PLAN B: WATER STRATEGY by MARS_architects

Water Treatment and Desalination Chang.Guan 1716378

UPD306_Water Team_Chang.Guan_1716378

Framework of Total Water Management

UPD306_Water Team_Chang.Guan_1716378

 Flood-affected areas and the location of current dams

Water level depth

UPD306_Water Team_Chang.Guan_1716378 Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.floodmap.net/?gi=7558785

UPD306_Water Team_Chang.Guan_1716378

Section of Denpasar

UPD306_Water Team_Chang.Guan_1716378

Section of House

UPD306_Water Team_Chang.Guan_1716378

Calculation • Population of Indonesia: 279,134,50550 million. The rate of people suffer from water scarcity is 0.179125. • Population of Bali: 4,362,000 (2019). Hence, the population who suffer from water scarcity in the region will be approximately 781,344. • Hence, the water deficit according to UN water standards is 39.0672 million liters per day to 79.1344 million liters per day. • One wastewater treatment plant (for example, the Paterno water treatment plant) produces 97,200,000 liters of drinking water per day. • Therefore, it would be better to build 4-8 sewage treatment plants. And the CO2 emissions of one plant will be 3693.6 kg per day. The maximum emission of 8 plants will be 1348.164 tons/year. • https://jrenewables.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40807-016-0036-2 • If eight sewage treatment plants were to be built, the CO2 emissions would be 10785.312 tons per year • Each plant would remove 18200 tons of CO2 per year, and one would offset the CO2 produced by eight sewage treatment plants. And 7414.688 tons of CO2 will be managed per year. • https://www.chemistryworld.com/news/switching-desalination-plants-from-carbon-dioxide-source-tosink/8170.article UPD306_Water Team_Chang.Guan_1716378

Jingqi Tong

Rainfall Map

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.ventusky.com/?p=8.402;114.809;9&l=precipitation-anomaly&t=20220107/0000

FloodsMap

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.floodmap.net/?gi=7558785

Strategy

Goal

strategy

Bali Solve the problem of Solve urban waterlogging and achieve a sustainable stormwater management cycle by 2045 to reduce carbon emissions.

Denpasar

Community

GI (Green Infrastructure) LID (Low impact development) Water plaza

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Objective

Implementation approach

Technical measures

Using the self restoration of ecological landscape to realize the sustainable water management in the whole area

Water system

Various types of wetlands forest Green network

Ecological wetland collection, infiltration and purification.

Improvement of urban water environment system and reduction of carbon emission

Terminal storage

Concentrated green space Urban square

Large constructed wetland, large rainwater storage tank.

Rain and sewage diversion

Stormwater management system

New rainwater pipeline

Sustainable rainwater collection and utilization Improve the drainage system and solve the problem of urban waterlogging

restoration

Source emission reduction

Buildings and communities road Green space and square Other construction land

Green roof Rain garden Concave green space permeable pavement Reservoir Roof drainage system

made by author

Strategy 1

GI (Green Infrastructure)

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Figure source: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_riskmap-nature-based-solutions-guide_2021.pdf

Existing green infrastructure

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: http://www.globallandcover.com/defaults.html?type=data&src= /Scripts/map/defaults/browse.html&head=browse&type=data

Agricultural area that can be used as GI

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: agri team cw1

Increase and build parks

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: Google Earth

Increased urban green infrastructure

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/visualisation.php

GI river rehabilitation and increase the wetland

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Wetland types and network in Denpasar

Add small wetlands to form a network

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: Google Earth

Establishment of different protected areas

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Create GI network

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

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Green stormwater infrastructure

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/gi_munichandbook_green_streets_0.pdf

Strategy 2

LID (Low impact development)

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Figure source: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_riskmap-nature-based-solutions-guide_2021.pdf

Map

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.floodmap.net/?gi=7558785

Concpet Water: protect the self purification system and water ecosystem of water system

Terrain: make rational use of terrain and control and guide according to local conditions

Soil: affect the action of soil surface and increase soil permeability

Vegetation: select local species and control the spatial pattern of vegetation

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: http://uacdc.uark.edu/models/low-impact-development/ (author redrawing)

