M M
ARCHITECTURE PORTFOLIO 2018
CURRICULUM VITAE PERSONAL INFORMATION MARIANA MORALES ESPINOSA 15 MARCH 1996 MONTERREY N.L., MEXICO mari150396@hotmail.com +52 8115182623
ACADEMIC FORMATION 2011 - 2013 2014 - PRESENT
TECNOLÓGICO DE MONTERREY, CAMPUS GARZA LAGÜERA TECNOLÓGICO DE MONTERREY, ARCHITECTURE GPA = 99
MONTERREY, N.L., MEXICO MONTERREY, N.L., MEXICO
ARCHITECTURE STUDIOS AUG 2015 JAN 2016 AUG 2016 JAN 2017 AUG 2017
ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO I , RESIDENTIAL ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO II , HOUSING ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO III , EDUCATIONAL ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO IV , COMMUNITARY ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO V , MIXED-USE
ARCH. LUIS VILLARREAL ARCH. RAUL BADÍA ARCH. MARCELO ESPINOSA ARCH. KAREN HINOJOSA ARCH. MARCELO ESPINOSA
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 2015 SUMMER 2017 SUMMER OCT - DEC 2017
AM ARQUITECTURA DISTRITO TEC AM ARQUITECTURA
INTERN INTERN, MASTER PLAN DEPARTMENT, DIAGRAMS INTERN, MODELLING, PROJECT CONTRIBUTOR, PROJECT REPRESENTATION
HYDE PARK LIBRARY CITIZEN PARK ROME CONTEMPORARY CHAPEL PAPE OBSERVATORY TOWER BIENAL N.L. SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTS
INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL, FINALIST INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL REGIONAL
CONTESTS 2017 2017 2017 2017 2017
WORKSHOPS 2015 2016 2017 2017 PRESENT
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ACCESSIBILITY WORKSHOP FOR ADAPTATION OF SPACES FOR DISABLED PEOPLE , SEMANA i WORKSHOP "PENSANDO EN LOS NIÑOS" - ANALYSIS OF A LOCAL PARK AND DESIGN OF IMPROVEMENT PROPOSALS , SEMANA i WORKSHOP OF DIGITAL ILLUSTRATION , CANNALETTOS DESIGNING A FOOD FACTORY WORKSHOP , SEMANA i WORKSHOP OF ARCHITECTURAL ILLUMINATION , ITESM
EXHIBITIONS AUG 2016 JAN 2017 AUG 2017 OCT 2017 APR 2017 MAY 2017 JAN 2018
PROYECTA EXHIBITION, ITESM PROYECTA EXHIBITION, ITESM PROYECTA EXHIBITION, ITESM BIENAL EXHIBITION, SCHOOL OF N.L. ARCHITECTS RUTA E EXHIBITION, ITESM FINALIST EXHIBITION, SCHOOL OF N.L. ARCHITECTS PROYECTA EXHIBITION, ITESM
HOUSING COMPLEX, ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO II DESIGN CENTER, ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO III CITIZEN PARK, ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO IV CITIZEN PARK DESIGN CENTER CITIZEN PARK F.U.G. COMPLEX, ARCH. DESIGN STUDIO V
PUBLICATIONS AUG 2015 JAN 2016 AUG 2016 JAN 2017 AUG 2017
PANORAMA TEC, ITESM, SECOND HIGHEST GPA OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL PANORAMA TEC, ITESM, SECOND HIGHEST GPA OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL PANORAMA TEC, ITESM, HIGHEST GPA OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL PANORAMA TEC, ITESM, HIGHEST GPA OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL PANORAMA TEC, ITESM, HIGHEST GPA OF ARCHITECTURE SCHOOL
LANGUAGES SPANISH ENGLISH FRENCH
NATIVE ADVANCED , TOEFL 597 B LEVEL BASIC , DELF ACCREDITED B1 LEVEL
SOFTWARE SKILLS AUTODESK AUTOCAD 2D AUTODESK REVIT ARCH. SKETCHUP ADOBE PHOTOSHOP ADOBE LLUSTRATOR VRAY FOR SKP RHINOCEROS AUTODESK 3D MAX
ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL INTERMEDIATE LEVEL BASIC LEVEL
MS OFFICE PACKAGE
ADVANCED LEVEL
MANUAL SKILLS SKETCHING HANDDRAWING PAINTING MODEL MAKING
ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL ADVANCED LEVEL
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PROJECTS RESIDENTIAL
CULTURAL
EDUCATIONAL
P.66
P.32
P.32
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PUBLIC SPACE
RELIGIOUS
MIXED USE
P.08 P.42
P.22
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F.U.G. COMPLEX The project responds strongly to the surrounding context by incorporating two main site factors to its form definition. At first, the pedestrian and vehicle’s flows generate a dinamic context. Then, the project also responds by merging into the existent buildings and metro line by appling a transect, which generates a gradual growth of height. Both factors are then involved in an experimental methodology, which results in a curved surface. The F.U.G. Complex intends to generate a new kind of urbanism, a urbanism in which exterior and interior spaces are merged and complemented with one another. It’s program involves a mixed use program including housing, offices, commerce and a cultural center.
