The Infrastructure Analysis of Bali CW1 : Group3 Infrastructure
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
CONTENTS 01
02
03
Introduction
Transport System
Conclusion
01
INTRODUCTION
Introduction -- Transport Sector Carbon Contribution
Figure2: Fingerprint in 2020 (Source: Statistics of Bali Province, 2022
Introduction -- Land Transport Sector Carbon Contribution
Figure2: Fingerprint in 2020 (Source: Statistics of Bali Province, 2022
Introduction -- Goal
Introduction -- Carbon emission by sector in Indonesia 1990-2019
Top 1
Electricity
Power generation is still predominantly coal-fired and is a major contributor to CO2 emissions
Top 2
Transport
The transport sector relies heavily on petrol and diesel combustion for power, with less than 5% of new energy being used
Top 3
Industry
Coal, crude oil and natural gas are still the main sources of power in the manufacture of energy-intensive products for industry.
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure8: Carbon emission by sector (Source: IEA, 2022)
Introduction -- Land Transport - Vehicle
Number of Vehicles by Type in Bali (Unit)
Figure: Number of Vehicles by Type in Bali (Source: Statistics of Bali Province, 2022)
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Introduction -- Land use
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure1: (Source: Global land , 2022)
Introduction -- Zoning
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure2: (Source: Eva, Takahiro and Kaoru, 2018)
Introduction -- Population
Popluation density
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure3: Population (Source: Global Forest Watch, 2015)
Building & Public & Leisure Infrastructure
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Building & Public & Leisure infrastructure (Source: Open street map, 2022)
02
TRANSPORT
1
Freight transport
2
3
Private transport
4
Public transport
Pedestrian transport
Transport -- Primary Road Network
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Primary road (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Transport -- Secondary Road Network
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Secondary road (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Transport -- Tertiary Network
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Tertiary road (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Transport -- Primary Road Network and Population Density
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Primary road and population density (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Transport -- Secondary Road Network and Population Density
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Secondary road and population density (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Transport -- Tertiary Road Network and Population Density
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Tertiary road and population density (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Road Network - Transport Point
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Transport Point (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Freight transport
Freight transport - Air transport Air transport life cycle
Total Co2 emissions by air transport: 8803.53 KtCo2
Passenger arrivals at Denpasar Airport 2012 - 2021 (persons) (Source: Statistics of Bali Province, 2020) Floor area: 130 Km²
COVID-19
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Area map of Denpasar Airport, Bali (Open street map, 2022).
Transport - Water transport - External resource dependency
Total: Input > Output External resource dependency Total imports and exports of cargo from Bali ports 2012-2020 (Source: Statistics of Bali Province, 2020)
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Bali Ocean Freight Map 2020 (Open street map, 2022)
Transport - Water & Land transport - Uneven transport pressure
Co2 emissions: Total ports: 112.35 ktCo2 Ground transportation: 112.35 ktCo2 Carbon emissions from Bali's major ports in 2020 (Source: Statistics of Bali Province, 2022)
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Network density map of Bali's port and ground transport links 2020 (Open street map, 2022)
Private transport
Private transport -- Road density & Road length 1,052,140M 1,262,940M 1,178,030M
1,446,500M
1,178,030M
1,075,320M National Roads
Provincial Roads
Regency/Municipality Roads
Denpasar Buleleng Karangasem
665,090M
Bangli Klungkung Gianyar
2,075,450M
Badung Tabanan
1,178,030M
Jembrana 0
500000
1000000
1500000
Length of road completed (M)
2000000
2500000
500,870M
Length of road completed
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: road density and per Average road area (Source: Open street map, 2022 and Statistics of Bali Province )
Private transport
(unit/m²)
Figure： Average road area
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Source：Statistics of Bali Province (Made by self)
Private transport - Vehicles Number & Road area per Vehicle 10.6
23.7
22.7 15.5
Vehicle Number Trend (2012-2021) 2012 2021
2013
2020
2014
Number of motor vehicles
8.3
5.4
108383 123979 187976
2019
2015
197148 381547 410553
2018
2016 2017
421426
10.6
5.7 1.4
780630 1200315
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Analysis of road network density in Bali (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Private transport– Population & Road area per people 6.2
11.5
9.7 10.6
Number of motor vehicles per capita
7.9
4.9 9.5 2.7 Source：Statistics of Bali Province (Made by self) Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Analysis of road network density in Bali (Source: Open street map, 2022)
7.3
Private transport – Challanges
CONGESTIONS
Demand > Supply
CONGESTIONS Annual Bali private car CO2 emissions (2012-2021)
Congestion
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
20 21
20 20
20 19
20 18
20 17
20 16
20 15
20 14
Number increasing
CO2 Emission
20 13
Number increasing
M² Per unit decreasing
20 12
M² Per decreasing
Source：Statistics of Bali Province (Made by self)
The CO2 emissions of vehicles is continuing to rise.
