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Recent changes in regulations: March 26, 2012 (Federal Register Volume 77, No. 58) In the March 26, 2012 edition of the Federal Register, OSHA modified its Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) to conform to the United Nations’ Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS). OSHA has determined that the modifications will significantly reduce costs and burdens while also improving the quality and consistency of information provided to employers and employees regarding chemical hazards and associated protective measures. The modifications to the standard include revised criteria for classification of chemical hazards; revised labeling provisions that include requirements for use of standardized signal words, pictograms, hazard statements, and precautionary statements; a specified format for safety data sheets; and related revisions to definitions of terms used in the standard, and requirements for employee training on labels and safety data sheets. OSHA also modified provisions of other standards, including standards for flammable and combustible liquids, process safety management, and most substance-specific health standards, to ensure consistency with the modified HCS requirements. This final rule became effective May 25, 2012, and affects §1926.152 and §1926.155(h) and (i).

August 7, 2012 (Federal Register Volume 77, No. 152) In the August 7, 2012 edition of the Federal Register, OSHA corrected a cross-reference in paragraph (z) of Appendix A to Subpart L of the Construction Regulations. This update became effective August 7, 2012. .

Disclaimer Although the author and publisher of this book have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and timeliness of the information contained herein, the author and publisher assume no liability with respect to loss or damage caused by or alleged to be caused by reliance on any information contained herein and disclaim any and all warranties, expressed or implied.

TOC Table of Contents

Table of Contents

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards §1910.21 §1910.22 §1910.23 §1910.24 §1910.25 §1910.26 §1910.27 §1910.28 §1910.29 §1910.30 §1910.66 §1910.67 §1910.68

Definitions General requirements Guarding floor and wall openings and holes Fixed industrial stairs Portable wood ladders Portable metal ladders Fixed ladders Safety requirements for scaffolding Manually propelled mobile ladder stands and scaffolds (towers) Other working surfaces Powered platforms for building maintenance Vehicle-mounted elevating and rotating work platforms Manlifts

Selected 1917 Marine Terminal Standards 1 4 4 6 6 8 8 12 19 21 21 39 40

Selected 1915 Shipyard Employment Standards §1915.71 §1915.72 §1915.73 §1915.74 §1915.75 §1915.76 §1915.77 §1915.159 §1915.160 Appendix B

Scaffolds or staging Ladders Guarding of deck openings and edges Access to vessels Access to and guarding of dry docks and marine railways Access to cargo spaces and confined spaces Working surfaces Personal fall arrest systems (PFAS) Positioning device systems General Testing Conditions and Additional Guidelines

45 47 47 48 48 48 49 49 50 50

§1917.12 §1917.95 §1917.96 §1917.111 §1917.112 §1917.113 §1917.114 §1917.115 §1917.116 §1917.117 §1917.118 §1917.119 §1917.120 §1917.121 §1917.122 §1917.123 §1917.124 §1917.125 §1917.126 §1917.127 §1917.128

Slippery conditions Other protective measures Payment for protective equipment Maintenance and load limits Guarding of edges Clearance heights Cargo doors Platforms and skids Elevators and escalators Manlifts Fixed ladders Portable ladders Fixed stairways Spiral stairways Employee exits Illumination. Dockboards (car and bridge plates) Guarding temporary hazards River banks Sanitation Signs and marking

53 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 54 54 55 56 56 57 57 57 57 58 58 58 58

Selected 1918 Longshoring Standards §1918.21 §1918.22 §1918.23 §1918.24 §1918.25 §1918.26 §1918.31 §1918.32 §1918.33 §1918.34

General requirements Gangways Jacob's ladders Fixed and portable ladders Bridge plates and ramps (See also §1918.86) Access to barges and river towboats Hatch coverings Stowed cargo and temporary landing surfaces Deck loads Other decks

TOC

59 59 59 59 60 60 60 60 60 60

§1918.35 §1918.36 §1918.37 §1918.66

Open hatches Weather deck rails Barges Cranes and derricks other than vessel's gear Containerized cargo operations Housekeeping Other protective measures Payment for protective equipment

§1918.85 §1918.91 §1918.105 §1918.106

60 61 61 61 62 64 64 64

Selected 1926 Construction Standards §1926.104 §1926.105 §1926.106 §1926.107 §1926.150 §1926.151 §1926.152 §1926.153 §1926.154 §1926.155 §1926.450 §1926.451 §1926.452 §1926.453 §1926.454 Appendix A Appendix B

Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E §1926.500 §1926.501 §1926.502 §1926.503 Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E §1926.552

Safety belts, lifelines, and lanyards Safety nets Working over or near water Definitions applicable to this subpart Fire protection Fire prevention Flammable liquids Liquefied petroleum gas (LP-Gas) Temporary heating devices Definitions applicable to this subpart Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart General requirements Additional requirements applicable to specific types of scaffolds Aerial lifts Training requirements Scaffold Specifications (Non-mandatory) Criteria for Determining the Feasibility of Providing Safe Access and Fall Protection for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers (Non-mandatory) [Reserved] List of National Consensus Standards (Non-mandatory) List of Training Topics for Scaffold Erectors and Dismantlers Drawings and Illustrations (Non-mandatory) Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart Duty to have fall protection Fall protection systems criteria and practices Training requirements Determining Roof Widths Guardrail Systems — Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with §1926.502(b) Personal Fall Arrest Systems Positioning Device Systems Sample Fall Protection Plan Material hoists, personnel hoists, and elevators

TOC

65 65 65 65 65 66 67 75 77 77

§1926.651 §1926.750 §1926.751 §1926.752 §1926.753 §1926.754 §1926.755 §1926.756 §1926.757 §1926.758 §1926.759 §1926.760 §1926.761 Appendix A

Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D

78 79 85 88 89

Appendix E Appendix F

90 Appendix G 93 93 93 94 96 97 99 102 103

Appendix H §1926.1050 §1926.1051 §1926.1052 §1926.1053 §1926.1060 Appendix A §1926.1423 §1926.1431

116 117 118 119 119 120 121 121 121 123 123 123 124

124 124 125

127 127

127 127 129 130 130 130 131 134 134 134 135

Addendum The Top Cited Standards Related to Fall Protections The Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 It’s The Law! Mandatory Posting States with Approved Plans

104 104 107 108 115

Specific excavation requirements Scope Definitions Site layout, site-specific erection plan and construction sequence Hoisting and rigging Structural steel assembly Column anchorage Beams and columns Open web steel joists Systems-engineered metal buildings Falling object protection Fall protection Training Guidelines for Establishing the Components of a Site-specific Erection Plan: Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying with §1926.752(e) [Reserved] Illustrations of Bridging Terminus Points Illustration of the Use of Control Lines To Demarcate Controlled Decking Zones (CDZs): Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying With §1926.760(c)(3) Training: Non-mandatory Guidelines for Complying with §1926.761 Perimeter Columns: Non-Mandatory Guidelines for Complying with §1926.756(e) To Protect the Unprotected Side or Edge of a Walking/Working Surface Fall Protection Systems Criteria and Practices Double Connections Scope, application, and definitions applicable to this subpart General requirements Stairways Ladders Training requirements Ladders Fall protection Hoisting personnel

Index

141 142 143 144 145

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards §1910.21  Definitions (a) As used in §1910.23, unless the context requires otherwise, floor and wall opening, railing and toe board terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this paragraph.[§1910.21(a)] (1) Floor hole. An opening measuring less than 12 inches but more than 1 inch in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard, through which materials but not persons may fall; such as a belt hole, pipe opening, or slot opening. [§1910.21(a)(1)]

[§1910.21(a)(11)]

(b)  As used in §1910.24, unless the context requires otherwise, fixed industrial stair terms shall have the meaning ascribed in this paragraph.[§1910.21(b)] (1) Handrail. A single bar or pipe supported on brackets from a wall or partition to provide a continuous handhold for persons using a stair.[§1910.21(b)(1)] (2) Nose, nosing. That portion of a tread projecting beyond the face of the riser immediately below.[§1910.21(b)(2)] (3) Open riser. The air space between the treads of stairways without upright members (risers).[§1910.21(b)(3)] (4) Platform. An extended step or landing breaking a continuous run of stairs.[§1910.21(b)(4)] (5) Railing. A vertical barrier erected along exposed sides of stairways and platforms to prevent falls of persons. The top member of railing usually serves as a handrail.[§1910.21(b)(5)] (6) Rise. The vertical distance from the top of a tread to the top of the next higher tread.[§1910.21(b)(6)] (7) Riser. The upright member of a step situated at the back of a lower tread and near the leading edge of the next higher tread. [§1910.21(b)(7)]

(8) Stairs, stairway. A series of steps leading from one level or floor to another, or leading to platforms, pits, boiler rooms, crossovers, or around machinery, tanks, and other equipment that are used more or less continuously or routinely by employees, or only occasionally by specific individuals. A series of steps and landings having three or more risers constitutes stairs or stairway.[§1910.21(b)(8)] (9) Tread. The horizontal member of a step.[§1910.21(b)(9)] (10)Tread run. The horizontal distance from the leading edge of a tread to the leading edge of an adjacent tread.[§1910.21(b)(10)]

(11)Tread width. The horizontal distance from front to back of tread including nosing when used.[§1910.21(b)(11)] (c) As used in §1910.25, unless the context requires otherwise, portable wood ladders terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this paragraph.[§1910.21(c)] (1) Ladders. A ladder is an appliance usually consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on which a person may step in ascending or descending.[§1910.21(c)(1)] (2) Stepladder. A stepladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, having flat steps and a hinged back. Its size is designated by the overall length of the ladder measured along the front edge of the side rails.[§1910.21(c)(2)] (3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of but one section. Its size is designated by the overall length of the side rail. [§1910.21(c)(3)]

(4) Extension ladder. An extension ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder adjustable in length. It consists of two or more sections traveling in guides or brackets so arranged as to permit length adjustment. Its size is designated by the sum of the lengths of the sections measured along the side rails. [§1910.21(c)(4)]

(5) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two or more sections of ladder so constructed that the sections may be combined to function as a single ladder. Its size is designated by the overall length of the assembled sections. [§1910.21(c)(5)]

(6) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of two sections hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base. The size is designated by the length of the side rails measured along the front edge.[§1910.21(c)(6)] (7) Extension trestle ladder. An extension trestle ladder is a selfsupporting portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestle ladder base and a vertically adjustable single ladder, with suitable means for locking the ladders together. The size is designated by the length of the trestle ladder base. [§1910.21(c)(7)]

(8) Special-purpose ladder. A special-purpose ladder is a portable ladder which represents either a modification or a combination of design or construction features in one of the generalpurpose types of ladders previously defined, in order to adapt the ladder to special or specific uses.[§1910.21(c)(8)] (9) Trolley ladder. A trolley ladder is a semifixed ladder, nonadjustable in length, supported by attachments to an overhead track, the plane of the ladder being at right angles to the plane of motion.[§1910.21(c)(9)] (10)Side-rolling ladder. A side-rolling ladder is a semifixed ladder, nonadjustable in length, supported by attachments to a guide rail, which is generally fastened to shelving, the plane of the ladder being also its plane of motion.[§1910.21(c)(10)] (11)Wood characteristics. Wood characteristics are distinguishing features which by their extent and number determine the quality of a piece of wood.[§1910.21(c)(11)] (12)Wood irregularities. Wood irregularities are natural characteristics in or on wood that may lower its durability, strength, or utility.[§1910.21(c)(12)] (13)Cross grain. Cross grain (slope of grain) is a deviation of the fiber direction from a line parallel to the sides of the piece. [§1910.21(c)(13)]

(14)Knot. A knot is a branch or limb, imbedded in the tree and cut through in the process of lumber manufacture, classified according to size, quality, and occurrence. The size of the knot is determined as the average diameter on the surface of the piece.[§1910.21(c)(14)] (15)Pitch and bark pockets. A pitch pocket is an opening extending parallel to the annual growth rings containing, or that has contained, pitch, either solid or liquid. A bark pocket is an opening between annual growth rings that contains bark. [§1910.21(c)(15)]

(16)Shake. A shake is a separation along the grain, most of which occurs between the rings of annual growth.[§1910.21(c)(16)] (17)Check. A check is a lengthwise separation of the wood, most of which occurs across the rings of annual growth. [§1910.21(c)(17)]

Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of “29 CFR 1910 General Industry Standards”. The complete regulation is also available in RegLogic®.