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STUDIO PROF. DESIGN SITE
Arch. Design Studio V Arch. Marcelo Espinosa December 2017 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico
DESIGN FACTORS Context’s people and car flows are projected into the site bouncing in equivalent angles inside project’s site.
Transect is applied to blend the project with the surrounding context.
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MONTERREY, N.L., MEXICO The site is located in the center of Monterrey, a highly occupied area with in the city, but including mainly low height constructions. As shown, the site is the main connection node, in which four main streets converge. Also, the site is frequently transited by people which uses the different metro stations and people who use the school, which is also part of the block.
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Main Roads Urban Buffers at 400 m. River Green Area Metro Starion
DESIGN FACTORS
The design methodology involves an experimental manipulation of the site’s existent flows, which are considered to enter the site and bounce in its limits by reflecting in same angles.
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PEDESTRIAN FLOWS The two main pedestrian flows come from the metro starion and the school. This flows are important to consider because of the necessity of connecting
2
the
project
with
people
transiting the site.
1
VEHICLE FLOWS 2
Two main vehicle flows are shown in the diagram, which represent the two main streets that affect directly the site, because of their vehicle density and the large amount of distance in touch with the site.
TRANSECT As shown in the diagram, transect
is
an
important
concept that needs to be applied to the project by the way the low height constructions connect to a large scale building and the existent metro line. Metro station (high construction) Low height constructions
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FORM GENERATION An experimental design methodology is applied by intersecting the two main factors, flows and transect.
EXISTENT SITE
PEDESTRIAN AND VEHICLE FLOWS ARE ADDED TO THE EXISTENT SITE
TRANSECT IS GENERATED BY COVERING THE SITE WITH A SURFACE THAT
A CENTROID IS TAKEN FROM EVERY REFLECTED LINE AND THEN PROJECTED
BLENDS WITH THE EXISTING LOW CONSTRUCTIONS AND METRO
TO THE SURFACES, GENERATING DIFFERENT HEIGHTS
AN AVERAGE SURFACE IS CREATED
THE MOST DENSE INTERSECTION POINTS ARE PROJECTED TO THE SURFACE, FOR THEN, CREATING PUBLIC SPACE IN THE STREET LEVEL
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FORM GENERATION
SURFACE ALREADY BEING TRANSFORMED BY THE CREATION OF
SURFACE IS THEN ALSO CHANGED BECAUSE OF THE NEED OF CREATING
PUBLIC SPACE
ENTRANCES FOR PEOPLE
SLABS ARE ADDED TO THE RESULTANT SURFACE
FINAL DISPOSITION OF SLABS
IN RESPONSE TO THE BIG FLOOR PLANS, ATRIUMS ARE GENERATED BY DOING
IN RESPONSE TO THE BIG FLOOR PLANS, ATRIUMS ARE GENERATED BY DOING
AN OFFSET TO THE EXTERIOR CONTOUR TO LET MORE LIGHT AND VENTILA-
AN OFFSET TO THE EXTERIOR CONTOUR TO LET MORE LIGHT AND VENTILA-
TION IN.
TION IN.
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PROGRAM The mixed use building responds to the required meter square for every program and creates a PUBLIC to PRIVATE transition with in the ascending levels.
