Energy of the frost by Mariia Kapitonova

.Energy of the frost Sustainable strategies for Yakutsk, the extreme cold city

Politecnico di Milano Faculty of Architecture and Society Master of Science in Urban Planning and Policy Design

Thesis

Energy of the frost. Sustainable strategies for Yakutsk, the extreme cold city

Student Mariia Kapitonova 814158

Supervisor Prof. Eugenio Morello

Assistant supervisor Prof. Stefano Recalcati

AA 2014-2015

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. ABSTRACT �� 5 2. INTRODUCTION �� 7 3. METHODOLOGY ��10 4. INTERVIEWS ��15 4.1 VITTORIO GRASSI �� 16 4.2 STEFANO RECALCATI �� 18 4.3 JAMES FINESTONE ��20 4.4 ILIYA ERYSHEV ��22 4.5 BORA KOVACEVIC ��24 4

4.6 PETR LOVIGIN ��26 4.7

Interviews conclusions ��28

5. CLIMATE ISSUE ��30 5.1

Climate data ��30

5.2

Building on the permafrost ��34

6. PLANNING ISSUE �� 38 6.1

History of the city (development) �� 38

6.2

Socio-economic data �� 44

6.3

Strategy of the city development ��52

6.4

Ecological situation ��56

7. TRANSPORT ISSUE ��60 7.1

General transport info ��60

7.2

Railway transport ��61

CHAPTER:

7.3

Air transport ��64

7.4

Water transport ��68

7.5

Northern supply ��71

7.6

Automotive transport ��72

7.7

The bridge across the Lena River, near Yakutsk ��78

7.8

Public transport �� 83

8. ENERGY ISSUE �� 88 8.1

Analysis of energy strategies on the state level. �� 88

8.2

Energy on the regional scale. ��98

8.3

Renewable energy sources in Sakha Republic ��102

8.4

Energy in Yakutsk ��112

9. CASE STUDIES ��113 10. STRATEGIES ��115 10.1 ENERGY GENERATION ��116 10.2 ENERGY PERFORMANCES OF BUILDINGS ��117 10.3 Mobility ��121 11. CONCLUSION ��125 12. BIBLIOGRAPHY ��128 13. OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS ��130 14. WEBLIOGRAPHY ��131

SECTION:

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER: ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT

Nowadays, rising the topic of sustainability is a very common practice, if not to say even fashionable. Usually, it is proposed to use renewable sources of energy, deal with efficiency in a case of scarcity of resources, somewhere with the ‘’soft’’ climate. But how to approach this problem and deal with this issue in the areas with very rich natural sources, cheap primary cost of energy and in the extreme cold climate conditions, where a priori the power demand is vastly high? So, the aim of the following study was to develop a strategic proposal in effective use of energy for the city of Yakutsk, the biggest Russian city on a permafrost land. Talking about the city itself, it is important to understand the origin of the energy, way of its effective converting to other forms, that is related to the utilities and transport issues and methods of avoiding losses (housing and energy efficiency). Climate restrictions make impossible use of some standard renewable energy technologies, and the access to indigenous fossil fuels reduces the profitability of the others. By investigating these questions and studying the governmental strategic policies, the solution was found in hydro power, that will change completely the picture, and also using solar energy will have impact on a local scale. To decrease the losses it was raised an issue of energy efficiency classes of buildings in the city. The absence of efficiency certifications (“passports”) of the buildings, makes this question very challenging and redirects the research towards the history topics of Soviet mass housing and parameters of construction, that prevailed in Yakutsk as in any other Siberian city. By analysing the city’s building endowment state, individual strategies for the each series of existing apartment houses strategies have been developed. The accurate assessment of the previously proposed strategies and tools, provided the possibility in saving the energy, that consecutively is planned to be used in improving the sustainable public transport system: involving electrical vehicles and using cheap energy of a national grid. Engaging only these three parameters, as energy production, energy performances classes of buildings and mobility network, will significantly change city by raising the standard of living. The ecological situation will improve due to reduction of pollution, CO2 emissions and heat losses. Enhancing the urban design occurs as a result of introducing new tools, promoting slow mobility and pedestrian attractiveness, and finally preserving and reinforcing identity, will also radically affect on the society and culture in general.

SECTION:

Moscow Yakutsk

CHAPTER: ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION

Sustainability issue is not an innovative topic in European practice, it had been studied for several decades, precisely from the 70-ies of the last century. But it was never actual neither for Soviet Union neither for Russia until these days. During last 7 years the situation starts changing probably because of the prediction of “fossil fuel crisis” and environmental damage that the extensive approach causes. For understanding the applicability sustainable issue in Russia it was chosen the extreme case - Yakutsk, the biggest city on the permafrost land with a highest annual temperature amplitude (102.7°C). Yakutsk is not only an example of rigid weather conditions, but the capital of the biggest Russian region, the territory of Yakutia(Sakha) is comparing with a territory of six France. The main industry there is mining of natural reserves as gold, silver, iron ore, antimony, tin, coal, natural gas and famous Yakutian diamonds. Nowadays the third of all diamonds in the world are excavating from Sakha republic. Even thought city is an administrative and cultural centre of the region, not an industrial capital it attracts lots of people and has one of the highest race of growing in Russia - for the last fifteen years city increases for 100 thousands of inhabitants, that is 50% from the 2000 year number. It is also noticeable the initiatives from the local authorities in order to improve the quality of life in the city. Last year it was organized the international master plan competition “Olonkholand” in turn to involve famous world architects to share the ideas about architecture and planning in the city, this year municipality tried to create a draft of “ Strategy of the city development” document, that is also not usual practice for urban planning in Russia. It is necessary to underline that the main growth of the city was in Soviet time, when it was planned in conditions of temporary working, not permanently living in harsh climate conditions of Russian north. Planners and architects in Russia are well aware of Soviet planning and building features, because they are dealing with the consequences of it in everyday life. As the Russian architect, the author has some doubts that the typical Soviet city perform sufficiently in terms of sustainability. The aim of the thesis is to test the energy sustainable tools in Russian realities, to check its effectiveness and to understand the outcomes we can achieve. In order to receive the full impression about the city it was decided to make an interviews with that international architects who visited Yakutsk in a frame of Olonkholand competition and obtained their own opinion about problems of the city, it pros and cons, original features and future possibilities of improvement.

SECTION:

The first chapter examines the climate features, temperature, wind, precipitation, humidity, daily hours of daylight and twilight and peculiar properties of construction on permafrost. The next chapter underlines the planning issue, which included history of urbanization, socio-economic data and comparison Yakutsk with other cities in the similar climate conditions (in order to reveal strong and weak points), analyzing official planning documentation and ecological situation. The third chapter discusses the transport, starting from the regional scale to the city one. By exploring all kinds of transport existing in Yakutsk as train, ship, car and airplane only the last one shows the adequate perennial connection. For understanding the covering of the city with a public transport (which is only bus) it was developed series of maps including time aspect also. After that it was examined the topic of energy and energy policies on different levels, meanwhile analyzing the environmental impact and opportunity in implementing each type of energy sources both renewable and nonrenewable and the progress for the current moment. Combining all conclusion together it was made a SWOT analysis, that resumes and synthesize all previous research. The last chapter is about proposals and guidelines aimed to switch from the extensive use of energy to the sustainable approach. 10

Urban planners have a curtail role in the process of rethinking northern cities and proposing sustainability improving guidelines to be followed by private investors and state authorities in editing the draft document of strategic plan of Yakutsk, in new development projects and in requalification of existing ones. The professional knowledge and experience together with specialized methodologies and techniques owned by urban planners and architects are needed in order to avoid past mistakes in the future.

CHAPTER: INTRODUCTION

Yakutsk

SECTION:ï»¿

METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER: METHODOLOGY

PHASE Tool

Approach

Used for:

Implementation in thesis:

PREPARATORY PHASE qualitative approach

impression, making hypothesis about problems

interviews with architects

Visual methods (virtual reality, photography)

qualitative approach

impression, data collection

hystory and city today, roads evaluation, buildings typology

Statistical analysis

quantitative approach

comparison of cases, data evaluation

climate, socio-economic data, transport, energy capacity

Interpretation of documents

qualitative approach

data collection, support/reject hypothesis

strategic plan, energy and transport strategies, energy performances of buildings

Literature review

qualitative approach

data collection, support/reject hypothesis

worlds sustainble trends in using energy and in UD

Press review

qualitative approach

data collection, support/reject hypothesis

renewable energy sources,13 energy performances of buildings

Mapping (using different scale)

qualitative + quantitative approach

data collection, support/reject hypothesis

transport, energy analysis

Structural interviews ANALYTICAL PHASE

PROJECT DESIGN PHASE Case studies

qualitative approach

comparison with similar cases, examples of tools, solutions

case studies selection

Defining a long -term objective (vision)

qualitative approach

proposing tools, solutions

energy production, energy performances, mobility

Defining the short -term objectives

qualitative approach

proposing tools, solutions

mobility

Estimation

quantitative approach

comparison the projected result with current condition

energy production, energy performances of buildings, mobility

Visualization

qualitative approach

comparison the projected result with current condition

street sections, perspective SECTION:ďťż

SYSTEM OF ACTUAL THE CONCEPT OF LONG-TERM SOCIO-ECONOMIC approved by the Federal Government THE MISSIVE OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

Federal Law approved on 28.06, 14 N 172-FL "ABOUT STRATEGIC PLANNING IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION"

The draft of federal law "About the territories of advancing socio-economic development of the Russian Far East and in certain regions of the Russian Federation"

THE MISSIVE OF THE HEAD OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA)TO THE STATE ASSEMBLY IL TUMEN Law of Sakha (Yakutia) 644-3 dated 29.12.2008 "On urban policy in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) "

Decree of the Head of Sakha (Yakutia) "on the socio-economic development of Yakutsk for the period 2015-2019" N 2826

STRATEGY OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FAR EAST AND THE BAIKAL REGION UP TO 2025 approved by the Federal Government on 28.12.2009 N 2094

THE INVESTMENT STRATEGY OF THE RS (Y) FOR THE PERIOD UP TO 2016 AND THE MAIN DIRECTIONS UP TO 2030 approved by the President of theGovernment of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) on 11.09.2014, N 2864

DRAFT OF THE STRATEGY OF THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF YAKUTSK UP TO 2030 developed by Municipality of Yakutsk in 2015

STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION on 17.11.2008 N 1662-r ENERGY STRATEGY OF RUSSIA UP TO 2020 approved by the Federal Government on 28.09.2003, N 1234-r

TRANSPORT STRATEGY OF RUSSIA UP TO 2030 approved by the Federal Government on 22.11.2008, N 1734-r RAILWAY TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY IN RUSSIA UP TO 2030 approved by the Federal Government on 17.06.2008, N 877-r

SCHEME OF COMPLEX DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTIVE FORCES, TRANSPORT AND ENERGY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SAKHA (YAKUTIA) UP TO 2020 approved by the Government of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) on 06.06.2008, N 877- r ENERGY STRATEGY OF THE SAKHA REPUBLIC (YAKUTIA) UP TO 2030 approved by the Government of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) on 29.10.2009, N 441

GENERAL PLAN OF THE CITY OF YAKUTSK (MUNICIPAL UNIT) TO THE CURRENT PERIOD UP TO 2020 the City Council of Deputies of Yakutsk of 16.03.2005 N 30-1 CBC

TRANSPORT STRATEGY OF THE SAKHA REPUBLIC (YAKUTIA) UP TO 2025 approved by the Government of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) on 31.05.2004, N 258

CHAPTER: METHODOLOGY

INTERVIEWS

In order to build more comprehensive impression about Yakutsk it was conducted the series of interviews with architects and experts in urban planning field that have been in Yakutsk in a frame of the Olonkhonand Complex Masterplan International Competition. By the time of the interview competition was already over and respondents defined very precise issues and potentials for themselves. In these interviews they are sharing their opinion about Yakutsk. These experts where visiting Yakutsk several times during the terms of competition therefore their professional knowledge as well as personal perception despite the short period of their visits were valuable addition for understanding better the present situation in this extreme northern city. One more person that was interviewed is a famous Russian blogger, artist and international photographer with an architectural background Petr Lovigin. His opinion can be find a slightly more informal however not less valuable because his trip had not strictly framed character. To sum up, it was made six interviews with people who has such features in common as background in architecture, short period of stay (less than a week) and an absence of experience of living in Yakutia. Respondents have different countries of origin, that influenced on their impression about the city and climate, especially when it is southern county as Italy or Serbia. It is interesting to mention, that despite all of them graduated in Architecture their specialization varies from urban design and sustainability to facade architecture and photography. â&#x20AC;&#x192;

SECTION:ďťż

4.1

VITTORIO GRASSI

Profession/Education: founder of studio “Vittorio Grassi Architetto & Partners” Architect /Polytechnic University of Milan City, country of origin: Milan, Italy Age: 47 Date of visit Yakutsk: June 2014 and April 2015 What did you know about Yakutsk before your trip? Before starting the a design competition in Yakutsk I didn’t know anything about that city. This is how our studio often choose competitions. We desire learning new things, meeting different cultures and understand the way they live. In a such small world there are still genuine places and I believe Yakutsk is part ozf this bunch. First impression about the city: No quality urban spaces, lack of maintenance of urban equipments due to extreme weather conditions, a strong power of nature. The climate is extreme but on the other hand people are warm and welcoming. I was impressed by the quantity of different ethnicities . People who from Kazakhstan, White Russia, Mongolia, Germany, China, Turkmenistan, came to Yakutia to work in the diamonds mines or were “deported” here after the II World War.

First impression about weather/climate: The cold weather is surprisingly bearable, but I didn’t expect such hot temperatures in summer. The climate is the predominant element for Yakutians and this is not common for Europeans. Their lives and habits follow the seasons nowadays like four centuries ago. It’s inconceivable to image how could they live at those times without electricity and gas. I like in Yakutsk: I discover wonderful authentic people, amazing local traditions, authenticity and ancestral relationship with natural elements. I have Fyodor Ilych as a local partner architect. He is a great wit and direct man. Through his friendship I discover the true character of a Yakutian man. He always find the essence of things that we are discussing with an astonishing simplicity. We can talk for hours without speaking any common language but just drawing on a napkin tissue. I don’t like in Yakutsk: I don’t like horse milk. With vodka and tea is the main drink accompanying meals. Jokes apart, I don’t like the lack of vision in the city expansion. Yakutsk is a city that grew five times its population in the past 50 years. From 60.000 people in the 60es to 300.000 people today. Local authorities should plan and design the city according to these needs. Main challenges for the city: The challenge is to choose and realize the right vision for future urban development. This would be possible only through better infrastructures: buried city services networks, quality public means of transport, renewable energy consumption strategies. What are the best practice for the Yakutsk challenges? The best practice would be learning from older Western cities and have a sustainable growth. This means reinterpretation of local tradition in a contemporary way. Older cities have loads of defects and some qualities. Yakutsk has the chance to be still a young city and avoid to do the mistakes we have done in our cities. CHAPTER: INTERVIEWS

SECTION: VITTORIO GRASSI

4.2

STEFANO RECALCATI

Profession/Education: Arup master planning and urban design skills leader for Europe/ Polytechnic University of Milan, PhD in Architecture City, country of origin: Milan, Italy Age: 38 Date of visit Yakutsk: April 2015 What did you know about Yakutsk before your trip?: The first time I have heard about Yakutia was many years ago, when I was young, and Yakutia was one the most remote regions of “Risiko”, a very famous board game. Apart of trivial memories, before my trip in Yakutsk I was aware just of some general information, such as the challenging weather conditions, the strong cultural identity and the massive availability of natural resources. First impression about the city: On the plane, I was impressed by the boundless virgin territory surrounding for thousands of kilometers the city of Yakutsk. Once at destination, my first impression was about the general lack of identity of the city, compared to the existing great potentials.

First impression about weather/climate: I landed in Yakutsk in an early morning of spring and the temperature was -15°...so my first impression was a great cold! I was impressed by the housing typology, because the permafrost obliges to avoid buildings touching the ground and all the constructions are on pile works. At the same time, the climate doesn’t allow to place network utilities underground, so all the streets are surrounded and crossed by gas and electricity pipelines. I like in Yakutsk: From an European perspective, I liked the perception of being at the world boundary (both in terms of climate and distance from Italy), together with the uncommon hospitality of the people and the feeling of a great potential for a new sustainable urban development. I don’t like in Yakutsk: I didn’t like the general low quality of public spaces, from the piazzas to the sidewalks. An example is the poor connection between housings and streets, which is quite common in Russia. Another thing I didn’t like is the Main challenges for the city: From my point of view, the two main challenges for the future of Yakutsk are energy and mobility. Regarding energy, this means the development of a “sustainable energy action plan” able to implement innovative solutions in terms of energy supply, which could bring an added value also to the quality of public spaces. Regarding mobility, Yakutsk is a quite small and compact city placed several kilometers far from other cities: few car transfers are really needed, so this represents a very good chance to test new smart mobility solutions, both in terms of private and public transport. What are the best practice for the Yakutsk challenges? On the spot, I would suggest to look at the latest projects delivered in Scandinavia, such as “Low2No” in Helsinki (Sauerbruch Hutton + Arup) and “Kiruna 4ever” in Sweden (White Arkitekter). In Yakutsk two good examples to be taken into account are definitely the winning proposals for the Olonkholand competition (Arup, Vittorio Grassi & Partners).

CHAPTER: INTERVIEWS

SECTION: STEFANO RECALCATI

4.3

JAMES FINESTONE

Profession/Education: Arup Associates, Architect, RIBA Member/ Bath University, Architecture City, country of origin: London, United Kingdom Age: 48 Date of visit Yakutsk: February 2015 What did you know about Yakutsk before your trip? A city somewhere in Russia, that I am not able to tick on map, also Yakutsk is famous for mineral resources, has more eastern than Slavic influence. When we were preparing the master plan competition I used to learn much more. About the strong culture, severe climate but the reality is always somehow different. First impression about the city: We were flying for a long time above nothing, like going to another planet. And in the middle of nowhere there is the city. The scale of the city is big. You can understand that the region is rich, wealthy. Urban structure is very fragmented; there is some small amount of old historical buildings made in timber with beautiful details. Most buildings are from soviet time, made in concrete. Main impression that it is badly built, badly maintained, also an aggressive climate causes a degradation. Nothing in a high quality.

