Gender Appropriateness in a City

GenderAppropriateness in a City

Teammates: Mansanjam Kaur, Pragya Kher,Aanchal Khandelwal, Simar Paul

URBAN DESIGN RESEARCH PAPER

OFARCHITECTURE

PLANNINGANDARCHITECTURE NEW DELHI 110002

GenderAppropriateness in a City

Abstract: The current scenario points towards a rather gender blind outlook towards urban planning for a more gender-sensitive city There is a lopsided treatment of public spaces which is responsible for it being less prioritized to the other gender. The research focuses on exploring the need to study and research about creating Gender Equal Cities shows how creating space for women’s and minority group’s voices, needs and capacities is a necessary step towards building thriving cities. Design of public spaces conferred with proper urban planning and design standards along with safety checklist plays an integral part in the prevention of sexual harassment and violence against women outside their homes and workplaces

Keywords: Women-friendly, Gender-sensitive, Gender Mainstreaming, Urban Intervention.

Introduction

Most people worldwide live in urban centers today. The global development trend is expected to grow furthermore There is an expansion in the growth of towns and cities all around the world, especially in countries like China, India, Philippines and Turkey which would expect even further growth. Women bear the negative consequences of urbanism in disproportionate terms. The access of women to different spaces in the city, in particular public space, is generally more restricted than for men, not only because of the connection of reproductive labor with the home, which affects the time and capacity to participate in the extra domestic activity but also because of strong symbolic dimensions surrounding the "prohibited" and "authorized" use of spaces controlled by patriarchal activity From having different ways of using public spaces, women in particular experience and perceive those spaces very differently as compared to their male counterparts (UN Women/Safe Cities Global Programme/2009). Gender is the social concept of femininity and masculinity. Gender is known as a controversial concept that does not yet capture the fluidity or range of male and female human experiences These classifications are neither gender exclusive nor all encompassing. Also, the word gender is not easily translated from English to other languages

The Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design makes the point that with women occupying just 10 percent of the highest ranking jobs at the world’s leading architecture firms, cities have historically been planned and designed to reflect traditional gender roles and the gendered division of labor As a result, cities which get designed on a biased basis work better for men than they do for women

The cities at present are largely designed from a gender blind perspective Gender equality is a prerequisite for the well being of citizens and the prosperity of cities There are many concerns, as in cities which need to be addressed.

Therefore, it is important to analyze the perspectives and the uses in the town from the point of view of all citizens: women, men, other sexes and minorities. Urban planning tends to be

Mansanjam Kaur, Pragya Kher,Aanchal Khandelwal, Simar Paul

gender neutral and not formed by or in the interest of a given sex This means the same result for both sexes. In fact, 'gender neutral' usually is male and is in the interests of men. The exclusion of women from urban design does not offer urban shape and purpose to women's everyday lives and perspectives In other words, urban planning faces the specific challenges and concerns faced by women and girls, underlining the fact that the city's design, infrastructure, installations and services are not inclusive and equitable.

The current Indian scenario

Most of the Indian cities are now known by an increasing number of crimes against women in public spaces as "unfriendly cities for women " The fourth most hazardous country in the world for women was India (Chowdhury, 2011) In 2011, India ranked 113th out of 135 countries, according to the World Gender Gap Report (Mahimkar and Gokhale,2015) Despite its strong commitment to gender equality,the significance of gender is generally not taken into cognisance by the World Bank or other organizations in the urban design proceeding, and there are no simple, well being or services on the implementation of strategy interfaced, with respect to gender Gender equality is not a priority in urban design (D'Silva, 2018). This requires that a range of directives are reviewed and formulated urgently, to enable us to build more gender friendly cities and areas

By 2050, the population of two thirds of the world will be in towns. Out of the top ten most populated cities, three of them would most probably be in India What does that mean for a city such as Mumbai, which is an unplanned area, bursting on its seams and one of the world's highest population-density cities? How will it affect the quality of life of people, and in particular women whose voices are not present in public debate and policy making, who constitute half the population, few are such facts which need to be pondered about? (D'Silva, 2018)

In the new McKinsey & Company report, the promotion of equality amongst women will boost global growth by $12 trillion India could increase its annual GDP growth by 1 4 percentage points by $700 trillion in 2025 by improving equality amongst women However, the study showed that comprehensive improvements are required before this is done and that the bridging of economic and social gender differences will be necessary Hence this shouldn't be not just seen as something of utmost necessity but it is the dire need of the hour (D'Silva, 2018)

Research Questions

● How can urban planning be used as an effective tool to create gender inclusive cities?

