship between the urban expansion and the polder main land. Transect B intends to further explore the urban condition including the historic centre. Transect C deals with the natural river corridor. The last two transects D and E located in Kampen and aim to further recognise the relationship between the urban and the river corridor.

Additional to the four main themes new areas were analysed such as climate change. This same reasoning can be applied to all subject matters considered. All this provided different and new information from which new lessons on the region were acquired. In this way relationships and interactions between analytical layers could be identified. Through these insights conclusions for each transect were developed to highlight the underlying its potentials and problematics of each; all of which further informed the regional synthesis observations.

Each transect is therefore analysed through the same guiding subjects as the quadrant: physical, infrastructure, occupation and dynamics. Due to the shift in scale more detail and further analyses where carried out for each theme. For instance, under occupation at the regional level the year of development was part of the analyses, scaling down to the transect level allowed to further subcategorize the development stages. In addition, analyses regarding building densities such as OSR, FSI and GSI where included.

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Transect A

Transect B

Transect C

Transect D

Transect E

Fig. 3.2 - Transect Analyses Data Source: bag 2016, top10nl 2015, GrondSoortenKaart 2006, anh2_int, ovi ns, kaart. eduGis.nl, KlimaatEffectAtlas, cbs 2014, ndvi, bbg, openStreetMap, Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands 33

Density of the built VS Green gestures VS Population density Generic urban green Fig. 3.3 - Transect A Synthesis Process - Source: Author’s Own, 2017

The transect A covers the eastern part of the city of Zwolle, where the city and its expansion meet the countryside and the polder land. The synthesis maps show three different conditions of the transect: _ the vitality of the central area _ the compactness of the built area _ the dichotomy between green and grey areas EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

Abundance VS Lack of green

THE MAINLAND URBAN EDGE Transect A

Due to the dichotomy of natural patches and built environment, the main characters coming out from the transect analysis can be synthesized in a conclusion map. Despite what the distribution of the population reveals, the concentration of the built tissue in the central area allows much more heterogeneity of uses and urban vitality in comparison with the monofunctionality of the suburban areas all around. But at the same time, this condition of dense built tissue hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allowed the infiltration of green elements and patches in the urban realm. The green layer indeed, decreases going from the countryside to the city centre where the relation with the natural green landscape is barely visible and the compactness of the tissue hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allowed the infiltration of green elements and patches in the urban realm.

Fig. 3.4 Transect A Synthesis Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own, 2017

The potentiality of the urban tissue of the central area, dense and compact, reveals a porous character when the use of the buildings is taken into consideration. Over time more and more buildings become vacant or underused, so they can become an important resource of space for a more green-blue oriented urban intervention.

Urban Form

Blue / Green System

Fig. 3.5 - Transect B Synthesis Process - Source: Author’s Own, 2017

Transect B corresponds to the urban quality of Zwolle including the historic centre, the train station and industrial areas of the city. The synthesis of this transect includes: _the different conditions of the urban fabric _the lack of green in the older and denser areas _importance of public transport infrastructure EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

Public Transportation

THE URBAN FORM Transect B Proposed By-pass Centrality Area Enforce/Create Centralities Renaturalization Innovative-Production Co-Create Bottom-Up Initiatives Reutilization of Existing Buildings New Stepping Stone Connection Main Ecological Corridor System Secondary Ecological Corridor System Main Water Corridor Existing Water Canal Water Infiltrations Water Retention Proposed Bus Extension Highway Railway Existing Bus Line / Stops

The predominant urban character of this transect demands for more careful look at the fabric composition. It is evident that urban green decreases in the densely built and older part of the city, hence requiring interventions that introduce green into these areas while further connecting and creating corridors to integrate urban green into the main regional network.

Fig. 3.6 Transect B Synthesis Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own, 2017

Similarly, the evident undergoing transformation of both the historic center and the industrial areas call for different actions. As existing buildings become vacant or renovated in the center they provide opportunities for reutilization and strategic interventions in the area. Likewise, the shift forms the production sector into a more innovative and creative one demand for the industrial areas to be treated for renaturalization of the land and further insertion into the existing fabric. This in turn must include an improvement of the public transport system as core infrastructure for connectivity within the city. Therefore, public transport infrastructure, centralities, the green blue network, the productive system and different urban form become core conditions to be dealt with. 37

ECOLOGICAL POTENTIAL SYNTHESIS

500m

WATER MANAGEMENT POTENTIAL SYNTHESIS

1000m

500m Ecological Potential

FLOOD RISK/ HEAT ISLAND/ ECONOMIC DAMAGE SYNTHESIS

500m

1000m

Water Management Potential

1000m

PRODUCTION-BUILT ENVIRONMENT

500m

1000m

Climate Change Risk

Fig. 3.7 - Transect C Synthesis Process - Source: Author’s Own, 2017

Transect C deals with the area in between the river and the urban tissue of Zwolle. Therefore, the relevant synthesis come from: _enhancement of the green-blue network _natural ecological potential with regards to climate change _possible synergies between nature-ecologyeconomy EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

SOCIO-ECOLOGIPRODUCTIVE CAL POTENTIALLANDSCAPES SYNTHESIS

500m

Production Built Environment

1000m

Socio - economic Potential

THE RIVER CORRIDOR Transect C

Socio-Ecological Main Corridor / Blue/Green Corridor Enhance Flows: energy, biodiversity, water, waste Intermodal Node Landscape Affordance for Flooding Work and Production

Regeneration Remediation Renaturalization of Industry Critical Flood Protection Zone Critical Blue Network Water Infiltration Potential Road Waterway Exceedance Slow Water Capture and Cultural Heritage Reduce Heat Island and Potential for Access to amenities Residential Built Fabric Railway Potential for slow infiltration Agricultural / Other Productive Landscapes

Dealing with the ecological corridor the physical qualities become relevant. In this way, the dike line forms the plain for highly fertile environment as well a potential ecologically rich area for the proposed green-blue corridor. The soil characteristics enables the creation of an integrated water management systems that corresponds to the water holding capacity of different soils. As such the strategy for water management dictates that areas with predominant sand composition water can be easily infiltrated into the soil to recharge the aquifer and areas with clay soils would require a slow infiltration mechanism. We can first capture and then let it slowly infiltrate in the soil where it can be cleaned to use for domestic, industrial or agricultural purposes. Also, combined with topography the areas can be designated as catchment and run-off areas for water management. Fig. 3.8 Transect C Synthesis Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own, 2017

Second important characteristic is industry and farms, next to the ecological importance. Hence, the vision has the possibility to combine these two and propose a productive ecological landscape. 39

Green patches and corridors

Climate change risk

Fig. 3.9 - Transect D-E Synthesis Process - Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own, 2017

Transect D-E corresponds to the urban quality of Kampen including the train station and the part of city on other side of the river. Therefore, the relevant synthesis come from: _the possibility of connection among green patches and corridors _potential with regards to climate change _the accessibility and the city growth EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ďż˝ SPRING 2017

Public transport buffer and radial city growth

THE URBAN-RIVER CONDITION Transects D-E

KAMPEN - COMBINED

KAMPEN - COMBINED KAMPEN - COMBINED KAMPEN - COMBINEDKAMPEN - COMBINED

Fig. 3.10 - Transects D-E Synthesis Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own, 2017 KAMPEN - COMBINED

Transects D and E are both located in Kampen and cover most of the city. They are highly interdependent, which is the reason why the conclusions are presented at a city level and not for each transects separately.

Potential renaturalization High way A6 - Groningen/Zwolle Restauration of the river bed Adaptation of built heritage Improved urban green corridors Urban regeneration

Two main centralities can be found in Kampen: the traditional city, which includes the main railway station (1) and a new connection with Lelystad and Amsterdam: Kampen Zuid station (2). The IJssel is the main natural element found in the city, but the connection from the city to the river has been lost in part throughout the years.

Control of urban growth

renaturalisation opportunity on the northern part of the city would be the final point of the regional green and blue corridor.