First impression about weather/climate: I forgot my hat, that was immediately bought and I never took it off during my trip. It was very cold for me. The hottest day it was -20C, at night dropped to -30, -40… It doesn’t matter how many layers of clothes you have, after several minutes cold goes inside. But locals feel normal, they adapted to this conditions. In addition, I noticed that everywhere there is 3 sets of doors, that was unusual and all buildings are not touching the ground, because of permafrost. I like in Yakutsk: Sense of adventure. Wild nature! Open tundra, Lena valley that is dominant, it’s incredible. Actually, it is outside the city, I saw it from the plane. Moreover, I met very interesting people, very warm, welcoming. They told me about their unique culture that also wasn’t represent in the city and its architecture. Next time I would like to go to the mammoth museum. I don’t like in Yakutsk: Horse milk! Harsh climate and quality of the city. Very sad level of urban environment and architecture.

Main challenges for the city: Reinvent a new future for the city, basing on culture, geography, and environment. It is definitely a unique place. Developing a city requires lots of money of course and also a willingness to do it, a spirit, and I found very intelligent people there from the university, that have this desire.

What are the best practice for the Yakutsk challenges? I suggest looking backwards and applying to history. I think that old timber architecture has a clue how to develop modern architecture. History contains very valuable lessons that could be useful for the future, as well as examining best international examples (Canada, Antarctica, Alaska, Finland), using researches about sustainability and urban development. And then bring all this to the discussion on a local level. Old-new approach is also challenging. CHAPTER: INTERVIEWS

SECTION: JAMES FINESTONE

4.4

ILIYA ERYSHEV

Profession/Education: Architect in Arup (Moscow office)/MArch, Moscow Architectural University City, country of origin: Moscow, Russia Age: 30 Date of visit Yakutsk: April 2014 What did you know about Yakutsk before your trip? Everyone in Russia knows that Yakutsk is the Diamond capital and Yakutia is a big state natural resources treasury. I knew the students from Yakutsk during my years in the University. They talked interesting stories about hunting seasons, natural monuments and river Lena floating, but I never heard from them about the Olonkho epos. Impression about city: depressive atmosphere with poor quality buildings and infrastructure.

Impression about weather/climate: The most of the year there is snow, so it makes the city looks clean. Dry air with river Lena as a huge water artery. When the Lena river is covered with ice – city is alive because it is possible to cross it by car. Food is more expensive during spring/autumn because of melting-ice on the river (not possible to use ferry, ice is not thick enough to go by cars and tracks).

I like in Yakutsk: Siberean warm-hearted people, national food – “busa”. Yakutians are very strong connected with their history, culture, and Olonkho-epos in particular. During my trip I visited many places and can attest: the legend is alive. Their minister of culture tries to cultivate now tradition of the theatrical performances and annual festivals. His belief is that such the big revival projects are possible only under great Eurasian idea and national identity based on their epos. I believe that he is a strong leader, who can bring investors to the republic.

I don’t like in Yakutsk: Poor quality of infrastructure, pedestrian unfriendly, no trees. No trade centers – shops are spread through the city. People use car (jeeps) all the time and don’t switch off engine in winter. No parks (there is one, but the quality is very very low), not enough streetlights. Quality of buildings is bad, soviet prefabricated concrete panels of the buildings not normally insulated. Main challenges for the city: The city has a request for new European environmental standards, for active leisure and entertainment inside a connected cluster. So there is a lack of a complex, where the citizens can spend the whole day without street clothes. Another critical problem – building a bridge across the Lena river with possible contribution of international firms (China). Lifestyle – “hypodinamia”, people are sitting all the time at home because of aggressive environment, no specific places to go, no social city life. What are the best practice for the Yakutsk challenges? Services and time spending in the special clusters and complexes. High-standard services, request for euroquality. Yakutians have money and are ready to pay more for better quality, otherwise it is easier to travel abroad. Private investors development because of totally domination of big corporations and governmental authorities. CHAPTER: INTERVIEWS

SECTION: ILIYA ERYSHEV

4.5

BORA KOVACEVIC

Profession/Education: Chief architect in Arup (Moscow office) , Dip Arch/ University of Belgrade, Dip Arch, Bioclimatic Architecture; University of Cambridge, Post Graduate, Cambridge Programme for Leadership in Sustainability City, country of origin: Belgrade, Serbia Age: 44 Date of visit Yakutsk: April 2015 What did you know about Yakutsk before your trip? Limited knowledge about climate, cultural background and major economy development opportunities

First impression about the city: City is in its essence looking like many other provincial Russian cities. However, people being much more welcoming that we used to see in Moscow. It is noticeable that behaviour of people is different in isolated environment. Built assets in Yakutsk are mostly not attracting any attention with its architectural values. Exception are traditional wooden homes, which are really authentic value. First impression about weather/climate: Difficult climate, very difficult to get used for someone who has not used to it. I’ve heard that in average people from Europe needs about 4 years to get fully accommodated. I like in Yakutsk: People, being warm and welcoming, unlike their climate.

I don’t like in Yakutsk: Climate, lack of federal development investments.

Main challenges for the city: To develop sustainably and visually inviting – in a way to attract new inhabitants being cozy place to live, study and work.

What are the best practice for the Yakutsk challenges? Too simple question for an complex answer. However, some good examples are existing in Scandinavian countries.

CHAPTER: INTERVIEWS

SECTION: BORA KOVACEVIC

4.6

PETR LOVIGIN

Profession/Education: Artist, international photographer, blogger / MArch Yaroslavl State Technical University City, country of origin: Yaroslavl, Russia Age: 34 Date of visit Yakutsk: December 2012 What did you know about Yakutsk before your trip? I knew some ethnic and cultural stereotypes as stroganina, huskies, mammoths and diamonds.

First impression about the city: Of course northern colour is present here however I cannot say that it is something extraordinary just a city surrounded by ice. But perhaps that is exactly that makes Yakutsk special.

First impression about weather/climate: Before my trip I checked the forecast that showed me -42, but when I arrived it was -30. So I thought it will be colder in Yakutsk, ever Yakutians considered as a duty to joke that they did some magic for the dear guests. But even such ‘warm welcome’ was enough to freeze me after being outdoors for a half an hour. The lower part of the face was strongly burning. My camera started to slow down because of the cold. Local children after sledging and running in a courtyard made a queue in an ice cream shop. After that this little ones with slanting eyes and rosy thick cheeks came to me and asked: “Sir, are you from England?”

I like in Yakutsk: Not diamonds, not mammoth, but women are real treasure of Yakutia. In what Ulus* does this factory located, that all of them are such a beauties?!! I want to steal it! I am ready to ride a pack of deers for rest of my life and staring at the ideal parabola of their eyes. Generally I like people, their authenticity, their national culture, food (especially venison and horsemeat, not stroganina). *( Ulus - the type of “rural locality”, the typical small settlement in the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic).

I don’t like in Yakutsk: There is an “inferiority complex” that is common for all provincial city when locals think about newcomers from capital that they are making fun of them. I observed this among lots of northern cities. They do not realize their uniqueness because of absence of self-irony. Main challenges for the city: It will be great to develop … tourism in Yakutsk! It is difficult because of remoteness, but possible. Yakutsk deserves it.

CHAPTER: INTERVIEWS

SECTION: PETR LOVIGIN

4.7

INTERVIEWS CONCLUSIONS

Based on the interviews we can conclude that all of the respondents highlighted as very positive aspect the virgin nature, wildness and feeling of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;edge of the Earthâ&#x20AC;?, everybody liked the warmness and hospitality of locals, and their spiritual connection with nature, and unique culture that is connected to this shamanist spirit. On other hand the city itself make very depressive impression of lag behind provincial town with incomprehensive architecture and absence of urban design, the only value was emphasized is wooden architecture. More or the less, despite the harsh climate, all of them find out good potentiality for the future development. It was proposed to improve such aspects as local identity, transportation and pay special attention on sustainable growth, tourism, quality of architecture and urban design.

CHAPTER: INTERVIEWS

SECTION: Interviews conclusions

CLIMATE ISSUE

5.1

CLIMATE DATA

The case study place represents the strong example of a sharply continental climate, which characterized with a very strong winter (the absolute minimum temperature: -64,4 °C, registered on February 5, 1891) and a hot summer (the absolute maximum temperature: +38,4 °C registered on July 17, 2011). Yakutsk is the most contrast according to the temperature range city in the world (annual amplitude is 102.7°C), as well as the largest city in the permafrost land.

Small amount of precipitations falls mainly during the warm period. The average annual precipitation is about 238 mm, which is scarce. Weather is mostly clear, but during severe frosts it is possible to observe fog. The air in the city is usually dry, especially in the summer, what is reinforced by dry winds. Actually, there is a huge range of different natural phenomena from dust storm to blizzard, what reduces the comfort level of living in the city. Average humidity for the year is about 68%. The average wind speed in the city is 1,7 m/s. The cold season lasts from November 18 to March 1 with an average daily high temperature below-24°C, virtually eliminating the possibility of outdoor exercise. Winter in Yakutsk is exceptionally severe, the average January temperature is about -40°C, frost can sometimes cross the -60 degree mark(although such frost was for the last time more than 65 years ago , on January 2, 1951, -60.3°C). After mid-March the average daily temperature passes the 0°C usually on April 27, the mark of 5°C on 10th of May, and the mark of 10°C on 24th of May. To sum up, the warm season lasts from May 12 to September 10 with an average daily high temperature above13°C. The hottest day of the year is July 17, with an average high of 26°C and low of 13°C. In the summer there are abrupt changes in temperature and diurnal variations are very significant - it is cool during night even in a hot day, although a day is dominated by warm and hot weather. In July daytime temperatures often exceed 30°C. Although, chance of frost persists throughout the summer, but usually it occurs in the early -mid September.

CHAPTER: CLIMATE ISSUE

TEMPERATURE RANGE Temperature, Â°C Legend

35 30

Recorded high

25 20

Design high Average high Mean Avarege low Design low

Recorded low

-10

10 5 0 -5

-15

Comfort zone

-20 -25 -30 -35 -40 -45 -50

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Annual

WIND VELOCITY RANGE Wind speed, m/s Legend

35 28

Recorded high Average high Mean Avarege low

26 24 22 20 18

Recorded low

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Jan

SECTION: Climate data

The length of the day varies significantly over the course of the year. The shortest day is December 21with 5:09 hours of daylight; the longest day is June 20 with 19:47 hours of daylight. The number of clear days by taking into account the lower cloud is very big -208, cloudy days are only 137 and 22 overcast days. It is noticeable that the climate conditions in Yakutsk is very far from the human thermal comfort. The big challenge is to provide decent life conditions for the inhabitants and make it in an appropriate sustainable way, despite the weather and geographical restrictions.

CHAPTER: CLIMATE ISSUE

5.2

BUILDING ON THE PERMAFROST

As it was already mentioned Yakutsk is the largest city in the world built on permafrost . Constructing on such land has some peculiar properties, due to the fact that at a depth of four meters below the ground, the temperature is minus 8°C all year round, whether the soil temperature is minus 30°C or plus 30°C. Inside the ground there is an ice lens from 50 to 600m and it is very important to prevent it from melting. The main effect of the thawing of the permafrost - a “subsidence”, when there are areas of land that are flooded or shifted in unpredictable ways. This can be a local subsidence of a few meters, and global - a kilometer or more.

When building on permafrost, special construction techniques should be implemented. The most common way to preserve permafrost is by insulating the structures to be built on top of it. One way to do this is to build on pilings that allow air to circulate between the structure and the ground. Another way of preserving underlying permafrost is to raise the construction ground with gravel to the height of the foundations, or to dig down to permafrost and replace the soil with gravel. A modern way to preserve underlying permafrost is through refrigeration, using thermal pilings or freeze tubes. Such refrigeration works well with minimum maintenance so long as the climate and structure of the soil remains consistent (Hayward, 2012). In Yakutsk widely used building on pilings, also the heating, water tubes and all utilities are located above the ground which causes energy losses and esthetic problem. The example of soil subsidence effect can be easily find in the old historical wooden houses, where the prevention of the permafrost heating technology was not implemented. One more limitation is construction of the underground parking in Yakutsk. Virtually without any protection it is an ice cave, the only way to avoid frost crystals on the walls is to use the gravel technology, which is very expensive. To sum up, permafrost land requires specific expensive techniques of construction and responsible attention. Because it is not possible to make savings on the building stage there is a question of optimization of the design solution, risk of the sagging and edifice collapse. It is essential to provide safety and try to obtain maximal indicators of human wellbeing.

CHAPTER: CLIMATE ISSUE

SECTION: Building on the permafrost

CHAPTER: CLIMATE ISSUE

PLANNING ISSUE

6.1

HISTORY OF THE CITY (DEVELOPMENT)

In September 1632 a small group of Russian cossaks led by Yenisei Cossack Pyotr Beketov constructed the Lensky Ostrog (ostrog - a small Russian forts, in XVII century during the era of Russian conquest of Siberia by explorers on the right bank of the Lena river. Soon it became clear the place is flooded during spring high water. Therefore after long search the Ostrog was transferred on a flood free place above the river â&#x20AC;&#x201C; on the left bank of the Lena river, nearby lake Saisar (Alekseeva, 2006).

From that time Yakutsk gradually developed as a typical military and administrative and trade center of Eastern Siberia. Its geographical position played an extremely important role in its development. Being in the central part of the republic, Yakutsk appeared on a joint of waterways, connected with other regions of the North and the Far East Russia. In the begging of XVII century city switched from military and defense function to the administrative, economical and cultural one. In 1719 it was built Bogoroditsa church that became a new structural element of city, enforcing development of town along river. Therefore the location of these two dominants dictated linear structure of settlement due to the growth of development into the two directions from the city core. With the establishment in 1768 a Ferry Port two new trade areas acquired a high value: first is Gostiny Dvor (traditional form of market with a hotel) nearby the fortress walls and second one - small bazaar near Lena river summer port where goods were arriving. Economic life of Yakutsk originates from industrial development of Yakutia at the end of XIX - beginning of XX centuries, in particular gold mining across Vitim and its inflows, at this time the city becomes the industrial center of the region. The city considerably grew, extended and developed since then. Social and economic development of the region predetermined the city status, it became an economic, administrative and political, cultural and scientific center not only for the republic, but also for the whole Far East of Russia. CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

SECTION: History of the city (development)

The industrial zone appeared in 1930 in north-west part of city here 1,5 km down the river stream, where it was installed first objects of energy and local industry that finally fasten a formation process in a structure. At the same time a workers settlement grew nearby the industrial zone. In 1939 was approved a new general plan of the city. After the October Revolution of 1917 all property including residential housing was nationalized. Apartments in the city centre turned into a communal, where workers were moved from the villages or outskirts, which during the short period of time led to a sharp drop in the quality of housing. After the second world war the purpose of the government was to provide “each family - personal flat”. For the quick supply of a residential areas it was developed several series of mass housing. During different decades because of needs and requirements the quality of the mass housing dramatically varies. The most high standard typical building was “Stalinka”, made from brick with high ceilings, decent amount of square meters, neo-classic decorative elements. But, unfortunately there is very small amount of “Stalinka” building in Yakutsk. Because of “baby boom” in 60s and increased growth of population it was required to find a fast and cheap way to construct apartment houses. In common parlance “Khrushchovka”, a five-storey panel house building from pre-fabricated blocks was that solution. Such residences have very tiny kitchens and halls, thin walls, no elevators and rubbish chute and minimum square meters. The period from 1960 to 1985 is characterized by the start of multistory buildings construction with parallel development of engineer infrastructure: organization of underground canalization collector (first time in the permafrost conditions). The prevailing typology of the buildings was “Khrushchovka”, that was constructed in Yakutsk until 90s with some modifications. In 1980 was a pick activity of civil construction, the planning structure of central part of the city, constructed with more dense housing quarter that was characterized by the increase of stories in new buildings and enlargement of grid of housing quarters. One of the most crucial in development on an urban scale was a construction of bypass road that allowed unloading the central part of the city from transit transport flows. During 70-80s people were literally seeking for the north. The competition among young specialists for the place and job was high as well as the northern salaries, which compensate the climate conditions. The panel houses started to reach 9 stores with a slight improvement of its quality - as for example presence of elevator and rubbish chute. CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

SECTION: History of the city (development)

In 1985-1997 it was the overall crisis in the economy of whole country. The decentralization process started in the planning structure of Yakutsk. The multistory development was slowing down while on opposite it was vast growing of individual construction volume. Only at the turn of the century the semi-circle radial-type urban structure of the city was formed. Today Yakutsk is an administrative and political, economic, cultural and scientific center of the Republic of Sakha. And despite the value of the city, fast and substandard construction of the Soviet time, loss of historical timber architecture hided the character and identity of Yakutsk and transformed it to a grey provincial town immersed in a huge number of faceless panel houses (pic).

CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

SECTION: History of the city (development)

6.2

SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA

Yakutsk is the largest settlement in the territory of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Almost a third of the total number of the inhabitants of the republic lives in the capital (on 01.01.2014, 299 169 people). There has been a steady upward trend in population growth during the period between the years 2000 and 2014. The population increased by a third, which is explained by natural and migrational growth. The median age is 32.2 years, with men on average 3.3 years younger than women. It is worthwhile to note the predominance of women in the population. The wavelike distribution of the population in terarms of age pyramid is a reflection of the demographic history of the city. The base of the pyramid represents the dynamics of birth rate in recent years. Expansion of the graph at the ages of 17-23 years reflects the fact that Yakutsk is a major educational centre with numerous institutions of secondary and higher vocational education.