LID facilities

The flow control

To regulate

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Retention

Filter

Infiltration

biological treatment

Source: http://uacdc.uark.edu/models/low-impact-development/ (author redrawing)

Selection of LID single facilities

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://book.douban.com/subject/26884009/

Study area

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: Google earth https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323339516_Flood_Risk_Analysis_in _Denpasar_City_Bali_Indonesia

Masterplan

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Section

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

LID Community rainwater system flow chart

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://book.douban.com/subject/26884009/

Details • Artificial wetlands and permeable roads

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

• Street drainage

Source: http://uacdc.uark.edu/work/low-impact-development-a-design-manual-for-urban-areas

Perspective of Artificial Wetland

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Urban road LID rainwater system flow chart

• Tow types of road

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://book.douban.com/subject/26884009/

Perspective of Permeable pavement parking lot

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Permeable pavement Types • Permeable concrete pavement Surface sealant Permeable surface Permeable plain layer Base gravel layer Plain soil layer need

Applied to green space, square, park and stadium , etc.

• Permeable brick pavement

Penetration of several different pavements Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Applied to sidewalks, parking lots, residential areas, etc.

Source: https://www.auburnhills.org/departments/community_development/low_impact_development/index.php

Perspective of Permeable pavement parking lot

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Rain garden

• Collect rainwater and control storm water • Retention and infiltration of rainwater • Purify rainwater.

At least 3m

10-20cm Plants: succulent plants, herbs Soil improvement

Filter fabric Gravel cushion layer

Coping with heavy rainfall

Underground porous drainage pipe

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.yakimacounty.us/1737/Low-Impact-Development https://book.douban.com/subject/26984424/

Analysis of plant configuration in rainwater garden

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Perspective of Rain Garden

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Green roof

Green roof structure

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Roof rainwater collection and treatment process

Sources: https://www.urbanscape-architecture.com/news/knauf-insulation-and-sempergreenlaunch-detention-roof-a-new-and-innovative-green-roof-concept/

Green roof plant configuration analysis

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Perspective of Green Roof

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Rainwater collection

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Sources: https://www.watercache.com/rainwater/residential http://uacdc.uark.edu/work/low-impact-development-adesign-manual-for-urban-areas

Perspective of rainwater collection

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Strategy 3

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Water plaza and reservoir Location

② rain water cistern

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

① rain water cistern

③ rain water cistern

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The dry season of water plaza

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

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The rainy season of water plaza

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

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Perspective 1

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

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Perspective 2

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

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Site selection of water plaza

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

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The overall strategy

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

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Greenhouse gas emissions calculations

Mitigating GHG emissions via GI: the theory

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115686

Reduce GHG emissions (GI)

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Indirect carbon emissions ( produce )

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

Sources: https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10113978

Carbon emissions ( reduce )

Jingqi Tong/ 1824562/ Group 1/ team Water

made by author

Kaiwei Liu

 Flood-affected areas and the location of current dams

Water level depth

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.floodmap.net/?gi=7558785

 Main influencing factors of flooding in Bali

Rainfall

→

High water level due to heavy precipitation

Ground type

→

Poor infiltration capacity of urban land and cultivated land

Garbage accumulation

→

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Garbage clogs the drainage opening, making the drainage not smooth

Source: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012012

 Total rainfall in January

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.ventusky.com/?p=8.402;114.809;9&l=precipitation-anomaly&t=20220107/0000

 Total rainfall in April

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://www.ventusky.com/?p=8.402;114.809;9&l=precipitation-anomaly&t=20220107/0000

 Population density

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: data from Provinsi Bali Dalam Angka 2021

 Land use of Bali

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source:http://www.globallandcover.com/defaults.html?type=data&src=/Scripts/ map/defaults/browse.html&head=browse&type=data

 Flood prevention measures

Man-made dam and Reservoir

Flood resistance Water storage Control water level

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Ecological flood control

Flood resistance Interception of rainwater Ecological restoration Absorbs and evaporates water