Restoration of the river bed and the creation of a green and blue spine are two of the main possible strategies for Kampen. Furthermore, a 41

Fig. 3.11 - Transects at a Regional Scale - Source: Author’s Own, 2017 River-Production Urban-Production Nature-Production Historic/Centralities First expansion/Porosity New neighbourhood/Hierarchy Nature-River Urban-River Urban-Nature EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

REGIONAL RELATIONS All Transects

River Relations

Urban-River

Nature-River

Urban-Nature-River

Nature-River

Urban-Nature

Edge Condition

Urban-River

Productive Condition

Urban-Production

Nature-Production River-Production

Urban Context

Historic

First Expansion

New Neighborhood

Centralities

Similarly, while looking closely at the urban fabric differences began to appear. For the most part, industrial zones are located near the waterways and other major infrastructure while remaining somewhat separated from the rest of the urban fabric. With the ongoing transformation of the industry sector into a more creative, innovative and ecological conscientious one; the previous conditions of the industrial fabric and its relationships with the surrounding areas need to be re-valuated. As for the rest of the urban tissue can be further classified into three categories. The historic centre with a smaller grain and closer relation to water ways, the first expansions of a bigger grain, car predominance and still densely built. Finally, the new neighbourhoods of a more “Vinex” quality in which there is more space availability and car predominance. All of which demand different treatment to main urban conditions such as the quality, availability and access to urban green. The organization of the discussed urban tissues manifests in diverse ways, all present in different proportions according to the tissue type. From hierarchical organization, predominantly present in the new neighbourhoods; a centrality based urban expansion; to a porous historic centre undergoing slow and punctual transformation.

Enforce Centralities

Hierarchy Organization

After the analysis and conclusion of each transect clear relevant conditions and relationships became evident. As concluded from the regional structure the river became and organizing element hence the interaction between the urban fabric and the river is significant. In this matter, an edge condition can be found in each of these relationships making the treatment of such edge a priority for the region.

Porousity

Fig. 3.12 - Relation Diagrams Source: Author’s Own, 2017 43

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VISION AND STRUCTURE PLAN

Green-Blue Spine Cultural-heritage Spine

Fig. 4.1 – Regional vision – Source: Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

THE GREEN-BLUE SPINE A climate proof, rich and liveable IJsseldelta

Building from the main structure elements that are identified in the previous chapter, we can take advantage of the relationships that happen between them. Namely, aside of what was once the historical importance of the route and the different role of the river, today, even the shifted meaning of these important aspects has potential to entail a completely new meaning when translated to the current context. The vision for the structure plan for the IJsseldelta is based on defining different spines, focussing on ecological, environmental, economic, social and cultural qualities. Along these axes, patches related to the functional identity of the spine will be both connected and developed, transformed or strengthened depending on the local urgencies that together construct the region. The concerns that arose with the very first exploration of the region and were later a foundation for the structural vision were mutual for the studio team and the municipal authorities of Zwolle. For the municipality the climatechange impact on the living environment in the coming years is of main concern. Due to its geographic position Zwolle will be becoming increasingly vulnerable to temperature and water level fluctuations and is therefore in an urgent need of urban design strategies for mitigating climate change effects. Furthermore, the city strives to become an economic and knowledge hub for the wider region which would result in growth of the population in the next 10 years. Further, actions and projects will be presented that are pushed foreward by the municipality of Zwolle and underline the ambition of the regional vision by the studio group for the Overijssel.

Along these lines, Zwolle is eager to become an active participant into the Dutch Room for the River Programme and mitigate the impact of higher water levels via improving the quality to the immediate surrounding. One of the steps that are taken in the frames of this programme is the newly planned bypass for the city of Zwolle that is to run along the railway track and establish new water connection with the Ijssel river. It would represent an integral approach between planning, design and engineering and would become a role model for monetizing the multiple benefits of renaturing cities. As a major design step for the green/ blue infrastructure the bypass is an element that the studio team designs with and considers it significantly in the individual design proposals. The vision of Zwolle is further materialized through the research by design project for Zwolle by De Urbanisten. In collaboration with the municipality the project proposes a reinterpretation of urban green-blue network as infrastructural system where traditional values are combined with ecological. Namely public space is combined with ecosystem services. In the direction of the studio groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s vision this project equally addresses the increasing necessity to deal with an excess/ lack of water, improvement of air quality, optimal city temperatures instead of heat island effect and sustainable consumption of resources as services in the city. Therefore, the greenblue network pushes step further to become a valuable quantifiable asset to the urban economy which is integrated in the urban public space design.

Fig. 4.2 – Regional structure plan – Source: Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

REGIONAL STRUCTURE PLAN Overlap of the different strucural layers

Green-Blue Spine Valorization of the main ecological corridors Conservation of important natural spaces Creation of a local agriculture buffer Creation of a green buffer around urban areas

Urban Structure Adapt the historical city centers to climate change Adapt rigid urban developments to climate change Potential areas for urban densification programs Improve the urban quality of new urban developments

Productive Structure Renaturalization of the brownfield located along the main ecological corridors

1. Green-blue corridor focussing on conservation and strengthening of ecologcial, environmental and productive qualities. Green patches have absorbing capacities in terms of function, water and natural spaces. 2. The urban structure points out locations for (re)development, densification or transformation in relation the the development of the other structures of the structure plan. 3. Production structure consists of agricultural and industrial settlements, undergoing change and creating synergies with the green-blue corridor and urban layer. 4. The social cultural heritage spine connects cultural heritage sites and re-establishes the land trade route. In combination with the river as water trade route, they strengthen the historical identity of the region.

Transformation and development of new industrial function Conversion of indusrial areas for urban development Promotion of smaller mixed-use industries Development of knowledge centers

Cultural-Heritage Spine Restore the historical importance of the waterways Valorize the heritage along the historical trading routes Promote tourism in historical city centers Protect and enhance th connection between landscape heritage sites Valorize important industrial heritage sites 49

Green-Blue Spine Ecological patches around the river corridor are protected or strengthened. Protection happens through conservation and buffering. Strengthening happens through creating synergies.

Valorization of the main ecological corridors Conservation of important natural spaces Creation of a local agriculture buffer Creation of a green buffer around urban areas

Fig. 4.3 – Green-Blue Spine – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Urban Structure Both existing rigid urban tissue, as well as new development are made more climate proof, looking for space for transformation and adaptivity of buildings and infrastructure.

Adapt the historical city centers to climate change Adapt rigid urban developments to climate change Potential areas for urban densification programs Improve the urban quality of new urban developments

Fig. 4.4 – Urban Structure – Source: Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

REGIONAL STRUCTURE PLAN Individual structural layers

Productive Structure Specific locations for industrial development are chosen, consisting of brownfields with new development or existing industry which will be strengthened.

Renaturalization of the brownfield located along the main ecological corridors Transformation and development of new industrial function Conversion of indusrial areas for urban development Promotion of smaller mixed-use industries Development of knowledge centers Fig. 4.4 – Productive structure – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Cultural-Heritage Spine The missing link of the cultural heritage land route is remade, strengthening existing heritage locations. New heritage is created in industrial areas and historical importance of waterways is put more into focus, creating a stronger identity for the whole region. Restore the historical importance of the waterways Valorize the heritage along the historical trading routes Promote tourism in historical city centers Protect and enhance the connection between landscape heritage sites Valorize important industrial heritage sites Fig. 4.5 – Cutlural-heritage Spine – Source: Author’s own, 2017 51

7 5

4 3 2

Fig. 4.6 – Location of individual projects – Source: Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

LOCATION OF INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS

GREEN NETWORK

Enabling Change: The Adaptive River Condition of Kampen (1) Cristina Wong

Food Paradise (5) Rajat Uchil

1.35 Km

12 | EMU European Postmaster in Urbanism â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Studio

The Capillary Edge (2) Gertie van den Bosch

The Search for Space (6) Maricruz Gazel

The Geen-Blue Backbone (3) Jean-Baptiste Peter

Urban Biography and Urban Identity (7) Giuliana Gritti

Retrofiting Critical Infrastructures Via Green-Blue (4) Monika Novkovijk

Cultural Route (8) Zhouyiqi Chen 53

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ï¿½ SPRING 2017

INDIVIDUAL PROJECTS 1. Enabling change: the Adaptive River Condition of Kampen 2. The Capillary Edge 3. The green-blue Backbone 4. Retrofitting Critical Infrastructures via green-blue 5. Food Paradise 6. The Search for Space 7. Urban Biography and urban Identity 8. Green Narratives

ENABLING CHANGE: THE ADAPTIVE RIVER CONDITION OF KAMPEN

Author of the project:

Cristina Wong

Fig. 5.1 – Conceptual diagram of the green & blue network – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief description There is a long tradition among the old city of Kampen and the IJssel. Throughout the years this close relationship has deteriorated, developments from the 1980’s and recent ones have completely overturn these reality, thus, one of the overarching aims of these project is to recover the traditional link between the city’s hinterland and the river.