A significant impact on the dynamics and structure of the population of the capital has traditionally been migration. The population of Yakutst increased by almost 50% during the period between 2000 and 2015 (Fig. 1.1.3). The capital dominates in terms of internal migration within the republic. In recent years, there has been a decrease in migration growth from foreign countries. Residents of the republic amounted to about 84% of all arrivals in the city of Yakutsk in 2013, while 76.5% of them moved to the capital from the countryside. The continuation of an unregulated influx of people into the city of Yakutsk create an additional load on the demographic and environmental situation/state in the urban districts. At the beginning of 2015, the economically active population of city district of Yakutsk amounted to 164,370 people. 6532 people are officially registered unemployed, representing 2.2% of the total population of the city. The highest concentration of the labor force in Yakutsk is accounted for by general government, education, health, transport and communication, and real estate operations. Industrial production in Yakutsk is focused predominantly on the specific needs of the city and the republic. Among the manufacturing industries, food processing, diamond cutting and the production of construction materials play a leading role. There are agricultural complexes present in the urban districts. Traditional agricultural branches include milk production, pig farming, poultry farming, and vegetable and potato cultivation. Self-cultivated products cover the needs of the population of the urban district to the following extent; meat, 7%, milk, 19%, potatoes, 25%, vegetables, 29%, and eggs, 81%. CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

Currently, Yakutsk receives 27% of the total housing stock of the Republic, including old and dilapidated housing. The positive balance of migration, along with the increased availability of financial resources for the improvement of living conditions (a target program of the Republic of Sakha, mortgage lending) and the relative pricing and availability of administrative and legal land led to high rates of housing construction in the 2000s. Since 2009, there has been a positive trend in the volume of private housing construction. This construction is chaotic, the formation and development of social infrastructure in areas of individual residential development is missing, which increases pressure on the social infrastructure (schools, kindergartens, hospitals) located in the city centre (Strategy of the socio-economic development of the municipality of Yakutsk up to 2030, 2015). A network of educational institutions operates In the urban district. Changes in the number of students of municipal educational bodies is positive: in 2013 the number of students was 36 486. It is necessary to take note of the fact that there are 21 universities in the city, the biggest one is North-Eastern Federal University in Yakutsk (NEFU) with a 23,000 total undergraduate students. An important competitive advantage of Yakutsk is the presence of a multi-scientific and educational complex, which ensures the development and introduction of modern technologies into the city’s economy. Institutions within the city include the Yakutsk Scientific Centre, SB RAAS, SB RAMS, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Sakha, NEFU, YSAA, amongst many others. A network of health care facilities has been formed In the urban district. There are 15 primary health care facilities which include 7 hospitals, 4 clinics, and a GBU ‘Ambulance station’.The city has 6 theatres, 16 museums. libraries, cinemas, theatres for children and the temple ‘Ysyah Tuymaady’. In Yakutsk has traditionally paid great attention to the development of physical education and sports. There are 176 sporting facilities, with 23% of total population being involved in some form of physical activity. Yakutsk is a land of intensive development of the business and consumer market of the republic. The city accounts for 50% of retail turnover, and exports over 55% of goods produced by small and medium sized businesses pertaining to the republic. Small business generate 40% of the gross income of enterprises, and make up more than 20% of the manufacturing industries. More than 30% of jobs are currently concentrated in this industry. The level of entrepreneurship currently remains below the national average, which leaves room for further growth.

SECTION: Socio-economic data

POPULATION

299 169 inhabitants

CITY AREA

DENSITY

2pp452 /sq km

122 sq km

MIGRATION -

7 624

inhabitants left

2.2% WORKING AGE POPULATION

UNEMPLOYMENT

AVERAGE SALARY

of total, 194 958 people of total, 165 370 people

of total, 6 532 people

rank: 11 in Russia

NEW RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

CAR OWNERSHIP

65 %

SQ M PER PERSON

159 rank in Russia

EMPLOYED

55%

261,934 th. sq m in 2014

2.2%

220

per 1000 inhabitants

720â&#x201A;¬

PARKS

300 000

POPULATION

200 000

FOR

100 000

DURING 15 YEARS

50%

MIGRATION +

WAS BORN

new inhabitants

during 2013

12 487

DIED

NATURAL INCREASE

during 2013

5 168

2 183

DIVORSES

registered in 2013

23 %

SPORT SCHOOLS

registered in 2013

1 490

INVOLVED IN SPORT

of total population

UNIVERSITIES

THEATRES

MUSEUMS

SPORT VENUES

WEDDINGS

3 015

2 985

176

DISTRIBUTION OF EMPLOYED POPULATION

BY INDUSTRY 14% TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

6% FINANCIES 1% HOTEL AND RESTAURAT business 17% ADMINISTRATION 17% EDUCATION

1% AGRICULTURE, HUNTING 4% TRADING 2% CONSTRUCTION 5% PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY, GAS, WATER 4% MANUFACTURING 1% MINING 6% PUBLIC UTILITIES

9% REAL ESTATE 13% HEALTHCARE

POPULATION

DENSITY

AREA

MIGRATION -

Yakutsk

299Â 169

2 452

122

7 624

Moscow

12 198 000

4 762

2 511

116 152

Saint - Peterburg

5 192 000

3 700

1 403

120 419

Vladivostok

631 387

1 124

561

20 637

Irkutsk

620 099

2 235

277

14 960

Khabarovsk

607 343

1 562

388

25 706

Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii

181 015

499

362

7 659

Chita

339 929

636

534

7 441

Blagoveshchensk

229 561

715

320

6 181

Murmansk

305 236

1 972

154

13 009

Arkhangelsk

358 054

1 216

294

8 916

Copenhagen

1 822 569

655

2 782

Stockholm

1 489 127

1 121

1 329

Amsterdam

1 482 287

1 725

859

Milan

3 068 424

2 276

1 348

CURRENT INHABITANTS

DENSITY AVERAGE PP PER KM2

AREA KM2

NUMBER OF DROPOUT,PERSON ELIMINATED FROM THE MUNICIPALITY

POPULATION MIGRATION + GROWTH 20142015

GRP PER CAPITA

SQ M PER PERSON

CAR OWNERSHIP

SPORT INVOLVEMENT

12 487

1,7

595,8

220

224 993

0,7

965,8

276

194 511

1,0

491,4

318

24 729

0,2

296,3

370

19 641

1,2

329,1

272

32 206

1,0

353,2

229

n/d

8 353

-0,9

410,9

485

10 365

1,1

210,3

238

8 137

0,2

259,5

276

n/d

9 654

2,0

396,3

307

8 182

0,2

295,1

250

NUMBER OF ARRIVALS, PERSON ROM REGISTERED IN THE MUNICIPALITY

321 389 317 576 % OF ANNUAL GROWTH

GROSS REGIONAL PRODUCT, THOUSANDS OF RUBLES

CAR OWNERSHIP PER 1000 INHABITANTS

% OF TOTAL POPULATION

To understand the value of the statistics it was helpful to compare Yakutsk with other Russian and some European Nordic cities.(pic/) The most impressive number is annual population growth where Yakutsk shows +1.7% conceding only to Murmansk with +2%. Gross regional product indicator demonstrates the wealth of the Yakutsk (595,8 thousands of rubles), only Moscow (965,8) is ahead, even Saint - Peterburg (491,4) is on the 3rd position. The weak point is amount of square meters per person, where the capital of Sakha republic with 16 sq m per person lags behind the average of 22 sq m per person in Russia. This number is an evidence for the lack of housing and a problem in a real estate.Surprisingly good marker is car ownership per 1000 inhabitants, which illustrates that even such comfortable for living cities as Copenhagen and Amsterdam have more cars than Yakutsk or any other Russian city, which means effective work of public transport. To be aware of the lifestyle of inhabitants it was compared the number of people involved in sport, because there were fears about inactive routine of citizens during the cold month, but the statistics demonstrated that people are busy in sport as well as in any other city in more comfort climate conditions. 52

The comparison of statistical data breaks some clichĂŠs about provincial town and extreme climate. The city is reach and dynamically growing, public transport operates well and community involves in educational, cultural and sport activities. â&#x20AC;&#x192;

CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

6.3

STRATEGY OF THE CITY DEVELOPMENT

The main document regulating the future city development in Russia is a general plan, which is a kind of zoning. According to the Urban Planning Code of the Russian Federation it is one of the main instruments of the territorial planning. Terms of realization of the general plan stipulated in a separate document the implementation plan of the general plan, which is issued no later than 3 months from the date of approval and usually discusses program for more or less 20 years. Any general plan includes the analytical unit and a project proposal. Each of them, in turn, includes a graphic material (maps and diagrams), and a text part. The actual plan today is a general plan of the city of Yakutsk (municipal unit) to the current period up to 2020 approved by the city council of deputies of Yakutsk on 16.03.2005 n 30-1 cbc. From the municipal documents it was included a scheme of development of the city with a new quarters on alluvial soil, that will form a new shape of city core (pic), map of projected architectural dominants (pic), scheme of planning documents provision to the quarters of the city core (pic). From the last map it is visible that it will be a big change in a city core: 13 quarters are planned to reconstruct (demolish and to build new), 20 are already covered with a project of future development and 33 stayed as they are now. More than half urban blocks will be changed with the implementation of this program, that is transitional point for city. To understand better the scale of future actions it was calculated the capacity within the city: in the current period until 2020 the total room of the areas of mass housing construction is 405.5 hectares, including 113.5 ha of reconstruction, 107 ha of demolished the fund and 185 ha construction on alluvial areas (quarters 202,203, 204-208). This program is possible because of the emergency conditions of some apartment houses, by reason of their exploitation period is already over (khrushchevka panel houses). For better understanding the density of urban fabric it was developed a map (pic) where it is shown detached single family houses, medium-rise buildings and industrial and warehouses areas. It is noticeable that the multistory building located in the city core only and all other huge spreading areas are low-rise apartments or warehouses. This fact shows the problem of urban sprawl and low level of planning in Yakutsk. It is obvious that the density of the city is small, which is not effective for transport, services and energy efficiency. Another attention-grabbing actual document is the draft of the strategy of the socio-economic development of the municipality of Yakutsk up to 2030,

developed by Municipality of Yakutsk in 2015. The phenomena of the strategic plan starts appearing in Russia several years ago, before the one and only document was a general plan. Today only Moscow, Saint Petersburg and Perm has, and in 2015 this positive trend comes to the diamond capital of Russia. However, the Russian version of strategic plan is very different from European. The draft of the strategy contains lots of data about the city today and discusses about the problems and main goals. Some questions as “city branding” are conferring in the document but there solution is not defined. For the socio-economic development it is offered to consider 3 possible strategies that main happen in future: inertial, infrastructural and innovative versions. Inertial variant implies the crisis in the economy and works on conservation of existing resources. For example, in this scenario there is no bridge across the Lena river, no improvements in the public transport, the amount of square meters per person will be 17,7 in 2032 instead of 16 today and to sum up this scenario will not change the city in the future.

Infrastructural version alludes to the “infrastructural model” of development existing in many Nordic cities as Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Surgut, Magadan, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky that determines very high possibility to implementing this scenario. In this case the main progress will be in infrastructure, energy and social spheres. The main restraining factor is the absence of the bridge, as a consequence of the restraint in economy growth in an isolated conditions. This variant will significantly improve the quality of life in the city: it works with a public transport and the hierarchy and the condition of the roads, predicts 37.5 sq m of housing per 1 citizen in 2032 and etc. The best scenario for the city is an innovation one. It determines Yakutsk as a big scientific, cultural centre with an upswing in municipal economy and launching innovation technologies. The construction of the bridge is compulsory as well as elaboration of logistics centre, implementing new ecological transport vehicles, and it prognoses 48.8 square meters of housing per person by 2032. The draft strategy documents predicts different possibilities of the future in Yakutsk that corresponds to the economic development of region and state. The advantage of the strategy that it shows risks and restrictions in diverse situations, and the disadvantage is that the identity, the priority economic sector is not defined and possible evolution of Yakutsk is showing in a very homogeneous way. In conclusion, it is necessary to mention the encouraging fact of the attempt to collect material, formulate problems and to create a strategic vision of the city, it is a decent start for the such complex question. CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

SECTION: Strategy of the city development

URBAN FABRIC ANALYSIS

1 km

Legenda municipal boarder medium-rise buildings detached single family houses industrial and warehouses area

6.4

ECOLOGICAL SITUATION

Yakutsk is considered to be one of the most polluted cities in the Sakha Republic. Within the city borders one can find several industrial plants, intense agriculture, electricity and heat generation facilities. The heavy industry and substantial transport emissions put a lot of burden on the environment, including excessive air pollution, poor water quality, excess heat release and noise pollution. Russian Ministry of Natural Resources has identified several focus points within the city environmental issues that are to be addressed within a complex infrastructure development project that went life in 2013. The project determines the developmental program for the region for the years 2013-2017 and covers: air quality, waste and water treatment, tree-planting and population awareness.

The study XXX claims that the main sources of air pollution in Yakutsk are transport and electricity and heat production facilities. Since the population mainly relies on personal transport and the electricity and heat are mainly produced by coal or diesel combustion on a local scale, the overall air quality is classified with â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;highâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; level of emissions, according to Russian classification system. Studies show that the emissions to the atmosphere increased 1.1 times from the year 2010 to 2013. An analysis of the air pollution during the first 10 months of 2014 has shown increased amounts of particulate matter, sulphur dioxide, carbon dioxide, phenols, nitrogen and ammonia (Maysyuk et al., 2011). Water for both industrial and private consumption is supplied from the river Lena, several smaller rivers in the vicinity, lakes and underground reservoirs. Despite the effort of the municipality and an introduction of the municipal waste water treatment facility in 2013, regular checks find occasional deviations in the water quality. Furthermore, the city lacks runoff water collection and treatment system. Waste management is not meeting the regulating requirements of Russian Federation. In 2012 Yakutsk had 8 official landfills, none of them was isolated against the leakage. By 2014 there was no entity in the region that was allowed to dispose waste. The Ministry has identified the issue as one of the major challenges the region is facing and has obliged local authorities to provide licenses to local landfill companies. The quality of the waste management stays a major priority. However, despite the claims of the support for small and medium enterprises that are working in the field of recycling, the majority of the measures the authorities are introducing target landfills and do not consider waste as a resource.

CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

The city generally lacks green parks and trees. The amount of trees within the city per 1 thousand inhabitants is 3-4 times lower than the value of 15 hectare prescribed by Russian standards. Among other problems the melt of the permafrost due to irresponsible construction should be considered. The problems are persistent due to low awareness of the population and lack of political will to promote structural changes. The results are not left unattended – the average life expectancy in Yakutsks is 69 years, 59th result in Russia out of 83 regions. In order to face the existing ecological problems in Yakutsk the program “Environmental protection at the Yakutsk district” was developed. The aims set by the program cover four most urgent problems of the area: Waste Management, Water Management, Air Quality and Education. The outline for the development and amelioration of the Waste management include such measures as Viluisky landfill remediation and construction of a new landfill. Other important steps are the construction of waste transshipment stations, organization of the waste collection and the payment structure as well as introduction of waste separation. Support to small businesses working in the area of recycling and audit of the waste sources could better the current conditions of the waste management. Water management plan has five main goals. First Yakutsk wastewater must meet the norms. Wastewater treatment plant in Tabaga should be build and the existing facilities in Zhatai and Khatassi should be reconstructed, also run-off collection and treatment system near the city channel output to the “Lena” river should be created. Other important steps are to provide the flowage of water bodies and to provide proper and efficient water treatment. The main sources of air pollution in the city are motor vehicles, power plants and boilers. Therefore, it is extremely important for the government to organize public transportation. Moreover, municipal transport should be moved to gas fuel and utilization of transport with high pollution levels should be restricted. Program suggests the installation of the cleaning units and introduction of gas boilers instead of coal-fired plants. Usage of alternative energy sources and sustainable technologies is also advised.

SECTION: Ecological situation

Other big problem of the district is lack of environmental awareness and culture. Thus, it is suggested to introduce environmental aspects in schools, to use media to promote incentives on enhancements of ecological situation in the region and to involve NGOs. The actions that the Ministry prescribe touch upon all the aspects identified above, however the efficiency of the measures is still to be seen. Ecological situation in Yakuts is dreadful. Lack of the environmental education and awareness of the population is topped up with lack of the environmental regulations. For example, despite of the Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste”, which states that all entities must develop norms for waste disposal, only 2,6% of the registered companies of the region actually followed the law.

To address the existing ecological problems it is very important to have the complex approach. Government should work closely with transportation and energy sectors. Subsidies and government support programs should be created in order to support companies working in the recycling area. Moreover not only regulatory measures should be developed, but also implementation plans, as well as legal and administrative consequences for those who refuse to follow the norms and regulations.

CHAPTER: PLANNING ISSUE

SECTION: Ecological situation

TRANSPORT ISSUE

7.1

GENERAL TRANSPORT INFO

Transportation in Yakutia is an important component of the republics economy and the entire north-east Russia area, it provides the movement of vital goods, cargo, goods and chattels, people, and plays a crucial role in ensuring the so-called “northern delivery” and comfortable living conditions in the North of the country. At the same time, it provides an uninterrupted supply of strategically important sectors of the economy - mining businesses, industry and others. The transport network not only meets the needs of the economy and population in transportation, but also serves as a resource base for socio-economic development of the region 62

Transportation in Yakutia is a very large sector of the economy, which employs tens thousands of people. It is frame by the following characteristics: • Variety We could say that in Yakutia, are practically present all modes of transportation - railway, air, road, water (sea and river) and pipelines. On the other hand there is no electric transport at all. You will not find anywhere in Yakutia electrified railways, trams and trolley-buses in urban areas. •

Complex transport scheme

The seasonality and the high cost of transport is one of the tasks to face in Yakutia. Cheap year-round transport is covering just the southern part of the republic, or more precisely, a strip along the Ayama river. Extremeern North, and the entire north area of Yakutia, is forced to live in the conditions of a seasonal provided goods and use expensive forms of transport - such as air transport, which directly affects the cost of living in the Far North. The share of transport in the gross regional product of the republic is 4.4%. Annual freight volumes exceed 40 million tons, and passenger transportation is around 80 million people. The main volume of cargo transportation is done in a short period of navigation by the river transport, whose share in the turnover is about 60%. CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

In 2004, the Government of the Republic approved and implemented the Transportation Development Strategy of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), based on the requirements of the Transport Strategy of Russia and is defining the transport policy, steps and direction of its implementation for the period up to 2020.

7.2

RAILWAY TRANSPORT

For sure the one of the most important constituent parts of the transport system of the republic would be the railway system, but unfortunately just the small part (150 km) of the area is covered, so far by the network. Through the development of railway transport in the country, is creating the link between its prospects for the intensification of economic development. As well as the progress of the numerous mineral fields, and including a large parts of the country (which is home to the majority of its population) in the field of all-year accessibility and cost savings for the organization of the northern supply. The birth of the Railway transport in Yakutia was laid in 1976, during the construction of the BAM (Baykal-Amur Mainline). Amur-Yakutsk Mainline is still gradually in the construction process up to now, in the December of 2011 the rails reached the station Niznij Bestyakh, from the last sources from March 2014, the part of the network, spreader between the Niznij Bestyakh and Tommot is in preoperating phase, it is working just for the industrial purpose, and not for the passenger transportation. Currently, it is scheduled to open the platform for passengers in the 2017. There is also a plan for the construction of transport passage (bridge or tunnel) through the Lena River, for the final intention of linking the national wide railway network directly with the republic’s capital city Yakutsk. Despite of the fast progress of the whole region, development of the infrastructure connections and policies and strategies of State and the region, as for example the “Transport strategy of the Sakha Republic (Yakutia) up to 2025”, there are still many weak points, and unconnected areas. Unfortunately, it is not possible to reach the Yakutsk city by the train in this very moment, due to the absence of the connection-bridge through the Lena river.