1910 Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

(2) Floor opening. An opening measuring 12 inches or more in its least dimension, in any floor, platform, pavement, or yard through which persons may fall; such as a hatchway, stair or ladder opening, pit, or large manhole. Floor openings occupied by elevators, dumb waiters, conveyors, machinery, or containers are excluded from this subpart.[§1910.21(a)(2)] (3) Handrail. A single bar or pipe supported on brackets from a wall or partition, as on a stairway or ramp, to furnish persons with a handhold in case of tripping.[§1910.21(a)(3)] (4) Platform. A working space for persons, elevated above the surrounding floor or ground; such as a balcony or platform for the operation of machinery and equipment.[§1910.21(a)(4)] (5) Runway. A passageway for persons, elevated above the surrounding floor or ground level, such as a footwalk along shafting or a walkway between buildings.[§1910.21(a)(5)] (6) Standard railing. A vertical barrier erected along exposed edges of a floor opening, wall opening, ramp, platform, or runway to prevent falls of persons.[§1910.21(a)(6)] (7) Standard strength and construction. Any construction of railings, covers, or other guards that meets the requirements of §1910.23.[§1910.21(a)(7)] (8) Stair railing. A vertical barrier erected along exposed sides of a stairway to prevent falls of persons.[§1910.21(a)(8)] (9) Toeboard. A vertical barrier at floor level erected along exposed edges of a floor opening, wall opening, platform, runway, or ramp to prevent falls of materials.[§1910.21(a)(9)] (10)Wall hole. An opening less than 30 inches but more than 1 inch high, of unrestricted width, in any wall or partition; such as a ventilation hole or drainage scupper.[§1910.21(a)(10)] (11)Wall opening. An opening at least 30 inches high and 18 inches wide, in any wall or partition, through which persons may fall; such as a yard-arm doorway or chute opening.

§1910.21 (c)

§1910.21

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

(18)Wane. Wane is bark, or the lack of wood from any cause, on the corner of a piece.[§1910.21(c)(18)] (19)Decay. Decay is disintegration of wood substance due to action of wood-destroying fungi. It is also known as dote and rot.[§1910.21(c)(19)] (20)Compression failure. A compression failure is a deformation (buckling) of the fibers due to excessive compression along the grain.[§1910.21(c)(20)] (21)Compression wood. Compression wood is an aberrant (abnormal) and highly variable type of wood structure occurring in softwood species. The wood commonly has density somewhat higher than does normal wood, but somewhat lower stiffness and tensile strength for its weight in addition to high longitudinal shrinkage.[§1910.21(c)(21)] (22)Low density. Low-density wood is that which is exceptionally light in weight and usually deficient in strength properties for the species.[§1910.21(c)(22)] (d) As used in §1910.26, unless the context requires otherwise, portable metal ladder terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this paragraph.[§1910.21(d)] (1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance usually consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on which a person may step in ascending or descending.[§1910.21(d)(1)] (2) Step ladder. A step ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, having flat steps and a hinged back. Its size is designated by the overall length of the ladder measured along the front edge of the side rails.[§1910.21(d)(2)] (3) Single ladder. A single ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder, nonadjustable in length, consisting of but one section. Its size is designated by the overall length of the side rail. [§1910.21(d)(3)]

(5) Platform ladder. A self-supporting ladder of fixed size with a platform provided at the working level. The size is determined by the distance along the front rail from the platform to the base of the ladder.[§1910.21(d)(5)] (6) Sectional ladder. A sectional ladder is a non-self-supporting portable ladder, non-adjustable in length, consisting of two or more sections so constructed that the sections may be combined to function as a single ladder. Its size is designated by the overall length of the assembled sections.[§1910.21(d)(6)] (7) Trestle ladder. A trestle ladder is a self-supporting portable ladder, non-adjustable in length, consisting of two sections, hinged at the top to form equal angles with the base. The size is designated by the length of the side rails measured along the front edge.[§1910.21(d)(7)] (8) Extension trestle ladder. An extension trestle ladder is a selfsupporting portable ladder, adjustable in length, consisting of a trestle ladder base and a vertically adjustable single ladder, with suitable means for locking the ladders together. The size is designated by the length of the trestle ladder base. [§1910.21(d)(8)]

(9) Special-purpose ladder. A special-purpose ladder is a portable ladder which represents either a modification or a combination of design or construction features in one of the generalpurpose types of ladders previously defined, in order to adapt the ladder to special or specific uses.[§1910.21(d)(9)] (e) As used in §1910.27, unless the context requires otherwise, fixed ladder terms shall have the meanings ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(e)]

(1) Ladder. A ladder is an appliance usually consisting of two side rails joined at regular intervals by cross-pieces called steps, rungs, or cleats, on which a person may step in ascending or descending.[§1910.21(e)(1)] (2) Fixed ladder. A fixed ladder is a ladder permanently attached to a structure, building, or equipment.[§1910.21(e)(2)] (3) Individual-rung ladder. An individual-rung ladder is a fixed ladder each rung of which is individually attached to a structure, building, or equipment.[§1910.21(e)(3)] (4) Rail ladder. A rail ladder is a fixed ladder consisting of side rails joined at regular intervals by rungs or cleats and fastened

in full length or in sections to a building, structure, or equipment.[§1910.21(e)(4)] (5) Railings. A railing is any one or a combination of those railings constructed in accordance with §1910.23. A standard railing is a vertical barrier erected along exposed edges of floor openings, wall openings, ramps, platforms, and runways to prevent falls of persons.[§1910.21(e)(5)] (6) Pitch. Pitch is the included angle between the horizontal and the ladder, measured on the opposite side of the ladder from the climbing side.[§1910.21(e)(6)] (7) Fastenings. A fastening is a device to attach a ladder to a structure, building, or equipment.[§1910.21(e)(7)] (8) Rungs. Rungs are ladder cross-pieces of circular or oval cross-section on which a person may step in ascending or descending.[§1910.21(e)(8)] (9) Cleats. Cleats are ladder cross-pieces of rectangular crosssection placed on edge on which a person may step in ascending or descending.[§1910.21(e)(9)] (10)Steps. Steps are the flat cross-pieces of a ladder on which a person may step in ascending or descending.[§1910.21(e)(10)] (11)Cage. A cage is a guard that may be referred to as a cage or basket guard which is an enclosure that is fastened to the side rails of the fixed ladder or to the structure to encircle the climbing space of the ladder for the safety of the person who must climb the ladder.[§1910.21(e)(11)] (12)Well. A well is a permanent complete enclosure around a fixed ladder, which is attached to the walls of the well. Proper clearances for a well will give the person who must climb the ladder the same protection as a cage.[§1910.21(e)(12)] (13)Ladder safety device. A ladder safety device is any device, other than a cage or well, designed to eliminate or reduce the possibility of accidental falls and which may incorporate such features as life belts, friction brakes, and sliding attachments. [§1910.21(e)(13)]

(14)Grab bars. Grab bars are individual handholds placed adjacent to or as an extension above ladders for the purpose of providing access beyond the limits of the ladder.[§1910.21(e)(14)] (15)Through ladder. A through ladder is one from which a man getting off at the top must step through the ladder in order to reach the landing.[§1910.21(e)(15)] (16)Side-step ladder. A side-step ladder is one from which a man getting off at the top must step sideways from the ladder in order to reach the landing.[§1910.21(e)(16)] (f) As used in §1910.28, unless the context requires otherwise, scaffolding terms shall have the meaning ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(f)]

(1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platform rests and which may be supported by ledgers. [§1910.21(f)(1)]

(2) Boatswain's chair. A seat supported by slings attached to a suspended rope, designed to accommodate one workman in a sitting position.[§1910.21(f)(2)] (3) Brace. A tie that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member.[§1910.21(f)(3)] (4) Bricklayers' square scaffold. A scaffold composed of framed wood squares which support a platform limited to light and medium duty.[§1910.21(f)(4)] (5) Carpenters' bracket scaffold. A scaffold consisting of wood or metal brackets supporting a platform.[§1910.21(f)(5)] (6) Coupler. A device for locking together the component parts of a tubular metal scaffold. The material used for the couplers shall be of a structural type, such as a drop-forged steel, malleable iron, or structural grade aluminum. The use of gray cast iron is prohibited.[§1910.21(f)(6)] (7) Crawling board or chicken ladder. A plank with cleats spaced and secured at equal intervals, for use by a worker on roofs, not designed to carry any material.[§1910.21(f)(7)] (8) Double pole or independent pole scaffold. A scaffold supported from the base by a double row of uprights, independent of support from the walls and constructed of uprights, ledgers, horizontal platform bearers, and diagonal bracing.[§1910.21(f)(8)] (9) Float or ship scaffold. A scaffold hung from overhead supports by means of ropes and consisting of a substantial platform having diagonal bracing underneath, resting upon and securely fastened to two parallel plank bearers at right angles to the span.[§1910.21(f)(9)]

* Definitions (10)Guardrail. A rail secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms.[§1910.21(f)(10)] (11)Heavy duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 75 pounds per square foot. [§1910.21(f)(11)]

(12)Horse scaffold. A scaffold for light or medium duty, composed of horses supporting a work platform.[§1910.21(f)(12)] (13)Interior hung scaffold. A scaffold suspended from the ceiling or roof structure.[§1910.21(f)(13)] (14)Ladder jack scaffold. A light duty scaffold supported by brackets attached to ladders.[§1910.21(f)(14)] (15)Ledger (stringer). A horizontal scaffold member which extends from post to post and which supports the putlogs or bearer forming a tie between the posts.[§1910.21(f)(15)] (16)Light duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 25 pounds per square foot. [§1910.21(f)(16)]