 The influence of ecological flood control

→

→ Ecological flood control

CO2 emission

Evaporation

→

→ The threat of flooding Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Precipitation

 The location of current reservoirs

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: Google Earth

 The mangrove distribution in Bali

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source from ecology team

 The role of Mangroves for flood control

Mangroves have welldeveloped root systems and are firmly rooted in the mudflats Slowing down water flow and eliminating waves

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog-212210-1222987.html

 Distribution of ecological flood control areas

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

 Calculation

Each hectare of Mangrove can generally consume 1000 kg of Carbon Dioxide and release 730 kg of Oxygen in one day during the growing season The content of Hydrogen Sulfide(H2S) in the mud under the mangrove is very high, and a large number of anaerobic bacteria in the mudflats can use H2S as a reducing agent under light conditions to reduce CO2 to organic matter

Current mangrove area in Bali: 2143.97 hectares Carbon dioxide absorption: 25.6t/hectare Carbon fixation: 0.7t/hectare Projected increase in mangrove and other vegetation area in 2045: about 1500 hectares The increase of Carbon dioxide absorption: about 39750t The increase of Carbon fixation: about 1050t

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: http://scitech.people.com.cn/n/2012/1220/c1057-19961558.html https://wenku.baidu.com/view/6c025513561252d381eb6e60.html

 Diagram of Ecological flood control

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

 Diagram of Ecological flood control

Before

Cement or other artificial materials High impact by water flow

After

Ecological planting and restoration of river banks Low impact by water flow

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

 Infiltration capacity

High

Wetland/Grassland Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Low

Farmland

Artificial Surface

 Flood-affected areas in Denpasar

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/123/1/012012 Google Earth

 Artificial Surface Improvement 2022

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

2045

Source: Google Earth

 Urban rainwater storage and reuse

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: Yu K. et.al (2013) Landscape Approach of Stormwater Management on Islands—Taking the KURA KURA Bali Island of Indonesia as An Example

 Artificial Surface Improvement

Kaiwei Liu/ 1822948/ Group 1/ team Water

Source: Yu K. et.al (2013) Landscape Approach of Stormwater Management on Islands—Taking the KURA KURA Bali Island of Indonesia as An Example

1.The Background of water problem 2.Detailed Studies in the specific area

Ubud Water Pollution Treatment Programme ----Case of subak in Ubud

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

The Background of water problem

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Water scarcity

Ubud

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Ubud is located in a cultivated area, while the main local crop is rice, which requires a lot of water

Ubud

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Ubud is located in an overdeveloped area of water resources and is relatively unproductive

Soil water-holding capacity

Ubud

https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

The size of the circles represents the extent of plastic leakage within the river. Water flowing downstream through Ubud causes plastic pollution

Level of river pollution

Ubud

https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

The shade of blue indicates the level of pollution of the river, and Ubud is located in an area where the river is polluted.

Plastic priority

Ubud

https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Ubud has a high average daily plastic waste generation and a low waste recycling rate, with a large percentage of plastic going to nature

Soil water-holding capacity

Ubud

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

The soils of the farmland in the Ubud area are difficult to infiltrate, resulting in poor soil absorption and the retention of pollutants in the rivers

sensitivity component (Density of paddy area)

Farmland in the Ubud region is relatively sensitive to the land and farm crops are poorly adapted. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283353743_Climate_ Change_Vulnerability_to_Rice_Paddy_Production_in_Bali_Indonesia

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

subak locations

Ubud is located in an agricultural farming area and is one of the more concentrated areas of subak

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Ubud

http://guihuayun.com/poi/

CO2 emission

Ubud was originally an agricultural growing area and there is a lack of electricity which needs to be fed to it from other areas

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Ubud

http://incas.menlhk.go.id/data/bali/

Bali's carbon emissions are generally at a low level, but have been on the rise in recent years

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Bali has a wide seasonal variation in rainfall and temperature changes, and tourists are scarce during the rainy season, while rainfall is heavy.