Public transport
Public Transport - Modes
Bus share of all vehicles
0.21 %
2017
Figure: Proportion of land transport (Source:Statistics of Bali Province, 2022)
0.21 % 0.21 %
2019
2018
0.20 %
0.21 %
2021
2020
Downtrend
Figure: Bus share of all vehicles (Source: Statistics of Bali Province, 2022)
Lack of public transport mode & Small proportion of buses
Bus Carbon Emission in 2020 Bus
Mini Bus
Number: 9205
Number: 369104
Carbon emission: 37.28 Ktcoa2
Carbon emission: 996.58 Ktcoa2
Analysis of Bus Buffer Zone within 800m (10-15 minutes’ walk)
Uneven transport distribution & Uneven regional transport development
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Bus station 800m buffer zone (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Analysis of Bus Service Area in southern Bali: Denpasar
within 500, 1000 meters (5-10-15 minutes’ walk)
Uneven transport distribution Lack of connectivity & Inconvenient to commute Lack of bus route (two route)
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Analysis of bus service area (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Accessibility of Bus in Denpasar Two Main Bus Route
Service area analysis within 200m, 500m and 1000m
Lack of bus stops More waiting time More travel time Longer average of bus speed
Unreasonable bus stop distribution
Lack of accessibility
Route1
High population/Few bus stops
Lack of bus stops
Route2
Low population/Many bus stops
Figure: Two main route (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Figure: Analysis of bus service area (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Tourist Bus Route vs Local Bus Route
Local bus toute: widely distributed but lack of connectivity
Tourist bus route:
Bus Tour Map
developed but only one tour route
Figure: Tour bus route and Local bus route(Source: Trip indicator, 2022)
Analysis of tourist buses and local bus routes in southern Bali
Lack of connectivity between two routes Southern area: duplicate coverage Northern area: lack of coverage
Lack of accessibility (based on bus service area)
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Figure: Analysis of tourist bus and local bus routes in Southern Bali (Source: Open street map, 2022)
Pedestrian transport
PARK
Figure: Walking accessibility of the public leisure facilitiy (Source: Open street map, 2022, made by author) Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Education
Figure: Walking accessibility of education facilities (Source: Open street map, 2022, made by author) Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Hotel
Figure: Walking accessibility of the hotel (Source: Open street map, 2022, made by author) Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Bus Station
Figure: 800m buffer zone at the bus stop (Source: Open street map, 2022, made by author) Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Overlay
Figure: Overlay of 500m buffer area (Source: Open street map, 2022, made by author) Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Select two locations in the city centre and suburb to analyse walkability
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Suburb
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Center
Issues with pedestrian facilities
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Issues with pedestrian facilities
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Issues with pedestrian facilities
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Ideal pedestrian infrastructure planning
Figure: Ideal pedestrian infrastructure planning (Source: ITDP, 2020) Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Ideal road cross-section
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
Ideal one-way cross-section
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
03
CONCLUSION
Conclusion Problems 1. Dependence on external sources. 2. Over-busy port, high pressure on ground transport in the south.
Freight transport
1. Lack of public transport mode 2. Uneven regional transport development
1. CO2 emmission
problems
2. Congestion
3. Lack of connectivity and accessibility
Public transport
4. Lack of bus route and stops 5. Unreasonable bus stop distribution
1. Lack of public transport mode 2. Uneven regional transport development 1. Poor walkability
1. Uneven road density, concentrated in the two southern districts. 2. The small and narrow roads.
Private transport
1. Poor safety 2. Poor road design
Pedestrian transport
Jixuan Wang 1823772/ Yijia Zhang 1825660/ Luyao Yang 1717888/Quan Yang 1823633 / Group3 / Team Infrastructure
3. Lack of inclusiveness
Problems
Problems
1. Traffic congestion 2. Uneven transport network 3. Poor public transport 4. Inadequate road infrastructure 5. Large carbon emissions from traffic
2. Lack of comfort environment
Challenges
Solutions
Timeline
Predicted scenario. Business as Usual (BaU) Sustainable Development (PB) Low Carbon (RK)
Bali Roadmap
Fulfill responsibility to reduce emissions
Government Regulation No. 79
New and renewable energy mix target
2015 2007
25%
23%
2019
2014
2025
Fueled vehicle to electric vehicle substitution program
Strategic Planning of Transportation
Biodiesel and bioethanol mandatory program
BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) Mass rapid Transit (MRT) Light Rail Transit (LRT)
The shift from private car to mass transportation
Biofuel Roadmap
“2015 Indonesia Vision”
assumptions in final energy demand projection in transportation
Indonesia energy outlook
2030
2035
2040
2045
Reference: Open street map (2022) https://www.openstreetmap.org/export#map=12/31.3050/120.6670&layers=T Statistics of Bali Province (2022) https://bali.bps.go.id/ Trip indicator (2022) https://www.tripindicator.com/bali-hop-on-hop-off-bus-map.html IEA (2022) https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-products?filter=emissions Global land (2022) http://www.globallandcover.com/home.html?type=data Global Forest Watch (2015) https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/?mapMenu=eyJtZW51U2VjdGlvbiI6ImRhdGFzZXRzIiwiZGF0YXNldENhdGVnb3J5IjoiY2xpbWF0ZSJ9 Eva, Takahiro and Kaoru (2018) Institute of Transportation and Development Policy (2020) National Vision of Non-Motorized Transport Infrastructure. Avaiable from:https://itdpindonesia.org/publication/visinmtnasional/ (Accessed: 26 April 2022).