SECTION: Railway transport

Nizhnyi Bestyakh Port Yakutsk passanger Yakutsk cargo Kurdugelyah Tabaga

Under construction, only cargo, passenger platform is planning to open in 2017

Pravaya Lena Kerdem Amga Tommot Aldan Nerungi passanger Berkakit

Lena river makes an obstacle for building railways to Yakutsk without a bridge

Tinda Skovordino Legenda existing connection acting according to the norms of temporary operation planning to build with a passanger platform only cargo

Winter road through Lena river is used to deliver goods from the Nizhnyi Bestyakh station to Yakutsk

RAILWAY TRANSPORT CONNECTION

YAKUTSK Nizhny Bestyakh

Lensk

Tommot Aldan Nerungri

Skovorodino

Khabarovsk

Legenda Trans-Siberian Railway Baikal-Amur Mainline Amur-Yakutsk Mainline Amur-Yakutsk Mainline (under construction)

7.3

AIR TRANSPORT

The rapid development of aviation in the XX century contributed to the expansion of the infrastructure connectivity of the northern territories of Russia. Until nowadays, a lot of settlements in the North are connected with the outside world just by the air connection. In the Soviet times, especially during the so-called “developed socialism”, the aviation in Yakutia was very well developed and provides reliable transport links both within the republic and connection with other regions of the USSR. Subsequent to the onset of the market era, the aviation sharply slowed its momentum. The large number of airports was closed, especially the smaller ones. Ticket prices, due to its high costs, had become not available for the majority of the people, for this reason, the population started to avoid at large the air transportation and preferred instead the use of alternative transport means, if they are possible in the given territory. Nowadays, in Yakutia are operating 35 airports (including the unused ones) for the local/international airlines, and two of them have the Federal significance level - Yakutsk and Tiksi. Airport “Yakutsk” is the world’s only airporttesting ground for new aircrafts at low temperatures and extreme conditions. 66

However, the Yakutia continues to be a pretty developed region for the air transport. At the beginning of the 2010s, the 23 Airport were operative. The air transportation remains a major year-round passenger way of transportation in this area. The share of aviation is accounted for about 65% of passenger flux. Aviation is widely used not only in the transportation of passengers over long distances and far places, but also to transport people over relatively short distances - in intra and inter-national connections. This transportation performs as well the tasks as air ambulance services and other aerial works. There is an always rising trend in the use of helicopters in this area, they are mainly used as an easiest connection between small and disconnected villages. Runways are equipped with artificial layer in the nine airports: Yakutsk, Mirny, Tiksi, Chokurdakh, Cherskiy, Vilyuisk, Chulman, Aldan, Polar. The most number of airports are currently either in a critical state, or in the process of conclusion of its existence. In the near future it is planned to close a certain number of airports, and at the same time to reconstruct and reactivate 16 airports, and in the eight of them build as well new buildings, infrastructure and facilities. The biggest airports have straight air communication with the central regions of Russia. Yakutsk Airport is connected by direct airlines with Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Khabarovsk, Magadan and other cities, and also provides the international flights to 13 countries around the globe. Tiksi Airport, for instance, provides federal flights on the high-altitude track and CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

AIR TRANSPORT CONNECTION

Cherskii Chokurdah

Urung-Haya

Belaya Gora

Tiksi

Deputatskii Batagai

Zhilinda Olenek Olenek

Ust-Nera Zhigansk Bestyakh

Udachnii Udachnii

Handiga Viluisk Nurba

Mirnyi

Domestic flights to other regions

Zyryanka

Lensk

YAKUTSK

Ust Maya

Sinsk Sanyahta Olekminsk Aldan Nerungri

Skovorodino

International flights to China, Vietnam, Thailand,Khabarovsk South Korea

Legenda airports of federal importance regional airports air connection SECTION: Air transport

the airport represents a joint deployment of the Air Force and the Federal Border Guard Aviation. However, there is an important issue regarding the functioning of the “Yakutia” Airport, its geographical position is in the zone of high fog density, consequently there are many days when its landing accessibility is not very encouraging, because of that many flight are directed to the alternative “Magan” - Regional Airport. This small airport is located in the village of Magan, in the Republic of Yakutia, 12 km from the regional center - Yakutsk. At the present time, this airport provides the airplane and helicopter air connections and services to several regional centres of Yakutia, and as well is considered as a reserve airport for regional flights, following the international airport “Yakutsk”. During World War II, the airport “Magan” has been used for the landing of US planes supplying goods under Lend-Lease agreement, as the airport in Yakutsk was not suited for this purpose, because of the less fortunate position and was often covered with mist. For the receiving of the heavy transport aircrafts of Allied forces and for the other special purposes, it was built the longest unpaved landing strip in the USSR of 3.4 km.

After the collapse of the Soviet monopoly - the company “Aeroflot” - in Yakutia gradually took shape three major airline companies: “Yakutia”, “Polar Airlines” and “ALROSA”. The “Yakutia” airline – represents the basic, the only interregional airline; its main purpose is to create the air connection of Yakutia with Moscow, other major cities and resorts of Russia, and as well some short distance international flights abroad. The airline “Polar airlines” (the only interregional) is specialized in the air travel within the country. The airline from Mirny city-”Alrosa” considers its main task to ensure the development of the Western Yakutia-diamond cluster economy and its relationship to Yakutsk, Moscow and other cities and economical centres. From the beginning of the 2010s., in the media are periodically present the rumors about a possible upcoming serious reform of the aircraft system, or rather, a possibility to merge two or even all three of the major airlines of the Republic into one large company. The former airline of the republic is “Sakhaavia” and “Yakut Airlines” (that merged into the airline “Yakutia”), and the airline “Ilene” (was closed in 2011). Finally, the air transport represents the crucial way of movement and connecting in Yakutia region and it is prevailing throughout the other means of transport. It is still considered as the most important transport solutions to reach Yakutsk.

CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

Other companies of the aircraft business system: •

Industrial and commercial aviation enterprise “Delta K” ;

• Branch “Air Navigation Northeast Siberia” Federal State Unitary Enterprise “State Corporation for Air Traffic Management” ; •

“Management of airports of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)”;

• State educational institution of middle vocational education “The Yakut Aviation Technical School of Civil Aviation”; • 12 companies providing services to major business aviation operators (“Computing Center Yakutaviya”, “Airport GSM servis”, LLC “Biznestransservis” and 9 agencies for commercial and selling sector).

SECTION: Air transport

7.4

WATER TRANSPORT

The water transport represents by far the main mode of transport in the country, and plays a very important role in ensuring the deliveries to the North of the region. Actually, during the short northern navigation period, the duration of which is about 4.5 months for the rivers (from early June to mid-October), and between 40-70 days for navigation period on the sea, it is taking place the basic import of goods into the republic, and as well the distribution inside of it. The total length of navigable waterways on its territory is 21.8 thousand Km, out of them the track that is dedicated to services is around 13,6 thousand Km. Yakutia has an extensive network of waterways: the area of the Northern Sea Route; across its territory flows Lena river – that represents the main waterway and its tributary rivers, as Aldan and Viluy rivers; and as well in the northern part of the country - the rivers Anabar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka and Kolyma. The core of the Water network transport of the Republic consists in five river ports (Lenski, Olekminsk, Yakut, Nizhneyansk, Belogorsk) and two Arctic sea ports - “Tiksi Sea Port” and “Zelenomyssky sea port.” 70

The Maritime transport services are made for 12 Arctic ulus (villages) - from Khatanga Bay to Pevek points, and as well the areas of Chukotka. An interesting characteristic of Northern sea path (N.S.P.) is that water transport route is ice covered and its short navigation period (40-70 days). All this mentioned before, leads to the need for special technical equipment line and extraordinary organization of sailing (the construction of icebreakers, the use of air fleet for ice reconnaissance, the creation of special meteorological services, navigation tracking services…etc.). The main seaport of the republic is Tiksi. In Soviet times, there was heavy traffic in the Northern sea path area, but from 1987 to 2001, the overall turnover of the port of Tiksi was dropped several times. In the recent period of time, there is a growing trend of the cargo turnover in the port of Tiksi, due to the increasing supply of rough oil and timber export. In the ports of the Republic through the N.S.P. are delivered around 60 thousand tons of oil per year, from the various ports of the North-West. By the main water carrier in the country is considered the “ United Lena River Shipping” (U.L.R.S.) company - one of the leading transport and industrial enterprises, not just in the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), but as well in the northeast of the country as a whole, and is listed in the on of the backbone enterprises of Russia and in the list of strategic enterprises of Yakutia. A distinctive feature of water fleet of this area is the presence of a unique fleet of “river - sea” (tankers, bulk carriers and others). This allows to the U.L.R.S. CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

WATER TRANSPORT

Cherskii Logashkino Chokurdah Olenegorsk Urung-Haya

Zhilinda

Tiksi

Siktyah

Belaya Gora Nizhneyansk Deputatskii Zyryanka Saidy

Batagai

Verhoyansk

Ust-Nera

Olenek Zhigansk Zhigansk

Oimyakon Bestyakh

Udachnii

Handiga Viluisk Nurba

Mirnyi Lensk

YAKUTSK

Ust Maya Pokrovsk Sinsk Amga Sanyahta Olekminsk Tommot Aldan Nerungri

Skovorodino

Legenda Northern sea path has short navigation period (40-70 days) Rivers have about 4.5 month of navigation period

Khabarovsk

Northern Sea route navigable rivers Arctic Ocean ports river ports

SECTION: Water transport

company to carry out transportation in the Lena river, its tributaries, in other rivers of Yakutia and implement at the same time the short sea shipping by the sea. The U.L.R.S. operates in the area of the Northern Sea Route, from the Khatanga Bay to Pevek and creates delivery of all the necessary goods in the ports of Khatanga, Anabar, Olenyok, Yana, Indigirka, Kolyma. In this way, the U.L.R.S. plays an important role in the economy not only of Yakutia, but also in all the north-east Russia. Nowadays, the majority of goods and chattels are supplied to the republic by the mixed railway-water route Trans-Siberian – B.A.M. - Osetrovo Port - Lena River. In the Osetrovo port (Ust-Kut city, Irkutsk region) rolls over 80% of goods for the Republic. This constant and firm established transport scheme in the last decades, may gradually change only in the case of the full completion of the AmurYakutsk railway line, with the direct access to the Yakut river port, and by the further growth of the railways role in providing freight transport in the republic.

The Yakut river port – is an important logistics hub in the north-east of Russia. A contemporary port was built in the 60’s of the XX century. It plays an important role in ensuring the deliveries for the north. Hereafter, during the navigation period, by the vessels of “river-sea” is carried out the delivery of cargo to the Kolyma, Indigirka and other northern rivers, including not only Yakutia and Chukotka areas, but as well the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The main volume of the traffic, like freight and passengers, for instance, represents the Intra-republics carriage basis. On the other hand, the inter-regional transportation is also significant – it is characterized by the import of goods from the port Osetrovo (the so-called northern delivery), and as well the exchange of goods with the Magadan Region and the Chukotka Autonomous region. The cargo fleet is made in more than 200 ports, and around 30 of which have the berthing facilities and handling equipment. In the other areas, the crafts are processed in the unequipped shore. Cargo traffic arriving via the N.S.P., is served in the seaports of Tiksi and Green Cape. By the water transport is carried petroleum and petroleum products, coal for the needs of housing and communal services, timber in rafts, dry cargo, building materials, food, and others. Finally, the water paths represents the basic way of transport in the Yakutsk area from the early beginnings and it is extensively used till the nowadays, as well for the “Northern delivery”. However, there is a still the problem regarding the ice coverage of the paths, that is the main issue regarding this way of transport, and is a still a “headache” for the local community, because it makes the navigable year possible just during the four months, due to its tough climate conditions.

CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

7.5

NORTHERN SUPPLY

Northern supply - a set of annual national measures to ensure for the territories of the Far North of Siberia, the Far East and the European part of Russia the main vital goods (especially food and oil) on the eve of the winter season. Northern supply as a phenomenon caused by three reasons: - the absence in the Far North of own industrial base of most industrial and many agricultural products; -remoteness of the main industrial areas in the many thousands of kilometres, which makes it difficult and very expensive for private individuals and legal entities independent delivery of the goods, even in the summer months; -complete absence of infrastructure, except for air or maritime traffic in most regions of the Far North. A more common cause is extremely difficult climatic conditions in the Far North. In these circumstances, the only possibility is a centralized procurement and transport of goods from the southern regions of Russiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Far North. This responsibility in the USSR in modern Russia carries out the state at the expense of the federal budget and by regional and local authorities. The volume of supply of the North traditionally calculated in money, not in goods. Delivery is produced mainly by air, as well as river and sea, including the use of the Northern Sea Route. Winter road - road, operation of which is possible only in winter, when freezing temperatures. For the device of the winter road and compacted snow rake graders, is frozen ice on rivers crossing. Winter roads may also take place directly on the frozen ice of rivers and lakes. Winter roads are common in Siberia and the Far North, in marshy regions, in areas where there are no bridges across the numerous streams and rivers, and others difficult climate conditions. Most winter roads are used to deliver supplies and equipment to the oil and gas fields, and most often - for the removal of heavy and inaccessible forests.

SECTION: Northern supply

7.6

AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORT

The automotive transport is playing the crucial role for the Republic, as the very poor conditions and the development of the Railway transport is still present, the highways are usually considered the only land-based mean of communication. The automobile transport in Yakutia is developed well enough. Its main feature of the vulnerable is again the season timing, as in the republic are very few good yearround roads, and much of the cargo traffic is carried on winter roads.

The road network in the region has a length of over 30.000 Km, of which more than half are temporary (seasonal) roads - ice roads. It includes 21.800 Km (65%) of the general public roads, and out of them just 7.600 km are paved. For the republic, in its proper scale, is characterized by the weak development of the road network, the territorial exclusion of certain roads, as well as a significant development of the departmental road network, which actually performs the function of the public roads. Transport links by the paved road is covering just 16 ulus (district) of 33. Almost the entire road network is placed in areas of the Arctic, winter roads are presented with the period of navigation up to 8 months or less per year, in the winter road network in Yakutia increases sharply due to winter roads. Disadvantages of temporary roads are obvious and enormous, but there are some advantages as well. So, their arrangement does not require significant investments of time and capital - compared with the construction of the roads that will be usable the whole year. They also have some environmental advantages, during the building is not caused any significant harm to the environment in the permafrost zone. Usually, the winter roads are laid in Yakutia, for each major river (ex. Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana rivers), and in the internal areas as well - basically in every village. Fortunately, there are just few of them, that is benefit of the North in a way. The length of the routes is between several hundred kilometres (Asym - Sangar - 310 km), up to several thousand kilometres, for example, Udachnij - Saskylakh - Uriing-Hai (1364 km), Khandyga - Batagai - Ust-Kuyga (1262 km). The main roads Yakutia: • A 360 “Lena”; Bolshoy Never - Yakutsk , year-round use, mostly with gravel coverage • P504 “Kolyma”; Yakutsk - Magadan, year-round use, gravel surface, there are no any bridges across the Aldan • A331 Federal highway “Viluy”; Yakutsk - Mirniy, partly year-round use, gravel, clay coating, there is a big lacks of the bridges over the river, specially in the summer time some areas are transformed into a swamps CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

• P501 Pokrovsky tract; Yakutsk - Pokrovsk - Mokhsogollokh Bulgunnyahtah; Coverage - broken asphalt • P502 «Amga”; The highway of republican significance Nizhny Bestyak - Amga; It is still under construction its continuation - the section from Amga to Ust-Mai; On the lower section of track there is an asphalt coverage; Best Maya, on gravel road •

P503 Namsky tract; Yakutsk - Namtsy; asphalt surface

• “Aldan”; under construction highway of republican significance Khandyga – Dzhebariki - Khaya - Eldikan • “Anabar”; The highway of republican significance Lensk - Mirny Chernyshevsky - Aikhal - Udachniy, year-round use, mostly gravel pavement, tr is planned its continuation Udachniy - Olenyok - Saskylakh - Uriing-Hai • “Yana”; The highway of republican importance and 533 km -”Kolyma” - Topolinoye - Batagai - Ust-Kuyga - Deputatskyi – Belaya Gora; the total length of 1820 km; the year-round movement is possible only in the track of 533 km: “Kolyma” - Topolinoye, site of Ust-Kuyga - Deputatskyi, as well between the villages of Tukuma and Batagai; the section of Topolinoye - Batagai - Ust-Kuyga - winter road along the river Yana, the length of around 1,000 km • Highway Eldikan - Yugoryonok; It is the Republican value road, year-round road, links to the “great land” through the marina at Aldan Eldikan, with the workers settlements in the east of Ust-Maya district, engaged in gold mining - Allah-Yun, Zviozdochka, Solnechniy, Ynykchan, Brindakit, Yugoryonok; due to “restructuring” of Yakutia gold mining industry, perhaps in this moment the road is in the degeneration in the same way as the above-mentioned towns, and in some places become impassable; one of the options to take in the consideration, for the future, can be revived segment Ayanskoye tract (Amgino - Ayan tract) • “Arctic”; is the longest winter road in Yakutia, Ust-Nera - Zyrianka - Cherskii continue to Chukotka; year-round movement only in the area Zyrianka Ugolnoye, gravel surface •

“Borogon”; Sottintsy – Borogontsy

•

“Verkhoyanye”; Batagai – Verkhoyansk

•

“Myuryu”; Maya - Tyungyulyu - Borogontsy – Cheriktey

• “Ojmjakon” (or the”South Road”); Kyubeme (752 km of “Kolyma” road) - Tomtor - border of the Magadan region •

“Umnas”; Olekminsk - The Bear, gravel surface SECTION: Automotive transport

AUTOMOTIVE TRANSPORT CONNECTION

Magadan Handiga

Udachnii Viluisk

YAKUTSK

Mirnyi Tommot Aldan Nerungri

Skovorodino

Khabarovsk

Legenda federal roads regional roads regional roads, gravel surface winter roads SECTION: Automotive transport

The future possibilities for the development of modern road network of the Republic, are linked with the creation of the reference backbone network of reliable year-round roads: Yakutsk - Bolsoi Niever, Yakutsk - Vilyuisk - Mirny, Yakutsk - Khandyga - Magadan, Yakutsk - Amga - Ust-Maya – Nelkan, with the access through Khabarovsk area in the sea port of Ayan. It is still under construction of roads of national significance, which will have to provide domestic (internal) transportation (Amga - Ust-Maya, Byas-Kyuёl - Kobyay, Khandyga - Eldikan, Aldan - Olekminsk - Lensk, etc.). A special place in the road transport network and general in the republic occupies the highway “Lena”, through which is passing the regular road link with other regions of Russia. The movement/flux on her from the train stations Neryungri and Tommot is very intense, causing a large load and a rapid reduction in poor conditions, especially during the summer rainy weather. However, the track was built according to the standards of 30’s - 50’s and is not designed for such heavy traffic of heavy trucks. Reconstruction and repair of the road, which is currently happening, ascribed to the priority projects for the creation of basic road network of the country.