Main findings

enter the city defining urban transformation areas such as renaturalisation, industry cluster, creative industry and residential, and mixed-use. The research question these project aims to answer is how to enable change and deliver attractiveness to a consolidated city while taking into consideration the adaptive capacity as an inherent feature of the urban ecologies design. Furthermore, flexibility, multifunctionality and contingency design will play a key role in order to cope with future uncertainties.

Using urban ecologies and the layer approach the main objective of these project is to intertwine the social, green-blue and urban dynamics into the existing urban tissue. Green and blue network enhances the vitality and social interactions along the river edge. Moreover, it connects the city to the regional green and blue spine. Green axis EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

THE CAPILLARY EDGE: THE EDGE AS A FILTER, GRADIENT AND SYNERGY BETWEEN CITY AND LANDSCAPE Author of the project:

Gertie van den Bosch

Fig. 5.2 – The capillary edge design – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief Description

Main Findings

The Capillary Edge is a design proposal to investigate the edge between Zwolle and the Ijssel river. It explores its capacity, discarding the traditional way of treating nature and city separately and instead, letting them grow in each other in the edge, by which synergies can be created. An analysis of the edge condition is conducted after which the concept of the capillary edge is unraveled, including four strategies. In addition, a lot of attention is put to impacts on existing natural systems and qualities. By collaboration between city and landscape, the proposal can contribute to climate change problems, proposing several green-blue measures. Special programs related to water, energy and waste processes are proposed, including an analysis of these processes.

At a certain time, the built tissue will be full and further development will only take in more green open space, reducing quality of life and of the environment and ecology in the city. Therefore, the next location to investigate is the edge of the city. It is much easier to develop city in nature, than to develop nature in the city, simply because of availability of space. The crucial point of attention here is the need to pay attention to the effects of urban development on natural systems. A process-oriented approach adds the dynamic aspect to it. By working with a process-oriented approach for metropolitan landscape design, guiding principles can be suggested to steer the making of plans, acknowledging for uncertainty and flexibility in the final result. 57

RETROFITTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES VIA GREEN-BLUE Author of the project:

Monika Novkovikj

Fig. 5.3 – Superimposition of soft green network over critical infrastructures– Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief Description The project aims at setting a research-design framework for a specific area in Zwolle on the bases of assessing the weaknesses that the existing critical infrastructures impose on this area so as to improve the livability and socioecological quality. This is accomplished via the superimposition of a new soft green network that would accommodate water and transform vacant voids into activity nodes of ecological value.

Main Findings The area I will be designing for is located at the south-west fringe of the city. On the one edge the site borders a park, agricultural and informal green, and on the other, the rest of the city. As such, it is pierced by three parallel infrastructures,

the Zwolle-Ijssel canal, the E232 highway and the future water by-pass along the railway, which divide it in three seemingly autonomous wholes that hardly interact. The current programmes within these urban fragments are undergoing distinct structural transformations and the main challenge is how to accompany ecological value to them. By giving priority to strengthening of the green network steps are taken into capitalizing vacant voids and overtaking hard transportation infrastructure surfaces for ecological purposes via a strategy of activation of patches and green links. A key project is proposed and a new green structural backbone is established that is to extend over time and enhance the retrofitting of the highway and socially connect the alienated urban fragments.

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

THE GREEN-BLUE BACKBONE: ADAPTING URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE TO CLIMATE CHANGE Author of the project:

Jean-Baptiste Peter

Fig. 5.4 – Conceptual representation of the Green-Blue Backbone – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief Description The “Green-Blue Backbone” is a design proposal to recalibrate the urban infrastructures of Zwolle to cope with the effects of climate change. An analysis of the different infrastructures located along the railway corridor was conducted and different typologies were selected based on their fitness to accommodate green-blue measures. Later, target ecosystem services were selected based on the analysis, and an initial design of four main areas was conducted in order to illustrate the concept.

Main Findings The project shows that there is a lot of potential within the existing urbanized area to accommodate green-blue measures. This raises the question of the over-allocation of budgets

at the regional level to large-scale engineering projects such as the room for the river and delta program. Smaller-scale interventions can also make a difference and should be more frequently experimented. Recalibrating existing urban infrastructures is not only a good strategy to deal with environmental challenges but also an effective way to tackle multiple issues at the same time. The project shows that beside implementing green-blue measures, it improves the quality of life of the inhabitants and makes the city more attractive. The project also shows that the strategy of recalibrating urban infrastructures gives a lot of flexibility in time. In a context of deep uncertainty, it is crucial to make sure that spaces will be flexible enough to accommodate new uses in the future. 59

FOOD PARADISE: THE LOST NARRATIVE IN TRANSFORMATION Author of the project:

Rajat Dinesh Uchil

Fig. 5.5 – Green-Blue neighbourhood structure– Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief Description The project is considered as a pioneer to investigate the potential of urban drosscapes in Zwolle to accomodate ecosystem services and contribute to a green economy. It investigates the morphologic and landscape potential of the area to accomodate multifunctionality, to ensure transition towards a green economy and contribution towards human well-being.

by accomodation of ecosystem services by analysing the ground potential and built potential to accomodate change. Here, the method of succession or transition in the rigid fabric via adaptive pathways and measures forms the final strategy towards transition. The final outcome lies in the co-operation of public, private and copresent sectors to enable this transition.

Main Findings ‘Food Paradise’ in the drosscape of Zwolle is not only conceived as an area for intensive food production,consumption and distribution but also as an area to implement the idea of succession through soil remediation measures and in turn transition towards green economy- agricultural production (silviculture). This is primarily done EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

THE SEARCH FOR SPACE: GREEN AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY BUILDER Author of the project:

Maricruz Gazel

Fig. 5.6 – Principal Intervention Corridors – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief Description: The project deals with the improvement of liveability in a densely built urban environment by creating a green-blue and social structure Intervention areas were selected through an analysis of the transformation capacity of the existing urban fabric and applying multifunctional principles in order to make efficient use of the available space.

Main Findings: By capitalizing on the diverse services of urban green it can become the organizing element in the provision of community building spaces as well as a climate resilient green-blue network. The integration of small spaces and the efficient use of the available space can make a significant difference in the enhancement of liveability in

a densely built environment. Thus, making a contribution to the strengthening of the green regional spine and climate resilient aims while allowing for social areas for cultural and identity expressions. When space is scarce the adaptive capacity comes from the availability of space and the negotiation of its use. This has a direct relationship with the inhabitants, different stakeholders and their willingness to modify the current use and characteristics of space. In this way bottom-up initiatives play a key role that should be further explored. Additionally, the adaptability has also to deal with the relation to the organizing structure. Multifunctional areas have a higher adaptive capacity in the network. 61

URBAN BIOGRAPHY AND URBAN IDENTITY Stadshagen, a chance to improve vitality in a green-blue oriented neighbrohood

Author of the project:

Giuliana Gritti

STEP 1 _ centralities & corridors

STEP 2 _ main connectors

STEP 3 _ private spaces

Twistvliet Park - renovation Shopping mall square - pedestrian space Main boulevard riorganization + new activities Give a hierarchy to main roads Improve vitality along the main roads + main urban spaces Give a hierarchy to blocks roads Private urban spaces

Fig. 5.9 – Representation of the phasing scheme of intervention to achieve urban vitality – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief Description

Main Findings

The “Urban Biography and Urban Identity” project aims to improve vitality and liveability of the new neighborhood of Zwolle, Stadshagen by enlightening the importance of the biographical approach in order to consider the socio-spatial relationship as part of the character of the place and the identity as hidden pattern of use of urban space, both private and public.An overlook of the different uses of the urban realm by the inhabitants around the neighborhood has been conducted and a new hierarchy of public spaces has been proposed taking advantage of the “infiltration” of green-blue elements.

The project shows that there is a lot of potential within the existing urbanized area to accommodate green-blue measures in order to create urban places perfectly designed for the users. A better perception of the hierarchical organization of public spaces can make a significant difference in the enhancement of liveability and vitality in a Vinex oriented environment.

The adaptability overtime of urban spaces due to users and inhabitants, gives an opportunity to the project to develope in several steps.

Reading the urban tissue and the social background throught the use of the urban space it’s possible define the potentialities of a renewal that focuses on the improvement of vitality relying on the identity of the place and the social structure that make it works.