Housing is provided with the most private spaces.
Housing (30,360 m2) OfďŹ ces (8,810 m2) Commerce (20,460 m2) Cultural (4,960 m2)
Public access allows commerce to have more contact with public.
The metro station functions as a main source of people.
OfďŹ ces are located in a semi-public area.
Main circulation access, which facilitates the entrance to the complex.
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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY The project contains a conventional structural system, which allows modulation and an easier construction. Circulation and installation cores are also strategically located to provide the building mobility and services.
Main circulation and installation cores
Bridge like structure
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PLANS
Floor Plan I
Master Plan
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m.
PLANS
Floor Plan III
Floor Plan II m.
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PLANS
Floor Plan V
Floor Plan IV m.
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ELEVATIONS
North Elevation
West Elevation
South Elevation
East Elevation m.
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SECTIONS
Longitudinal Section
Cross Section m.
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MODEL
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CITIZEN PARK The citizen park arises as a struggle for the rights that we have as a community, which is why the project gives rise to activities that promote democracy, coexistence, the free expression of ideas and that also fulďŹ ll the function of providing a green area with spaces for rest, relaxation and connection with nature. On the other hand, the park is an accessible and inclusive place, respecting its uses, customs and current flora, also serving as a mean of connection that facilitates access and pedestrian flows.
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CONTEST PRICE PROF DESIGN SITE TEAM
Parque Ciudadano Finalist Arch. Karen Hinojosa May 2017 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico Ezekiel Flores Rohan Shenoy
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MONTERREY, N.L., MEXICO Project’s site is located in the center of Monterrey. It is surrounded mainly by government offices, local commerce, and public areas. The site lacks good illumination and urban furniture.
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Green Areas Urban Buffers at 200 m. River Proyect Site
SITE ANALYSIS The study of urban context reveals that the most concurrent users are those related to the surrounding government ofďŹ ces, visits related to the surrounding public spaces and local commerce, as well as occasional visits of children and citizen associations.
PARKING LOTS
GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS
GREEN PUBLIC AREAS
LOCAL COMMERCE
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DESIGN FACTORS Several factors were used to determine the design of the park, among which is the factor of the conservation of the existing flora, the facilitation of pedestrian flows and the creation of an inclusive multifunctional space.
1. Actual Pedestrian Flows
2. Actual Pedestrian Flows + Ideal Flows
3. Resultant Pathways + Respect to Existant Flora + Proposed Vegetation
5. Adding “Citizen Platform”
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4. Emphasis of the project’s center
6. Final definition of the project
MASTER PLAN
ILLUMINATION The lighting was designed to increase the security of the park. The lamps were strategically placed along all the pathways and important areas. VEGETATION The vegetation was determined by selecting native trees and shrubs that would give the park more appeal. These, require little irrigation and support the climate of the site, plus they go according to a deďŹ ned color palette, which helps the relaxation of the users according to the theory of color.
ILLUMINATION PLAN
Duraznillo
Mimbre
Cenizo
Pennisetum
Lantana
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FURNITURE DIAGRAMS The furniture responds to the intention of generating spaces of coexistence, giving rise to diverse activities, where the citizen can participate and appropriate the park. Likewise, it was designed in an inclusive manner and accessible to all. Concrete was considered as the main material due to its durability, moldability and low cost.
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SECTIONS
For landscape design, the human scale was considered as an important factor, involving the user in a natural and different environment. This was done through the consideration of native plants that had different heights to hide the barriers of the context, thus creating a positive environment.
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30
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THE LIVING BOOK ,
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,
.
,
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,
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,
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...
CONTEST PROF. DESIGN SITE TEAM
Hyde Park Library Arch. Karen Hinojosa February 2017 Hyde Park, London, England Ezekiel Flores Rohan Shenoy
CONCEPT
BOOK STACKING
THREE STORY BUILGING
BUILDING RESPONDS TO NATURE
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HYDE PARK, LONDON, ENGLAND Hyde Park is a Grade I-registered major park in Central London. Free speech and demonstrations have been a key feature of it since the 19th century. The project’s site is full of trees and horizontality prevails over verticality.
