Figure

However, it is crucial to understand that before establishing the three Belgium regions (Flemish, Walloon, and BCR) in the 1980s, mobility was under the responsibility of two different ministries, one focused on road management and the other on transport. As a result, there was a polarization between car and PT users, where policy discourses towards pedestrians, cyclists, and shared spaces were far from reality. Since the institutional reform in 1988, transport policies have bee in Brussels, it has resulted in massive changes since the resolutions have been concentrated under one minister, which started bringing some innovations toward the mobility sector. Thus, STIB the leading company responsible for operating PT in Brussels has become an independent public company, renewing its contract with the Brussels administration every five years (Hubert et al., 2013).

Nowadays, Brussels public transport network, operated by STIB, offers to its users four metro lines (40km), 18 tram lines (147km), and 52 bus lines (452km) that comprise all Brussels municipalities plus eleven others in the periphery area (STIB, 2022). Moreover, the ticket policy is similar to the Viennese one, where it is possible to pay a single fare ticket and passes that go from one day up to an entire year period. Therefore, the public transport system in Brussels is responsible for 1.1 million trips daily (De Muelenaere, 2018), and it could be considered an effective service to a certain extent (Hubert et al., 2013).

(Figure 14) goes beyond PT, and it also offers a bike-sharing system (Villo!) with 5,000 bikes (among conventional and also electric options ones) which are rented in 360 stations spread through the city (Villo, 2022). Moreover, the city has been expanding its cycling infrastructure through the years. Nowadays, according to Bruxelles Mobilité (2020a), Brussels offers a total of 190km, split between 109km of cycle tracks (piste cyclable séparée), 44km for bike lanes (piste cyclable marquée) and 37km of cycle routes (piste cyclable suggérée). In a nutshell, the motorization rate is similar to Vienna, where there are 434 vehicles for 1,000 inhabitants in Brussels.