● What are the impacts of gender inclusivity on the urban form, accessibility, facilities, public spaces and urban violence in the urban landscape?

Aims

The research aims to study the urban design strategies of interventions which can lead in creation of gender inclusive cities. This will help in understanding the various perspectives on gender inclusive public spaces and its need on the major aspect of safety on streets

Constituents of the Public Realm in a City

The public realm is the social spaces that play a critical role in communities, such as parks, open spaces, squares, streets etc Public Realm’s architecture and safety control requirements are a significant factor in combating sexual assault and abuse against women in majority outside their home public spaces and workplaces. They include community development and design standards and safety checklists These areas could provide less opportunities, as per the required design, for violence against women and girls The following are the constituents of the public realm in the urbanscape

● Open spaces - These are essential for recreation, organized sports, and cultural events The psychiatric and physical health benefits of parks and green areas may show a positive effect on health and healthcare costs as a preventive measure. Green open areas are generally referred to as the lungs of the city, which mitigate air pollution effects Hence, the protection of natural environments can help to address environmental water-related problems

● Public Squares - These are the junctions in the city’s acting as city centers which form the gathering and community hubs for the influx of all varieties of humans to have social inclusion and interaction These spaces make the things active and urgent, attracting people of all gender , ages and races to have a stimulating environment.

● Streets - Streets and movement corridors are an integral part of what forms the precious public space, almost 1/3 Part Street design is based on the hierarchy of the streets and the adjacent use of the land As the key arteries of our communities, streets are where social interaction and the exchange of goods and services are linked These spaces are too often used only as thoroughfares and we begin to forget that they could be so much more than it And it isn't being utilized to their full potential (Public Notice, 2012) Carries on various activities which are crucial to civilization. Its roles are as diverse and numerous as it's ever changing character for all from pedestrians to motorists to cyclists to the public transport, freight operators, Service providers and small street businesses

Defining ‘safe cities’

As the word suggests “Safe” implies the security and the wellness of its people in the city In the current scenario in the world, the public realm spaces are for all and everyone should have an equal right to the city, including the safety concerns to feel safe and travel at any hour of the day, without the threat of being assaulted or abused or harassed; basically feeling unsafe. These issues have become quite a common threat in contemporary India in urban planning and architecture (Mahadevia

and Lathia, 2019) To have safer and inclusive spaces for all especially the women and marginalized sections of the societies in the scape we need to lay our focus on inclusivity of the city space.

Gender inclusive planning

A gender and socially inclusive community encourages fair rights and provides all people with resources and encouragement to engage in urban life Where the spaces are inclusive to all npt biased on the basis of gender. In the cities as we see we have public areas with public toilets which aren;t in the condition to use but male gender uses open areas for the same, making the space unusable, unsafe and unclean The European Regional Development Fund (ERF) notes that gender balanced planning benefits society as "security of a city for women takes care of all the other weak categories: elderly, children and persons with disabilities'' (Lamoro, 2009)

As the urbanization of cities is happening in the Indian context there is the dire need to look at it through the gender lens, making these urban public spaces in the realm inclusive.

Gender mainstreaming in planning

The Economic and Social Council of the United Nations defines gender mainstreaming as a plan to make the needs of women and men an integral part of governance, implementation, control and appraisal in all political and economic realms of society, ensuring that women and men are not similarly favored and differences are preserved. (Handbook for Gender Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020)

Exploration of the gender perspective in cities

The gender perspective in the cities is highly limited and there are certain levels of issues concerned with the form of urban planning in the cities. The lack of addressing gender issues hinders inclusiveness of cities during the process of rapid urbanization. To improve people's well being, urban development should foster gender inclusion through the inclusion of urban spaces and involve men, women and girls (Rajasthan: urban development policy, 2017). The following aspects are usually related with the gender perspectives of a public space

● Access

● Mobility

● Safety and Freedom from violence

Parameters of Gender-Inclusive City

● Accessibility Free, easy and comfortable access to the public area for all to use the spaces and facilities available

● Connectivity - In order to navigate important opportunities and facilities, anyone can move across the city easily, efficiently and affordably.