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Hyde Park Urban Buffers at 400 m. Serpentine Lake Proyect Site
FORMAL DEFINITION Formal deďŹ nition starts with the idea of a stacking of of books, but without touching any of the existent trees. The perfect square shape is abandoned to provide spaces with more area. The second floor is connected with bridges to unify the project.
TREE CONSERVATION
CONNECTIVITY
TREE CONSERVATION + CONNECTIVITY
TREE CONSERVATION + LAKE VIEWS
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SPATIAL INTERACTIONS
USER FLOW
PROGRAM
MASTER PLAN
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SURROUNDING VIEWS
PUBLIC EXTERIOR AREAS
Smart phone app that sends texts to screens. LCD screens that project
people’s
texts.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY The structure of the project is based in columns with two different diameters and circulations are conformed of stairs and elevators to provide accesibility.
30 and 60 cm column sections provides rigidity.
Bookshelves to highlight transparency and screens.
Aesthetics of columns help harmonize with surrounding trees.
Suspended shelves house 13,000 books.
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PLANS
Floor Plan I
Master Plan
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PLANS
Floor Plan III
Floor Plan II
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ELEVATIONS
North Elevation
East Elevation
South Elevation
West Elevation
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SECTIONS
Cross Section I
Cross Section II
Longitudinal Section
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SONO PARK METRO STATION The Sono Park project starts with the analysis of its surrounding factors and the proposal of an added parasite to the existent metro line to create around it a public space, which can reactivate the zone. The project responds mainly to the site’s problematic of noise pollution generated by the highly transited streets, almost all day long, and through an experimental design, generating a urban infrastructure which can isolate people from the daily stress and offer them a green area in which activities such as skating, parkouring, bicycling, or even walking can take place. By solving also, the lack of green areas in the zone, the Sono Park becomes a lung to the surrounding neighbors, offering a methodology that could be repeated along all metro lines to offer people a different ways to do excersice and have fun.
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STUDIO PROF DESIGN SITE
Arch. Studio V Arch. Marcelo Espinosa August 2017 Pape, Latvia
MAJOR SITE FACTORS
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Monterrey, N.L., Mexico The site is located in the center of Monterrey, a highly occupied area with in the city, but including mainly low height constructions. As shown, the site is the main connection node, in which four main streets converge and because of that the site is highly polluted with noise. There are no green areas available in walkable distances.
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Main Roads Urban Buffers at 400 m. River Green Area Metro Starion
SITE ANALYSIS The site analysis starts with the sound analysis and the different sources that produce it in the site. While the metro station sound waves travel in a back and forth movement, the traffic sound waves travel in only one direction, but the traffic lights also generate points of more noise density than others.
Metro sound waves back and forth direction
Car one direction sound waves
Traffic lights generating spaces with more noise density.
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DESIGN METHODOLOGY The design methodology starts by representing the sound waves in the metro line and generating a surface from it.
Existing site and metro line.
Sound waves of the metro are ďŹ rst represented as if it was starionary.
The moving metro generates different and gradual lenghts of sound waves, which respond to movement.
The sound waves are repeated in the opposite direction.
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DESIGN METHODOLOGY Then, the surface is triangulated to make the structure more functional and modular.
A surface is generated from the waves shown and also responding to the noise acumulation in the trafďŹ c lights by contracting above them.
Openings to let sound out
The smooth surface is then triangulated, and for sound to scape from the inside activities some triangular panels are removed.
A tubular steel structure is added to support the concrete panels. The project is also made more wide to properly let circulations pass though it.
Finally the methodology is applied to merge the “parasite� with the metro terminal, showin that the methodology can easily adapt to any other station.
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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY Circulations in the project develop in an interesting way, by providing two lateral ramps which embrace the whole lenght.The ramps not only allow people who visit the park to comfortably walk through the park, but also generate an interestingconnection to the irregular floor. Structure consists mainly in steel bar supporting the project and laying in the existent metro structure.
CIRCULATIONS
Access through street
Ramps
Access through metro station
STRUCTURE
Steel bar supports
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PROGRAM The program develops in an interesting way, by adapting to what the triangulated structure provides. The floor turns into a skateboarding rink, while the walls turn into climbing walls, and ďŹ nally the roof is converted into a green panel structure.
