PLAN B: WASTE STRATEGY by MARS_architects

Waste in Bali, Indonesia CW2: Waste ● Peiyang.wang:1825763 /group 2/team B ● Xiaolin,Zhang:1822378/group 2/team B ● Jingting.Yao:1821949/group 2/team B ● Qinjunkai.Yan:1823405/group 2/team B 1

Masterplan of Bali waste management system

Waste flow through 4 management levels community

sub-district

regency

100%

20%

100%

20%

island

100%

80%

20%

100%

80%

20%

100%

80%

20%

100%

20%

100%

20% 100%

80%

100%

20%

100% 100% 100%

Community scale digital waste bank

Current Waste Issues in Bali

Plastic in Household waste

Behavior Intervention Mismanaged（burned/littered) Inefficient Waste collection & transportation system Waste of reusable resources at source

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Community Route Map

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Catching Area

1 Community Scale 1 Refill Station 2 Street Road Network & Population, MCP points with Reverse Vending Machine (e.g 500ml，1000 PET bottles / facility, 0.5m³）

3 Wastebank several village sharing 1 wastebank, decided by industry & supermarket distribution nearby, TPS3R (decided√）

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

A New Waste Management System

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Relassification of plastic waste generation area

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Current Distribution of Waste Disposal Facility

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Locations of refill stations

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Scenario Planning with Digital Wastebank 2022-2045

Plastic Dispose Priority Level

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Plastic Dispose Priority Level

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Plastic Dispose Priority Level

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Vision of area potential from 2022-2045 Separate priority levels for these plastic wasted area to find the emergency extent and intervene order.

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Calculation

GHG emissions from Recyclable mix (kg of CO2-eq/tonne of recyclables) = GHG emission from paper (kg CO2-eq/tonne) × Percentage of paper waste (%) + GHG emission from plastics (kg CO2-eq/tonne) × Percentage of plastics (%) + GHG emission from glass (kg CO2-eq/tonne) × Percentage of Glass (%) + GHG emission from Aluminium (kg CO2-eq/tonne) × Percentage of Aluminium (%) + GHG emission from metal (kg CO2 -eq/tonne) × Percentage of Metal (%)

Monthly GHG emissions/savings (kg CO2eq/month) = GHG emissions per tonne of mixed recyclables × Total amount of waste recycled per month (tonnes)

By 2045: GHG emissions/savings(kg CO2-eq)= Monthly GHG emissions/savings (kg CO2-eq/month) × 12=76149.24 kg CO2-eq per year

Jingting Yao/ 1821949/ group 2 / team B

Source : made by author

Sub-district scale compost sites

Problem of Centralized Landfill The problems of materials and waste management in Bali COLLECTION TEAMS HAVE NO AUTHORITY TO ENFORCE SEPARATION AT SOURCE, VILLAGE AND DISTRICT LEVEL AUTHORITIES ARE NOT ENFORCING THE INDONESIAN LAW TO SORT, SEPARATE AND MANAGE MATERIALS ON A COMMUNITY LEVEL.

Over 90% of the materials are getting wasted in landfills

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Centralisation is not efficient, long waiting lines and overcapacity is a result of no effective separation at source

Source from: MPH Bali

Landfills create methane emissions and leach poison into the air and water table

New Strategy The approach enables villages to enforce and offer incentives to separate materials at source A DECENTRALIZED, LOW-TECH AND LOW-COST, COMMUNITY-OWNED SOLUTIONS NETWORK, EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES TO DRIVE CHANGE

1. Separation is the key

Create binding community agreements and builds community owned infrastructure that effectively enforces the rules of separation and educates entire villages to be the leaders of change

2. 90% of Bali’s materials can be recycled back into their economy

Good environmental policy needs to continue to reduce the amount of materials that are needed to drive their economy, while material and waste management infrastructure needs to redirect used products back into production

3. Community owned facilities

Building and developing infrastructure that can effectively improve over time, is key to changing the broken waste management system. Making facilities community owned creates responsibilities and new opportunities to change.

4. Growing and empowering community leadership

Educational programs, community events, management guidelines, booklets, financial tools and local village policy design.

5. Creating valuable revenues and sustainable profits

Community owned infrastructure receives funding from the government and private investors. Building a network of capable managers that can grow valuable revenue streams from collection fees and the sale of materials, compost and services.

6. Reinvesting and building consistency

Building and developing an approach that effectively allows the communities to reinvest into themselves and their infrastructure, creating a basis for sustainable development.

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: MPH Bali

WASTE OR MATERIAL? Plastics, papers, metals and other valuable materials become waste when they get mixed with organic residues, they quickly attract pest and become a problem to manage.

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

WASTE �

MATERIAL �

Mixing organics and non organics

Separating organic and inorganic

lets materials become waste and

materials for management

then it cannot be reused or

ensures it can be recycled,

recycled. The waste becomes too

composted, and reused them

hard to manage.

locally and avoid extra waste.