● Safe Both public and private people are free of real and future threats

● Health-Everyone should have the ability to lead an active lifestyle, especially to be free of hazards and threats to environmental health.

● Security Everybody should secure homes and land for living, working and creating wealth and association.

What Is Not Gender-sensitive Planning:

Gender Sensitive Planning is where it is for all, not just for women or men or a specific gender The whole space should be resilient making it safe and sound for use by all. Listed below are the Non Gender sensitive planning strategies making these unrealistic and unsounding

○ Prescriptive: The common goal of Planning and Architecture currently, for making gender inclusive spaces talks about urban for them, women, children, and sexual/gender minorities These need to be done in conjunction with exploring the needs and giving account to what is to be felt Rather than just assumptions and making things look good.

○ An add on: The goal is not to just have women and minorities just as a mere add on to the city planned for men Distinct recognition of women from other beneficiaries and mission objectives; inability to connect the dots or the players involved.

○ Exclusive: Also, making it inclusive doesn't mean catering or to be concerned solely with the needs of competent women or female people

Goals of Gender-Inclusive City:

● Developing a positive role in the design process,execution and planning of policy processes sexual and gender identities of all ages and abilities

● Battle gender imbalances within the built environment that prevent men from giving fair access, autonomy, protection, healthcare, climate resilience and tenure security.

● Build gender based cities to foster full economic and social equality between women and girls of all ages

● Promoting equity between men and women and unleashing global economic and social development (Handbook for Gender Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020)

A conceptual framework for the identification of issues in urban planning:

Figure 1. Showing the Conceptual framework of gender and the built environment

(Source: Handbook for Gender inclusive Urban planning Design, 2005)

These issues are also key considerations, as is their interconnection with each other. The conceptual framework illustrates how the challenges of the urban environment, gender inequalities in planning and construction systems, and social and economic institutional exclusions are interrelated. Although this mechanism of feedback between the built environment, social and economic isolation, the disciplines of planning and design are complicated and firm, it reveals how urban planning and design can be enhanced In all six areas, women, girls and sexual/gender minorities of all ages are fundamentally, economically and socially important. Every topic is a critical opportunity for positive improvements in gender equality (Handbook for Gender Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020)

Approaches to safe Public Realm:

A public realm consists of certain private corners and spaces as well, but it is important to make sure that the private spaces do not fall out of the clear line of sight There needs to be a clear distinction between the private and the public spaces, but without compromising the sense of safety of the private space in the public realm. Jane Jacobs, an urban activist, stressed that cities "do not look like suburbs, but denser They vary fundamentally from cities and suburbs, and one of these is that by definition, cities are full of strangers " As the cities are full of strangers, it becomes important to make sure that these are protected among the strangers and at the same time, are also accessible enough to all kinds of users.

Narrowing down to women’s safety, it can be approached in three different ways, to achieve safe public realms:

● The first domain focuses on increasing surveillance in public areas. This can be done by installing security devices, increasing police patroling or through some effective urban design strategies

● The second domain focuses on seeking out legal solutions to abate the violence and crime against women.

● The third domain focuses on providing gender based training and education to its citizens

Figure 2. Women Friendly City Project, Seoul (source: women friendly city,org, 2009)

The first domain talks about promoting safe public realms through urban design Some of the strategies have been elaborated as follows:

Use of space 24x7: Currently we have public spaces with dedicated functions This leads to the space getting desolated at certain points of time in the day For example, some areas are majorly dedicated to offices, therefore, after the evening hours, when the offices close down, the public space surrounding these offices becomes rather desolated, and turns into a potential crime spot However, if we incorporate a mixture of different types of activities such that there is enough pedestrian traffic in the space, at different times of the day, the public space would get activated and would remain that way for the major part of the day. This would give a sense of safety and security to the women using it (Mahadevia and Lathia, 2019)