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

https://bali.com/bali/weather/

Indonesia: Total population from 2017 to 2027

Indonesia's population is growing every year and in the future there will be more population numbers and more waste generated

Number of foreign tourist arrivals to Bali, Indonesia from 2012 to 2021 https://www.statista.com/

The increase in the number of visitors also brings an increase in the amount of rubbish. Although covid-19 led to a sharp decline in the number of visitors that year, this situation will gradually recover in the future

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

https://www.statista.com/

Water problems

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Detailed Studies in the specific area Subak system in Ubud

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

The Site——Ubud

Impacts of Tourism Industry For Water scarcity In Bali, 80% of the economy depends on tourism, while visiting tourists consume over 65% of potable groundwater supplies annually (Cole, 2012). These withdrawals are having an immensely negative impact on Bali’s water supply: as of 2007, “260 of Bali’s 400 rivers have run dry and Bali’s biggest natural reserve of water, Lake Buyan, has dropped 3.5 meters in three years” (Cole, 2012). The impacts of this water shortage are particularly pronounced in the agricultural industry, which often must compete against the tourism industry to receive enough water to grow sufficient crops to support the local population. For example, “more than half the water from a new reservoir built in Tabanan to support the wet rice farming is diverted to South Bandung for tourism” (Cole, 2012). This conflict between tourism, which is the main economic driver for the region, and agriculture, which is absolutely necessary to sustain local residents, presents a clear threat to the health, safety, and sovereignty of local people （https://www.urbanwateratlas.com/2021/12/13/the-waters-of-badung-indonesia/）

（Made by author） Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

For Water pollution Water is only one of Bali’s environmental concerns. One on-going issue has been waste, particularly plastic. It has become so much of an issue that it is actually affecting tourism; in November 2019, popular travel platform‘Fodor’s Travel’ included Bali in their ‘Fodor’s No List 2020’, recommending that people rethink their next holiday to the island of the gods due to the waste crisis. （https://www.nowbali.co.id/balis-environment-challenges-for-the-paradise-island/）

Map of Ubud subak

https://sig.bps.go.id/webgis/tematik-interaktif

https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/-8.5169/115.3166 location of subak area

location of urban area

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Subak distribution characteristics 1.Subaks in Ubud are close to the c i t y, t h e y h a v e easy access to water for residents in the city and a good location for a sewage treatment station

2.The high number and density of subak facilitates the unified collection and treatment of water resources

https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=13/-8.5169/115.3166 Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Current urban area The urban area of Ubud is spread out in a ribbon pattern and is also close to subak, making it easy for subak to supply water.

The northern part of Ubud is higher than southern part, the subak as a whole stretches from north to south.

Current distribution of Subak

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Sewage treatment station location

River flow

Farmland area

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Location of station

Water cycle scenes

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

（Made by author）

River flow scenes

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

The process of water circulation

（Made by author） Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Introduction to the water storage function

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Water cultured in agricultural soils is discharged into rivers by simple filtration to avoid indirect pollution

（Made by author）

Water cycle profiles

（Made by author） Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Calculation

Cropped area: 621ha Grazed area: 109 ha 2021 rainfall: 1698 mm Five-year average rainfall: 1579mm Annual average temperature: 26.8oC Soil type: Predominantly Forest Gravels Crops grown and included: paddy

Zhang, D., Wang, Z., Li, S., & Zhang, H. (2021). Impact of Land Urbanization on Carbon Emissions in Urban Agglomerations of the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(4), 1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041403

Carbon dioxide absorption: 12.5t/hectare Carbon fixation: 0.2t/hectare Projected increase in mangrove and other vegetation area in 2045: about 500hectares The increase of Carbon dioxide absorption: about 2300t The increase of Carbon fixation: about 36.8t

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

2021

2045

Total crop emissions

1298t

≈1800t

Total forest emissions

2314t

≈5000t

CO2--energy

≈0

≈4000t

CO2--plastic

≈-1000t

≈-100t

Water pollution control results showcase

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

Before decontamination

（Made by author） Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

After decontamination

（Made by author） Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

During decontamination

Yidong Xu/ 1825655/ Group 1/ team Water

（Made by author）