It is still proceeding the construction and capital reconstruction of the most important Republican road “Viluy”, which connects with the overall road network Gorniy, Vilyusky, Verkhnevilyuisk, Nyurbinsk, Suntarkyi and Mirninsky, and as well through the areas and winter roads of Mirnyi - Ust-Kut, is providing the connections to the Irkutsk region. On the road construction site, are in the final phase the water crossings. In 2007, the road was transferred to the federal road management and established FSI “Uprdor” Viluy ‘”. On the federal highway “Kolyma” in the late 2000’s, it was put into action a number of important bridges (through the rivers of Elga, Big Selerikan). It has been ensured the maximum capacity flow through the traffic all along from Yakutsk to Magadan, although the reconstruction of roads in some areas still continues. Also, on the current agenda is the construction of a bridge over the Aldan, in the district of Khandyga, the need for which has been discussed for a long time. The regional roads “Amga” and “Anabar” are providing the inter-regional relations, and are of great importance for the organization for the delivery of goods, in social development and industrial development of the North and largely solves the issues of national importance. In Yakutia there is a decent public bus transportation, especially from the main bus station of Yakutsk. There are the intercity links of the the capital with relatively close, so-called suburban ‘’ulus’’ - Namsky, Khangalassky, MeginoKangalassky, Amginskogo, Churapchinsky, Tatta and Ust-Aldan. Unfortunately, besides the first two, all the others are on the other side of the river (the so-called CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

“beyond the river” areas), so a direct connection from the bus station Yakutsk exists only in the winter time. In Nizhny Bestyak, in Soviet times there was its own bus transportation enterprise, which in the summer time as well had a correct scheduled links to the regional centres and some other areas are beyond the river. However, this company disappeared in the 90’s of XX century. Since then and until present day, the passenger transport service is privatized, the private drivers are waiting at the pier every tram from Yakutsk. Nowodays, in a former bus station of Nizhniy Bestyak is the headquarter of the local police. Also, from the bus station in Yakutsk, buses are circulating from AYMu to Aldan – and to the railway station. There are as well adequate bus services to other cities around the Yakutia - Neryungri, Mirny etc, and as well in some parts of the federal highway “Viluy.”

SECTION: Automotive transport

7.7

THE BRIDGE ACROSS THE LENA RIVER, NEAR YAKUTSK

The combined (railway and highway) bridge across the river Lena in Yakutsk region - one of the most large-scale transport facilities planned for construction in the region. It will be of great importance for the development of transport and the entire economy of Yakutia, and not just of the city, but even wider. One of the submitted projects, had an idea of the bridge consisting from 9 spans a length of 154 m each. It will connect the existing and under construction east-west highway “Kolyma”, “Viluy” and “Amga” with the under-construction meridian railway route Berkakit - Tommot - Yakutsk, and will ensure entry of freight trains directly to the port of Yakutsk for the overload on river transport and reduce costs, provide the possibility of making the Yakutsk a major multimodal transportation hub, which together will merge several modes of transport - rail, river, air and road, and at the same time, the very capital of Yakutia, where a quarter of the region’s population is living and has a great industrial potential, will reliably connect all year round and will generate the cheap transport links with the “big land” .

The planned bridge, of around 3 km of total length, will reduce the cost of the delivery of goods, eliminate the seasonality of their importation, and as well improve transportation and stimulate the mobility of citizens. After the construction of combined rail-road bridge, radically will be changed the transport scheme of the republic: Yakut and central regions of the country, where about 80% of the population is settled, will use the year-round transportation services, the concept of “northern delivery” will remain operative only for the Arctic regions of the republic. The major part of the cargo flow, destined for central Yakutia, will be gradually moved from a river transport to the railway one. Due to eliminate or minimize the value of the shallow river flow Osetrovo – Yakutsk, there will be an improvement and price reduction scheme of delivery of the cargo. Yakut river port will operate in conjunction with the railway freight to make and send the cargos through the water in the northern areas. In the future, there is the possibility of organizing a single mixed railway-water route China-Ayam-Yakut river port – Lena River - Northern Sea Route Europe. Construction of the bridge is also needed in terms of the reserve for the future: exit the railway on the left bank of the river Lena, which will in the future use of the power of Western-Yakut deposits, and in the distant future is possible the construction of the latitudinal railway Ust-Kut - Lensk (which is planned in the Railway Development Strategy of Russia until 2030) and then to Yakutsk. Combined Construction of the bridge will also connect several highway: highway under construction “Viluy”, which will connect the Irkutsk region with Yakutia, CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

highway “Lena”, “Kolyma” and “Amga”. The effectiveness of the project construction and operation of the lines Berkakit - Tommot - Yakutsk, taking into account the construction of combined bridge across the Lena river in the area of Yakutsk, is considerably higher than the construction of a railroad to the village of Nizhny Bestyk and river terminal on the right bank of the Lena river. It follows that the maximum effect is achieved only when the construction is combined railway and highroad bridge. Variants with only the railway or road bridge, just do not give the desired effect and, in fact, economically are quite disadvantageous. For example, if you leave the railway in the Nizhny Bestyk and abandon the idea to bring it to Yakutsk itself, there is a very complex transport scheme - the need to overload large quantities of cargo to trucks and then transported whole trucks on ferries across the great Siberian river. The scheme looks quite awkward, and even unrealistic. It is possible that the goods brought by rail will be a “glut” in Nizhny Bestyahe - you need a large number of cars, ferryboats and workers. Every year for the transportation of goods from the Nizhny Bestyk to Yakutsk on such a scheme would leave a lot of money, which is absolutely devalues the idea of “saving” on the bridge, rejecting it or making only road. On the contrary, the construction of the combined rail-road bridge is in this case the only economically viable solution. Serious economists have had long calculations, which showed, that the bridge will pay for itself in a relatively short period of time - about 8-10 years. The supporters of the idea of combined bridge are: the government of Yakutia, Railways management, the company “Railways of Yakutia”, “Engineering Corporation” Transstroy”, all design institutes and research organizations, economists, journalists, serious publications, and experts writing on the theme of transport. Upon the completion of the construction process of the railway and combined rail-road bridge across the Lena River near Yakutsk will be achieved the following tasks: • It solves the problem of seasonality in the delivery of goods to Yakutsk and to the left bank of the Lena river. Disappearance of the secular obstacle in the form of absence for 4-6 months of the autumn and spring periods of transport links between the Nizhny Bestyk and the left bank of the Lena; • Will disappear the need for handling on the left bank of the river Lena, the delivery of more than half of rail freight using ice-ferry with high operating costs for the implementation of the delivery of goods; • Ensures safe operation of gas fields located on the left bank of the Lena, and will also guarantee a reliable supply of fuel for backup Yakutsk ‘’GRES’’ SECTION: The bridge across the Lena River, near Yakutsk

to Namsty (9 409 inhabitants)

Airport Magan

Yakutsk 299 169 inhabitants

to Pokrovsk (9 047 inhabitants)

Airport Yakutsk

Port

Nizhny Bestyakh 3 638 inhabitants

Nizhny Bestykh Railway station only cargo passangers from 2017

5 Km

and year-round communications of the capital city - Yakutsk and its left-bank territory with a network of railways of Russia; • It will form a unified transport network of federal roads “Lena”, “Kolyma” and “Viluy” and, accordingly, a year-round connection between the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Amur, Magadan and Irkutsk regions and the Khabarovsk Territory; • Providing a year-round transportation and drastic reduction of transport, trade and procurement costs of the implementation of internal and external trade and economic relations of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), as compared with the existing scheme of transportation, giving a significant savings to republican and federal budgets, allocated for the provision of “northern delivery”; • By reducing the transport costs, will give a powerful incentive to the development of multiplicative projects, new processing enterprises and in general to the industry of Yakutsk, to the creation of new jobs and as a consequence - to improve the quality of life in the region as a whole;

• combined rail and road bridge (transition) will provide a much greater versatility, flexibility and reliability of the transport system, rather than the link, made for only one of these modes of transport

CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

7.8

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Water transport in Yakutia, also plays an important role in the traffic flow of people, as it is often not only the most comfortable, but the only way to reach your destination. The flow of passenger is supported by the five remaining passenger ships on the following lines: Yakutsk - Neelova (Tiksi) -”Mechanic Kulibin” Yakutsk - Zhigansk and Yakutsk - Olekminsk - Chapaevo Yakutsk - Isit and Yakutsk - Cheye-Terde Along with a big number of passenger lines, have as well the extensive high-speed passenger services. The crafts of the main passenger companies offers following routes (“Rocket”, “Meteor”, “Sunrise”) throughout the Lena river and its tributaries: • from the Yakutsk throughout the directions of Yakutsk - Sangar Zhigansk and Yakutsk - Olekminsk; • from the Peleduya in the directions of Vitim - Lensk - Olekminsk and Peleduy - Kirensk - Ust-Kut. • from the Aldan are carried out the lines of transportation on the routes of Khandyga - Ust-Maya - Tommot. Due to the lack of development of road infrastructure in Yakutia, there is no alternative for the population of the majority of small settlements there in the summer period of the year, but the passenger traffic is now provided slightly due to the small population densities and the high cost of tickets, and as well the number of flights has decreased in some cases ten times compared to the 70’s and 80’s. In the Soviet times, “Rockets” were covering the route from Yakutsk through the Lena and Aldan to Khandyga – the flight was cancelled in 1998, and when on the Vilyue river was able the navigable conditions (usually at the beginning of navigation) - from Yakutsk throughout Lena and Vilyui river to Vilyuisk. There was as well a very crowded route, the one of the “Rocket” company, Yakutsk - Sottintsy. Some of these paths exceeds 600-700 km (the farthest one is - Yakutsk-Zhigansk 771 km). The “Rocket” is usually sent from Yakutsk in the early morning, about 5-6 a.m. and arrive at its destination in the evening, it means that for the entire journey in one direction is used almost all the daylight hours. All lines are served by engines in the ships of Soviet production, which do not have an replacement, since SECTION: Public transport

PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTES Municipal buses

25% CAPACITY

passengers

Commersial buses

75% CAPACITY

passengers

500 m

Legenda bus stop bus route

PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN 5 MINUTES AVALIABILITY

123 000 inhabitants daily use public transport, it is

41%

of total population

500 m

Legenda bus stop radius of 5-minutes pedestrian avaliability (275m)

these series were long time ago removed from production series. These vessels were considered new not even in the 80s - some of them already had second or third in a row engine. Yakut boatman still support lifecycle of the ‘’vintage’’ ships, repairing them and constantly changing engines. It passes one decade after another, but the high-speed traffic on the Lena is still alive. In Soviet times, the important role was played by the civil transport ships of the “Zara”, especially on the small rivers. That was their fleet on the Lena, Vilyue, Aldan, and Kolyma:

•

Yakutsk - not less than 6 vessels

•

Peleduy - at least 4 ships

•

Lensk - at least 4 ships

•

Olekminsk - at least 3 vessels

•

Ust-Kut - at least 4 ships

•

Nyurba - at least two vessels

•

Ust-May - 1 ship

•

Zyrianka - 1 ship

As in the 2014, the confirmed data regarding the operating part of “Zara” are available only from Ust-Kut, Nyurba and Ust-Mai. On the Vilyue river, the transportation is carried out by ship “Zara” on the line Nyurba - Malykay. Apparently, that the rest of the fleet is no longer existing.

CHAPTER: TRANSPORT ISSUE

SECTION: Public transport

ENERGY ISSUE

8.1

ANALYSIS OF ENERGY STRATEGIES ON THE STATE LEVEL.

When starting to analyze the energy system in Yakutsk, it was necessary to investigate governmental programs in the industry. First of all, there is a federal “Energy strategy of Russia up to 2020” which was approved by the Federal Government on 28.09.2003 N 1234-r. Secondly, there is a regional “Energy strategy of the Sakha republic (Yakutia) up to 2030” approved by the Government of Sakha Republic (Yakutia) on 29.10.2009 N 441, which was developed in accordance with the federal law. In order to understand the energy system in Sakha republic it is important to understand how Russian energy system works and what impact this program will on a local level. 90

The production potential of the Russian power currently accounts for more than 700 power plants with total capacity of about 230 GW and power lines of all voltage classes of more than 2.5 million. km in length. 86,5% of this potential is concentrated in the Unified Energy System (UES) of Russia, which is a unique technical complex providing electricity to consumers in the main part of the inhabited territory (Pic.1). Power generation facilities are comprised by thermal power stations (68.4% of installed capacity), nuclear power plants (10.7%) and the hydraulic plants (20.9%). Country’s power plants together make the whole energy system of Russia, as part of the Unified Energy System (UES) of the Centre, the Middle Volga, Urals, North-West, South, Siberia, Eastern. The installed capacity of UES power plants in Russia at the end of 2011 accounted to 218.2 million. KW, which make it one of the largest power systems in the world. The highest rated voltage overhead power lines AC in Russia are currently 1,150 kV voltage. Total length of the overhead line voltage classes at the beginning of 2012 exceeded 55 thousands Km. The aim of the ENERGY STRATEGY OF RUSSIA UP TO2020 is to provide stable and efficient energy supply to consumers and to, as a result, to support the economy? in terms of electrical and heat power. In accordance with the aim, the General Scheme? is targeted at the following aims: CHAPTER: ENERGY ISSUE

1. to ensure the levels of energy consumption at 1426 billion KW/h in the basic scenario and 1600 billion KW/h in the maximum scenario in 2015, and reaching 1600 billion KW/h in the basic scenario and 2000 billion KW/h in the maximum scenario by 2020. 2. to enhance the technological level of Russian energy system by increasing industry level efficiency, decreasing fuel consumption rate, enhancing flexibility and controllability. 3.

to optimize the power â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;busketâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

4. to develop networked infrastructure, which would let energy companies participate in the power market across regions 5. an important business field is to provide energy export to NorthEastern Asia (primarily to China). As was mentioned above, only 86,5% of energy sources are concentrated in the Unified Energy System (UES). This power system is spread along the territory of the Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory, Jewish Autonomous Region, Primorsk Territory, as well as Southern part of Yakutsk region and Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Altogether, they form consolidated energy system of Eastern Russia, which is not consolidated with the UES of Russia. Power systems of the Kamchatka, Magadan, Chukotka and Sakhalin regions, as well as Western and Central power districts are functioning separately (Pic.3). Moreover, there is a problem of a significant amount of decentralized power generation on the territory of Russian Far East. There are approximately 200 diesel electric power plants on the territory of Yakutia. The fact that these power plants are isolated from the unified system prevents article 4 of the Strategy from functioning. This also makes efficient transferring of the energy impossible, as well as narrows power plant capacity, which leads to decreasing capability of cross-system electric power transmission lines, which, in turn, negates the effectiveness of the whole energy power system (Pic). This obstacle does not let to bridge the deficit of energy power in the Southern part of the Primorsk territory by means of electricity transmission between the districts which have a power surplus (Southern-Yakutsk energy district of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and Amursk energy system). There is a need to develop electricity generation network between the Southern-Yakutsk energy district of the Republic of Yakutia (Sakha) and Amursk, Khabarovsk, Primorsk energy systems in order to significantly increase the efficiency of the energy infrastructure and to eliminate the limits of energy transmission channels, as well as to solve the â&#x20AC;&#x153;locked

ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY THE REGION

434

478 176 184 87

235

421 CENTRAL 76

126 156

470

NORD WEST 242 125 158

VOLGA

URAL

SOUTH

196

SIB Legenda Actual energy consumption in 2006, bln. kWh Energy consumption (basic) in 2020, bln. kWh; average annual growth for 2006-2020 in % (basic) Energy consumption (max) in 2020, bln. kWh; average annual growth for 2006-2020 in % (max)

YAKUTIA 426 331

BERIA

FAR E AST

ENERGY CAPACITY BY THE REGION

83.5 94.3 35.4 37 21

16.2

N O R D 65.4 70.3 WEST CENTRAL 42.6 31.7 24 27.1 31.3 26.1 VOLGA

SOUTH

URAL

8 46

SIB Legenda Capacity by 2006, GW Capacity (basic) by 2020, GW Capacity (max) by 2020, GW

83.5

YAKUTIA 94.3

BERIA

12.5

23.4

29.7

FAR E AST

RUSSIAN ‘UNIFIED ENERGY SYSTEM’ IN 2006 Tarko-Sale

Sankt-Peterburg

ES Belozersk Surgut ES ES ES ES Nizhnevrtovsk Vyatka Sever Baz Ilkovo ES ES Ivanovo Irtish Ishim Ryazan CHP Boguchan Kursk Neurungi Balakovo NPP Tomsk Ekaterinburg HPP NPP CHP ES ES Chelyabinsk Lipeck Itatsk Starii Oskol Voronezh ES Irkutsk Zeya HPP Bureiskaya Omsk Gasovaya NPP ES Kamala HPP Volgodonsk Kharabovsk Volgograd Krasnoyarsk ChitaES ES Zarya Ukraine NPP Kazakhstan SayanoAltai Nevinnomisk Mogocha Primorsk Novokuzneck Shushen Chuguevka Rostov CHP CHP Astrahan HPP Vladivostok Budenovsk Kalininsk NPP Smolensk NPP M

Legenda

Sochi Mozdok

DC AC

750 kW 500 kW 220 kW Planned

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INSTALLED CAPACITY IN 2006

72.7% 11.9%

Avaliable capacity 84.6% 16.1% From maximum load

5.5% 7.5% 2.4%

Capacity impossible to use in a balance 15.4%

Legenda Maximum load Reserve Locked capacity Limits of HPP Limits of CHP

ENERGY SYSTEM OF YAKUTIA NOWADAYS

West Yakutia

Central Yakutia

YAKUTSK

SouthYakutia

Irkutsk area

Khabarovsk area Amur area

Legenda DC 500 KW AC 220 KW existing HPP existing CHP diesel power plants isolated energy systems

RUSSIAN ‘UNIFIED ENERGY SYSTEM’ IN 2020 Evenki HPP Tarko-Sale

Sankt-Peterburg

ES Belozersk Surgut ES ES ES ES Nizhnevrtovsk Vyatka Sever Baz Ilkovo Yakutsk ES ES Ivanovo Irtish Ishim Ryazan CHP Boguchan Kursk Neurungi HPP Balakovo NPP Tomsk Ekaterinburg HPP NPP CHP ES ES Chelyabinsk Lipeck Starii Oskol Voronezh Itatsk ES Irkutsk Zeya HPP Bureiskaya Omsk Gasovaya NPP ES Kamala HPP Volgodonsk Volgograd Kharabovsk Krasnoyarsk ChitaES ES Zarya Ukraine NPP Kazakhstan SayanoAltai Nevinnomisk Mogocha Primorsk Novokuzneck Shushen Chuguevka Rostov CHP CHP Astrahan HPP Vladivostok Budenovsk Kalininsk NPP Smolensk NPP M

Legenda

Sochi Mozdok

DC AC

750 kW 500 kW 220 kW Planned

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INSTALLED CAPACITY IN 2020

80.3% 13.1%

Avaliable capacity 93.4% 16.2% From maximum load

1.6% 4.6% 0.4%

Capacity impossible to use in a balance 6.6%

Legenda Maximum load Reserve Locked capacity Limits of HPP Limits of CHP

ENERGY STRATEGY UP TO 2020

West Yakutia

Central Yakutia

YAKUTSK

SouthYakutia

Irkutsk area

N. Timptonskaya HPP 930 MW Kankunskaya HPP 1200 MW

Irkutsk area

Khabarovsk area Amur area

Legenda DC 500 KW AC 220 KW existing HPP existing CHP diesel power plants projected HPP projected CHP

capability” problem and to enhance the reliability of energy generation for customers. There is an ongoing plan to build HV grids (500 kV) – Kankunsk hydroelectric power station – Neryungrinsk, Neryungrinsk – Skovorodino. *

8.2

ENERGY ON THE REGIONAL SCALE.