Source from: MPH Bali

Waste composition in Indonesia

Organic waste 65%

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

View of Gianyar Composting Plant

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: MPH BALI

Gianyar Composting Plant Layout

Main Road

Waste separation

Compost for sale

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Finished Compost

Raw Compst

Source from: Temesi Recycling

Table Composting Technology

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: Temesi Recycling

Centralized Landfill - Before

Gianyar Legend TPA Temesi Road of TPA TEMESI to the furthest village in Gianyar Current service radius

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

15-minute service circle with Gianyar as an example

Legend Primary Secondary Tertiary Decentralized Facility Facility service boundaries 15-minute service circle

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

Site selection for new facilities based on waste generation, using Buleleng as an example

Decentralized Facility Facility service boundaries

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

Site selection for new facilities based on population density, using Buleleng as an example

Decentralized Facility Facility service boundaries

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

Setting service boundaries based on waste generation and rural zoning

Facility service boundaries

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

Setting service boundaries based on population density and rural zoning

Facility service boundaries

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

Siting of new facilities based on the road network

Legend Primary Secondary Tertiary Decentralized Facility

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

Decentralized Facility - After

Legend Primary Secondary Tertiary Decentralized Facility Facility service boundaries

Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405/ group 2 / team B

Source from: made by author

Regency scale Applying smart technology to waste collection, transportation and disposal

Problems

Energy consumption in Indonesia (Deendarlianto et al., 2020)

peiyang.wang

source from:https://id.elsevier.com/as/AuXcJ/resume/as/authorization.ping

Problems

(a) Waste management; (b) Sources of waste in Indonesia. (Wijayanti and Suryani, 2015)

peiyang.wang

source from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042815033261

Solution--Smart networks

Proposed AMLWRF (Karthik et al., 2021) peiyang.wang

source from:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321050380

Smart waste solution

• 1. Smart waste bins • 2. Waste Level Sensors • 3. AI Recycling Robots • 4. Garbage Truck Weighing Mechanisms • 5. Pneumatic Waste Pipes • 6. E-Waste Kiosks • Source from (What is Smart Waste Management?, 2022)

peiyang.wang

source from: https://www.iotforall.com/smart-waste-management

Strategy

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Other waste

•

1. Bali's traditional culture is dominated by the rice paddy culture.

•

2. The Balinese aborigines believe in rituals

•

3. The large number of tourists brings a huge amount of agricultural waste.

•

1. Indonesia is the fourth most populous country in the world.

•

2. It is also one of the largest producers of fish and seafood (Gómez-Sanabria et al., 2020)

•

peiyang.wang

3. Garbage is dumped in the open, in rivers and forests 41

source from: UPD304 waste group & CW1

Site analysis

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peiyang.wang

source from: UPD306 Landuse team, made by author

Site Selection

空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题

peiyang.wang

source from: UPD306 Waste team CW1, made by author

Site Selection

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peiyang.wang

source from: UPD306 Energy group, made by author

Site Selection

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peiyang.wang

source from: UPD306 Infrastructure group, made by author

Site Selection

空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Site Selection

空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Site Selection

空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Site Selection

空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Site Selection

空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Site Selection

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Site Selection

空白演示单击输入您的封面副标题

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Site Selection

Smart waste station

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Waste station

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Waterwaste treatment

peiyang.wang

source from: (Fan et al., 2022) Made by author

Biomass convertion

Biomass potential by region in Indonesia (Yana, Nizar, Irhamni and Mulyati, 2022)

peiyang.wang

source from: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032122001897

Biomass convertion plant

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Flow

peiyang.wang

source from: Made by author

Car type

peiyang.wang

source from: UPD306 Infrastructure group

Car emissions

peiyang.wang

source from: UPD306 Infrastructure group

Calculation

● 2025：Carbon emissions from transportation：876,000tons*0.4=350,400tons ● Waste disposal emissions：444,679tons（landfill）+94,506tons（sell to other place) ● Collection costs: Professional waste management companies cost from Rs. 1 million to Rs. 4 million per year * 0.6 * 10= Rs. 6 million to 24 million per year (Team, 2022)

● 2045：Carbon emissions from transportation：0!!!! ● Waste disposal emissions：1,060,105.41tons*0.02（iSuRRf, MYT etc.)=21202.11tons ● Collection cost: Self-sufficient, by recycling valuable waste and selling it to factories for income

peiyang.wang

source from: UPD306 Infrastructure group & https://indonesiaexpat.id/lifestyle/do-the-right-thing-the-proper-disposal-of-waste-on-bali

Island scale MYT plants

Level “Bali”: Centralized waste system: MYT plant Location choosing (5 rounds)

“Regency” Level

Waste input:

20% of food waste 100% of paper 20% of plastics 20% of Metal 20% of Rubber 20% of Glass 100% of Hazardous waste 100% of Other waste

Main issue: waste is too mixed and complicated to be separated.