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

GREEN NARRATIVES: GREEN AS A BACKBONE FOR CULTURAL VALUES Author of the project:

Zhouyiqi Chen

Fig. 5.8 – One design proposal of Green narratives – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Brief Description The ‘green narratives’ is to look for a way of constructing resilient IJssel Delta via taking advantage of cultural values, landscape identity along the old trade route Zuiderzeestraatweg combined with green-blue infrastructure to activate the site by increasing both attractiveness and adaptation exclusively for small towns with a rich history and high cultural values.

Main Findings Main challenges of IJssel Delta area are climate change and demographic shift. Challenges for big cities might exist in social-ecological ways. In comparison with big cities, a series of problems are usually encountered by small towns, such

as city shrinking, single economic structure, and demographic shift like aging as well. By reading the territory, the author found region has high cultural values including historical towns, a series of country estates, industrial heritage and various types of landscape. This project shows there is a potential to combine the existing cultural values of old trade route with rich history and green-blue infrastructure. So green-blue serves as a backbone for cultural values. By taking advantage of high cultual values during building up green-blue infrastructure, both adaptation and attractiveness would be a possitve benefits to activate this region. 63

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ï¿½ SPRING 2017

R E F L E C T I O N 1. Lessons Learned Form Bucharest 2. Urban Green Narratives

Concept

Regional Aplication

Fig. 6.1 - The Connector - Source: Forgaci, C., 2017

Fig. 6.3. - Identifying the Main Corridors Source: Author’s Own, 2017

Fig. 6.2 - The Sponge - Source: Forgaci, C., 2017

Fig. 6.4. - Identifying Pathches and Stepping Stones Source: Author’s Own, 2017 1

4 km

grassland

mixed forest

deciduous forest

coniferous forest

willow forest

heather

PATCHES The patches consist of different forests, heather and mainly grassland. The patches represented only include ecological patches. Productive patches such as agricultural elds are not included. We can distinguish 3 bigger coherent ecological patches which are represented in the synthesis map with a lighter colour. More fragmented patches are highlighted in the darker colour.

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

SPATIAL ANALYTICAL THINKING Lessons Learned form Bucharest Workshop

Project Aplication Defining the Organizing Structure The main aim of this concept is to highlight and enforces the base structure of the site. In which a hierarchical organization in which the main organizing elements are supported by transversal connective structure.

Fig. 6.5 - The Spine As Organizer Source: Jean-Baptiste Peter, 2017

Identifying Extra Spatial Capacity The concept stands for spaces that spatially have to potential to absorb change. It makes corridors permeable and porous to social and ecological processes. In this way highlighting empty spaces for water, ecological patches and (new) public spaces. Fig. 6.6 - The Absorbtion Capacity Source: Zhouyiqi Chen, 2017

Concept

Regional Aplication

Fig. 6.7 - The Integrator - Source: Forgaci, C., 2017

Fig. 6.9. - Arriving to a Carrying Structure Source: Author’s Own, 2017

Fig. 6.8 - The Scalar - Source: Forgaci, C., 2017

Fig. 6.10. - From Regional to Transects Source: Author’s Own, 2017

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

Project Aplication Combining Strategic Areas By combining the two previous concepts a Social-ecological integration structure can be defined In short the quality and potential of the urban condition is defined.

Fig. 6.11 - Multifunctionality as Meeting Point for StrategiesSource: Maricruz Gazel, 2017

Constant Interchange Between Scales Interscalarity is a general property of urban river corridors condition. Working simultaneous through different scales ranging from regional to a local is necessary and provides insights on diversity, inter-connectedness and adaptability.

Fig. 6.12 - From Transect to Specific Interventions and Back - Source: Rajat Uchil, 2017

STRATEGY Green network diagram 1 Study area

Green as an adaptive tool for a cohesive city

1.35 Km

O · SPRING 2017

Green as vertical and horizontal generator of living quality

Green as interplay between city and nature 8

Green as backbone for cultural value

Fig. 6.13 - Urban River Narratives -- Source: Author’s Own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

URBAN GREEN NARRATIVES

Personalising green

5 3 5

From brown to green: the new economy

Green as multifunctional community builder

Green and blue to adapt urban infrastructure 71

Reflection

The process of reflection post design, helps in being selective and distilling the goals, objectives, as well as testing the design. This process of inter-scalar design becomes a testing bed for theories, and assumptions made. From the individual projects, the layer of the green-blue spine highlights to be the strongest layer, that becomes the organizing structure for most of the designs. As such it becomes the hard spine of the region: organizing spaces, functions, climate adaptation measures, and infrastructure. Though characterised by its ability to absorb multifunctional landscapes and land uses, it is yet defined by principles of landscape ecology and the substratum forming. In the individual projects, these blue-green spaces were valorised in different capacities, from enhancing cultural value, to producing ecosystem services. It accommodates socio-economic, ecological, cultural functions.

a punctual intervention, characterised by the attributes of morphology and infrastructure networks. Further, elaboration of key areas was crucial for the definition of the concept of adaptivity as by the capacity of each project in either the urban structure or landscape systems to accommodate climate resilient measures, multifunctionality, ecosystem services, narratives. These, range from intensification, use of vertical dimension, time (fourth dimension) to accommodate multifunctionality within rigid urban systems. At the regional scale it is once again the greenblue infrastructure that plays a key role in multifunctionality.

The cultural - heritage spine that was initially marked by historical land -trade routes, industrial heritage is merged with the urban structure to form specific cultural, social values for individual projects. As for example, the social and cultural value is enhanced by the resolution of identity at the scale of spaces, to create ‘a sense of place’. On the other hand, the productive layer becomes

Fig. 6.14 - Regional Vision RevisedSource: Author’s Own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

Fig. 6.15 - Structure PlanRevised- Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own, 2017

Green-Blue Spine Valorization of the main ecological corridors Conservation of important natural spaces

Productive Structure Renaturalization of the brownfield located along the main ecological corridors

Creation of a local agriculture buffer

Transformation and development of new industrial function

Creation of a green buffer around urban areas

Conversion of indusrial areas for urban development

Valorization of Land Route Corridor

Promotion of smaller mixed-use industries Development of knowledge centers

Cultural-Heritage Spine Valorize the heritage along the historical trading routes Valorize important heritage states

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ï¿½ SPRING 2017

Biblliograhy

Corner, J. (1999) “The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention” in Mappings, edited by Cosgrove, D. 213-52. London: Reaktion. Diedrich, L., Lee, G., and Braae, E. (2014) “The Transect as a Method for Mapping and Narrating Water Landscapes: Humboldt’s Open Work and Transareal Travelling” in New American Notes Online Issue 6: Cartography and Narratives Dramstad, W.E., Olson, J.D. and Forman, R.T.T. (1996). Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land-use planning. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, GSD Hooimeijer, F., Meijer, H. and Nienhuis, A. (2009) Atlas of Dutch Water Cities. 2nd ed. Amsterdam: SUN. Pickett S.T.A., Cadenasso M.L., McGrath B. (2013) Ecology of the City as a Bridge to Urban Design. In: Pickett S., Cadenasso M., McGrath B. (eds) Resilience in Ecology and Urban Design. Future City, vol 3. Dordrecht: Springer Pötz, H., Bleuzé, P. (2016) Green-blue grids. Manual for resilient cities. Delft: Atelier Groenblauw Secchi, B., Viganò, P. (2009) Antwerp. Territory of a New Modernity. Amsterdam: SUN Slaney, S. (2017) Stormwater Management for Sustainable Urban Environments. Melbourne: Images Publishing Distilled Ac Waldheim, C. (2006) The landscape urbanism reader. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.