Climbing Walls Skateboarding Rink (Skate, Bicycling, Parkouring) Green Roofs Circulations
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PLANS
Master Plan
Floor Plan
North/South Elevation
Longitudinal Section
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ITESM DESIGN CENTER The present project is located within the Campus Tec Monterrey, in Monterrey Nuevo Leon. Its main objective is to provide a variety of spaces that satisfy the needs both academic, social and urban, within the campus. For this, they took in consideration the most important variants of the district regeneration plan tec which are; use of facade that minimizes the increase of temperatures and the energetic consumption, green roofs, orientation elements, access to public spaces, promote pedestrian flows thus reducing road distances and the creation of outdoor public spaces. Likewise, for the formal design was taken into consideration three fundamental factors, which respond to the variants already mentioned; adequate flows for the pedestrian, spatial experience that produces pleasant views and conservation of trees. These three factors give a unique identity to the project, at the same time have a high relevance in terms of beneďŹ ts, not only to students, but also to the environment.
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STUDIO PROF DESIGN SITE TEAM
Arch. Design Studio III Arch. Marcelo Espinosa December 2016 Monterrey, N.L., Mexico Ezekiel Flores
DESIGN FACTORS
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ITESM CAMPUS, MONTERREY, N.L., MEXICO The site is located inside Campus Monterrey ITESM, surrounded by trees and other educational buildings and it is part of Distrito Tec, a new model for the improvement of the Campus. Because of its big green areas, the Campus is considered as an important carbon absorbing area.
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Proyect Site Urban Buffers at 200 m. Campus ITESM
DESIGN METHODOLOGY Adequate pathways for pedestrians
Spatial experience that produces pleasant views
Shorten distances to generate a building friendly to pedestrians
Design careers demand a high average hours on campus due to design studios
FIRST LEVEL
SECOND LEVEL
THIRD LEVEL
VISUALS
VISUALS
Conservation of trees Importance of the Campus as a carbon absorbing area
FORTH LEVEL
TREE CONSERVATION
VISUALS
PEDESTRIAN FLOWS
TREE CONSERVATION
FINAL PLAN’S SCHEME
TREE CONSERVATION
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PROGRAM The design center, which consists of 19,300 square meters of construction, houses all the necessary spaces for the academic development of more than 2,000 students of the design careers, inside which are inserted workshops, work areas, terraces, classrooms, among others.
General Workshops Areas of Individual Work Exposition Halls
OfďŹ ces of Teachers and Directors Areas of Advice Meeting Rooms
Computer Rooms Model Rooms Artistic drawing Sculpture Workshop Photography
Traditional Classrooms Basic Design Classrooms
Galleries
Print Center Bookshop Accessible Files Materials Store
Basic Design Classrooms
Cafeteria
Construction Workshops and Prototypes
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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONALITY CIRCULATIONS
STRUCTURE
Roof level without vertical circulations
Columns are added respecting the axes structural underground parking Two vertical circulations and complete connectivity between them Columns are used on reticular shafts 8 x 8 meters, are added pratt armor for hold the clear Three vertical circulations without connectivity
Columns are used on reticular shafts 8 x 8 meters Three vertical circulation and complete connectivity through the bridge
Columns are used on reticular shafts 8 x 8 meters, are added pratt armor for hold the bridge Three vertical circulations at floor level Columns are used on reticular shafts 8 x 8 meters, the auditorium has its own structural system
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PLANS
Floor Plan II
Floor Plan I
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PLANS
Floor Plan IV
Floor Plan III
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ELEVATIONS
North Elevation
East Elevation
South Elevation
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West Elevation
SECTIONS
Longitudinal Section I
Cross Section I
Longitudinal Section II
Cross Section II
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MODEL
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MODEL
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PAPE BIRD OBSERVATION TOWER Pape nature park is a place of reunion and communion between humans and nature. The bird observation tower becomes part of the representation of the reunion of humans, birds and animals. The tower stands as a platform that allows people to interact with the migrating birds . Pape park history is full with achievements that regenerated natural life cycle from the site, that previously was driven out from agriculture. The aim of the project is to respond to site conditions, animal species, and a low cost- energy efficient constructive process that doesn’t interrupt Pape’s natural wildlife . The tower stands as a light structure that can be lost in the lanscape, allowing animals, birds and humans to use it and interact with it. The tower intervention complements the value of Pape Park by allowing human - animals species’ interactions and honoring wildlife. The tower becomes the home of the park where life is appreciated.
