Figure 16. Budapest location and statistics

Figure 16. Budapest location and statistics. Source: Author based on data from Hungarian Central Statistical Office (2021) Furthermore, public transpor part of the everyday life of many Budapester. The city has the second-oldest metro line globally, the M1, which started operating in 1896 (Walker, 2018; Webuild, 2020), and since 2002 it has been on UNESCO World Heritage List (UNESCO, 2002). Notably, Budapest has innovated in the transport sector, and its achievements are always mentioned. However, its transport bodies have been through a long fragmented history, with many public enterprises being responsible for the transport challenges, harming the implementation of transport policies up to 2010, when BKK (Center for Budapest Transport, or Budapesti Közlekedési Központ in Hungarian) has been established (Oszter, 2017).

Nowadays, BKK is the public authority responsible for all transport activities and issues, more integrated way, which has been shifting the transport policy paradigm of the city in a good way since a single authority is managing everything, i.e., public transport, bicycle infrastructure, parking fees, among other duties (Oszter, 2017). Moreover, the Budapest transport network (Figure 17) operated by BKK offers many travel options, such as metro, suburban trains, boats, tram, trolleybus, bus, and public bikes available day and night to Budapester and visitors (BKK Budapesti Közlekedési Központ, 2019e). Thus, BKK is in