THE SEARCH FOR SPACE: GREEN AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY BUILDER Constructing Sustainable Urban Landscapes Maricruz Gazel

EMU Spring Semester 2017 77

Individual Project: Maricruz Gazel This project is part of a group studio project on the ZwolleKampen IJssel Delta Region that was carried out during spring semester 2017. Studio participants: Zhouyiqi Chen, Maricruz Gazel, Giuliana Gritti, Monika Novkovik, JeanBaptiste Peter, Rajat Uchil, Gertie van den Bosch and Cristina Wong

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ï¿½ SPRING 2017

THE SEARCH FOR SPACE: GREEN AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY BUILDER Author of the project:

Maricruz Gazel

Fig. 1 – Principal Intervention Corridors – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Fig. 8.2 Perceived liveability – the appraisal of the individual for his or her habitat

Introduction: the relevance of peopleenvironment relations

Fig. 8.3 Apparent liveability – the perfect match between species and habitat

On a daily basis humans come into contact and interact with both the physical environment and other members of society. The quality of these interactions is of importance as it affects most aspects of life, and as such is pertinent to Fig.2 -liveability Presumed Liveability the - presumed conditions for liveability Fig. 8.4 Presumed is emphasising different fields of study; all of which have come Source: M. van Dorst, 2012 pg 226 to refer to the environment-person relationship as liveability. The ample scope of the conceptWe as can define environmental qualities of the optimum habitatp.for a buttercup willthe ever be sustainable.” (Howley, et al., 2009, well as the large amount of disciplines it entails or a frog. But to which extent the living environment contributed 848) To do so the concept of liveability is first to the apparent liveability is not simple to determine for humans. The adaptive repertoire of the has created an ambiguity in the term, for there defined and further discussed, followed by a brief species called man is complex: we are able to learn, to remember and to adjust to is no accepted definition and the characteristics review of it’sThis a selection of its spatial qualities. implies we cannot specify a clear set of demands that it englobes are modified according to thechanging circumstances. The next asection theapparent urban change for the environment human will livesexplore in. So the liveability – as being research area. This ambiguity does not diminish capacity, in this way determining the available defined by the number of happy years of life - can only be measured at the end of the relevance of the term, on the contrary, it a person’s life. space for the inclusion of liveable qualities in a highlights its complex character and relevance dense urban fabric. to study. This paper will follow the definition ofThe presumed liveability – the degree to which the living environment meets the presumed conditions for liveability (Fig. 8.4) liveability given by M. van Dorst (Dorst, 2012) Liveability: fit to certain live informs of human behaviour possible and in The physical environment makes as ‘fit to live in’ and supports the claims that inthis way it may contribute to the well-being of people. This form of liveability is Liveability has been a part of the urban discourse dealing with the composition of the physical called presumed because the actual results are unknown. There is a set of indicatheinfluence 1970s,ofand then has entailed living environment, the field of urbanism, has tors a of this since possible thesince physical environment on liveability, but the different discourses according to the actors of these indicators is normative and presumed. For example, if the envisignificant role when it comes to the study of influence the fields of knowledge coin the a neighbourhood, the list ofthat indicators thatterm. makes up the presumed people-environment relationship. The eminentronment is and (Kaal, 2011) The uncertainty of the term’s threat of climate change, pollution, the rapid definition is also paired with the ambiguity of the rate of urbanization, as well as the constant difference with similar concepts as quality of life, conversation for densification and reduction of sustainability among others. Van Kamp et all sprawl, among other issues in the urban agenda; (Kamp, et al., 2003) in their attempt to create a give the study of liveability much relevance to conceptual framework and clear demarcation of our field. Given this the paper aims to study concepts conclude that all concepts refer to the the spatial aspects of liveability and determine relationship between person and environment methods in which a highly built urban area in some aspect or another. However, they can be modified to improve its liveable spatial highlight a shift in the perspective and scales qualities that enhance green-blue networks of study; for liveability is more related to the and social interaction. For, “…cities have to be environment, while quality of life is primarily places where people want to live because unless related to the person and sustainability deals people feel that there are high quality residential with the future. (Kamp, et al., 2003) Since environments then there is little chance that they EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

SPATIALIZING LIVEABILITY: SEARCHING SPACE FOR GREENBLUE AND SOCIAL INTERACTIONS Theoretical Framework

the main area of concern for urbanism is the environment and how this accommodates the population’s needs; liveability is the more suitable concept and area of study. As such, the definition ascribed in this paper is that given by M. van Dorst (Dorst, 2012) as ‘fit to live in’, which can also be described as the quality of the match between people and the living environment. Subsequently, the characteristics of such definition that will be developed are those which have a spatial dimension as they are the ones that interest the design construction. The author also proposes tree different approaches to the person-environment relation explored in liveability: perceived liveability, apparent liveability and presumed liveability. (Fig.2) (Dorst, 2012) The paper will focus on presumed liveability as it starts with the presumed environmental conditions required to achieve basic standards for liveability. The word presumed is important for it reflects on the unknown aspect of the actual results. There are a set of principles for the possible influence of the physical environment on liveability, but the actual influence of these is still supposed. (Dorst, 2012) This set of main spatial principles of liveability include: density, social diversity, social interactions, health environmental standards, safety, quality of the built environment, access to basic services, the importance of green spaces, among others. Each of these sheds light into different important aspects of the built environment that are deemed necessary/ unnecessary to a certain degree to ensure a liveable environment and in most cases they are highly related amongst each other. The most evidently spatial characteristic of liveability is the quality of the built environment. Which can be measured through built and

population density, out of which studies show other deductions can be derived. (Pont & Haupt, 2009) For, “…density is an indicator of the quality of the environment, including crowding, health and safety, availability of light and air, and open space.” (Moudon, 1986, p. 151) In this way density can be said to be directly linked to all the other guiding principles of liveability, and can therefore be used as the leading element in the study of urban condition while detailing the different qualities required for each aforementioned principle. In this regard open space and access to green has proven to have multiple benefits regarding principal aspects of liveability such health and climate change and disaster prevention methods. Studies have demonstrated that urban green has a positive effect on the reduction of heat waves, can help with the quality of the air and reduce noise. (Dorst, 2012) Furthermore, streetscape greenery has been related to perceived general health, acute health related complaints, and mental health. Access to green, even visual access, has a restorative effect from short term stress and attentional fatigue. (Berg, et al., 2007) Additionally, the quality and attractiveness of the green can be related to activity (exercise, leisure, walk) and time spent in it. (Vries, et al., 2013) Though it is not optimal, a maximum distance of 1-3km to green areas still have a positive effect on inhabitants, but the inclusion of small green patches throughout the built environment is recommended. (Berg, et al., 2007) In terms of disaster and climate change protection, preventive measures are relevant to put forth. Though, some are not as evident like subsurface infrastructure to improve the water storage capacity of an area, they can 81

still indirectly affect the spatial conditions of the surface by restricting or supporting diverse design solutions. One of the most evident climate and disaster preventing measures are those dealing with water. The availability of green has already been mentioned for its heat reduction capacities but it can also help with regards to absorption of rain water. Diverse spatial methods and technologies to deal with flooding risk and extreme rainfall have been developed like dyke systems, green roofs, floodable squares and exposed water lines; having a direct impact on the spatial form of public space. As stated before liveability deals with the peopleenvironment relation, thus a liveable environment should also provide space for identity and social interactions. In this way recesses, side yards and setbacks are additional space for public character softening public space; likewise, green spaces can provide meeting points and social contact (Moudon, 1986; Berg, et al., 2007; Howley, et al., 2009) Additionally, the quality of streetscapes can create liveable communities; they encourage residents to commune, identify the streets as part of their home territory and reduce anonymity. (Harvey & Aultman-Hall, 2015) Streetscapes and open spaces provide spaces for interaction, but the type and level of interaction should be also addressed. M. van Dorst has identified the spatial component that socially indicates the interactive capacity of a space, in doing so he explains the relevance of the privacy and control, which is the relation between the expected privacy and the perceived one. He contends that the specialization of such control are territories in which a clear demarcation of space contributes to the legibility of the environment. This translates in practice to what he calls â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;privacy zonesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; defined as the

model of zones with different meaning for privacy and social interaction. These becomes a social code that lets user decide who they want to meet and cultural dependent for it is not easily read by visitors form other cultures. If this balance is not achieved, or if it is disturbed, the result is social stress (crowding) or loneliness. (Dorst, 2005)

Enabling Change: how much change, where and at what rate? It has become clear that liveability pertains the spatial condition of an urban environment; since the aim of this paper is to determine methods in which a highly built urban area can be modified to improve its liveability, it is relevant to further explore what is the transformation capacity of the urban form. In this matter V. Moudon has significant insight on urban transformation. She suggests that gradual transformations are characteristic of time and resources. Generally, the smaller the scale the more continuous and imperceptible the change and the large scale the slower and more radical. Still more importantly, transformations are results of necessary interactions between people and surroundings. (Moudon, 1986) Interaction which have been established as the core relationship for liveability. Thus, it can be stated that transformation of the urban form is part of the liveable condition, in which inhabitants seek to modify their environment to fit their current needs. It is because of this behaviour and through the acknowledgement of the existing form that the results become context specific. For, the insertion of new elements into the existing setting results in a special blend of buildings and spaces that is different form neighbourhood to neighbourhood. (Moudon, 1986) Likewise, the rate and way change occurs is