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CONTEST Pape Bird Observation Tower in Latvia DESIGN November 2017 SITE Pape, Latvia TEAM Ezekiel Flores Santiago Borda
FORM GENERATION
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PAPE NATURAL PARK, PAPE, LATVIA The Pape Nature Park opened in 2003 and is located in the South-West region of Latvia, in the districts of NÄŤca and Rucava. The park is a nature reserve in the south west region of Latvia, approximately 45km south of Liepaja. The entire park stretches over 10886 hectares, and is made up of mainly bogs, meadows and dunes surrounding Lake Pape.
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Roads Urban Buffers at 200 m. Lake Pape Proyect Site
CONCEPT DESIGN 11.00
6.30
360 VIEW The platforms were designed in a radial disposition, situating circulations in the center. Allowing people to have a total 360 experience.
MAXIMUM HEIGHTS
STRUCTURE PERMEABILITY
BRIDGE
The heights of the platforms were designed in order for people to reach the best views possible with the allowed 11m. height. Creating a 360 platform which surpases 10m.
The modular structure allows permeability to integrate the tower with the wild life. The tower’s materiality allows also to use less materials, being an environmental friendly construction.
The bridge instead of being linear, it’s breaked in order to create different view angles, that allow the user to experience the landscape and the tower in a different way.
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PROJECT FUNDAMENTALS
FEASBILITY Enviroment
Climate conditions
Tower’s Life Cycle
Materials
Susteinability
The project responds to the site considering the lowest quantity of materials possible and their easy transportation to the Pape nature park. The building responds to the enviroment loosing itself in the landscape, being useful and permeable for animals to cross through it and stand in it, as a medium for users to connect them with the species that sorrund pape nature park.
Due to the humid or wet climate, the project is developed understanding that water should go away easily during raining. Each floor has stainless steel grating that allows permeability and prevents that the materials absorve water. This material and special material treatments will allow the tower to last longer.
Wood: Valrosa Coating Ignifire treatment. Allows to prevent the wood from fires and gives it a water proof coating. Concrete: Long term water proof coating. Steel: Anticorrosive treatment for durability and to prevent oxidation
Reinforced Concrete is used in the foundations of the tower and in the pillars. Stainless Steel is used in the membrane conections from the exterior structure and in the stairs allowing the structure to be light. Wood is used in the slabs and in the exterior angular elements allowing a light structure able to deal with tension forces due to the movement.
The project was developed using a small amount of materials and elements, creating an interior space with light materials and an easy constructive process based on creating prefabricated steel and wood pieces. Having the less amount of materials and also using prefabricated elements decreases the effort to take materials to site and time for the construction.
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PLANS
Floor Plan III
Floor Plan II
Floor Plan I 1:50 m. 1.00
3.00
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SPACE AND STRUCTURE
Steel membrane connection to railing ring
Structural slab system
Steel membrane connection with tube
Steel connections with slab
Wood supports for angular columns
Stair modules
Steel membrane connection
Steel column for stairs
Steel foundation connection
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m.
Railing modules
Elevation 1:100 1.00
6.00
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CONSTRUCTION PIECES COUNT
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CONSTRUCTION PROCESS SIMULATION Almost all of the constructive elements where modulated, so that the construction process became way much easier, faster and with the less amount of waste. The constructive process starts with the foundation, which consists on eight reinforced concrete piles which reach firm earth and a reinforced concrete slab. Steel connections that connect the building with the concrete slab are also soaked in concrete and welded to the foundation steel. The tower exoskeleton is constructed following the same steps in every level (placement of the wood lumbers followed by the placement of the steel connections), and finally in each level the slab is supported in the steel connections of the exoskeleton. At the end the bridge is constructed by placing first the main wood structure and finally adding the wood planks that conform the platform and stairs.
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