The regional strategy provides detailed information covering the process of integration of the Western and Central energy systems of Yakutia with Southern (consolidated with UES – pic 5). It also presumes building new hydroelectric power stations. In addition, it gives an insight on the planned upgrade of the local diesel energy system of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia): 1.

Building ETL to residential areas with stand-alone power generation

2. Building stations that are functioning on local coal as well as upgrading DPPs 100

3. Building station with combined heat and power generation (2 TTPs of 10mVt, 45 MMkkcal/hr capacity) 4. Sub-program for renewable energy resources development in local energy systems. Correlation between centralized and decentralized zones of republic (cost indicators 2015) Zone Centralized Decentralized Area 1/3 of republic territory

2/3 of republic territory

Population 807,7 k people

More than 180 k people

Density of population 0,1-3 0,01-0,08 Main energy sources CHAPTER: ENERGY ISSUE

DIESEL POWER PLANTS

Cherskii Logashkino Chokurdah Nizhneyansk Urung-Haya

Tiksi

Belaya Gora

Deputatskii

Siktyah Zhilinda Olenek

Olenegorsk Zyryanka

Saidy Batagai Verhoyansk Ust-Nera Oimyakon

Zhigansk

Udachnii

Bestyakh

Handiga

Viluisk Ust Maya YAKUTSK Nurba Pokrovsk Sinsk Amga Mirnyi Sanyahta Lensk Olekminsk Tommot Aldan Nerungri

Legenda Amga settlements of more than 3,000 people

existing HPP existing CHP diesel power plants

SECTION: Energy on the regional scale.

101

regional hydro-electric power plant, CHP, HPP, tidal power station, DPP

DPP Scheme of fuel furnishment Motor road, railroad

Sea-river-winter road-railroad-motor road

Cost of diesel oil 12 000 rub/ton

>16000 rub/ton

Prime cost of electricity 4,43 rub/kWh

102

30-100 rub/kWh

Speaking about the source of fuel in the republic it is necessary to mention that the main one (gas) is the ‘cleanest’ motor fuel. Gas is emitting less carbon dioxide per unit of ‘delivered’ energy produced, and hence politically more popular fuel for the generation of electricity than oil or coal. The energy trend today sounds like “gas is a new oil”, lots of countries is going to use it meanwhile developing another sources of energy. “Although CO2 sequestration technologies are coming on line that will reduce the greenhouse gas emissions from gas plants, particularly carbon dioxide, they will actually require 10-20% more energy to produce same energy as a result, so here we have the question of whether it is more acceptable to reduce climate change emissions and use our dwindling reserves of fossil fuel more rapidly, or the reverse”. (Roaf, Cricthton, Nicol, 2005) It is necessary to mention coal, that currently provides 26% of the world’s primary energy consumption and there is there is a huge coal reserves in the South of Yakutia . The world tendency is to reduce using it as a recourse of energy, as it is done in France. The biggest problem that it is a dirty fuel and contributes 38% of CO2 emissions from commercial fuels. Also, the coal industry has additional problems of poor working conditions and high costs of transport for the fuel. From the energy strategy it is evident that the state is not going to reduce the coal mining, because of the creation of new industry in the south of republic and using railways for transporting fuel. Taking into account diesel fuel that is actively used in the decentralized zones, it is important to mention the effect that it is bringing. S. Roaf in the book “Adapting buildings and cities for Climate Change”* describes the well-known “Fossil CHAPTER: ENERGY ISSUE

NATURAL RESOURCES OF YAKUTIA

Cherskii Logashkino Chokurdah Olenegorsk Urung-Haya

Belaya Gora Nizhneyansk Deputatskii Zyryanka

Tiksi

Saidy Batagai

Siktyah Zhilinda Olenek

Verhoyansk

Ust-Nera Oimyakon

Zhigansk Bestyakh

Udachnii Viluisk Nurba

103

Ust Maya Pokrovsk Sinsk Amga Sanyahta

YAKUTSK

Mirnyi Lensk

Handiga

Tommot

Olekminsk Ald

Nerungri

Skovorodino TO CHINA

Legenda oil pipeline “Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean” gas pipeline “Power of Siberia” local gas pipeline projected local gas pipeline gas field

Khabarovsk

oil and gas field diamond deposit precious metals (gold, platinum, silver)

metal ores coal deposit SECTION: Energy on the regional scale.

fuel crisis” theory, based on the fact that oil and gas resources are finite, and the global demand is increasing. In addition to the scarcity it causes serious environmental harm: “The other problems are that the emissions of greenhouse gases arising from our burning of fossil fuels are driving climate change and must be reduces dramatically if we are to have any chance of stabilizing the changing climate, and avoiding the $150 barrel! “ (Roaf, Cricthton, Nicol, 2005) Experts predict the short range from 30 to 40 years of using oil **, also because it is producing lots of pollution. Hereby, the policy of reducing the usage of diesel fuel will also influence on the environment of Yakutia and will support the world trend.

8.3

104

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN SAKHA REPUBLIC

It is obvious that the main advantage of renewable energy is its infinity, but also it is a clean energy and gives no emissions. There are different opportunities in using renewable sources in Sakha republic, the biggest capacity contains in hydropower, but also wind and solar energy began investigated in Yakutia energy industry. There is no thermal springs in the permafrost land of Sakha, and it makes impossible to use geothermal power. “Solar energy has many advantages as an energy source of choice for buildings, being the easiest to integrate onto buildings and cities. Photovoltaic systems provide clean electricity while producing no CO2. It is estimated that for every kilowatt hour (kWh) of PV electricity that is produced 0.6 kg of CO2 is saved, with this figure rising to 1 kg/kWh when the PV replaces off-grid diesel. The energy supply is located at the point of demand so there are little or no losses incurred in transporting the electricity, and therefore enhancing security in the supply. PVs can supply electricity to locations remote from traditional grid. PV electricity supply electricity to locations remote from traditional grid. PV electricity supply can be isolated from the grid supply and so provide a reliable back-up at periods of grid failure.” (Roaf, Cricthton, Nicol, 2005) Department of Energy of the Russian Academy of Sciences allocated 4 areas characterizing possible introduction of solar heating on the territory of CHAPTER: ENERGY ISSUE

Yakutia: 1-beneﬁcial use of solar energy,2- moderate use of solar energy, 3- possible use of solar energy and 4 - very limited use of solar energy (pic X). In a second region duration of sunshine fluctuates between 1600 and 2000 hours with radiation intensity of more than 4200 MJ/m2 in the first region, duration of more than 2300 hours with a minimal amount of dull days . The usage of solar energy in regions 3 and 4 is possible for seasonal supply of decentralized areas. The 1st case of usage of solar energy in Sakha republic was in 2012 with launching of Solar Electrical Station in Batamai, 60 KW. Nowadays there are 9 solar plants with a total capacity of 1215KW which saves 368.8 t of diesel fuel per year. All these plants are located in decentralized energy zones, and help to minimize costs for diesel fuel. Aleksey Kaplun, deputy head of strategy and investments for OJSC «RAO ES Vostoka», stated that alternative energy in the Far East in numerous cases had become more beneficial than the traditional energy system. One of the reasons for that is the high prices for diesel fuel, which is currently the main source of energy for the region due to a complicated logistics system. In such circumstances, the implementation of power generation with the usage of renewable energy sources – solar, wind, biomass and others – allows to significantly increase the reliability of energy supply by means of decreasing the dependence on transported fuel. In its current state the price of the fuel can constitute 70% of the tariff rate, which means that “in the distant areas in Yakutia one kV/h costs no less than 30 RUB in 2015” (table 1). The implementation of renewable energy sources usage is aimed at decreasing this part of the tariff rate. In the long run, usage of alternative energy in isolated areas will restraint tariff escalation after the pay-off-period is ended. Although, it does not entail a complete switchover from traditional to alternative energy sources. The target is to efficiently combine both types of power supply. The state of the Alexey Kaplun is also suitable for the relationship of wind energy and diesel plants. The 1st use of alternative energy in Yakutia was in Tiksi in 2007, where it was lunched a wind mill 250 KW. Now there are two already working wind mills (Tiksi and Bykovsky) and the of RAO “UES of Russia” (Unified Energy System) is planning to build seven more. All this projected and existing wind mills are located in the coast Arctic Ocean due to high velocity of wind. According to a map Sakha divided on 3 zones by the wind power potential, with a annual average wind velocity more than 4 m/sek, from 2.6 to 4 m/sek and less than 2.6 m/sek. The first zone covers the north part of the republic - the ocean coast and river valleys, this areas are preferable to locate plants there. SECTION: Renewable energy sources in Sakha Republic

105

SES in Eik Power: 40 KW Was built in 2014 Saving: 11.9 t per yy

SES in Dulgalah Power: 20 KW Was built in 2013 Saving: 9.1 t per yy

SES in Kuberganya Power: 20 KW Was built in 2013 Saving: 5.9 t per yy

SES in Batagai Power: 1 MW Was built in 2015 Saving: 300 t per yy

SES in Djargalah Power: 15 KW Was built in 2014 Saving: 4.5 t per yy

SES in Uchugei Power: 20 KW Was built in 2012 Saving: 5.9 t per yy

SES in Batamai Power: 60 KW Was built in 2012 Saving: 17.4 t per yy

SES in Toion-Ary Power: 20 KW Was built in 2014 Saving: 7.6 t per yy

SES in Kudu-Kuel Power: 20 KW Was built in 2013 Saving: 6.5 t per yy

SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCES

Cherskii Logashkino Chokurdah Olenegorsk

Nizhneyansk Urung-Haya

Tiksi

Belaya Gora

Deputatskii

Siktyah Kuberganya Dulgalah Batagai Zhilinda

Eik

Djargalah

Zhigansk

Ust-Nera Oimyakon Uchugei

Bestyakh

Udachnii

Zyryanka

Batamai

Handiga

Viluisk Ust Maya YAKUTSK Nurba Toion-Ary Amga

Mirnyi Lensk Kudu-Kuel

Sanyahta Olekminsk Tommot Aldan Nerungri

Legenda Department of Energy of the Russian Academy of Sciences allocated 4 districts characterizing possible introduction of solar heating on the territory of Yakutia: beneficial use of solar energy moderate use of solar energy possible use of solar energy very limited use of solar energy

9 venues SAVING

368.8 t per year of diesel fuel

Windmill in Saskylakh Power: 1375 KW

Windmill in Bykovsky Power: 275 KW Was built in 2013 Saving: 100 t per yy

Windmill in Tiksi Power: 1925 KW Was built in 2007 Saving: 693 t per yy

Windmill in Urung-Haya Power: 550 KW

Windmill in Cherskii Power: 1375 KW

Windmill in Chokurdah Power: 1375 KW

Windmill in Taimylyr Power: 550 KW

Windmill in Nizhneyansk Power: 550 KW

Windmill in Nayba Power: 275 KW

WIND ENERGY RESOURCES

Cherskii Logashkino Chokurdah Nizhneyansk

Bykovsky Urung-Haya Tiksi

Nayba

Siktyah

Zhilinda Olenek

Belaya Gora

Deputatskii

Taimylyr

Saskylakh

Olenegorsk Zyryanka

Saidy Batagai Verhoyansk Ust-Nera Oimyakon

Zhigansk

Udachnii

Bestyakh

Handiga

Viluisk YAKUTSK Ust Maya Nurba Pokrovsk Sinsk Amga Mirnyi Sanyahta Lensk Olekminsk Tommot Aldan Nerungri

Legenda Zoning of the territory of Sakha Republic by the wind power potential existing wind mills projected wind mills annual average wind velocity more than 4 m/sek annual average wind velocity from 2.6 to 4 m/sek annual average wind velocity less than 2.6 m/sek

9 venues POWER 8. 25 MW

One of the strategic tasks is to use of the Sakha Republic’s hydro potential (approximately 70 GW). As it is known from the report of the board member of RAO “UES of Russia” Vyacheslav Sinyugin the construction of hydroelectric power stations is planned in a several turns: By the year 2020 the commission of Kankuskaya HPP, 1200 MW and the start of the construction of Nizhny Timptonskaya HPP, 930 MW is supposed. This is the first cascade which we consider for these options of consumption. The second is the Verkhne-Aldanskaya HPP which can also act as a power supply source for these three lines of consumers; cascade of Olekma HPPs; in addition, the cascade of Uchursky HPPs, after 2020, which provide for development of the Nezhdaninsky gold field and also for strengthening of communication and additional capacities for export transfer. Besides, the cascade can act as the compensating power in case of making decision on construction of Tugursky tidal power plant. (pic. timeline). “Traditionally hydropower thought of as a cheap and clean source of electricity, most large hydro-electric schemes being planned today are coming up against a great deal of opposition from environmental groups and native people. Over the long term, silting of large dams has been a significant problem for larger schemes. “ 110

(Roaf, Cricthton, Nicol, 2005) Forturnately, the area of HPP construction is in the outback, inaccessible area. In the absence of the settled population and infrastructure complex does not require any actions for resettlement, reconstruction of linear structures, etc. Also this rivers has no commercial value and are not habitat for rare and unique animals. The developing of hydropower will cause the minimum ecological damage.

CHAPTER: ENERGY ISSUE

FUTURE OF YAKUTIAN ENERGY

YAKUTSK

230MW 1000MW

365MW 3330 MW 930MW 1200MW

1500MW

Khabarovsk area

Legenda DC 500 KW AC 220 KW existing wind mills projected wind mills existing solar station projected solar station existing HPP projected HPP

total capacity: WIND AND SOLAR - 50 MW

CHP - 1 250 MW

HYDRO - 9 235 MW

Yakutsk is served by CHP-1, 368 MW, heating capacity 572 Gcal/h Another plant CHP-2 is under construction (final stage) city seeks for higher amount of energy The 1st use of alternative energy Wind mill in Tixi, 250 KW The 1st use of solar energy Solar Electrical Station in Batamai, 60 KW

energy

Launching of CHP-2 in Yakutsk 193 MW, heating capacity 469 Gcal/h covering the demand in energy in a city

mobility

2007

2011

2012

2014

Amur-Yakutsk Mainline rails reached theNizhny Bestyakh station temporary exploitation only for cargo

2015

2016

2017

Opening of a passenger platform in Nizhny Bestyakh Reconstruction of federal road "Lena" A360, that was named one of the most dangerous roads in the world in 2006

Capacity, MW

Cascade of HPP on Uchura river, 3695 MW Opening out a Nezhdanisk gold mine 10 000 Export of energy Starting work of Kankuskaya HPP, 1200 MW Building process of Nizhny Timptonskaya HPP, 930 MW

8 000

Verhne Aldanskaya HPP, 1000MW Cascade of HPP on Oklema river,1730 MW Connection of Central Yakutia Energy system with Unified Energy System of Russia Access to the South Yakutia capacity New industries: gas chemistry, gold mining, development of uranium Export of energy

6 000

4 000

2 000

2019 2020

EXPORT OF ENERGY TO ASIAN COUNTRIES Bridge across Lena river Question is open Solution is not defined Yakutsk as a big node / isolated city

8.4

ENERGY IN YAKUTSK

Yakutsk is served by CHP-1, 368 MW, heating capacity 572 Gcal/h working on natural gas or diesel fuel. Natural gas is delivered to Yakutsk from a local gas field through pipeline. City seeks for a higher amount of energy, in 2012 it was launched a local power plant (on the basis of four gas-piston installations) that provided thermal energy for the growing needs of the 1/6 part of the city. Another CHP-2 is on the final stage of its construction. The expecting capacity is 193 MW, heating capacity 469 Gcal/h. After launching the second CHP it is projected to cover the demand of energy and especially thermal energy in an all city. In a nutshell from 1970 Yakutk is surved by CHP-1, now there is a demand in energy, the CHP-2 will be launched in 2016 and cover the need. From 2020 Central Yakutia Energy system will be connected with Unified Energy System of Russia and will get access to the South Yakutia capacity. After construction of Kankuskaya HPP with capacity of 1200 MW it will be possible to export energy in Asian-Pacific countries and this trend fortifies its position with a further development of Nizhny Timptonskaya, 114

Verhne Aldanskaya HPP, Cascades of HPP on Oklema and Uchura rivers(pic).