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO ďż˝ SPRING 2017

directly related to the urban form. Moudon suggests three units of transformation: the parcel, the block and the street. (Fig. 3) The parcel is set to be the strongest and most rigid determinant of urban form, if it is not for demolishing or the restructuring of landholding, interventions are forced to follow the organizing force of parcel ownership and form. (Moudon, 1986, p. 134) It is only through concentrated and strong proposals that the original scheme can be disrupted and for the most part such actions are punctual and limited to strategic interventions in selected city areas. Hence, parcellation becomes the ‘hard rule’ that remain in evidence after many decades in which a small plots configuration is equivalent to high control for residents, slows rate of change by large scale real estate development, promotes ownership independence, identity, and caters to pedestrian. However, the ‘soft rules’ also play a key role in transformation, setbacks can be appropriated and extensions usually find their way into them. (Moudon, 1986) Therefore, in terms of the liveability condition discussed earlier front setback and gardens become a key element for the enforcement of liveable principles such as identity, social interaction spaces and even the enhancement of urban green. At a block level change must do with scale, big blocks promote a car based living condition while small blocks favour pedestrian behaviour. (Harvey & Aultman-Hall, 2015) At the same time the transformative capacity of blocks deals with scale of open space and its degree of appropriation. The appearance of the modern apartment buildings blocks came to represent an isolated event with no relation to the rest of the neighbourhood. They provide what seems ample open spaces which end up not being claimed or appropriated by inhabitants, creating anonymity

Parcel

Block

Fig. 3 – Transformation Capacity at Each Unit – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Street

Fig. 4 – Transformation Capacity & Multifunctionality Relationship:– Source: Author’s own, 2017 Diversity of functions that can be implemented conjointly in the same unit according to its transformation potential.

of environment. (Moudon, 1986) These configurations provide large opportunities for transformation in which the inner block condition can be developed, densification strategies can be applied, the green can be programmed and the diverse levels of privacy zoning can be addressed to eliminate the anonymity. In short and relating to other block conditions the available open spaces at a block level can be treated to include liveable characteristics. Street on the other hand function as a social interaction facilitator, which has been diminished by traffic priority. As the amount of through traffic increases the social interaction diminishes (Dorst, 2005) In this way “while wide streets may seem at first a waste of public resources, they often present tremendous opportunities for recapturing public open space in the city.” (Moudon, 1986, p. 160). A wide street therefore can include the social interaction component as: visual setting, entryway for each house, pedestrian circulation, meeting place and play area (Ben-Joseph, 2007). Thus, it can be concluded that the public realm of streets and blocks provide more opportunities for transformation and the enhancement of the liveability concepts than the private realm. As such interventions should prioritize and gain on this condition.

Multifunctionality: adding value through the addition of uses Parallel to the change capacity of an urban structure and specially if this one is densely built and space is limited the multifunctional characteristic of space becomes important when it comes to the enhancement of liveability. Kato and Ahern define multifunctionality as: “… the implementation of more functions (uses, activities) in a certain space in a determined period of time.” (Kato & Ahern, 2009, p. 799) Space can therefore become more significant by how it can afford different needs, of different users as would it be recreational, cultural, or ecological. (Fig. 4) The concept also allows to add value to space and proposals making the involvement of different actors easier; for they can see their diverse needs reflected on the space. This helps in the creation of a robust framework, sense of ownership and commitment to the interventions. (Kato & Ahern, 2009) Multifunctionality can be introduced in four diverse ways: intensification of land use, interweaving land use, use of third dimension and use of fourth dimension. (Fig. 5) (Kato & Ahern, 2009) In doing so benefits can come from synergies of accommodating compatible multiple uses. The challenge comes when

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vegetated bioswales, small ponds and created wetlands. This infrastructure adds a wealth of ABC1 functions to the stormwater system and improves liveability.” (Ahern, 2007, p. 275) However, it is important to point out that even though urban green can provide diverse services they not always are compatible with each other, especially when environmental services are combined with social ones. For example, more space for biodiversity may result on the reduction of sport facilities. (Dorst, 2012, p. 233) In these situation, main objectives need to be clear and in most cases dialogue and involvement of the different stakeholders becomes crucial to the final decision making. Fig. 5 - Multifunctionality Through Intensification and Interweaving of Land Use. - Source: Author’s Own, 2017

accommodating competing/conflict uses. To this matter Kato and Ahern provide important insights on strategies to deal with such conflicts. When it comes to time and space conflicts a temporal phasing of uses could be appropriate; for space or use conflicts spatial shifting, separation of spaces, or vertical stacking can be appropriate strategies. (Kato & Ahern, 2009) These strategies apply when it comes to the integration of green in already grey environment. For it has previously been clear the various ecological and social benefits that urban green can provide for the liveability of an area. In this way nature can be treated as means to spatially organize the urban environment to support both ecological and social functions. “…green infrastructure’ stormwater system that incorporates green roofs, infiltration wells,

Reflection: The adaptive capacity of the urban form to enhance liveability. By defining the spatial qualities of the urban environment has made evident that the capacity of the urban form to be transformed and multifunctionality of space are key elements to enhance the spatial qualities of liveability. It has been stablished that the public spaces at the block and street level contain more capacity and ease for change and so enhancement of liveability. Furthermore, when dealing with lack of space multifunctional principles can help create a more effective use of the available space while adding value to the proposals. It is worth mentioning that the peopleenvironment relation is a constant ever changing one in which the expectations of the population are hardly foreseen. In this way, the specialization of liveability is an ongoing process in which the built environment should provide the ability to adapt to these changes without requiring major 1 ABC stands for abiotic, biotic and cultural functions 85

modifications. (Moudon, 1986) By identifying the spaces with added capacity for change and the implementation of multifunctional concepts can ensure some degree of adaptability. In order to do so it is important to consider not designing everything but simply setting the stage; this opens the space for interpretation and variety and will enable the residents to manipulate and personalize their environment through time. (Dorst, 2012; Moudon, 1986) This opens relevant questions worth regarding in future studies regarding design methodology to ensure adaptable spaces that are appropriated and have a clear identity. But most importantly the interaction and participation of the inhabitants is a key aspect for further inquiry. As the importance of inhabitantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; appropriation and manipulation of space is brought forward their role in both improving the liveability conditions and adaptation of space should be studied and so should be the role of bottom up initiatives in this matter. Likewise, stakeholder involvement with regards to liveability conditions should also be subject to further exploration. In sum, this paper deals with the spatial ability to enhance liveability in a densely built environment and leaves for further study the role of the inhabitants and other stakeholders in such transformations.

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Bibliography Ahern, J., 2007. Green Infrastructure for Cities: The Spatial Dimension. In: V. Novotny & P. Brown, eds. Cities of the Future Towards Integrated Sustainable. London: IWA Publishing, pp. 267283. Ben-Joseph, E., 2007. Changing the Residential Street Scene: Adapting the Shared Street (Woonerf) Concept to the Suburban Environment. Journal of the American Planning Association, 61(4), pp. 504-515. Berg, A. E. v. d., Hertig, T. & Staats, H., 2007. Preference for Nature in Urbanized Societies: Stress, Restoration, adn the Pursuit of Sustainability. Journal of Social Issues, 63(1), pp. 79-96. Dorst, M. v., 2005. Privacy Zoning . In: P. Turner & E. Davenport, eds. Spaces, Spatiality and Technology. Printed in the Netherlands: Springer, pp. 97-116. Dorst, M. v., 2012. Liveability. In: E. v. Bueren, H. v. Bohemen, L. Itard & H. Visscher, eds. Sustainable Urban Environments An ecosystem approach. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 223-242.