Eyes on the street: Another problem with the conventional planning methods of the city, is the shift towards high rise structures. This has eroded the concept of ‘neighborhood’ from our cities Due to the high rise nature of the buildings, people don't generally prefer to come outside The connection of the user with the street which used to exist when the cities were majorly filled with row housing, has vanished somewhere. It can be rightly said, the contemporary planning techniques are pushing the users inside, rather than outside This completely negates the concept of ‘Eyes on the street’ This hints towards an urgent need to come up with more community-driven urban planning solutions, which recreate and reinvent the conventional ideas of public space. (Mahadevia and Lathia, 2019) Jane Jacobs, one of the greatest thinkers of the 20th century, concluded that the “eyes on the street" is one of the important factors which contributes to keeping the cities safe

One of the important things to note is that the eyes on the street do not mean to make the streets unnecessarily crowded or chaotic A crowded street which is not able to engage its users well enough with its surroundings is the same as a desolated street Eyes on the street essentially focus on creating community centered activities which can grab the attention of the user In the inIndianontext, the concept of ‘eyes on the street' was naturally achieved through the creations of bazaars, which provided the user with a variety of activities (Mahadevia and Lathia, 2019)

Safe urban commons: The urban commons include common spaces such as parks, playgrounds, gardens, public toilets, footpaths, etc Presently, the cities lack these common public spaces and the ones which are provided are either restricted by timings or are not welcoming to all kinds and age groups of users. The other common facilities such as public toilets lack the bare minimum sanitation facilities while public amenities such as benches and footpaths are in much of a dilapidated state to attract a decent number of pedestrians These spaces also push the pedestrians inside their homes, degrading the liveliness of the public spaces (Mahadevia and Lathia, 2019)

The walkability of a city: By improving the urban commons i e the dilapidated conditions of the footpaths, the lighting, sanitation and general aesthetics of the space, the walkability of the city can be enhanced An increased footfall of the pedestrians would help to reduce the crime rates in these spaces (Mahadevia and Lathia, 2019)

Public transportation: A large number of women are dependent on public transportation as compared to men But, the majority of the cities do not offer safe transport options to

women Highly congested public transport systems increase the chances of sexual harassment against women. This becomes highly intimidating and discouraging for women, hindering their movement throughout the city at all times of the day. Therefore, just by providing a cost effective means of public transport, the problems of accessibility in the city cannot be resolved, because this gives a very gender blind perspective to the planning of the cities. It needs to address issues of women safety as well (Addressing Gender Concerns in India’s Urban Renewal Mission,2000)

Last-mile connectivity: As per the current scenario, women are expected to go out and work. But, one of the most intimidating fears is to commute from work to home, late in the evening This presses the need for an efficient system which provides women with last mile connectivity This is something which is certainly lacking in the conventional urban planning systems. Therefore, there is a dire need for urban planners to incorporate a more gender centric approach and take into consideration the planning needs of a woman while designing cities (Addressing Gender Concerns in India’s Urban Renewal Mission,2000)

Factors affecting the Built environment considering women safety:

The built environment factors which affect female perception of safety are as follows, based on numerous studies which were conducted both in developed and in developing countries (Action Aid International, 2013; UNHABITAT et al , 2010; Jagori, 2007, 2010; SAKHI, 2011; Women in Cities International, 2010a, 2010b)

● Lighting

Dark road corners, isolated entrance/exit points, car parks, and poorly lit spaces cause anxiety and fear amongst women in the early mornings and late nights, and the fear of getting abused is growing exponentially.

● Quality of Public Spaces

Lack of maintenance in areas such as broken sidewalks, uncovered potholes, open defecation, blocked streets with trees, etc is raising concerns about women's abuse, injuries and other health problems. On the other hand, well kept and hygienic areas ensure that women feel healthy, especially older and disabled. (Mahadevia and Lathia, 2019)

● The extent of Oversight in Public Spaces

Women prefer being in familiar environments or to get more precise in spaces where they can call for help or run away if they face any violence, that's why they prefer places that are more active and eventful It disturbs them to be in spaces that make them feel invisible “Together for women’s safety” (UNHABITAT et al , 2010; Women in Cities International, 2010a)articulates very well three of women's main issues in public space, that is: seeing and being seen, listening, being heard, and getting support and help Different user groups like ‘middle aged people’, ‘older adults’, ‘women’, ‘families’, ‘familiar vendors & shopkeepers’, etc make women feel more secure and safe (Jagori, 2011, p. 44).