â&#x20AC;&#x192;

CHAPTER: ENERGY ISSUE

CASE STUDIES â&#x20AC;&#x192;

116

CHAPTER: CASE STUDIES

117

SECTION: Energy in Yakutsk

10.

STRATEGIES

For the summarizing all conclusions from the different documents and all studies prepared before it was made a SWOT analysis of the city (Pic.). Generally, the strength of the city is it connection to virgin nature and a beautiful enormous river , economic, administrative and cultural attractiveness. The opportunities are integrated with a big reconstruction of the city core, launching the bridge and improving energy efficiency and public transportation. Transport isolation, urban sprawling, huge industrial and warehouses areas, poor urban design and infrastructural quality, lack of identity are the main weak points. The threats are: uncontrolled migration, growing pollution level, continue of city sprawling and no bridge constructing. The energy issue is a focus of the proposing further urban strategies. Energy is a very complex notion, according to physics it has different forms and actually it directly or indirectly influences on all other phenomenon. Speaking about city it is important to understand the origin of the energy itself, way of its effective converting to another forms that is connecting to the utilities and transport issues, method to avoid losses (housing and energy efficiency). This direct influence of the energy to some spheres of urban life will be expand in this work. 118

CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

10.1

ENERGY GENERATION

The source of non-renewable energy is a natural gas. There is no reason to work with this parameter, because gas field located nearby and the pipeline delivered it to a city, coal mines are much further and less efficient and ecological. Taking into consideration the renewable energy sources only from hydro and solar power have a practical value (pic55). As it was mentioned before there is no thermal springs in the permafrost land of Yakutia, and the wind velocity is very low wind velocity that makes impossible to use geothermal and wind power. Because of the cold climate all oxidization process occur very slowly and forming humus takes long period of time, the soil is very scarce. Even though there is a logging industry near Yakutsk and wood may be efficient it could damage the arctic ecosystem. The question should be more investigated in order to obtain an optimum between the benefit of using biomass cogeneration and ecological harm. Climate conditions are also effect anaerobic digestion from manure and anaerobic digestion from crop, because there is no big agriculture or animal breeding production, the big amount of food is delivered by plane or river from more south regions of Russia.

SECTION: ENERGY GENERATION

119

YAKUTSK SWOT ANALYSIS

MAGAN

STRENGTHS

ENVIRONMENT & LANDSCAPE PROXIMITY TO WILD NATURE SURROUNDED BY FOREST HUGE DOMINANT RIVER

SOCIETY & CULTURE YOUNG AGED POPU TION LOW UNEMPLOYMENT RATE ATTRACTIVE FOR WORKING BIG SCIENTIFIC CENTRE POPU TION INVOLVED IN SPORT CULTURAL CENTRE OUTDOOR LOCAL HOLIDAYS

TRANSPORT & ENERGY HIGH COVERAGE WITH BUS ROUTES AIR CONNECTION BIG PORT ON LENA RIVER

120OPPORTUNITIES

ENVIRONMENT & LANDSCAPE GREEN REMEDIATION BROWNFIELD REDEVELOPMENT & URBAN INTENSIFICATION NEW ARCHITECTURAL NDMARKS

SOCIETY & CULTURE CITY BRANDING TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

TRANSPORT & ENERGY SURPLUS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY INCREASING ENERGY EFFICIENCY BUILDINGS C SS CONSTRUCTION OF BRIDGE INCLUDING ELECTRIC TRANSPORT IN PUBLIC TRANSPORT USING SO R AND WASTE ENERGY SEPARATE COLLECTION AND RECYCLING USING GAS IN SMALL POWER P NTS COUNTERS FOR CONTROL OF HEAT DISTRIBUTION AND LOSS REGENERATION BUFFER ZONE

ENVIROMENTAL CONNECTION

CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

121

YAKUTSK

500 m

SECTION: ENERGY GENERATION

YAKUTSK SWOT ANALYSIS

MAGAN

WEAKNESS

ENVIRONMENT & LANDSCAPE URBAN SPRAWL BROWNFIELDS AND POLLUTED AREAS LOW QUALITY OF URBAN DESIGN AND ARCHITECTURE DEFORESTATION AND UNCONTROLLED INDIVIDUAL HOUSES CONSTRUCTION GARBAGE AND DUMP SPREADING NO STORM SEWERS

SOCIETY & CULTURE WEAK PEDESTRIAN INFRASTRUCTURE UNFRIENDLY CLIMATE CONDITIONS CK OF PUBLIC PARKS CK OF IDENTITY

TRANSPORT & ENERGY 122

NO RAILWAY AND SEASONAL ROAD CONNECTION CK OF BRIDGES, POOR QUALITY OF FEDERAL AND MUNICIPAL ROADS ENERGY UNSUFFICIENT HOUSING NOT AUTOMATED CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEM

THREATS

ENVIRONMENT & LANDSCAPE GROWING PRICES ON REAL ESTATE CONTINUE OF URBAN SPRAWL FLOODING RISK ON ALUVIAL AREAS GROWING POLLUTION LEVEL

SOCIETY & CULTURE UNCONTROLLED MIGRATION MENTAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROBLEM OF USING PUBLIC TRANSPORT AND WASTE SEPARATION

TRANSPORT & ENERGY NOT FINANCING LENA BRIDGE CONSTRUCTION STRIKES AGAINS RECYCLING FACTORY CONSTRUCTION MUNICIPAL or ISO TION BOARDER

URBAN SPRAWL

CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

123

YAKUTSK

500 m

SECTION: ENERGY GENERATION

ESTIMATION OF ENERGY POTENTIAL FROM RES ENERGY TYPE

DESCRIPTION

Hydro energy is most powerful source of energy in Yakutia. After connecting Central Yakutian energy system with South, Yakutsk can enjoy the benefits of using plenty HYDRO ENERGY avaliable electrical capacity.

124

SOLAR ENERGY

WIND ENERGY

CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

Yakutsk located in the area of beneficial use of solar energy. The intensity of the radiation is more than 4200 MJ / m2, the duration of sunshine is 2300 hours, and there is a minimal amount of cloudy days. It was made an estimation of the electricity produced by a PV system (371 kWh/m2/year) and it is efficient to use it for the low-rise buildings only. Despite of using wind energy in the north of the republic, Yakutsk is characterized by a too low wind. The average annual speed is 2.6 m/sek, power 30 W/m2, and energy of wind is 300 kW/m2. It is not effective to use wind mills even the smallest one.

Kankuskaya HPP, 1200 MW

Solar photovoltaic system

Low wind in Lena river

ENERGY TYPE

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FROM MANURE

ANAEROBIC DIGESTION FROM CROP

DESCRIPTION Indicators volumes of biogas production by anaerobic digestion of manure are minimal and has no practical interest. There is a lack of livestock capita, the culture of deer herding is not suitable for collection of biomass because of migration of flock and huge dispersion over the administrative area. Self-cultivated products cover the needs of the population of the urban district to the following extent; potatoes, 25%, vegetables, 29%. Agricultural productivity is minimal, due to harsh climate conditions and has no value in producing energy. There is no technical potential.

The forests of Yakutia are characterized by low productivity of biomass. There is industrial logging that is valuable for the decentralized areas. However, regeneration of forest is very slow and can cause environmental damage. Using wood may have a practical value, but the issue BIOMASS COGENERATION needs a further study.

Deer herd

125

Greenhouse, Yakutsk

Taiga

SECTION: ENERGY GENERATION

10.2

ENERGY PERFORMANCES OF BUILDINGS Energy efficiency system in Russia.

Talking about building is important because of energy efficiency issue, but also is overlaps with a climate and urban design topics. The main climatic design concerns are to minimize heating energy in the buildings, prevent discomfort from drafts, and minimize cold discomfort outdoors. It is obvious that individual houses are not sufficient in the cold climate due to big surfaces in a relation with small volume. The main concern is to minimize the heat loss from the building. “A basic approach to energy conservation in cold regions is to insulate the buildings to a level higher than what is conventional. The availability of modern insulating materials, such as various plastic foams, and highly insulated glazing, makes the realization of superinsulated buildings in cold regions an economic proposition” (Givoni, 1998)

126

For analyzing the efficiency of buildings it is necessary to tell about the situation with this question in Russia. The world attended the problems of energy saving from the 70-ies of the last century, and the first trend of “energy-efficient buildings” emerged during the global energy crisis in 1974. In the USSR effective housing has never been a priority in comparison with the task of saving materials and accelerate the pace of construction. Standards of thermal protection of buildings existed in the Soviet Union since 1921, and since that time has undergone more than ten editions, associated with changes in the technical level of construction in the country. However, until the end of the 80s it focused on the cost of construction, basically on minimizing capital costs and virtually no maintenance costs were taken into account, because of the cheap fuel. As a result, the needs of the heating system in the former Soviet Union took about one-third of the fuel produced in the country, or about 250 million tons of coal equivalent. Now the heating of buildings can take up to 45% of the country’s thermal energy. According to the calculations of the Ministry of Economic Development, our country can save up to 7-8% of the world gas consumption up to 1% of the consumption of electricity, water and coal and to save each year to 2.5-3 trillion rubles. So, the federal law “On energy saving and increasing energy efficiency” entered into force on 29 November last year. In accordance with its terms within a period prior to 1 January 2011, all apartment houses should be compulsorily equipped with devices for heat, electricity, gas and water. After installing the “counters” apartment owners will pay only for the actual energy consumption. The law clearly CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

puts all the losses that have occurred in the process of delivering to consumers on providers. This will make the last begin to carry out their own programs and systems of energy saving and energy efficiency. In turn, this will reduce the transmission loss of energy to consumers and affect the slowdown rates. But the solution to the problems of energy saving does not end with the installation of counting devices. According to the law on the facade of each building will appear a pointer of energy efficiency class, and at the house will obtain the passport of energy efficiency. Energy passport should contain information about the equipment of metering devices used energy resources, in the use of energy resources and its change, energy efficiency indicators, as well as the potential energy savings, including an assessment of potential energy savings in real terms and a list of typical energy saving measures and increase energy efficiency at home. Energy Passport is made on the results of energy audits of apartment buildings, and sent to the owners of premises or the person responsible for the contents of the apartment building. For check buildings and structures to meet these requirements will be the bodies of state construction supervision. In the case of non-compliance with legal requirements of the building owners of the building, the owners of premises in an apartment house from the builder is entitled to demand gratuitous elimination of identified discrepancies within a reasonable time, or, at its option, refund of their expenses to clear. Unfortunately today the law doesn’t intend of making such important documents obligatory for all buildings. It is possible to do an energy passport, but privately, as an extra-cost service. The law just shows an intention, but not provides a solution. Basically if all homeowners collect money to do an energy audit they will receive the energy passport. This complexity plus involving money of dwellers makes an absence of the unified base of energy passports in Russia. Another document “Building regulations of the Russian Federation 2302-2003, Thermal protection of buildings” declares the energy saving classes for residential and public buildings and forbid the design of new buildings with an energy saving class “D, E”. What means if the construction of new building from 2003 is doing according to the project, the class of the building will be not less than “C”. “10.3 For the assessment of the reached in the project of the building or in the operated building requirement of the energy for heating and ventilation the following energy saving classes are determined (Table 15) in percentage of the deviation value of calculated (actual) value of the specific characteristic of an expense of thermal energy on SECTION: ENERGY PERFORMANCES OF BUILDINGS

127

TYPOLOGIES OF BUILDINGS

residents reinforced insulation of their building

CHARACTERISTICS Panel houses series MG-300 Number of storeys: 5 S = 6 000 m2 Was built in 1955-70 Inhabitants: 230 Energy class: E Amount of buildings: 130 Exploitation period: 50 years Normative demolition: 2005-2020 Panel houses series 1-335 Number of storeys: 5 S = 3 500 m2 Was built in 1955-70 Inhabitants: 130 Energy class: E Amount of buildings: 57 Exploitation period: 50 years Normative demolition: 2005-2020

128

Panel houses series 1-528 KP Number of storeys: 9 S = 10 000 m2 Was built in 1970-1990 Inhabitants: 430 Energy class: D, E Amount of buildings: 51 Exploitation period: 100 years Normative demolition: 2055-2080 Panel houses series 1-515/9 Sh Number of storeys: 9 S = 5 000 m2 Was built in 1980-2003 Inhabitants: 180 Energy class: D, E Amount of buildings: 13 Exploitation period: 120 years Normative demolition: 2070-2105 CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

ENERGY CONSUMPTION Normative annual consumption: (C) 1 613 050 kWh Real annual consumption: (E) > 2 419 575 kWh Difference between E and C classes: > 806 525 kWh Difference * number of houses: 104 848 250 kWh

Normative annual consumption: (C) 937 050 kWh Real annual consumption: (E) > 1 405 575 kWh Difference between E and C classes: > 468 525 kWh Difference * number of houses: 26 705 925 kWh

STRATEGY

LOCATION

Demolition

129

Normative annual consumption: (C) 2 732 050 kWh Real annual consumption: (D) 3 141 857- 4 098 075 kWh Difference between D and C classes: > 409 807-1 366 025 kWh Difference * number of houses: 20 900 157- 69 667 275 kWh

Normative annual consumption: (C) 1 333 300 kWh Real annual consumption: (D) 1 533 295- 1 999 950 kWh Difference between D and C classes: > 199 995 -1 366 025 kWh Difference * number of houses: 20 900 157- 8 666 450 kWh

Making enegy audit Improving retrofitting if it is economically justified

SECTION: ENERGY PERFORMANCES OF BUILDINGS

TYPOLOGIES OF BUILDINGS

emergency condition

CHARACTERISTICS Barracks (wooden temporary houses) Number of storeys: 2 S = 500 m2 Was built in 1955-75 Inhabitants: 30 Energy class: E Amount of buildings: 230 (core city) Exploitation period: 10-20 years Normative demolition: 1975-1995 Historical wooden houses Number of storeys: 1-2 S = 100-600 m2 Was built in 1955-70 Inhabitants: vary Energy class: D, E Amount of buildings: not defined Exploitation period: not limited

130

Individual datached houses Number of storeys: 1-2 S = 100-600 m2 Was built in 1970-1990 Inhabitants: 2-15 Energy class: D, E Amount of buildings: 1500 (core city) Exploitation period: not limited

New brick multifamily houses Number of storeys: 9-12 S = vary Was built in 2003-2015 Inhabitants: vary Energy class: B, C Amount of buildings: 249 Exploitation period: not limited CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

STRATEGY

Normative annual consumption: (C) 53 510 kWh Real annual consumption: (E) > 80 265 kWh Difference bet8ween E and C classes: > 26 755 kWh

Solar panels (10x10m) 37 102 kWh Normative annual consumption: (C) 26 755 kWh (1 floor, 10x10m, 5people) - solar panels 138% efficiency (C) 53 510 kWh (2 floors, 10x10m, 10 people) - solar panels 70% efficiency (D) 61 536 kWh (2 floors) - s.p.- 60% ef. (E) >80 265 kWh (2 floors) > s.p.- 46% ef.

LOCATION

Demolition

Preservation Making enegy audit Improving retrofitting

131

Retrofitting Making enegy audit Improving retrofitting Applying solar panels

Normative energy efficiency Not sufficient to use solar panels (8%) Automated systems of management and accounting of energy consumption, hot Making enegy audit and cold water; the use of energy-effiControl on the construction in cient lighting systems equipped with accordance with the project motion sensors and ambient light. documentation Economic stimulation in order to obtain BAT

SECTION: ENERGY PERFORMANCES OF BUILDINGS

ESTIMATION OF THERMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION - PRESENT BY TYPOLOGY OF BUILDINGS IN THE CITY CORE

132

Legenda Energy efficiency classes of buildings: A+ 93 kWh/year/m2 A 128 kWh/year/m2 B 186 kWh/year/m2 C 233 kWh/year/m2 - normative D 270 kWh/year/m2 E >350 kWh/year/m2 CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

CURRENT THERMAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION The average required of primary thermal energy for heating is about 400 kWh/m2/year for residential Very high consumption is estimated with the prevalence of not efficient individual houses (D class) and panel and barrack houses of emergency condition (E).

133

1 km

Legenda Energy efficiency classes of buildings: A+ 93 kWh/year/m2 A 128 kWh/year/m2 B 186 kWh/year/m2 C 233 kWh/year/m2 - normative D 270 kWh/year/m2 E >350 kWh/year/m2 industrial area, census data SECTION: ENERGY PERFORMANCES OFno BUILDINGS

PREDICTION OF FUTURE THERMAL ENERGY DEMAND STD retrofitting The average required of primary thermal energy for heating is about 233 kWh/m2/year for residential

Potential savings is 41% from the current consumption

134

1 km

Legenda Energy efficiency classes of buildings: A+ 93 kWh/year/m2 A 128 kWh/year/m2 B 186 kWh/year/m2 C 233 kWh/year/m2 - normative

CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

D 270 kWh/year/m2 E >350 kWh/year/m2 industrial area, no census data

PREDICTION OF FUTURE THERMAL ENERGY DEMAND ‘B’/‘A’ Advanced retrofitting The average required of primary thermal energy for heating is about 128 kWh/m2/year for residential Potential savings is 68% from the current consumption

135

1 km

heating and ventilation of the building from the normalized (basic) value. Table 15 - Energy saving classes for residential and public buildings Class designation Class name Deviation of calculated (actual) value of the specific characteristic of an expense of thermal energy on heating and ventilation of the building from the normalized, % Recommended actions developed by territorial subjects of the Russian Federation 10.4 The design of new buildings with an energy saving class “D, E” is not allowed. The classes “А, В, С” are established for re-built and reconstructed buildings at the stage of the project documentation development. Subsequently, during the operation of the building the energy saving class of the building has to be specified during power inspection. For the purpose of the increase number of buildings with the classes “A, B” the subjects of the Russian Federation have to consider economic incentives, both to participants of construction process and to the operating organizations. 10.5 “A” and “B” classes assignment to the building is possible only on condition of inclusion in the project the following obligatory energy saving actions: 136

- the arrangement of the individual heating substations which reduce energy costs of circulation in a hot water supply and are equipped with automated systems of the control and the energy resources consumption accounting (hot and cold water); - the use of energy saving systems for lighting of the common areas with motion and illumination sensors; - the use of the compensating devices for elevator’s engines jet power, pump and ventilation equipment.” (Building regulations of the Russian Federation 23-02-2003 Thermal protection of buildings) The main barriers to the growth of energy efficiency in Russia include: low energy tariffs for the population; the lack of effective monitoring of compliance with existing standards for buildings under construction; no energy class pointers on the facade of building, lack of awareness about energy efficiency among homeowners that ultimately determines their behavior. Owing to the absence of the energy efficiency passports base, the main challenge was to determine building consumption. The solution was to calculate it specifically to each building among the most popular 8 typologies of apartment houses in Yakutsk (picXX): 5-storey houses (panel houses series MG-300, panel CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

houses series 1-335), 9-storey houses (panel houses series 1-528 KP, panel houses series 1-515/9 Sh), barracks (wooden temporary houses), historical wooden houses, individual detached houses, new brick multifamily houses. Strategies was proposed according to specific conditions: some houses as “khrushchevka” that have 50 years exploitation period that is already over and extremely poor insulation is necessary to demolish, the same applies to the barracks. For the 9-storey prefabricated houses is suggested to make reconstruction if it is economically justiﬁed (based on energy audit). Most of the houses in Yakutsk are individual, and it is curtail to develop a strategy for them. First, they were divided according to the architectural heritage value. For the monuments of wooden architecture it was proposed series of ‘light’ actions not to change the origin facades. For the usual detached single family houses was recommended to improve retrofitting, mainly insulation but also to use solar photovoltaic panels. Despite the prognosis of Russian Academy of Sciences allocated Yakutsk in the area of beneﬁcial use of solar energy, it is economically justified to use solar panels only for the one or two-storey houses. Implementing solar panels on the all roof surface of multistory houses with 9 floors will cover about 7% of energy consumption, for the 2 storey house the number will be 70%, and for the 1 storey house the number will be 138% that allows to obtain extra profit. Using the data about 8 building typologies it was possible to make an estimation of present thermal energy consumption in the city core(pic$) and in whole city(pic$). The average required of primary thermal energy for heating is about 400 kWh/m2/year for residential buildings. Very high consumption is estimated with the prevalence of not efficient individual houses (D, E class) and panel and barrack houses of emergency condition (E). With the improving retrofitting to “C” and “B” classes (according “business as usual” strategy)the average required of primary thermal energy for heating will be 233 kWh/m2/year with a potential savings is 41% from the current consumption (pic.5). Implementing of an advanced retrofitting it will reduce primary energy to 128 kWh/m2/year and achieve 68% of savings(pic.5)!