Kamp, I. v., Leidelmeijer, K., Marsman, G. & Hollander, A. d., 2003. Urban environmental quality and human well-being Towards a conceptual framework and dematcation of concepts;a literature study. Landscape and Urban Plannig, Volume 65, pp. 5-18. Kato, S. & Ahern, J., 2009. Multifunctional Landscapes as a Base for Sustainable Development. LRJ, 72(5), pp. 799-804. Moudon, A. V., 1986. Part Four: Lessons in City and Building Design. In: Built for Change. Massachusetts: MIT Press, pp. 133-189. Pont, M. B. & Haupt, P., 2009. Space, Density and Urban Form, Printed in the Netherlands: s.n. Sanders, E. B.-N. & Stappers, P. J., 2008. Cocreation and the New Landscapes of Design. CoDesign, 4(1), pp. 5-18. Vries, S. d., Dillen, S. M. v., Groenewegen, P. P. & Spreeuwenberg, P., 2013. Streetscape Greenery and Health: Stress, Social Cohesion and Physical Activity as Mediators. Social Science & Medicine, 94(6), pp. 26-33.

Harvey, C. & Aultman-Hall, L., 2015. Measuring Urban Streetscapes for Livability: A Review of Approaches. The Professional Geographer, 68(1), pp. 149-158. Howley, P., Scott, M. & Redmond, D., 2009. Sustainability versus Liveability: an investigation of neighbourhood satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 52(6), pp. 847-864. Kaal, H., 2011. A conceptual history of livability. City, 15(5), pp. 533-547. 87

Fascination

Fig. 7– Fascination Synthesis Zwolle – Source: Author’s own, 2017

In initial exercise fascinations emerged from the highly contrasting urban condition between the historic centre and the joining neighbourhood of Assendorp. First approaches to mapping the urban configuration were conducted/

Fig. 6 – Configuration and Open Spaces Mapping – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Through these mappings it became clear that the historic centre had a more integrated network of public spaces all of which made enforced pedestrian streetscapes. Contrasting with the car based Assendorp with its isolated public spaces.

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GREEN AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY BUILDER: IDENTITY AND SEARCH FOR SPACE

Fig. 8 - Identity and Search for Space Expressions – Source: Author’s own, 2017 89

Historical Development 1830-1920

1921-1965

Homogeneity of Built Environment Car and Parking Predominace Fig. 9– Assendorp Current Condition– Source:BAG2016, Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

1966-2014

Lack of Space for Urban Green

ASSENDORP Problem Statement

Green Axis

Cultural Axis

Fig. 10 - Relation to Regional Structure Plan– Source: Author’s own, 2017

Under more careful study the neighbourhood’s character began to emerge. It mainly consists of densely built single family attached row houses (Fig. 5.6.6). Its growth can be followed through the development of expansion sectors until the inclusion of the multifamily apartment block in the 1960’s. Through its tissue the character remains the same; a highly built environment with building homogeneity, car and parking predominance leading to the lack of space for urban green. (Fig. 5.6.6) In which inhabitants make use of every spatial opportunity for identity expressions. (see

fig. 5.6.5). Given this and ascribing to the regional structure in which the key organizing elements are the natural enhancing the existing greenblue network and build climate resilience. Complemented by the cultural structure with the aims to capitalize on identity. The main design and research question became apparent: How can a densely built neighbourhood accommodate space for green, blue and community spaces?

Fig. 11 - Block Typologies – Source: Author’s own, 2017

0,1

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As stated in the theoretical framework the block and street units provide with a wider transformation capacity. The typological approach was selected for futher inquery given that it allows to include complexity of urban landscape in character and scale. in which (Hausleitner & Berghauser, 2017;) Making it easier to understand which configuration is compatible with which form of strategic intervention. Figure 5.6.9 Show the results at a block level in which GSI, OSR, diversity of use, population density, percentage of front yards per block, quality of life, privacy zoning and green typology EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

TRANSFORMATION POTENTIAL Block and Street Typology

Fig. 12 -Street Typologies â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, 2017

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where combined to produce six typologies. According to the characteristics typologies were paired up with potential interventions. In this manner type 1 represents a high OSR, mixed use, high percentage of front yards. Suggesting the use of strategies in which front yards can be of strategic use. In contrast type 6 has more spatial restrictions in which the use of the third dimension becomes relevant. A similar approach was used at a street level (fig. 5.6.10) In which wider streets, wide lanes and parking spaces provide more carrying capacity.

Fig. 13 -Neighbourhood Transformation Potential – Source: Author’s own, 2017 1

Fig. 5.6.11 - Block Street Relation Typologies Source: Author’s own, 2017

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Furthermore, at an urban scale both blocks and streets interact with each other and an independent study if the two units can only partially depict the transformation potential of the neighbourhood. By overlapping the two set of typologies interrelations and synergies between the two can be identified. And a structural hierarchy slowly surfaces. In which the unit with higher change capacity can be prioritized over the other. In this way, a densely built block adjacent diverse block typologies and a wide street (fig. 5.6.11.6) provides high potential for street and social interaction.

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

UNDERSTANDING ASSENDORP FUNCTIONING Supporting Analyses

Building Use- Mix Use Streets

Topography-Water Run-off Direction

Betweeness & Existing Gathering Spaces

Existing Open Spaces

Fig. 14 - Supporting Analyses - Data Source: BAG 2016, TOP10NL 2015, ovi.ns, Open Street Map

The typo-morphological analyses were supported by parallel analyses indicating further inner functional and structural aspects of the neighbourhood.

Selected Block Transformation

All Potential

Selected

Selected Street Transformation

Fig. 15 - Selected Street Transformation Source: Author’s own, 2017

Streets. Selected by Street Typology, Centrality, Water flow discharge, Through movement

Fig. 16 -Selected Block Transformation – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Public Green. Selected by Use, Centrality Public Parking. Selected by Area, Location on water discharge Sidewalks. Selected by Street Typology, Centrality, Water flow discharge, Through ovement

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

CONSTRUCTING THE STRUCTURE PLAN From Transformation Potential to Selected Transformation Areas

Selected Parcel Transformation

Fig. 17 - Selected Parcel Transformation Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, 2017

Further the spatial components of each transformation potential were mapped out. Priority is given to the street and block level for their easier transformation character. Selection of intervention areas was carried out using pertinent criteria to meet the climate resilience and community building objectives. In this matter streets were selected as the main organizers of social and water flow. For the first purpose centrality measures, street hierarchy and mix use were indicative of their social purpose. As for the water the directionality of the flow, directness of the street form (through movement) Street typology and hierarchy were key in the creation of the network. Block and Parcel transformation areas were selected according to their position in the main organizing network along with supporting criteria specific to their spatial potential.

Private Green Areas. Selected by Grain, Privacy Level Private Parking. Selected by Grain, Use Served, Privacy Level Flat Roofs. Selected by Location on water discharge, Grain, Use Vertical Facade. Selected by Street Typology Front Gardens. Selected by Street Hierarchy

Fig. 18 - Principal Guiding Corridors - Source: Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

GREEN AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY BUILDER Structure Plan

Fig. 19 -Structure Plan – Source: Author’s own, 2017

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Space for Water

Space for Community

Space for Water

Fig. 20 -Space for Water Concept and Plan– Source: Author’s own, 2017

Discharge Surface Water Lines

0,1

0,4km

Secondary Collectors: Ditches and open Gutters Primary Collectos: Bioswales and urban water channels

Infiltration

Green Roofs Underground infiltration boxes drains and wells Porous Pavements Infiltration Meadows and above ground storage

Retention Water Squares Small Water Square: infiltration stripes and retention ponds

The carrying structure of space for water works by providing a network for discharge of excess water from higher ground (at the edge of the river) towards the by-pass proposed on lower ground (parallel to the rail line). Strategies then are selected according to the position on the system. On higher ground infiltration strategies are proposed to reduce the volume of water that reaches lower areas. On lower ground retention strategies help manage exceedance.

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Space for Community

Fig. 21 -Space for Community Concept and Plan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, 2017

0,1

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Extra-Neighbourhood

Intensification of Existing Connection New Connection Activation of Existing Space

Neighbourhood Space for community is structured along privacy zone concepts at a neighbourhood level. At the extra-neighbourhood level spaces for interaction and connection to surrounding neighbourhoods and provided. The neighbourhood level deals with the social and active backbone of Assendorp. While the inner-neighbourhood provides small centralities for the community at a more private level, gathering spaces for the immediate surroundings.

New Gathering Spaces Intensification of Existing Gathering Spaces Mix Use Street Enhancement

Inner-Neighbourhood New Centralities Enhancing Existing Centralities - Woonerf Incentive Inner Connection 101

CARRYING CAPACITY OF SPACE Multifunctionality

Fig. 22-Multifunctionality and Strategic Interventions – Source: Author’s own, 2017

Fig. 23 -Identifying Multifunctional Areas– Source: Author’s own, 2017

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By overlapping the two structures areas of multifunctionality become appear. A main multifunctional square of park intervention is located where the main social and water structures meet. These become the areas of higher multifunctionality and of hierarchical importance in the system. Therefore, a zoom-in is carried out in each of these intersections to further elaborate on the character of each.