[§1910.21(f)(21)]

(22)Needle beam scaffold. A light duty scaffold consisting of needle beams supporting a platform.[§1910.21(f)(22)] (23)Outrigger scaffold. A scaffold supported by outriggers or thrustouts projecting beyond the wall or face of the building or structure, the inboard ends of which are secured inside of such a building or structure.[§1910.21(f)(23)] (24)Putlog. A scaffold member upon which the platform rests. [§1910.21(f)(24)]

(25)Roofing bracket. A bracket used in sloped roof construction, having provisions for fastening to the roof or supported by ropes fastened over the ridge and secured to some suitable object.[§1910.21(f)(25)] (26)Runner. The lengthwise horizontal bracing or bearing members or both.[§1910.21(f)(26)] (27)Scaffold. Any temporary elevated platform and its supporting structure used for supporting workmen or materials or both. [§1910.21(f)(27)]

(28)Single-point adjustable suspension scaffold. A manually or power-operated unit designed for light duty use, supported by a single wire rope from an overhead support so arranged and operated as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to desired working positions.[§1910.21(f)(28)] (29)Single pole scaffold. Platforms resting on putlogs or crossbeams, the outside ends of which are supported on ledgers secured to a single row of posts or uprights and the inner ends of which are supported on or in a wall.[§1910.21(f)(29)] (30)Stone setters' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffold. A swinging-type scaffold having a platform supported by hangers suspended at four points so as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to the desired working position by the use of hoisting machines.[§1910.21(f)(30)] (31)Toeboard. A barrier secured along the sides and ends of a platform, to guard against the falling of material.[§1910.21(f)(31)] (32)Tube and coupler scaffold. An assembly consisting of tubing which serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties, and runners, a base supporting the posts, and special couplers which serve to connect the uprights and to join the various members. [§1910.21(f)(32)]

(33)Tubular welded frame scaffold. A sectional, panel, or frame metal scaffold substantially built up of prefabricated welded sections which consist of posts and horizontal bearer with intermediate members. Panels or frames shall be braced with diagonal or cross braces.[§1910.21(f)(33)]

(34)Two-point suspension scaffold (swinging scaffold). A scaffold, the platform of which is supported by hangers (stirrups) at two points, suspended from overhead supports so as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to the desired working position by tackle or hoisting machines.[§1910.21(f)(34)] (35)Window jack scaffold. A scaffold, the platform of which is supported by a bracket or jack which projects through a window opening.[§1910.21(f)(35)] (36)Working load. Load imposed by men, materials, and equipment.[§1910.21(f)(36)] (g) As used in §1910.29, unless the context requires otherwise, manually propelled mobile ladder stand and scaffold (tower) terms shall have the meaning ascribed in this paragraph. [§1910.21(g)]

(1) Bearer. A horizontal member of a scaffold upon which the platform rests and which may be supported by ledgers. [§1910.21(g)(1)]

(2) Brace. A tie that holds one scaffold member in a fixed position with respect to another member.[§1910.21(g)(2)] (3) Climbing ladder. A separate ladder with equally spaced rungs usually attached to the scaffold structure for climbing and descending.[§1910.21(g)(3)] (4) Coupler. A device for locking together the components of a tubular metal scaffold which shall be designed and used to safely support the maximum intended loads.[§1910.21(g)(4)] (5) Design working load. The maximum intended load, being the total of all loads including the weight of the men, materials, equipment, and platform.[§1910.21(g)(5)] (6) Equivalent. Alternative design or features, which will provide an equal degree or factor of safety.[§1910.21(g)(6)] (7) Guardrail. A barrier secured to uprights and erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms to prevent falls of persons.[§1910.21(g)(7)] (8) Handrail. A rail connected to a ladder stand running parallel to the slope and/or top step.[§1910.21(g)(8)] (9) Ladder stand. A mobile fixed size self-supporting ladder consisting of a wide flat tread ladder in the form of stairs. The assembly may include handrails.[§1910.21(g)(9)] (10)Ledger (stringer). A horizontal scaffold member which extends from post to post and which supports the bearer forming a tie between the posts.[§1910.21(g)(10)] (11)Mobile scaffold (tower). A light, medium, or heavy duty scaffold mounted on casters or wheels.[§1910.21(g)(11)] (12)Mobile. “Manually propelled.”[§1910.21(g)(12)] (13)Mobile work platform. Generally a fixed work level one frame high on casters or wheels, with bracing diagonally from platform to vertical frame.[§1910.21(g)(13)] (14)Runner. The lengthwise horizontal bracing and/or bearing members.[§1910.21(g)(14)] (15)Scaffold. Any temporary elevated platform and its necessary vertical, diagonal, and horizontal members used for supporting workmen and materials. (Also known as a scaffold tower.)[§1910.21(g)(15)] (16)Toeboard. A barrier at platform level erected along the exposed sides and ends of a scaffold platform to prevent falls of materials.[§1910.21(g)(16)] (17)Tube and coupler scaffold. An assembly consisting of tubing which serves as posts, bearers, braces, ties, and runners, a base supporting the posts, and uprights, and serves to join the various members, usually used in fixed locations. [§1910.21(g)(17)]

(18)Tubular welded frame scaffold. A sectional, panel, or frame metal scaffold substantially built up of prefabricated welded sections, which consist of posts and bearers with intermediate connecting members and braced with diagonal or cross braces.[§1910.21(g)(18)] (19)Tubular welded sectional folding scaffold. A sectional, folding metal scaffold either of ladder frame or inside stairway design, substantially built of prefabricated welded sections, which consist of end frames, platform frame, inside inclined stairway frame and braces, or hinged connected diagonal and horizontal braces, capable of being folded into a flat package when the scaffold is not in use.[§1910.21(g)(19)] (20)Work level. The elevated platform, used for supporting workmen and their materials, comprising the necessary vertical, horizontal, and diagonal braces, guardrails, and ladder for access to the work platform.[§1910.21(g)(20)]

Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of “29 CFR 1910 General Industry Standards”. The complete regulation is also available in RegLogic®.

1910 Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

(17)Manually propelled mobile scaffold. A portable rolling scaffold supported by casters.[§1910.21(f)(17)] (18)Masons' adjustable multiple-point suspension scaffold. A scaffold having a continuous platform supported by bearers suspended by wire rope from overhead supports, so arranged and operated as to permit the raising or lowering of the platform to desired working positions.[§1910.21(f)(18)] (19)Maximum intended load. The total of all loads including the working load, the weight of the scaffold, and such other loads as may be reasonably anticipated.[§1910.21(f)(19)] (20)Medium duty scaffold. A scaffold designed and constructed to carry a working load not to exceed 50 pounds per square foot.[§1910.21(f)(20)] (21)Mid-rail. A rail approximately midway between the guardrail and platform, used when required, and secured to the uprights erected along the exposed sides and ends of platforms.

§1910.21 (g)

§1910.22

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

§1910.22  General requirements This section applies to all permanent places of employment, except where domestic, mining, or agricultural work only is performed. Measures for the control of toxic materials are considered to be outside the scope of this section.[§1910.22] (a) Housekeeping.[§1910.22(a)] (1)  All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and orderly and in a sanitary condition.[§1910.22(a)(1)] (2) The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and, so far as possible, a dry condition. Where wet processes are used, drainage shall be maintained, and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places should be provided where practicable.[§1910.22(a)(2)] (3) To facilitate cleaning, every floor, working place, and passageway shall be kept free from protruding nails, splinters, holes, or loose boards.[§1910.22(a)(3)] (b)  Aisles and passageways.[§1910.22(b)] (1) Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe clearances shall be allowed for aisles, at loading docks, through doorways and wherever turns or passage must be made. Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repairs, with no obstruction across or in aisles that could create a hazard.[§1910.22(b)(1)] (2) Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked.[§1910.22(b)(2)] (c) Covers and guardrails. Covers and/or guardrails shall be provided to protect personnel from the hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc.[§1910.22(c)] (d)  Floor loading protection.[§1910.22(d)] (1) In every building or other structure, or part thereof, used for mercantile, business, industrial, or storage purposes, the loads approved by the building official shall be marked on plates of approved design which shall be supplied and securely affixed by the owner of the building, or his duly authorized agent, in a conspicuous place in each space to which they relate. Such plates shall not be removed or defaced but, if lost, removed, or defaced, shall be replaced by the owner or his agent. [§1910.22(d)(1)]

(2) It shall be unlawful to place, or cause, or permit to be placed, on any floor or roof of a building or other structure a load greater than that for which such floor or roof is approved by the building official.[§1910.22(d)(2)]

§1910.23  Guarding floor and wall openings and holes (a) Protection for floor openings.[§1910.23(a)] (1)  Every stairway floor opening shall be guarded by a standard railing constructed in accordance with paragraph (e) of this section. The railing shall be provided on all exposed sides (except at entrance to stairway). For infrequently used stairways where traffic across the opening prevents the use of fixed standard railing (as when located in aisle spaces, etc.), the guard shall consist of a hinged floor opening cover of standard strength and construction and removable standard railings on all exposed sides (except at entrance to stairway). [§1910.23(a)(1)]

(2)  Every ladderway floor opening or platform shall be guarded by a standard railing with standard toeboard on all exposed sides (except at entrance to opening), with the passage through the railing either provided with a swinging gate or so offset that a person cannot walk directly into the opening. [§1910.23(a)(2)]

(3)  Every hatchway and chute floor opening shall be guarded by one of the following:[§1910.23(a)(3)] (i) Hinged floor opening cover of standard strength and construction equipped with standard railings or permanently attached thereto so as to leave only one exposed side. When the opening is not in use, the cover shall be closed or the exposed side shall be guarded at both top and intermediate positions by removable standard railings. [§1910.23(a)(3)(i)]

(ii) A removable railing with toeboard on not more than two sides of the opening and fixed standard railings with

toeboards on all other exposed sides. The removable railings shall be kept in place when the opening is not in use. [§1910.23(a)(3)(ii)]

Where operating conditions necessitate the feeding of material into any hatchway or chute opening, protection shall be provided to prevent a person from falling through the opening.[§1910.23(a)(3)(ii)] (4)  Every skylight floor opening and hole shall be guarded by a standard skylight screen or a fixed standard railing on all exposed sides.[§1910.23(a)(4)] (5)  Every pit and trapdoor floor opening, infrequently used, shall be guarded by a floor opening cover of standard strength and construction. While the cover is not in place, the pit or trap opening shall be constantly attended by someone or shall be protected on all exposed sides by removable standard railings. [§1910.23(a)(5)]

