Figure 78. Case Studies Comparison Results - Principles of SUMP

Figure 78. Case Studies Comparison Results - Principles of SUMP. Source: Author based on the SUMP SAT Analyses Results In summary, Brussels, Budapest, and Rome have presented similar performances related to their strategic documents. However, Budapest has not presented many details about its planning process, which led to a more significant difference in results on the 3

rd

principle compared to the other two cases. In the case of Vienna, which is well-known for many achievements in the mobility sector and based on the state of the art presented in this thesis, the city probably has the higher mobility performance among the five cases. Although, based on the analyses of mobility planning processes, the results show a different picture than the others. One possible reason behind this is the year of the 2013. Hence, as it was a very recent concept and remains new until nowadays it could justify its performance compared to the most recent plans. Lastly, as explained before, Lisbon has not performed well, although it illustrates a transition scenario, making the challenges behind the SUMP Principles more visible for this research.

As a result, the most critical princi been, for instance, st rd . th. Define a long-term vision and a clear implementation

th . Therefore, these results reaffirm the ones from the SUMP Cycle comparison analysis, reinforcing the need for a holistic approach to deeply foster mobility changes and promote sustainable urban development.

5.2. From TTP to SUMPing: the transition behind urban mobility paradigms

The concept of has surpassed with a broader meaning beyond transport systems and infrastructure. For this reason, the mobility planning literature has been pointing toward a transition that started at the end of the 20

th

century and remains happening in the urban context until now. As has been previously stated in this thesis, TTP, for many years, has been an essential tool in city planning, although it is not enough to manage current and future mobility challenges anymore.

Hence, to achieve the desired sustainable urban development, mobility planning requires a holistic approach beyond sectorial transport planning widespread in the 20

th

century with integrated visions, goals, and strategies to truly improve the quality of urban life. Under those circumstances, the SUMP Guidelines have arisen in 2013 as an instrument to guide cities toward the sustainable mobility paradigm. Almost ten years owever, mobility measures and actions are neither easy nor simple to implement. For this reason, this thesis has scrutinized the selected strategic documents from EU Capitals to discover the challenges behind the , filling the research gap raised in this thesis.

Therefore, based on the theoretical framework and all analyses shown, a mobility paradigm shift requires a considerable amount of time to fully happen since it is a complex process that goes beyond plans and policies and depends on many mobility behaviors and patterns to change, adapt, and further consolidate. Nevertheless, based on the comparison between TTP and SUMPing shown in Table 2, the findings of this thesis have shown some development progress in strategic documents from EU Capitals which has been changing throughout recent years. Thus, Table 8 summarizes this transition coverage -depth analyses of those documents objects of this research.