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fragmentation (Ritschel, 1997); or suggest criteria to evaluate the proper development of the plans to improve them with postmodern carefulness (Baer, 1997).

On the other hand, few definitions exist in the literature of what a plan is or how it should be characterized. Although for a long time, plans have been created with a technocratic perspective, where the city has been seen as a simple system and focused on its efficiency, physical and quantitative aspects along rational lines (Lewis, 1916; Moroni, 2018; Wildavsky, 1973). Therefore, critical voices emerged in the 1960s, such as Jacobs (1961), highlighting that the cities are complex systems and very dynamic, not made by things but by processes, reinforcing their pluralism aspects (Davidoff, 1965; Pacchi, 2018). Further, Moroni (2010) and Holcombe (2012) have stated that cities should be planned spontaneously, learning from what happened and leaving some space for bottom-up spontaneous effects, rather than influencing human behaviors directly from a top-down approach since it is impossible to have control over everything.

Under those circumstances, it could be considered that a plan should result from a process among different stakeholders, which generates a strategic document gathering decisionmaking elements to guide but not limit human behaviors. Moreover, a plan presents itself as a complex and essential element for urban planning and must have basic characteristics that guarantee its application.

2.2 The Urban Mobility Paradigms

In the context of urban transport and mobility plans, the literature reveals that European countries are precursors to creating public policies that organize the transport systems. For instance, due to the high traffic congestion and car ownership in the 1960s, France started thinking about public policies to favor the modal split. Some actions were policies prioritizing public transport over individual motorized vehicles, such as creating the , a tax paid by companies that have implied advantages from the presence of the public transport network . As a result, cities have more money to invest in transport systems. Moreover, the 1970s was when French public transport development was boosted due to the 1973 oil crisis; France also created energysaving policies and more environmental measures to overcome that scenario, which benefitted the public transport systems .