(6)  Every manhole floor opening shall be guarded by a standard manhole cover which need not be hinged in place. While the cover is not in place, the manhole opening shall be constantly attended by someone or shall be protected by removable standard railings.[§1910.23(a)(6)] (7) Every temporary floor opening shall have standard railings, or shall be constantly attended by someone.[§1910.23(a)(7)] (8)  Every floor hole into which persons can accidentally walk shall be guarded by either:[§1910.23(a)(8)] (i) A standard railing with standard toeboard on all exposed sides, or[§1910.23(a)(8)(i)] (ii) A floor hole cover of standard strength and construction. While the cover is not in place, the floor hole shall be constantly attended by someone or shall be protected by a removable standard railing.[§1910.23(a)(8)(ii)] (9)  Every floor hole into which persons cannot accidentally walk (on account of fixed machinery, equipment, or walls) shall be protected by a cover that leaves no openings more than 1 inch wide. The cover shall be securely held in place to prevent tools or materials from falling through.[§1910.23(a)(9)] (10)Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway, a platform shall be provided, and the swing of the door shall not reduce the effective width to less than 20 inches.[§1910.23(a)(10)] (b)  Protection for wall openings and holes.[§1910.23(b)] (1) Every wall opening from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet shall be guarded by one of the following:[§1910.23(b)(1)] (i) Rail, roller, picket fence, half door, or equivalent barrier. Where there is exposure below to falling materials, a removable toe board or the equivalent shall also be provided. When the opening is not in use for handling materials, the guard shall be kept in position regardless of a door on the opening. In addition, a grab handle shall be provided on each side of the opening with its center approximately 4 feet above floor level and of standard strength and mounting.[§1910.23(b)(1)(i)] (ii) Extension platform onto which materials can be hoisted for handling, and which shall have side rails or equivalent guards of standard specifications.[§1910.23(b)(1)(ii)] (2) Every chute wall opening from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet shall be guarded by one or more of the barriers specified in paragraph (b)(1) of this section or as required by the conditions.[§1910.23(b)(2)] (3) Every window wall opening at a stairway landing, floor, platform, or balcony, from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet, and where the bottom of the opening is less than 3 feet above the platform or landing, shall be guarded by standard slats, standard grill work (as specified in paragraph (e)(11) of this section), or standard railing.[§1910.23(b)(3)] Where the window opening is below the landing, or platform, a standard toe board shall be provided.[§1910.23(b)(3)] (4) Every temporary wall opening shall have adequate guards but these need not be of standard construction.[§1910.23(b)(4)] (5) Where there is a hazard of materials falling through a wall hole, and the lower edge of the near side of the hole is less than 4 inches above the floor, and the far side of the hole more than 5 feet above the next lower level, the hole shall be protected by a standard toeboard, or an enclosing screen either of solid construction, or as specified in paragraph (e)(11) of this section.[§1910.23(b)(5)]

* Guarding floor and wall openings and holes (c)  Protection of open-sided floors, platforms, and runways. [§1910.23(c)]

(1)  Every open-sided floor or platform 4 feet or more above adjacent floor or ground level shall be guarded by a standard railing (or the equivalent as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section) on all open sides except where there is entrance to a ramp, stairway, or fixed ladder. The railing shall be provided with a toeboard wherever, beneath the open sides, [§1910.23(c)(1)]

[§1910.23(c)(2)]

(3)  Regardless of height, open-sided floors, walkways, platforms, or runways above or adjacent to dangerous equipment, pickling or galvanizing tanks, degreasing units, and similar hazards shall be guarded with a standard railing and toe board.[§1910.23(c)(3)] (d) Stairway railings and guards.[§1910.23(d)] (1)  Every flight of stairs having four or more risers shall be equipped with standard stair railings or standard handrails as specified in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (v) of this section, the width of the stair to be measured clear of all obstructions except handrails:[§1910.23(d)(1)] (i) On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides enclosed, at least one handrail, preferably on the right side descending.[§1910.23(d)(1)(i)] (ii) On stairways less than 44 inches wide having one side open, at least one stair railing on open side.[§1910.23(d)(1)(ii)] (iii)On stairways less than 44 inches wide having both sides open, one stair railing on each side.[§1910.23(d)(1)(iii)] (iv)On stairways more than 44 inches wide but less than 88 inches wide, one handrail on each enclosed side and one stair railing on each open side.[§1910.23(d)(1)(iv)] (v)  On stairways 88 or more inches wide, one handrail on each enclosed side, one stair railing on each open side, and one intermediate stair railing located approximately midway of the width.[§1910.23(d)(1)(v)] (2) Winding stairs shall be equipped with a handrail offset to prevent walking on all portions of the treads having width less than 6 inches.[§1910.23(d)(2)] (e)  Railing, toe boards, and cover specifications.[§1910.23(e)] (1)  A standard railing shall consist of top rail, intermediate rail, and posts, and shall have a vertical height of 42 inches nominal from upper surface of top rail to floor, platform, runway, or ramp level. The top rail shall be smooth-surfaced throughout the length of the railing. The intermediate rail shall be approximately halfway between the top rail and the floor, platform, runway, or ramp. The ends of the rails shall not overhang the terminal posts except where such overhang does not constitute a projection hazard.[§1910.23(e)(1)] (2)  A stair railing shall be of construction similar to a standard railing but the vertical height shall be not more than 34 inches nor less than 30 inches from upper surface of top rail to surface of tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread. [§1910.23(e)(2)]

(3) [Reserved][§1910.23(e)(3)] (i) For wood railings, the posts shall be of at least 2-inch by 4inch stock spaced not to exceed 6 feet; the top and intermediate rails shall be of at least 2-inch by 4-inch stock. If top rail is made of two right-angle pieces of 1-inch by 4-inch stock, posts may be spaced on 8-foot centers, with 2-inch by 4-inch intermediate rail.[§1910.23(e)(3)(i)]

(ii)  For pipe railings, posts and top and intermediate railings shall be at least 11⁄2 inches nominal diameter with posts spaced not more than 8 feet on centers.[§1910.23(e)(3)(ii)] (iii)For structural steel railings, posts and top and intermediate rails shall be of 2-inch by 2-inch by 3⁄8-inch angles or other metal shapes of equivalent bending strength with posts spaced not more than 8 feet on centers.[§1910.23(e)(3)(iii)] (iv) The anchoring of posts and framing of members for railings of all types shall be of such construction that the completed structure shall be capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied in any direction at any point on the top rail.[§1910.23(e)(3)(iv)] (v)  Other types, sizes, and arrangements of railing construction are acceptable provided they meet the following conditions:[§1910.23(e)(3)(v)] [a] A smooth-surfaced top rail at a height above floor, platform, runway, or ramp level of 42 inches nominal;

1910

[§1910.23(e)(3)(v)[a]]

[b] A strength to withstand at least the minimum requirement of 200 pounds top rail pressure;[§1910.23(e)(3)(v)[b]] [c] Protection between top rail and floor, platform, runway, ramp, or stair treads, equivalent at least to that afforded by a standard intermediate rail;[§1910.23(e)(3)(v)[c]] (4) A standard toeboard shall be 4 inches nominal in vertical height from its top edge to the level of the floor, platform, runway, or ramp. It shall be securely fastened in place and with not more than 1⁄4-inch clearance above floor level. It may be made of any substantial material either solid or with openings not over 1 inch in greatest dimension.[§1910.23(e)(4)] Where material is piled to such height that a standard toeboard does not provide protection, paneling from floor to intermediate rail, or to top rail shall be provided.[§1910.23(e)(4)] (5) (i) A handrail shall consist of a lengthwise member mounted directly on a wall or partition by means of brackets attached to the lower side of the handrail so as to offer no obstruction to a smooth surface along the top and both sides of the handrail. The handrail shall be of rounded or other section that will furnish an adequate handhold for anyone grasping it to avoid falling. The ends of the handrail should be turned in to the supporting wall or otherwise arranged so as not to constitute a projection hazard.[§1910.23(e)(5)(i)] (ii)  The height of handrails shall be not more than 34 inches nor less than 30 inches from upper surface of handrail to surface of tread in line with face of riser or to surface of ramp.[§1910.23(e)(5)(ii)] (iii) The size of handrails shall be: When of hardwood, at least 2 inches in diameter; when of metal pipe, at least 1 1⁄2 inches in diameter. The length of brackets shall be such as will give a clearance between handrail and wall or any projection thereon of at least 3 inches. The spacing of brackets shall not exceed 8 feet.[§1910.23(e)(5)(iii)] (iv)The mounting of handrails shall be such that the completed structure is capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied in any direction at any point on the rail. [§1910.23(e)(5)(iv)]

(6)  All handrails and railings shall be provided with a clearance of not less than 3 inches between the handrail or railing and any other object.[§1910.23(e)(6)] (7) Floor opening covers may be of any material that meets the following strength requirements:[§1910.23(e)(7)] (i) Trench or conduit covers and their supports, when located in plant roadways, shall be designed to carry a truck rearaxle load of at least 20,000 pounds.[§1910.23(e)(7)(i)] (ii) Manhole covers and their supports, when located in plant roadways, shall comply with local standard highway requirements if any; otherwise, they shall be designed to carry a truck rear-axle load of at least 20,000 pounds. [§1910.23(e)(7)(ii)]

(iii)The construction of floor opening covers may be of any material that meets the strength requirements. Covers projecting not more than 1 inch above the floor level may be used providing all edges are chamfered to an angle with the horizontal of not over 30 degrees. All hinges, handles, bolts, or other parts shall set flush with the floor or cover surface.[§1910.23(e)(7)(iii)] (8)  Skylight screens shall be of such construction and mounting that they are capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied perpendicularly at any one area on the screen.

Note: This is not a comprehensive listing of “29 CFR 1910 General Industry Standards”. The complete regulation is also available in RegLogic®.

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

(i) Persons can pass,[§1910.23(c)(1)(i)] (ii) There is moving machinery, or[§1910.23(c)(1)(ii)] (iii)There is equipment with which falling materials could create a hazard.[§1910.23(c)(1)(iii)] (2)  Every runway shall be guarded by a standard railing (or the equivalent as specified in paragraph (e)(3) of this section) on all open sides 4 feet or more above floor or ground level. Wherever tools, machine parts, or materials are likely to be used on the runway, a toeboard shall also be provided on each exposed side.[§1910.23(c)(2)] Runways used exclusively for special purposes (such as oiling, shafting, or filling tank cars) may have the railing on one side omitted where operating conditions necessitate such omission, providing the falling hazard is minimized by using a runway of not less than 18 inches wide. Where persons entering upon runways become thereby exposed to machinery, electrical equipment, or other danger not a falling hazard, additional guarding than is here specified may be essential for protection.