SECTION: ENERGY PERFORMANCES OF BUILDINGS

137

10.3

MOBILITY

Implementing retrofitting technologies in a buildings scale give an opportunity to use from 41 to 68% saved energy (1 039-1 723 MWh/m2/year )for any necessary purpose. Talking about the quality of life in a cold climate is impossible not to think about mobility. Givoni B. in the book â&#x20AC;&#x153;Climate considerations in building and urban designâ&#x20AC;? suggested following principles of urban design in cold climates: a. High density in the residential, retail, and commercial sectors of the city, in order to reduce the transportation needs and the space -heating requirements. High urban density implies more intensive use of land. b. Accommodating diverse uses in the same building/complex: residences, offices, and shops, in order to enable people to work and shop in the same building complex where they reside. c. Mixed land use on the urban scale: mixing residential, offices, retal, industrial and recreation land uses within the same neighborhood. The objective is to reduce the need for commuting. 138

d. Promoting public transport through urban planning, as this is the most energyefficient form of movement. To be cost - effective it must serve a high-density area. e. Complementary location of various urban functions. Complementary functions should be grouped according to relative compatibility: residential and work areas linked by a variety of movement modes, recreational accessible from both employment and dwelling zones. (Givoni, 1998) Improving energy efficiency in public transport system and proposing a slow mobility will also rise the quality of life level. For the public transport it was proposed short term strategy, that will work until central energy system join the national grid, basically in 2016-2020. During this time buses operating on diesel will convert to buses operating on natural gas. Natural gas - the most environmentally friendly among all motor fuel types that are currently used. Vehicles running on natural gas emits on average five times less pollutants than vehicles running on gasoline (for example, CO2 emissions are reduced by 25% and carbon monoxide emissions - 80%). New gas-engine bus will reduce the operating costs of fuel in 2.5 times. Long-term strategy covers the time range after 2020 and implicated CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

creation of electric transport network in a city (trolley buses) plus to the gas operating buses. Taking the energy from the grid is possible because of launching the HPP Kankunskaya, cheap cost of electrical energy and the savings from thermal heat buildings consumption. The positive features of trolleybuses are quite significant, and they stem almost entirely from the direct use of electrical power. It has even been suggested by dedicated advocates of this mode that trolleybus drivers are more friendly, or at least laid back, than other transit workers because they operate environmentally friendly vehicles. • No exhaust is emitted by the electrical motor, and thus no air pollution is generated. A central power plant is needed, of course, but that is usually placed at a remote location and can be properly equipped and managed as a controlled large-scale operation. After passage of the Clean Air Act of 1990, commitment to clean vehicles became mandatory, and studies in several communities were undertaken to explore the feasibility and pollution control capabilities of trolleybuses. While cleaner air can certainly be attained, the amount of benefits gained by such action has not been a compelling argument in the larger environmental debate in any metropolitan area. • Quiet running characterises trolleybus operations because of the nature of pneumatic tyres and electric motors, which are not noisy even when surge power demands are placed upon them. • Acceleration is quick because of the traction of rubber tyres, and there are sufficient power reserves to climb steep grades, beyond the capabilities normally shown by regular buses. Advanced models incorporate regenerative braking, which feeds power back into the system instead of wasting it through brake friction or heat generation. • Claims are being made that standard trolleybuses are durable and easy to maintain because of the simplicity of the components. That is not necessarily the case with advanced models, but the propulsion and control systems are less complex than those of comparable regular buses. • Petroleum-derived fuels are not used, and thus the scarce energy resources are conserved. Depending on the energy supply market at any given time and any given place, this may represent a significant savings in fuel costs. Switzerland, for example, has maintained a strong national policy of minimizing dependency on fuel imports. Nepal and Canada are also rich in hydroelectric resources and try to hold on to their trolleybuses. (Grava, 2003) Because of severe climate it is not possible to use such tools as trams and electric cars. Using electric cars is problem with an accumulator on the frost. Engineers are working on this problem and trying to develop new technologies, SECTION: Mobility

139

TRANSPORT STRATEGY SHORT TERM STRATEGY: 2016-2020 - 25% less CO2 - 80% less carbon monoxide - 2.5 times reduce cost of fuel PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATING ON DIESEL

PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATING ON GAS

Natural gas - the most environmentally friendly among all motor fuel types that are currently used.Vehicles running on natural gas emits on average five times less pollutants than vehicles running on gasoline (for example, CO2 emissions are reduced by 25% and carbon monoxide emissions - 80%). New gas-engine bus will reduce the operating costs of fuel in 2.5 times.

LONG TERM STRATEGY: AFTER 2020

PUBLIC TRANSPORT OPERATING ON GAS

- no emissions !!! - no noise - economy of the scarce fuel ELECTRICAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT (TROLLEYBUS)

The positive features of trolleybuses are quite significant, and they stem almost entirely from the direct use of electrical power. No exhaust is emitted by the electrical motor, and thus no air pollution is generated. Quiet running characterises trolleybus 140operations because of the nature of pneumatic tyres and electric motors, which are not noisy.

CLIMATE AND TRANSPORT TOOLS

ELECTRIC CARS Using electric cars is problem with an accumulator on the frost. Engeeners are working on this problem and new electric Volvo succesfully operates in -20°C, but the contexts temperature is -40 and solution for now is not technically possible.

Volvo C30 Electric

CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

TRAM Tram is a favorite kind of transport among urban designers, but problems with a permafrost soil mobility and snowfalls make construction of rails a high cost and not sufficient operation.

Snow removing service, Yakutsk

BICYCLE PATH Despite the cold climate and only 4.5 month with the temperature above 0°C, icecycling becoming more popular in all nordic cities including Yakutsk. Slow mobility reduces traffic, positively affects on lifestyle and has no CO2 emissions.

Ice cycling competition, Yakutsk

SECTIONS OF THE STREETS STREET IN THE CITY CORE Poyarkova street

141

ground floor parking bike path

bike path

passage

STREET IN THE PERIPHERY Stroda street

PV panels

flowerbed bike path

PV panels

flowerbed bike path

SECTION: Mobility

but solution for now is not defined. Tram is a favorite kind of transport among urban designers, but problems with a permafrost soil mobility and snowfalls make construction of rails a high cost and not sufficient operation. Dealing with a severe climate planners may face a dilemma: whether to escape uncomfortable weather conditions indoors or to develop an infrastructure enabling citizens to enjoy potential winter outdoor activities. This would involve development of “winter culture” - ice and snow activities, municipal service of snow removal as a key for the city mobility as well as accessibility of the city by all types of users, included elderly, children and handicapped. Despite the cold climate and only 4.5 month with the temperature above 0°C, ice cycling becoming more popular in all Nordic cities including Yakutsk. Slow mobility reduces traffic, positively affects on lifestyle and has no CO2 emissions. Of course it is not possible to ride a bike when the temperature is about -40°C, but yakutians easily can do it until -15°C-20°C, that will increase the time range to 8.5 month.

142

Each year there is more and more ice cycling competitions in Yakutsk, where even children are taking part. Cross-country ice cycling race passed on the 1st of November 2014, marked the opening of the winter season. The route length of 3.5 kilometers included a 500-meter segment of the deep, impassable snow. Men’s competition program supposed to overcome the three circles, and the women - one. “Winter competitions are held in Yakutsk for increasing the number of winter cyclists and promote healthy lifestyle. Participants can prove that you can ride a bike at any time of the year. Cycling is one of the most affordable sport and sufficient common means of transport. These competitions are held annually, “- said the main referee Uisen Krivoshapkin (Vasukov,2014). Improving the urban microclimate in cold cities can have significant economic value as well. In cold cities it is essential to enable the inhabitants to make easy and economical daily journeys to work, shops, schools, and so on. The attainment of these objectives requires access and affects the design of housing, employment, urban services (e.g., snow removal) and recreation. It is possible to use the following ‘catalogue’ of urban design objectives in cold cities: • a. Pedestrian protection through the design of colonnades, covered arcades and galleries, through-block passages, connected atriums, and underground walk-ways. • b. Optimized accessibility by reducing outdoor walking distances to transit facilities, parking lots, major retail centers, schools, and recreational centers. CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

• c. Integrated development through guidelines and policies promoting improved microclimate through appropriate urban forms and solar access, higher density mixed-land uses, transportation corridors, and so forth. • d. Conceptions of public spaces in relation to seasonal use: Design and management of civic spaces and neighborhood parks to maximize year-round use. This can be achieved by multifunctional use of the major elements in the area.” (Pressman, 1988) For the pedestrian protection strategy it is offered to use cover passages through the 1st floor of the buildings combining it with trade activity, mixing residential function with services. To summaries for improving mobility it is proposed: 1. Short term strategy for public transport: buses operating on diesel convert to buses operating on natural gas. Long term: including electrical transport (trolley bus) in the public transport network. 2. Promote slow mobility in the city. Develop bicycle path. 3. Improve pedestrian attractiveness and climate protections. Using cover passages. The street sections (Fig. 44) and the perspective view(Fig.55) illustrate the outcome of implementation proposed polices.

SECTION: Mobility

143

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144

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25% les no em s CO2 issi ons

CHAPTER: STRATEGIES

145

SECTION: Mobility

ua lity rofit preserve identity no noise, cheap ickly healthy & qu old c t from protec

extr ap

pro ve life q

11.

CONCLUSION

This study has discovered the unusual case of a very popular topic of sustainability. We were proposing the energy efficiency strategies in a most inappropriate place - Yakutsk, the city in a extremely cold climate conditions, required a huge amount of power, surrounded by local fossil fuel and cheap primary cost of energy, that doesn’t motivate carefully apply it. The world attended the problems of energy saving from the 70-ies of the last century, and the first trend of “energy-efficient buildings” emerged during the global energy crisis in 1974. In USSR this idea has never been a priority in comparison with the task of fast urbanization and rapid introduction of new land to agriculture and the accelerated pace of the industrialization and extraction of natural resources. Nowadays, because of “fossil fuel crisis” prediction Russian government decides to rethink the extensive way of dealing with energy and developed series of documents from state to regional level prescribing energy strategies. The main point of them is to support the idea of Unified Energy System , to “unlock” power and transfer energy from one region to another, and the additional goal of exporting energy to the Asian-Pacific countries. 146

To be able develop strategies it was made the research about city of Yakutsk itself, transport connection and energy situation. The study shows total isolation of the city: it is not accessible by train or car, only air connection works well, an energy system of central Yakutia, (where does Yakutsk located) doesn’t link with a national grid. This situation happened because city has no industrial value, consequently no need of shipping profitable production, it is an administrative, cultural capital of the enormous region. At the present time, city is working on a gas turbine CHP, and there is a demand in power, but from the next year the second CHP will be launched and cover the need, from 2020 the city is going to connect to the Unified Energy System, and from 2022 with a construction of first HPP it will be a surplus of energy and possibility to export it. The energy sustainable strategies were developed under three main concerns: energy production, building consumption and method of reducing losses and improving the public transport network, due to the fact that isolated city surrounded by a virgin nature has a small request in individual cars. Turn to the renewable energy sources doesn’t alter so much: climate restrictions make impossible use of some standard renewable energy technologies, and the access to indigenous fossil fuels reduces the profitability of the others. By investigating these questions and studying CHAPTER: Conclusion

the governmental strategic policies, the solution was found in hydro power, the only which significantly change the picture, and also using solar energy will have an impact on a local scale. To decrease the losses it was raised an issue of energy efficiency classes of buildings in the city. The absence of efficiency certifications (â&#x20AC;&#x153;passportsâ&#x20AC;?) of the buildings, make this question very challenging and redirects the research towards the history topics of Soviet mass housing and parameters of construction, that prevailed in Yakutsk as in any other Siberian city. The author as a citizen of Russia criticizes the imperfect Federal law 261-FZ that has only a fiction of working with a buildings efficiency parameter and creates an obstacle for homeowners in order to obtain the energy passport of dwelling, moreover it works as an extra paid service and requires personal money of residents. By analyzing buildings typology, there are developed individual strategies for the each series of existing apartment houses. It is a range of various actions from demolition and new construction to economical stimulation in order to achieve higher energy performances. The accurate assessment of the previously proposed strategies, provided the possibility in saving from 41 to 68% of the energy, that consecutively is planned to be used in improving the sustainable public transport system: involving electrical vehicles - trolley buses and using cheap energy of a national grid. Transport tools are restricted with a climate conditions as well, it is not technically possible to hold the battery charge on the frost and it is not efficient to construct rails on a moving permafrost soil. That basically means no trams and electric cars. Making city attractive for pedestrians was the additional goal, ensued from the fact that people should somehow reach public transport stops. Pedestrian protection inside the covered arcades and passages combining with trade activity on the 1st floor of residential buildings will as well gain a mix-use and reduces the need of commuting. Promoting slow mobility due to the growing trend of cycling and ice cycling in Yakutsk will have a positive environmental impact and affects on the lifestyle of citizens. Engaging these three parameters, as energy production, energy performances classes of buildings and mobility is not only a sustainable way how to consume less on a city scale, but it improves the quality of life, switches to more reliable attention to environment, raises the urban design level. The ecological situation will improve due to reduction of pollution, CO2 emissions, heat losses and noise. Enhancing the urban design occurs as a result of introducing new innovative tools, promoting slow mobility and pedestrian attractiveness, and finally preserving and reinforcing identity, will also radically affect on the society and culture in general. SECTION: Mobility

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The issue of sustainable city development is wide. The time and sources limitations restricted the research of this thesis. For the future work on this topic it is possible to investigate waste management system in Russia and in Yakutsk particularly. Unfortunately the daily life of Russian people doesn’t include separation of waste and recycling, that contains a huge potential. Meanwhile it will upgrade the landfills maintaining and ecological condition. According the energy performances of buildings certificates, the Federal program, that is just started, must be developed and provide the information about each building to it dwellers for free. It will involve the community to participate in energy sustainability question. The detailed guidelines of retrofitting particular building series should be elaborated together with local architects and engineers. Concerning the public transport, the detailed project should be developed in a cooperation with planners, infrastructural engineers, municipal transport companies and “Yakutskenergo” corporation, the basic supplier of electric energy in the Republic of Sakha.

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Another problem, not raised in a present work, but important for implementing the strategies is a lack of environmental awareness and culture. Not all people in Russia are prepared to the fact that using public transport will not drop their authority and status, the same with waste separation and mistrust about investing money in retrofitting. Thus, it is suggested to introduce environmental aspects in schools, to use media to promote incentives on enhancements of ecological situation in the region and to involve NGOs. Urban planners have a curtail role in the process of rethinking northern cities and proposing sustainability improving guidelines to be followed by private investors and state authorities in editing the strategic plan of Yakutsk, in new development projects and in requalification of existing ones. The impact of the work is to prove that it is possible to switch from the extensive use of energy to the sustainable approach even in severe climate conditions of northern Russian city and attract attention to this question on the state level in urban planning department of Russia .

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12.

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Roaf, S., Cricthton, D., Nicol, F., Adapting buildings and cities for Climate Change: A 21st century survival guide, 2005, Elsevier, Oxford Rukina N. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lights in the Eastâ&#x20AC;? Corporate magazine RAO Energy System of East, No. 3, 2014, PressPass, Russia Paradis, R., Retrofitting Existing Buildings to Improve Sustainability and Energy Performance, 2012, National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington

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OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation 17.12.2009 Ecological Doctrine of the Russian Federation 31.08.2002

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WEBLIOGRAPHY Meteorological data https://weatherspark.com/ Meteorological data http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/ Sun position estimation http://www.planetcalc.ru/ Service of statistics http://gradoteka.ru/ Federal service of government statistics in Russia http://www.gks.ru/ Government of Sakha republic http://www.sakha.gov.ru/ Official mass media of Yakutia http://ysia.ru/ Official governmental mass media of Russia http://gossmi.ru/page/ http://www.vsp.ru/economic/ http://www.1sn.ru/ http:/www.peakoil.net/ http:/www.energycrisis.com/ Official website of Gasprom http://www.gazprom.ru/

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http://www.velonews.ru/ https://www.nn-baza.ru/ http://portal-energo.ru/ Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation http://www.vsegei.ru/ http://www.ecoindustry.ru/ ru/

International Olonkholand Master plan competition http://olonkholand.

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