● Empty/Dilapidated Building or Plots

Women feel unsafe walking in the streets with big empty walls or empty plots because they fear no aid if they are targeted. Empty or decayed buildings are often favorable spots for men engaged in unlawful activities which exacerbate fear of violence Participants appeared to have a greater concern in safety audits about attacks or breaches in abandoned areas (Jagori, 2010, p 17)

● Visible and easily accessible police stations, security checks, CCTV Coverage areas, Patrolling etc.

Women feel vulnerable in deserted and visually inaccessible spaces Therefore, well-patrolled areas that have or are close to emergencies and police stations have formal or informal monitoring that gives women a feeling they can hear, be supported, and thus safer (Jagori, 2011)

Case Examples

Inclusivity of the various public spaces which constitute a majority of the streets in our urbanscapes As during the current times of urbanization, pedestrianization is being looked at as a very important aspect. There is a major outlook on the streets in many cities. Studying a few case examples within the country and globally during the literature study Some of the examples both positive and negative are analyzed based on the inclusivity parameters

1. TheAundh-ITI Road in Pune

The urban intervention of the streetscape of Pune was done to create more pedestrian friendly access on the road to create a properly segregated zone for different types of users making the street Liveable street Space was made much active and inclusive for all to create an urban Public center which has residential areas on one edge with some commercial activities and institutional training centers

The Plaza acts as a public space, for socializing, gathering, shopping, strolling with a buzzing amount of street activities creating an eye Examining the Street depending upon the various factors determining the inclusivity of a public space; street

● Enclosure The resilient space created by the various activities around with amenities like street vegetation, lighting, seating, facilities making it highly usable

● Complexity The street vendor/hawker and commercial zone make it stimulating for the human senses and adding interactivity

● Safety The space is well connected and highly porous with 24/7 influx of the various variety of people making the space safer to use and with the commercial eye on the street making it active with no zone for crime, especially for the females

● Human Scale As the space is inclusive based on gender, age and physical abilities making it accessible and appealing to the majority. The various activities surrounding the plaza, the spaces within the enclosure and the amenities which are interactive on the human scale make them more urgent

2. Pedestrian Road atArchitecture Road, Delhi

The pedestrian street between the Architecture and Planning Block of the School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi is designed with proper vegetation and ample space to walk from one block to another. The street looks highly walkable with greenery around, as the space around is just a connecting Pedestrian street It is a street in the institutional range with no/minimal commercial zone with some street sellers, with functioning time from 9-5 which makes the street use die and the use at night in dark is very less as the place looks dingy and unsafe with no less human interaction Examining the Street depending upon the various factors determining the inclusivity of a public space; street

● Enclosure - The Pedestrian footpath street is defined by the physical barrier of level difference with proper vegetation defining the pathway with one side covered by the major road and other a service Road

● Complexity As there is almost no activity present in and around the space, it merely functions as a connecting pathway with a physical environment of vegetation, creating an experiential movement from one block to another.

● Safety The user group using the street is very limited making the street with less influx, which is shady at certain non busy hours and in dark because of no ample lighting

● Human scale - On the street as there are no physical elements, street furniture, bins, playing elements that enable humans to interact with them and find the experience more attractive Thus makes the street dull and unattractive

Survey questionnaire

To study and to analyze the perspective of people a small online survey (See Appendix 1) was conducted with the random sampling of almost 50 people to understand their perspectives regarding the cities and how safety as a factor influences the whole scenario for them in public spaces Through the data compilation of the survey a few major findings are established.The gender of the respondents to the survey was as following

Majority of the respondents consider sexual harassment as the major concern while going to a public place The participants include 69 4 % females, out of which all females agreed on sexual harassment as their major concern

The four major factors which add to the respondents’vulnerability came out as follows:

● Poor lighting

● Poor maintenance of open public spaces

● Lack of safety and poor PublicTransportation

● Lack of PublicAmenities (public toilet)which are conducive to women

.All these factors refer to the built environment factors which leave a negative impact on the safety of women in cities. Poor lighting creates dark nooks and corners, while poor maintenance of open public spaces decreases their usability, hence, repelling the pedestrian flow away from the public places and leading to desolated unusable spaces which then act as potential crime spots.