§1910.23 (e)

§1910.24

Selected 1910 General Industry Standards

They shall also be of such construction and mounting that under ordinary loads or impacts, they will not deflect downward sufficiently to break the glass below them. The construction shall be of grillwork with openings not more than 4 inches long or of slatwork with openings not more than 2 inches wide with length unrestricted.[§1910.23(e)(8)] (9) Wall opening barriers (rails, rollers, picket fences, and half doors) shall be of such construction and mounting that, when in place at the opening, the barrier is capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied in any direction (except upward) at any point on the top rail or corresponding member. [§1910.23(e)(9)]

(10)Wall opening grab handles shall be not less than 12 inches in length and shall be so mounted as to give 3 inches clearance from the side framing of the wall opening. The size, material, and anchoring of the grab handle shall be such that the completed structure is capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied in any direction at any point of the handle. [§1910.23(e)(10)]

(11)Wall opening screens shall be of such construction and mounting that they are capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds applied horizontally at any point on the near side of the screen. They may be of solid construction, of grillwork with openings not more than 8 inches long, or of slatwork with openings not more than 4 inches wide with length unrestricted.[§1910.23(e)(11)] [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, 1984]

§1910.24  Fixed industrial stairs (a) Application of requirements. This section contains specifications for the safe design and construction of fixed general industrial stairs. This classification includes interior and exterior stairs around machinery, tanks, and other equipment, and stairs leading to or from floors, platforms, or pits. This section does not apply to stairs used for fire exit purposes, to construction operations to private residences, or to articulated stairs, such as may be installed on floating roof tanks or on dock facilities, the angle of which changes with the rise and fall of the base support.[§1910.24(a)] (b)  Where fixed stairs are required. Fixed stairs shall be provided for access from one structure level to another where operations necessitate regular travel between levels, and for access to operating platforms at any equipment which requires attention routinely during operations. Fixed stairs shall also be provided where access to elevations is daily or at each shift for such purposes as gauging, inspection, regular maintenance, etc., where such work may expose employees to acids, caustics, gases, or other harmful substances, or for which purposes the carrying of tools or equipment by hand is normally required. (It is not the intent of this section to preclude the use of fixed ladders for access to elevated tanks, towers, and similar structures, overhead traveling cranes, etc., where the use of fixed ladders is common practice.) Spiral stairways shall not be permitted except for special limited usage and secondary access situations where it is not practical to provide a conventional stairway. Winding stairways may be installed on tanks and similar round structures where the diameter of the structure is not less than five (5) feet.[§1910.24(b)] (c)  Stair strength. Fixed stairways shall be designed and constructed to carry a load of five times the normal live load anticipated but never of less strength than to carry safely a moving concentrated load of 1,000 pounds.[§1910.24(c)] (d)  Stair width. Fixed stairways shall have a minimum width of 22 inches.[§1910.24(d)] (e)  Angle of stairway rise. Fixed stairs shall be installed at angles to the horizontal of between 30° and 50°. Any uniform combination of rise/tread dimensions may be used that will result in a stairway at an angle to the horizontal within the permissible range. Table D-1 gives rise/tread dimensions which will produce a stairway within the permissible range, stating the angle to the horizontal produced by each combination. However, the rise/tread combinations are not limited to those given in Table D-1. [§1910.24(e)]

Table D-1

(continued)

Angle to horizontal

Rise (in inches)

30° 35'

6 ⁄2

32° 08'

6 ⁄4

10 ⁄4

33° 41'

10 ⁄2

Tread run (in inches)

3 1

Table D-1

(continued)

Angle to horizontal

Rise (in inches)

Tread run (in inches)

35° 16'

7 ⁄4

10 ⁄4

36° 52'

7 ⁄2

38° 29'

7 ⁄4

9 ⁄4

40° 08'

9 ⁄2

41° 44'

8 ⁄4

9 ⁄4

43° 22'

1 8

45° 00'

3 8 ⁄4

46° 38'

8 ⁄2

48° 16'

9 ⁄4

8 ⁄4

49° 54'

9 ⁄2

3 1

⁄2

1 9

1 1

(f) Stair treads. All treads shall be reasonably slip-resistant and the nosings shall be of nonslip finish. Welded bar grating treads without nosings are acceptable providing the leading edge can be readily identified by personnel descending the stairway and provided the tread is serrated or is of definite nonslip design. Rise height and tread width shall be uniform throughout any flight of stairs including any foundation structure used as one or more treads of the stairs.[§1910.24(f)] (g) Stairway platforms. Stairway platforms shall be no less than the width of a stairway and a minimum of 30 inches in length measured in the direction of travel.[§1910.24(g)] (h)  Railings and handrails. Standard railings shall be provided on the open sides of all exposed stairways and stair platforms. Handrails shall be provided on at least one side of closed stairways preferably on the right side descending. Stair railings and handrails shall be installed in accordance with the provisions of §1910.23.[§1910.24(h)] (i) Vertical clearance. Vertical clearance above any stair tread to an overhead obstruction shall be at least 7 feet measured from the leading edge of the tread.[§1910.24(i)] [39 FR 23502, June 27, 1974, as amended at 43 FR 49744, Oct. 24, 1978; 49 FR 5321, Feb. 10, 1984]

§1910.25  Portable wood ladders (a) Application of requirements. This section is intended to prescribe rules and establish minimum requirements for the construction, care, and use of the common types of portable wood ladders, in order to insure safety under normal conditions of usage. Other types of special ladders, fruitpicker's ladders, combination step and extension ladders, stockroom step ladders, aisle-way step ladders, shelf ladders, and library ladders are not specifically covered by this section.[§1910.25(a)] (b) Materials — [§1910.25(b)] (1) Requirements applicable to all wood parts.[§1910.25(b)(1)] (i) All wood parts shall be free from sharp edges and splinters; sound and free from accepted visual inspection from shake, wane, compression failures, decay, or other irregularities. Low density wood shall not be used.[§1910.25(b)(1)(i)] (ii) [Reserved][§1910.25(b)(1)(ii)] (2) [Reserved][§1910.25(b)(2)] (c) Construction requirements.[§1910.25(c)] (1) [Reserved][§1910.25(c)(1)] (2) Portable stepladders. Stepladders longer than 20 feet shall not be supplied. Stepladders as hereinafter specified shall be of three types:[§1910.25(c)(2)] Type I — Industrial stepladder, 3 to 20 feet for heavy duty, such as utilities, contractors, and industrial use.[§1910.25(c)(2)] Type II — Commercial stepladder, 3 to 12 feet for medium duty, such as painters, offices, and light industrial use. [§1910.25(c)(2)]

Type III — Household stepladder, 3 to 6 feet for light duty, such as light household use.[§1910.25(c)(2)] (i) General requirements.[§1910.25(c)(2)(i)] [a] [Reserved][§1910.25(c)(2)(i)[a]] [b] A uniform step spacing shall be employed which shall be not more than 12 inches. Steps shall be parallel and level when the ladder is in position for use. [§1910.25(c)(2)(i)[b]]

Fall Protection

Index A Access 21 Powered Platforms 1910.66(a) Roof Cars 1910.66(c)(4) 21 Aerial Lift Vehicle-Mounted Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms 1910.67(c)(2) Aerial Lifts 1926.453 88 Boom Platforms 1926.453(b)(2) 89 Bursting Safety Factor 1926.453(b)(4) 89 Electrical Tests 1926.453(b)(3) 89 Field Modifications 1926.453(a)(2) 89 Ladder Trucks 1926.453(b)(1) 89 Tower Trucks 1926.453(b)(1) 89 Welding Standards 1926.453(b)(5) 89 Aisles 4 Working Surfaces 1910.22(b) Alarms Fire 1926.150(e) 66

D Decorators' Scaffolds 1910.28(o) Dies 17 Changing 1910.28(h)(5) Dockboards 1910.30(a) 21

Section #, Page #

C Carbon Tetrachloride 1926.150(c)(1)(vii) 65 Carpenters' Bracket Scaffolds 1910.28(k) 17 1926.452(g) Bracket Attachment 1910.28(k)(2) 17 Bracket Dimensions 1910.28(k)(1) 17 Employee Protection 1910.28(k)(3) 17 Guardrails 1910.28(k)(5) 17 Platform Size 1910.28(k)(4) 17 Ceiling Workers' Scaffolds 1910.28(o) 18 Chicken Ladders (see also Crawling Boards) 1910.28(t) 19 Chute Openings 1910.23(a)(3) 4 Cleaning 29 Powered Platforms 1910.66(h)(2) Clearances 9 Fixed Ladders 1910.27(c) Back 1910.27(c)(4) 9 Climbing Side 1910.27(c)(1) 9 Grab Bars 1910.27(c)(5) 10 Hatch Covers 1910.27(c)(7) 10 Step-Across Distance 1910.27(c)(6) 10 With Cages or Baskets 1910.27(c)(3) 9 Without Cages or Wells 1910.27(c)(2) 9

Subject Index

Belts 42 Manlifts 1910.68(c)(1)(ii) Belts, Safety 1926.104 65 Definition 1926.107(f) 65 Boatswain's Chair Scaffolds 1910.28(j) 17 Employee Protection 1910.28(j)(4) 17 Fiber Ropes 1910.28(j)(2) 17 Life Belts 1910.28(j)(4) 17 Roof Irons, Hooks 1910.28(j)(6) 17 Seat Slings 1910.28(j)(3) 17 Size 1910.28(j)(1) 17 Tackle 1910.28(j)(5) 17 Boatswains' Chair Scaffolds 1926.452(o)(3) 87 Boom Platforms 1926.453(b)(2) 89 Brackets, Roofing 1926.452(h) 86 Brakes 41 Manlifts 1910.68(c)(1)(i) Bricklayers' Square Scaffolds 1910.28(l) 18 1926.452(e) Height 1910.28(l)(6) 18 Level 1910.28(l)(7) 18 Platform Planks 1910.28(l)(5) 18 Reinforcement 1910.28(l)(3) 18 Size 1910.28(l)(1) 18 Square Bracing 1910.28(l)(4) 18 Bridge Plates 1910.30(a) 21 Building Maintenance Powered Platforms 1910.66 21 Buildings, Temporary 1926.151(b) 67

Clearances (continued) 41 Manlifts 1910.68(b)(11) Stairs 1910.24(i) 6 Clearing, Clearances 67 Fire Prevention 1926.151(d) Temporary Heating Devices 1926.154(b) 77 Commercial Stepladders, Type II 1910.25(c)(2) 6 Communications, Powered Platforms 1910.66(e)(11)(vi) Containers 75 LP-Gas 1926.153 Contaminants 65 Definition 1926.107(a) Coupler Scaffolds, Mobile (see also Mobile under Tube and Coupler Scaffolds) 1910.29(d) 20 Covers, Openings 1910.23(a) 4 1910.22(c) 4 Crawling Boards 1910.28(t) 19 1926.452(m) 87 Construction 1910.28(t)(1) 19 Lifelines 1910.28(t)(2) 19 Securing to Roof 1910.28(t)(3) 19 Cutoffs, Fire 1926.150(f) 66

Elevating Work Platforms 1910.67 39 Emergency Action Plans 23 Written 1910.66(e)(9) Emergency Provisions 117 Excavation Rescue Equipment 1926.651(g)(2) Equipment 65 1926.150(d) 66 Firefighting 1926.150(c) Excavations 116 Access and Egress 1926.651(c) Adjacent Structure Stability 1926.651(i) 117 Emergency Rescue Equipment 1926.651(g)(2) 117 Fall Protection 1926.651(l) 117 Hazardous Atmospheres 1926.651(g) 117 Inspections 1926.651(k) 117 Pier Holes, Bell-Bottom 1926.651(g)(2)(ii) 117 Rescue Equipment 1926.651(g)(2) 117 Surface Encumbrances 1926.651(a) 116 Ventilation 1926.651(g)(1)(iii) 117 Exit Routes 41 Manlifts 1910.68(b)(8) Extension Ladders, Portable 8 Metal 1910.26(a)(2) Metal, Trestle 1910.26(a)(4) 8 Wood 1910.25 6 Wood, Trestle 1910.25(c)(3)(v) 7