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INTRODUCING THE GREEN Design Concepts

Dyke Protection Man-Nature

Open Polder Man-Leasure

Natural Man-Leasure

Agricultural Man-production

The Exception / Rare Topographic Play

The Social Gathering / Functional Purpose

Concept

Abstraction Spatiallity

Physical Manifestation

Transport & Activity Man-Productive Use

The Horizontal Carpet / Directive Smooth Transition Multifunctionality / Nature-Man made Fig. 24 -Nature Design Conceptsâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; Source: Various The Vertical Atmosphere / Enclosure

In order to build up on the character of the proposed interventions inspiration is drawn from the surrounding landscape qualities. The introduction of green blue into the urban form should not just encompass additional greenery but should also speak of the broader context. Five main guiding elements have been identified dealing with different planes, ambiences, configurations, textures and uses. 103

Main Centralities Secondary Centralities Green Roofs

Main Water Retention Secondary Structure Main Structure

Fig. 25 -Zoom-in 1 Aerial View– Source: Autor’s Own

This area is characterized by a higher concentration of university students, teenagers and artists. Parallel to the water management strategies the social character of the area should reflect the predominant population. Given these open plazas are proposed in which different forms of art exhibitions or performances can be carried out. Municipal parking spaces can be adequate accommodate these expressions and eventually shift to an underground parking plaza. In the major retention park, the topography and diverse platforms can be used for physical training and low contact sports.

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TRANSITION AREA: UNIVERSITY STUDENTS / TEENAGERS Zoom 1: Main Communal Spaces

Fig. 26 -Urban Farming Potential/Art Plaza / Underground Parking Strategy Source: Buro Lubbers; Martha Schwartz; Autor’s Own

Fig. 27 -Main Water Retention Park+ Physical Activity- Water Management - Source: Mikyoung Kim Design; Autor’s Own, 105

Main Centralities Secondary Centralities Green Roofs

Main Water Retention Secondary Structure Main Structure

Fig. 28 -Zoom-in 2 Aerial View– Source: Autor’s Own

These intervention is located at the core of the neighbourhood and most active commercial area of Assendorp. Interventions have a more urban character to them while still providing much needed space for water and greenery. The Historic plaza is the central area for major festivals and concerts for this matter by slightly altering the levels a subtle amphitheatre quality is given to the space to accommodate big gatherings and further subdividing the space into smaller areas for the daily use.

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

HEART ASSENDORP: MAIN COMMERCIAL STREET AND CENTRAL SQUARE Zoom 2: Main Communal Spaces

Fig. 29 -Commercial Plaza / Bioswale / Water Square- Source: Mikyoung Kim Design; Autor’s Own,

Fig. 30 -Historic Plaza / Improve Porosity - Source: De Urbanisten; Autor’s Own 107

Main Centralities Secondary Centralities Green Roofs

Main Water Retention Secondary Structure Main Structure

Fig. 31 -Zoom-in 3 Aerial View– Source: Autor’s Own

The final major intervention area is a more family based area in which play is explored through different levels and un traditional playground structures while still providing gathering areas for supervising adults; while still providing much space for retention and exceedance carrying capacity.

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

RESIDENTIAL AREA: FAMILIES WITH CHILDREN Zoom 3: Main Communal Spaces

Fig. 32 -Small Exceedance Water Square Source: De Urbanisten; Autor’s Own,

Fig. 33 -New Centralities / Urban Farming Potential / Exceedance Water Square Source: De Urbanisten; Autor’s Own,

Fig. 34 -Residential Park / Retention Pond- Source: CPC ; Chyutin Architects; Autor’s Own 109

3 8

2 2 3

4 4

-Porous Materials -Parking Elimination -Governmental Agency and Private Bussinesses Involvement -Spatial Qualtity, Green and Infiltration Increase -Social Engagement Fig. 35 -Street Intreventions- Source: Various; Autor’s Own

-Porous Materials -Lane reduction & Elimination -Governmental Agency Involvement -Water Management

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

Street Interventions

-Porous Materials -Lane Reduction -Governmental Agency Involvement -Spatial Qualtity, Green and Infiltration Increase -Water Management

Fig. 36 -Street Intreventions- Source: Various; Autorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own

-Porous Materials -1 Surface (Woonerf) -Governmental Agency and Private Households Involvement -Spatial Qualtity, Green and Infiltration Increase -Social Engagement 111

3 8

2 2 3

4 4

-Porous Materials -Parking Elimination -Governmental Agency and Private Bussinesses Involvement -Spatial Qualtity, Green and Infiltration Increase -Social Engagement Fig. 37 -Street Interventions- Source: Various; Autor’s Own

-Porous Materials -1 Surface (Woonerf) -Governmental Agency and Private Households Involvement -Spatial Qualtity -Green and Infiltration Increase -Social Engagement

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

Street Interventions

-Porous Materials -Lane Reduction & Elimination -Governmental Agency Involvement -Spatial Qualtity -Green and Infiltration Increase -Social Engagement -Water Management

-Porous Materials -Lane Elimination -Governmental Agency and Private Owners Involvement -Infiltration Increase -Water Management -Social Engagement (Green Activation)

Fig. 38 -Street Interventions- Source: Various; Autorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Own

113

Space

Adaptive Capacity

Fig. 39 -Adaptive Capacity - Source: Autor’s Own

tio

pta

Ada

aci

ap nC

Use Negotiation

The adaptive capacity of the intervention deals with the availability of space and the negotiation of its use. Which has a direct relationship with the inhabitants, different stake-holders and their willingness to modify the current use and characteristics of space. In this way bottom-up initiatives play a key role that should be further explored.

Fig. 40 -Multifunctionality- Source: Autor’s Own

Additionally, the adaptability has also to deal with the relation to the organizing structure. Multifunctional areas have a higher adaptive capacity in the network. In the same matter areas imbedded in the network structure have a higher capacity than those adjacent to it.

EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

SPACE FOR FUTURE CHANGE Densification

Selected Densification Areas

Selected

Addition and Substitution. Addition

All Potential

Substitution Future Possible Addition

Fig. 41- Selected Densification Areas Source: Authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s own, 2017

Densification by Substitution

Densification by Addition

Existing Block Typology

Type 1

Type 6

Though not the priority for a densely built neighbourhood as Assendorp Zwolle does foresees future growth. Adaptability can also come in how the area welcomes further densification. By following a similar methodology than that used to create the structure plan the densification potential of each block typology was considered. The final selection criteria included accessibility to transportation modes, available space in accordance to the strategy and positioning on the system. In this way, punctual interventions can still accommodate a sensitive rise in population density. 115

Fig. 42- Principal Densification Areas - Source: Author’s own, 2017 EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

GREEN AS A MULTIFUNCTIONAL COMMUNITY BUILDER Reflection

Through the identification of transformation potentials, available space for change combined with multifunctional principles a robust urban structure can be identified. Subsequently by capitalizing on the diverse services of urban green it can become the organizing element in the provision of community building spaces as well as a climate resilient green-blue network. The integration of small spaces and the efficient use of the available space can make a significant difference in the enhancement of liveability in a densely built environment such as Assendorp. Thus, making a contribution to the strengthening of the green regional spine and climate resilient aims while allowing for social areas for cultural and identity expressions. However, the willingness of inhabitants to produce change can and should be a strong driving force which has been neglected in the current exploration. Thus, further consideration for the role of the inhabitants through different forms of involvement should be further explored and should further link to the implementation and development process of such an intervention.

117

Image Sources

com/work/ [Accessed 03 June 2017].

Fig.2 • Dorst, M. v., 2012. Liveability. In: E. v. Bueren, H. v. Bohemen, L. Itard & H. Visscher, eds. Sustainable Urban Environments An ecosystem approach. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 226

Fig. 30 •De Urbanisten, 2015. Landscape Architects Network. [Online] Available at: https:// landarchs.com/waterplein-benthemplein-revealsthe-secret-of-versatile-water-squares/ [Accessed 03 June 2017].

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EUROPEAN POST-MASTER IN URBANISM DELTA URBANISM STUDIO � SPRING 2017

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*Images not listed are Author’s Own

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