Crowded public transport systems become increase chances of sexual harassment, hiding mobility of women. Therefore, either these factors create desolated public spaces or highly crowded and chaotic spaces which are equally bad for women's safety.

Majority of the respondents feel the most unsafe between 8 pm to 12 am, i e the late evening and night hours. Contributing factors for this could be lack of proper lighting facilities and engaging night activities for the pedestrians in public spaces Usually, the majority of the cities get empty and deserted during this time, because of the lack of mixed used activities in these spaces which can attract and engage pedestrian footfall to activate the public spaces

Public toilets, public transport, roadside, bus stands, etc were voted by a majority of the respondents as the least safe places in a city.

According to the respondents, the scale of the built surroundings came off as the major contributing element to define the safety of public space

Respondents were asked to mention one public space, which they found to be the safest in their respective cities They were further asked to describe the factors which contributed to the ‘safety factor’ of these spaces Majority of the respondents ranked publicness of the space, lighting and walkability as the most important criteria Publicness of the space refers to the openness and the accessibility of these spaces.

Accessibility of the public space can be enhanced visually as well as physically This can be achieved by removing the physical barriers in an open space while maintaining the psychological barriers to control and direct the pedestrian flow. Physical barriers refer to vertical barriers such as fences, high walls, parapets, etc. These barriers block the clear sight of the vision and at times unintentionally end up creating dark nooks and corners disrupting the publicness of the space and leading to the creation of spaces more prone to criminal activities against women or in general.

Psychological barriers on the other hand can be achieved by efficient tools of urban planning to create order in a public space through changing the texture, color and material of the

paved surfaces This controls the movement of the pedestrians and at the same time does not block out on any open space.

Conclusions:

The Public Realm spaces which are of public interest not only form containers of sociability and or necessary connectors working as transport conduits but they also form a part of the much argued “third place’ between work and home life, where people meet and stroll around However, these places present a lopsided view in terms of the notion of power between the genders, by the consequences of gender blind planning So for an effective public realm, a Gender-sensitive perspective is imperative. All this can be achieved through the following

● Planning and designing gender class zones, such as street environments, nodes and squares, to optimize the use of space with an eye on the street and 24/7 or active hours functioning which will help in fostering social relations in order to accomplish a gender equity purpose

● Placemaking and urban interventions of change should focus on the inclusive needs and requirements depending on the safety parameters, which are often neglected by the planning policies on human interaction levels. Thus, indulgence of inclusive viewpoints taking care of planning cities with women, not just for them

● Developments in mixed-use architecture Residential developments to be compatible with commercial/institutional spaces and premises to be bordered with walls of low height to provide a direct view and maintain security by the adjacent streets

● Transit oriented developments Focus on TOD’s development in metropolitan areas to encourage walkability, which will increase job accessibility by making the public realm walk from home to office easier.This helps in making the space active and resilient in nature, making it appealing for people to have more interactions \

● Urban Livability Gender Inclusive spaces makes the cities more safer, making them highly connected and well functioning for the residents and the users Thus, increasing the urban livability factors of the city. As the public spaces with more amenities and facilities are made more functional by the users for daily strolls, use and to socialize

● Perceptions To shift perceptions of larger masses, by organizing night walks making the spaces resilient and making them more user friendly thus making women and minorities feel safer and more comfortable, breaking the unsafe zones with proper lighting, signages, surveillance and moral help

Thus, looking at the research shows that there is a high need to develop the inclusivity factor in the cities, making them safer, usable and comfortable at all times, not remarking the hours as odd All this needs to be done in coherence with proper strategic planning and designing that has equal emphasis to the user needs and requirements Gender Inclusivity shouldn’t

be considered as an add on but rather as an imperative step towards creating well rounded, economically and socially safer, comfortable and accessible cities for all.

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Survey Data