F Fall Protection 98 Bricklaying 1926.501(b)(9) Criteria and Practices 1926.502 99 Dangerous Equipment 1926.501(b)(8) 98 Definitions 1926.500(b) 96 Excavations 1926.501(b)(7) 98 Falling Object Protection 1926.501(c) 98 Formwork and Reinforcing Steel 1926.501(b)(5) 98 Guardrail Systems 1926.502(b) 99. 1926.Appendix B 104 Hoist Areas 1926.501(b)(3) 98 Holes 1926.501(b)(4) 98 Leading Edges 1926.501(b)(2) 98 Personal Fall Arrest Systems 1926.502(d) 100 1926.Appendix C Positioning Device Systems 1926.502(e) 100 1926.Appendix D

INDEX

104 107

145

Fall Protection Fall Protection (continued) Powered Platforms 1910.66(j) 29 1910.66 Appendix A 29 32 1910.66 Appendix C Precast Concrete 1926.501(b)(12) 98 Ramps, Runways, Walkways 1926.501(b)(6) 98 Residential Construction 1926.501(b)(13) 98 Retraining 1926.503(c) 103 Roofs Low-Slope 1926.501(b)(10) 98 Steep 1926.501(b)(11) 98 Width Determination Guidelines 1926 M Appendix A 103 Safety Net Systems 1926.502(c) 99 Sample Plan 1926.Appendix E 108 Training Certification 1926.503(b) 103 Training Program 1926.503(a) 102 Unprotected Sides and Edges 1926.501(b)(1) 97 Wall Openings 1926.501(b)(14) 98 Fire Alarm Devices 1926.150(e) 66 Fire Extinguishers 1926.150(c)(1) 65 Fire Prevention 1926.151 66 Fire Protection 1926.150 65 Cutoffs 1926.150(f) 66 Fire Alarm Devices 1926.150(e) 66 Firefighting Equipment 1926.150(c) 65 1926.150(d) 66 Water Supply and Equipment 1926.150(b) 65 Firefighting Equipment 1926.150(c) 65 1926.150(d) 66 Fixed Industrial Stairs (see also Stairs, Fixed Industrial) 1910.24 Fixed Ladders (see also Fixed under Ladders) 1910.27 8 Flash Point (Definition) 1926.155(i) 77 Float Scaffolds 1910.28(u) 19 1926.451(g)(1) 83 Floors Covers, Hinged 1910.23(a)(3)(i) 4 Loading 1910.22(d) 4 Openings (Holes) 1910.23(a) 4 Manlifts 1910.68(b)(5) 40 1910.68(b)(7) 41 Open-Sided 1910.23(c) 5 Spray Booths 1910.23(b)(3) 4 Floors, Flooring Openings 1926.500 96 Forging Machines Area 1910.30(b) 21 Fuel, Fueling, Refueling LP Gas Dispensing 1926.153(e) 75

Hatchways Guarding 1910.23(a)(3) 4 Hazardous 117 Atmospheres, Excavations 1926.651(g) Heating, Temporary Devices 1926.154 77 Hinged Floor Opening Covers 1910.23(a)(3)(i) 4 Hoisting Equipment 25 1910.66(g)(6) Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(4) Hoists, Hoisting 115 Materials 1926.552(b) Personnel (and Elevators) 1926.552(c) 115 Holes 1910.23(b) 4 Horse Scaffolds 1910.28(m) 18 1926.452(f) 86 Hoses and Connections 66 Fire 1926.150(c)(2) Nozzles 1926.151(a)(5) 66 Household Stepladders, Type III 1910.25(c)(2) 6 Housekeeping 4 Walking-Working Surfaces 1910.22(a)

I Fire Extinguishers 26 Powered Working Platforms 1910.66(f)(5)(ii) Ignition Hazards 1926.151(a) 66 Industrial Stepladders, Type I 1910.25(c)(2) 6 Inspection (see also Term to Which It Applies) 43 Manlifts 1910.68(e) Powered Platforms 1910.66(g) 28 Inspections 117 Excavations 1926.651(k) Hoists and Elevators 1926.552(c)(15) 116 Scaffolds 1926.451 79 Instruction Signs, Manlifts 1910.68(c)(7) 42 Interior Hung Scaffolds 1910.28(p) 18 1926.452(t) 87

J Lockout/Tagout of Hazardous Energy Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(3)(i) Powered Platforms 26 Access 1910.66(f)(5)(ii) Lockout 1910.66(f)(3)(i) 24

G Guards and Guardrails 26 Powered and Working Platforms 1910.66(f)(5)(i) Toeboards 26 Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(5)(i) Gases 117 Excavations, Hazardous Atmospheres 1926.651(g) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas) 1926.153 75 Ground Support 116 1926.651(h) 117 1926.651(i) Excavations 1926.651(a) 1926.651(j) 117 Guarding (see also Fall Protection) 1926.500 96 Guarding (see also Term to Which It Applies) 4 Floor Openings (Holes) 1910.23(a) Hatchways 1910.23(a)(3) 4 Ladderways 1910.23(a)(2) 4 Open-Sided Floors 1910.23(c) 5 Platforms 1910.23(c) 5 Railings 1910.23(e) 5 Runways 1910.23(c) 5 Skylight 1910.23(a)(4) 4 Stairways 1910.23(a)(1) 4 1910.23(d) 5 Wall Openings (Holes) 1910.23(b) 4 Guards and Guardrails 1926.500 96 Definitions 1910.21(f)(10) 3 Guardrail Systems 1926.502(b) 99 1926.Appendix B 104 Manlifts 1910.68(b)(7) 41 1910.68(b)(8) 41 1910.68(b)(9) 1910.68(b)(10)(iv) 41 Powered and Working Platforms 1910.66(e)(3) 23 Removable 1910.23(a)(3) 4 Scaffolds 1926.451 79 Stairways 1926.500(a)(2)(vii) 96 Working Surfaces 1910.22(c) 4

H Handholds, Manlifts 1910.68(c)(4) 42 Handrails 6 Fixed Industrial Stairs 1910.24(h) Mobile Ladder Stands 1910.29(f)(4) 20

146

INDEX

K Guards and Guardrails Powered and Working Platforms 1910.66(f)(3)(i) Powered Platforms 24 Access 1910.66(f)(3)(i)

24 1910.66(f)(5)(ii)

L 117

Powered Platforms 26 Fall Arrest Systems 1910.66(f)(5)(ii) Ladder Stands, Manual Mobile 1910.29(f) 20 Ladder-Jack Scaffolds 1910.28(q) 19 Ladders 8 Fixed 1910.27 Cages 1910.27(c)(3) 9 1910.27(d)(1) 10 Clearances 1910.27(c) 9 Cleats 1910.27(b)(1) 9 Design 1910.27(a) 8 Stress 1910.27(a)(2) 8 Deterioration 1910.27(b)(7) 9 Electrolytic Action 1910.27(b)(5) 9 Extensions 1910.27(d)(3) 11 Fastenings 1910.27(b)(3) 9 Grab Bars 1910.27(c)(5) 10 1910.27(d)(4) Ladder Extensions 1910.27(d)(3) 11 Landing Platforms 1910.27(d)(2) 11 Maintenance 1910.27(f) 12 Pitch 1910.27(e) 12 Rungs 1910.27(b)(1) 9 Safety Devices 1910.27(d)(5) 12 Side Rails 1910.27(b)(2) 9 Splices 1910.27(b)(4) 9 Welding 1910.27(b)(6) 9 Wells 1910.27(d)(1) 10 Manlifts 1910.68(b)(12) 41 Portable Metal 1910.26 8 Care 1910.26(c)(2) 8 Extension Ladders 1910.26(a)(2) 8 General Requirements 1910.26(a)(1) 8

Section #, Page #

Nets, Safety

M Powered Platforms 26 Fall Arrest Systems 1910.66(f)(5)(ii) Maintenance (see also Term To Which It Applies) 23 Powered Platforms 1910.66(e)(5)

Section #, Page #

Manholes 1910.23(a)(6) 4 Manlifts 1910.68 40 Application 1910.68(b)(1) 40 Belts 1910.68(c)(1)(ii) 42 Brakes 1910.68(c)(1)(i) 41 Clearances 1910.68(b)(11) 41 Definitions 1910.68(a) 40 Design 1910.68(b)(3) 40 Exit Protection 1910.68(b)(8) 41 Floor Openings 1910.68(b)(5) 40 1910.68(b)(7) 41 General Requirements 1910.68(b) 40 Guardrails 1910.68(b)(8)(i) 41 1910.68(b)(10)(iv) 41 Guards 1910.68(b)(7) 41 1910.68(b)(8) 41 1910.68(b)(9) 41 Handholds 1910.68(c)(4) 42 Inspections 1910.68(e) 43 Instruction Signs 1910.68(c)(7) 42 Ladders 1910.68(b)(12) 41 Landings 1910.68(b)(6) 40 Lighting 1910.68(b)(6)(iii) 41 1910.68(b)(14) 41 Machinery 1910.68(c) 41 Mechanical Requirements 1910.68(c) 41 Operating Rules 1910.68(d) 43 Platforms 1910.68(c)(3) 42 Speed 1910.68(c)(2) 42 Steps 1910.68(c)(3) 42 Stops 1910.68(c)(5) 42 1910.68(c)(6) 42 Warning Signs 1910.68(c)(7) 42 Weather Protection 1910.68(b)(15) 41 Marine Operations Working Over or Near Water 1926.106 65 Marine Terminals Cargo Doors 1917.114 54 Dockboards 1917.124 57 Edges, Guarding 1917.112 53 Elevators and Escalators 1917.116 54 Exits 1917.122 57 Hazards, Temporary 1917.125 58 Height, Clearance 1917.113 54 Illumination 1917.123 57 Ladders Fixed 1917.118 55 Portable 1917.119 56 Load Limits 1917.111 53 Maintenance 1917.111 53 Manlifts 1917.117 54 Marking 1917.128 58 Personal Protective Equipment Emergency Facilities 1917.95(c) 53 Personal Flotation Devices 1917.95(b) 53 Protective Clothing 1917.95(a) 53 Platforms 1917.115 54 River Banks 1917.126 58 Sanitation 1917.127 58 Signs 1917.128 58 Skids 1917.115 54 Slippery Conditions 1917.12 53 Stairways Fixed 1917.120 56 Spiral 1917.121 57 Mason's Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(f) 15 Mason's Ladders 1910.25(c)(4)(iii) 7 Masonry Masons' Scaffolds 1926.451(d)(3)(i) 81 1926.451(d)(3)(iii) 81 1926.452(q) 87 Metal Ladders, Portable (see also Portable Metal under Ladders) 1910.26 Midrails, Scaffolding 1926.451(e)(4) 82 1926.451(e)(4)(i) 82 84 1926.451(g)(4) Mobile Ladder Stands 1910.29(f) 20 Mobile Scaffolds 1910.29 19 Mobile Work Platforms 1910.29(e) 20 Multi-Employer Citation Policy Addendum 142

