Figure 15. Brussels Capital Region Modal Split 2019

Figure 15. Brussels Capital Region Modal Split 2019. Source: Author based on data from Service public fédéral Mobilité et Transports (2019)

3.1.3. Budapest, Hungary

Budapest is part of Central Europe (CIA, 2022), located in the central north of Hungary (Figure 16), close to the borders with Slovakia, being the most populous city in the country and the ninth-largest city in the EU (Kovacs, 2016). Similar to Vienna, the capital of Hungary has grown along the Danube River with the unification of three neighboring cities, Buda, Óbuda, and Pest, that have been developed since the middle ages (Magyarovics, 2022). Moreover, the Hungarian capital had a higher growth at the end of the 19

th

century, although with low-quality housing. Besides, as a former socialist city, its urban development has been characterized by the transition from agricultural to industrial and later post-industrial with a high density and compact district center (Harlov-Csortán, 2021; Kukulska- et al., 2019). Therefore, Budapest nowadays is a collage of several historical layers, from medieval to contemporary neighborhoods, making its urban fabric genuinely heterogeneous.