IX Subject Index

Ladders (continued) Portable Metal (continued) 8 Platform Ladders 1910.26(a)(5) Stepladders 1910.26(a)(3) 8 Straight Ladders 1910.26(a)(2) 8 Trestle Ladders 1910.26(a)(4) 8 Use 1910.26(c)(3) 8 Portable Wood 1910.25 6 Care 1910.25(d)(1) 7 Materials 1910.25(b) 6 Rung Ladders 1910.25(c)(3) 7 Sectional 1910.25(c)(3)(iv) 7 Single 1910.25(c)(3)(ii) 7 Trestle 1910.25(c)(3)(v) 7 Two-Section 1910.25(c)(3)(iii) 7 Side-Rolling Ladders 1910.25(c)(5) 7 Special Purpose Ladders 1910.25(c)(4) 7 Mason's 1910.25(c)(4)(iii) 7 Painter's 1910.25(c)(4)(ii) 7 Stepladders 1910.25(c)(2) 6 Trolley Ladders 1910.25(c)(5) 7 Use 1910.25(d)(2) 7 Ladders (see also Stairways) 1926.1051 130 1926.1053 131 1926.1060 134 Chicken Ladders or Crawling Boards 1926.452(m) 87 Defects and Repairs 1926.1053(b)(16) 133 1926.1053(b)(17) 133 Electric Equipment, Energized, Exposure to 1926.1053(b)(12) 133 Inspection 1926.1053(b)(15) 133 Ladder Jack Scaffolds 1926.452(k) 86 Ladder Trucks, Manually Propelled Mobile 1926.453(b) 89 Load Capabilities 1926.1053(a)(1) 131 1926.1053(b)(3) 133 Safety Devices 1926.1051(b) 130 1926.1053(a) 131 Scaffolds, Use On or With 1926.1051(a) 130 Training Requirements 1926.1060 134 Trestle Ladder Scaffolds 1926.452(n) 87 Ladderway Guarding 1910.23(a)(2) 4 Landings, Manlifts 1910.68(b)(6) 40 1910.68(b)(10) 41 Lanyards (see also Body Belts, Safety Straps, and Lanyards) 1926.104 65 Lathers' Scaffolds 1910.28(o) 18 Lifelines 1926.104 65 Chicken Ladders 1910.28(t)(2) 19 Crawling Boards 1910.28(t)(2) 19 Powered Platforms 1910.66 Appendix C 32 Scaffolding 1926.451(h) 85 Lighting (see also Illumination) 66 Portable Equipment 1926.151(a)(4) Lighting (see also Lamps) 41 1910.68(b)(14) 41 Manlifts 1910.68(b)(6)(iii) Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP-Gas) 1926.153 75 Loading 19 Scaffolds 1910.29(a)(2) Loads 115 Hoists and Elevators 1926.552(a)(2) Scaffolds, Ratings 1926.451(a) 79 Longshoring 61 Barges 1918.37 Access to 1918.26 60 Bridge and Car Plates 1918.25(a) 60 Cargo Handling 62 Containerized Operations 1918.85 Cargo Handling Gear 61 Cranes 1918.66 Derricks 1918.66 61 Cargo, Stowed 1918.32 60 Decks 60 Deck loads 1918.33 Other Decks 1918.34 60 Gangways 1918.22 59 Hatch Coverings 1918.31 60 Hatches 60 Open 1918.35 Jacob's Ladders 1918.23 59 Ladders, Fixed and Portable 1918.24 59 Personal Protective Equipment 64 Personal Flotation Devices 1918.105(b) Protective Clothing 1918.105(a) 64 Ramps 1918.25(b) 60 River Towboats, Access to 1918.26 60 Temporary Landing Surfaces 1918.32 60 Weather Deck Rails 1918.36 61

N Needle Beam Scaffolds 1910.28(n) 18 1926.452(u) Platform Spans 1910.28(n)(4) 18 Rope Attachments 1910.28(n)(3) 18 Ropes and Hangers 1910.28(n)(2) 18 Supports 1910.28(n)(7) 18 Tools 1910.28(n)(6) 18 Wood Needle Beams 1910.28(n)(1) 18 Work Surfaces 1910.28(n)(8) 18 Nets, Safety 1926.105 65

INDEX

147

Openings

O Openings 1910.23 4 Open-Sided Floors 1910.23(c) 5 Optical Density 65 Definition 1926.107(d) OSHA General Duty Clause Addendum 142 Outrigger Scaffolds 1910.28(e) 15 1926.452(i) Overhead Protection 1926.451(h) 85

P Painter's Stepladders 1910.25(c)(4)(ii) 7 Personal Fall Arrest Systems 1926.502(d) 100 1926 M Appendix C 104 Pier Holes, Bell-Bottom 1926.651(g)(2)(ii) 117 Pits 1910.23(a)(5) 4 Planks, Planking 115 Hoists and Elevators 1926.552(b)(3) Scaffolding 1926.451 79 Plans, Written 23 Emergency Action 1910.66(e)(9) Plasterers', Decorators', and Large Area Scaffolds 1926.452(d) 86 Plasterers' Scaffolds 1910.28(o) 18 Platforms 83 Elevating and Rotating Work 1926.451(f) Scaffolds (see also Scaffolds) 1910.23(c) 5 Guarding 1910.23(c) 5 Manlifts 1910.68(c)(3) 42 Portable Metal Ladders (see also Portable Metal under Ladders) 1910.26 8 Portable Wood Ladders (see also Portable Wood under Ladders) 1910.25 6 Positioning Device Systems 1926.502(e) 100 1926 M Appendix D 107 Powered Platforms 25 1910.66(f)(3)(iii) 25 Access 1910.66(f)(3)(ii) Application 1910.66(b) 21 Buildings, Affected Parts 1910.66(e) 22 Electrical 1910.66(e)(11) 24 1910.66(f)(8) 27 Equipment 1910.66(f) 24 Fall Arrest Systems 1910.66(f)(5)(iii) 26 1910.66(j) 29 1910.66 Appendix C 32 Hoisting Equipment 1910.66(f)(4) 25 1910.66(g)(6) 29 Inspections 1910.66(g) 28 Maintenance 1910.66(e)(5) 23 1910.66(e)(10) 24 1910.66(g) 28 1910.66(h) 29 Operations 1910.66(i) 29 Reshackling Hoists 1910.66(h)(4) 29 Ropes 1910.66(f)(7) 27 1910.66(g)(5) 28 1910.66(h)(3) 29 1910.66(h)(4) 29 Tests 1910.66(g) 28

R Recordkeeping 21 Building Inspection, Assurance for Powered Platform Use 1910.66(c) Manlifts 1910.68(e)(3) 43 Powered Platforms Inspection 1910.66(g) 28 Respiratory Protection (see also Respirators) 117 Excavations 1926.651(g)(1)(iii) Rigging 115 Hoists and Elevators 1926.552 Ring Buoys 1926.106(c) 65 Rolling Scaffolds 1910.29(e) 20 Roof Bracket Scaffolds 1926.452(h) 86 Roofing Brackets 1910.28(s) 19 Catch Platforms 1910.28(s)(3) 19 Construction 1910.28(s)(1) 19 Supports 1910.28(s)(2) 19 Ropes 27 1910.66(g)(5) 28 1910.66(h)(3) 29 Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(7) Wire 115 Hoists and Elevators 1926.552 Rotating Work Platforms (see also Vehicle Mounted under Work Platforms) 1910.67 39 Rung Ladders, Portable 1910.25(c)(3) 7 Runway Protection 1910.23(c) 5 Runways 1926.651(c)(1)(ii) 116

S Safety Belts 26 1910.66(f)(5)(iii) 26 1910.66(j) Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(5)(ii) 29 1910.66 Appendix C 32 Scaffolding 1910.28(j)(4) 17 1910.28(n)(8) 18 1910.28(s)(3) 19 1910.28(t)(2) 19 1910.28(u)(6) 19

148

INDEX

Safety Belts (see also Belts, Safety, and Seat Belts) 1926.104 65 Safety Devices 115 Hoists and Elevators 1926.552 Liquefied Petroleum Gas 1926.153(d) 75 Safety Can (Definition) 1926.155(l) 78 Safety Factor 116 Suspension Wire Ropes 1926.552(c)(14)(iii) Safety Nets 1926.105 65 Salamanders, Solid Fuel 1926.154(d) 77 Scaffolding (see also Scaffolds) 1910.28 12 Scaffolding, Scaffolds 82 Access 1926.451(e) Aerial Lifts 1926.453 88 Boatswains' Chair 1926.452(o) 87 Bricklayers' Square 1926.452(e) 86 Carpenters' Bracket 1926.452(g) 86 Catenary 1926.452(r) 87 Crawling Boards or Chicken Ladders 1926.452(m) 87 Elevating and Rotating Work Platforms 1926.453 88 Fabricated Frame 1926.452(c) 86 Fall Protection 1926.451(g) 83 Falling Object Protection 1926.451(h) 85 Float or Ship 1926.452(s) 87 Form 1926.452(g) 86 Horse 1926.452(f) 86 Interior Hung 1926.452(t) 87 Ladder Jack 1926.452(k) 86 Ladder Trucks 1926.453(b)(1) 89 Manually Propelled Mobile 1926.453 88 Masons' 1926.452(q) 87 Mobile 1926.452(w) 88 Multi-Level Suspended 1926.452(v) 88 Needle Beam 1926.452(u) 88 Outrigger 1926.452(i) 86 Plasterers', Decorators', and Large Area 1926.452(d) 86 Pole 1926.452(a) 85 Pump Jack 1926.452(j) 86 Repair Bracket 1926.452(x) 88 Roofing Brackets and Catch Platforms 1926.452(h) 86 Single-Point Adjustable Suspension 1926.452(o) 87 Step, Platform, Trestle 1926.452(n) 87 Stilts 1926.452(y) 88 Stonesetters 1926.452(q) 87 Supported, Criteria 1926.451(c) 80 Suspension, Criteria 1926.451(d) 81 Swinging Two-Point Suspension 1926.452(p) 87 Training 1926.454 89 Trestle Ladder 1926.452(n) 87 Tube and Coupler 1926.452(b) 85 Two-Point Adjustable Suspension 1926.452(p) 87 Window Jack 1926.452(l) 87 Wood Pole 1926.452(a) 85 Scaffolds (see also Term to Which It Applies) 17 Boatswain's Chair 1910.28(j) Bricklayers' Square 1910.28(l) 18 Carpenters' Bracket 1910.28(k) 17 Chicken Ladders 1910.28(t) 19 Coupler, Mobile 1910.29(d) 20 Crawling Boards 1910.28(t) 19 Decorators' 1910.28(o) 18 Float 1910.28(u) 19 Horse 1910.28(m) 18 Interior Hung 1910.28(p) 18 Ladder Jack 1910.28(q) 19 Mason's Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension 1910.28(f) 15 Mobile 1910.29 19 Needle Beam 1910.28(n) 18 Outrigger 1910.28(e) 15 Plasterers' 1910.28(o) 18 Powered Platforms 1910.66 21 Roofing Brackets 1910.28(s) 19 Ship 1910.28(u) 19 Single-Point Adjustable Suspension 1910.28(i) 17 Stone Setters' Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension 1910.28(h) 17 Suspension 1910.28(f) 15 1910.28(g) 16 1910.28(h) 17 1910.28(i) 17 Swinging 1910.28(g) 16 Tube and Coupler 1910.28(c) 14 1910.29(d) 20 Tubular Welded Frame 1910.28(d) 15 1910.29(b) 20 Tubular Welded Sectional Folding 1910.29(c) 20 Two-Point Suspension 1910.28(g) 16 Window-Jack 1910.28(r) 19 Wood Pole 1910.28(b) 13 Ship Repairing, Shipbuilding, and Shipbreaking 48 Cargo Spaces, Access to 1915.76(a) Confined and Enclosed Spaces 49 Access to 1915.76(b) Confined Spaces, Access to 1915.76(b) 49 Deck Openings and Edges, Guarding 1915.73 47

Section #, Page #

Underground

Section #, Page #

T Tanks, Portable, Outside Storage 1926.152(c)(4) 68 Temporary Floor Openings 1910.23(a)(7) 4 Testing 28 Powered Platforms 1910.66(g) Toeboards 1 Definition 1910.21(a)(9) Walking-Working Surfaces 4 1910.23(a)(3)(ii) 4 1910.23(e) 5 1910.23(a)(2) Towers, Scaffolds (see also Scaffolds) 1910.29 19 Training Personnel 29 Working Platform Operations 1910.66(i)(1) Trapdoors 1910.23(a)(5) 4 Treads, Stairs 1910.24(f) 6 Trestle Ladders, Portable 8 Metal 1910.26(a)(4) Wood 1910.25(c)(3)(v) 7 Trolley 7 Ladders, Portable 1910.25(c)(5) Tube and Coupler Scaffolds 1910.28(c) 14 1926.452(b) 85 Bearers 1910.28(c)(9) 15 Construction 1910.28(c)(5) 15 Heavy Duty 1910.28(c)(3) 15 Light Duty 1910.28(c)(1) 14 Medium Duty 1910.28(c)(2) 14 Mobile 1910.29(d) 20 Design 1910.29(d)(1) 20 Erection 1910.29(d)(3) 20 Handrails 1910.29(f)(4) 20 Loading 1910.29(f)(5) 20 Materials 1910.29(d)(2) 20 Runners 1910.28(c)(8) 15 Tubular Welded Scaffolds 15 Frame Scaffolds 1910.28(d) Accessories 1910.28(d)(13) 15 Bracing 1910.28(d)(3) 15 Drawing and Specification Requirements 1910.28(d)(11) 15 Erection Requirements 1910.28(d)(12) 15 Frames 1910.28(d)(5) 15 1910.28(d)(13) 15 Guardrails 1910.28(d)(7) 15 Inspections 1910.28(d)(14) 15 Legs 1910.28(d)(4) 15 Loads 1910.28(d)(1) 15 1910.28(d)(8) 15 Mobile 1910.29(b) 20 Bracing 1910.29(b)(2) 20 Erection 1910.29(b)(5) 20 Panel

Locking 1910.29(b)(4) Spacing 1910.29(b)(3)

IX Subject Index

Ship Repairing, Shipbuilding, and Shipbreaking (continued) 48 Dry Docks, Access to and Guarding of 1915.75 Ladders 1915.72 47 Personal Protective Equipment 49 Personal Fall Arrest Systems 1915.159 Positioning Device Systems 1915.160 50 Scaffolds 1915.71 45 Staging 1915.71 45 Vessels, Access to 1915.74 48 Working Surfaces 1915.77 49 Ship Scaffolds 1910.28(u) 19 1926.451(h)(2) 85 Side-Rolling Ladders 1910.25(c)(5) 7 Signs and Tags 27 Powered Platforms 1910.66(f)(7)(vi) Single-Point Adjustable Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(i) 17 Single-Rung Ladders 1910.25(c)(3)(ii) 7 Mason's 1910.25(c)(4)(iii) 7 Site Clearing 116 1926.651(j) 117 Excavations 1926.651(a) Fire Prevention 1926.151(c) 67 Skiffs, Lifesaving 1926.106(d) 65 Skylight Floor Openings 1910.23(a)(4) 4 Skylights 1910.23(a)(4) 4 Smoking 1926.151(a)(3) 66 Stairs, Fixed Industrial 1910.24 6 Handrails 1910.24(h) 6 Length of Stairways 1910.24(g) 6 Railings 1910.24(h) 6 Rise Angle 1910.24(e) 6 Strength 1910.24(c) 6 Treads 1910.24(f) 6 Vertical Clearance 1910.24(i) 6 Width 1910.24(d) 6 Stairways (see also Ladders) 130 1926.1052(c)(2) 131 Spiral Stairways 1926.1051(a)(1) Stairrails and Handrails 1926.1052(c) 131 Temporary Service 1926.1052(b) 131 Training Requirements 1926.1060 134 Standpipes 1926.150(d)(2) 66 Stands, Ladder (see also Scaffolds) 1910.29 19 Steel Erection 119 Approval to Begin 1926.752(a) Beams and Columns 1926.756 121 Column Splices 1926.756(d) 121 Diagonal Bracing 1926.756(b) 121 Double Connections 1926.756(c)(1) 121 Perimeter Columns 1926.756(e) 121 Column Anchorage 1926.755 121 Commencement 1926.752(b) 119 Controlled Decking Zone 1926.760(c) 124 1926 R Appendix D 127 Definitions 1926.751 118 Fall Hazard Training 1926.761(b) 124 Fall Protection 1926.760 123 1926 R Appendix G 127 Falling Object Protection 1926.759 123 Hoisting and Rigging 1926.753 119 Load Placement and Landing 1926.757(e) 123 Scope 1926.750 117 Site Layout 1926.752(c) 119 Site-Specific Erection Plan 1926.752(e) 119 1926 R Appendix A 124 Steel Joists 122 Attachment 1926.757(b) Erection 1926.757(c) 122 1926.757(d) 122 Open Web 1926.757 121 Structural Steel Assembly 1926.754 120 Metal Decking 1926.754(e) 120 Plumbing-Up 1926.754(d) 120 Structural Stability 1926.754(a) 120 Walking/Working Surfaces 1926.754(c) 120 Systems-Engineered Metal Buildings 1926.758 123 Training 1926.761 124 Stepladders, Portable 8 Metal 1910.26(a)(3) Wood 1910.25(c)(2) 6 Stone Setters' Adjustable Multiple-Point Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(h) 17 Storage (see also Materials Storage) 67 Indoor 1926.151(d) LP Gas Containers 1926.153(j) 76 1926.153(k) 76 Open Yard 1926.151(c) 67 Outdoor 1926.152(c) 68 Straight Ladders, Portable Metal 1910.26(a)(2) 8 Swinging Scaffolds (see also Two-Point Suspension Scaffolds) 1910.28(g) 16

20 20 15

Planking Spans 1910.28(d)(10) Securing 1910.28(d)(9) 15 Spacing 1910.28(d)(2) 15 Uplifts 1910.28(d)(6) 15 Sectional Folding Scaffolds 1910.29(c) 20 Bracing 1910.29(c)(3) 20 End Frames 1910.29(c)(6) 20 Erection 1910.29(c)(7) 20 Ladder Scaffolds 1910.29(c)(5) 20 Stairway Scaffolds 1910.29(c)(4) 20 Stairways 1910.29(c)(2) 20 Two-Point Suspension Scaffolds 1910.28(g) 16 Acid Solutions 1910.28(g)(10) 16 Blocks 1910.28(g)(7) 16 Guardrails 1910.28(g)(5) 16 Hangers 1910.28(g)(2) 16 Hoisting Machines 1910.28(g)(3) 16 Inspection 1910.28(g)(8) 16 Platform 1910.28(g)(12) 16 Roof Irons or Hooks 1910.28(g)(4) 16 Ropes 1910.28(g)(6) 16 1910.28(g)(7) 16 1910.28(g)(8) Securing 1910.28(g)(11) 16 Size 1910.28(g)(1) 16 Supports 1910.28(g)(8) 16 Suspension 1910.28(g)(6) 16 Two-Section Rung Ladders 1910.25(c)(3)(iii) 7

U Underground Installations 1926.651(b)

IX 116

INDEX

149

Veneer Machinery

V Veneer Machinery 1910.30(c) 21 Ventilation Temporary Heating Devices 1926.154(a) Vests, Buoyant 1926.106 65

W Walking-Working Surfaces 4 Aisles 1910.22(b) Covers 1910.22(c) 4 Definitions 1910.21 1 Fixed Industrial Stairs 1910.24 6 Floor Loading 1910.22(d) 4 Floor Openings, Guarding 1910.23 4 General Requirements 1910.22 4 Guardrails 1910.22(c) 4 Housekeeping 1910.22(a) 4 Ladders 8 Fixed 1910.27 Portable 8 Metal 1910.26 Wood 1910.25 6 Stands 1910.29 19 Passageways 1910.22(b) 4 Scaffolding Safety 1910.28 12 Scaffolds (Towers) 1910.29 19 Stairs, Fixed Industrial 1910.24 6 Stands, Mobile Ladder 1910.29 19 Wall Openings, Guarding 1910.23 4 Working Surfaces 1910.30 21

150

INDEX

Wall Openings (Holes) 1910.23(b) 4 Warning Devices and Signs (see also Signs and Tags) 42 Manlifts 1910.68(c)(7) Water 65 Supply (for Fire Protection) 1926.150(b) Working Over or Near 1926.106 65 Welding (see also Generators under Acetylene, Arc Welding, Flash Welding Equipment, Resistance Welding Ladders, Fixed 1910.27(b)(6) 9 Welding and Cutting 89 Aerial Lifts, Standards for 1926.453(b)(5) LP-Gas Containers 1926.153(b) 75 Williams-Steiger Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 Addendum Window Jack Scaffolds 1910.28(r) 19 1926.452(l) 87 Guardrails 1910.28(r)(3) 19 Use 1910.28(r)(1) 19 1910.28(r)(2) 19 Wire Ropes (see also Ropes, Wire) 1926.552 115 Wood Ladders, Portable (see also Portable Wood under Ladders) 1910.25 6 Wood Pole Scaffolds 1910.28(b) 13 1926.451(b) 80 Work Platforms 1910.66 21 1910.67 39 Elevating and Rotating 1910.67 39 Mobile (see also Scaffolds) 1910.29(e) 20 Vehicle Mounted 39 Application 1910.67(b)(1) Definitions 1910.67(a) 39 Design Requirements 1910.67(b)(1) 39 General Requirements 1910.67(b) 39

142

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