MYT: basic steps & case introduced 63

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

MYT products minerals

metals

minerals

fuels

Residual materials

fuels

Step2: mechanical processing

Step3: water treatment & exhaust air treatment

Step4: biological drying

metals

Step5: mechanical material separation

metals biogas

Liquid fertilizer

Residual materials

MYT products

MYT basic steps

Step1: waste intake

minerals

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

Source: myt_eng.pdf (zak-ringsheim.de) (made by the author)

CASE: On nut 800 TPD MYT, Bangkok, Thailand

On nut is a new, high-end neighborhood district.

Capacity of waste composting: 292,000 tonnes/year ; Area: 0.4 ha

But the plant looks like this.

NEW MYT THEME PARK

MYT plant strategy in Bali

Located in On nut;

MYT plant

museum Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

entertainment facilities 65

Location sorting process of MYT plants: 3 plants in Bali

ecology waste energy

round 1: by settlements and land use

round 2: by waste generation

round 3: by urban agriculture and farms

round 4: by energy seaweed farms

round 5: by transport network

agriculture

transport

waste

waste 66

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

Source: myt_eng.pdf (zak-ringsheim.de) (made by the author)

Round 1: by settlements and land use

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

Round 2: by waste generation

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

Source: Balipartnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/ (made by the author)

Round 3: by urban agriculture and farms

agriculture

waste MYT

biogas

agricultural waste

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

Round 4: by energy seaweed farms

ecology

waste MYT

energy biogas

energy seaweed

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

Round 5: by transport network & final MYT locations

transport

waste 8° 6’ S, 115° 5’ E Buleleng

8° 21’ S, 114° 37’ E Jembrana, Negara

8°32’ S, 115°19’ E Gianyar

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

2025 CO2 Calculation

20% of food waste ≈ 20%*45.3% ≈ 9.06% 100% of paper ≈ 100%*8.92% ≈ 8.92% 20% of plastics ≈ 20%*15.7% ≈ 3.14% 20% of Metal ≈ 20%*0.9% ≈ 0.18% 20% of Rubber ≈ 20%*0.75% ≈ 0.15% 20% of Glass ≈ 20%*1.2% ≈ 0.24% 100% of Hazardous waste ≈ 100%* 1.39% ≈ 1.39% 100% of Other waste ≈ 100%* 4.86% ≈ 4.86%

Total waste input of MYT process in 2025 ≈percentage of all types of waste* total waste yield in 2025 ≈(9.06%+8.92% +3.14%+ 0.18% +0.15% +0.24% +1.39%+ 4.86%)*822542.84 tonnes ≈229,818 tonnes/year

CO₂ potential saving in 2025 ≈ efficiency* total waste input in 2025 ≈ 80,000/120,000 * 229818 tonnes ≈ 153,212 tonnes/year

Fuels & biogas potential generation in 2025 ≈ proportion of fuels & biogas* total waste input in 2025 ≈ (38%+5%) * 229818 tonnes ≈ 98,822 tonnes/year

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

2045 CO2 Calculation

Total waste input of MYT process in 2045 ≈percentage of all types of waste* total waste yield in 2045 ≈(9.06%+8.92% +3.14%+ 0.18% +0.15% +0.24% +1.39%+ 4.86%)*1,060,105.41 tonnes ≈296,193 tonnes/year

CO₂ potential saving in 2045 ≈ efficiency* total waste input in 2045 ≈ 80,000/120,000 * 296,193 tonnes ≈ 197,462 tonnes/year

Fuels & biogas potential generation in 2045 ≈ proportion of fuels & biogas* total waste input in 2045 ≈ (38%+5%) * 296,193 tonnes ≈ 127,363 tonnes

Xiaolin Zhang/1822378/group 2/team waste

(made by the author)

To sum up: 2045 Bali! • CO₂ reduced in COMMUNITY

scale: 76,149 tonnes/year

• CO₂ reduced in SUB-DISTRICT

scale: 20,655 tonnes/year

• CO₂ consumed during RENGENCY scale and TRANSPORTATION:

• CO₂ reduced ISLAND

876,000 tonnes/year

scale: 197,462 tonnes/year

Total CO₂ reduced in 2045: 1,170,266

tonnes 74

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MacRae, G. and Rodic, L., 2015. The weak link in waste management in tropical Asia? Solid waste collection in Bali. Habitat International, 50, pp.310-316. Mph-bali.org. 2022. MPH Bali – Merah Putih Hijau – Merah Putih Hijau (MPH) solving the waste m a n a g e m e n t c r i s i s i n I n d o n e s i a . [ o n l i n e ] Av a i l a b l e a t : h t t p s : / / m p h - b a l i . o r g / [ A c c e s s e d 2 4 M a y 2 0 2 2 ] . Te a m , Q . , 2 0 2 2 . D o t h e R i g h t T h i n g : T h e P r o p e r D i s p o s a l o f Wa s t e o n B a l i . [ o n l i n e ] I n d o n e s i a E x p a t . Av a i l a b l e a t : < h t t p s : / / i n d o n e s i a e x p a t . i d / l i f e s t y l e / d o - t h e - r i g h t - t h i n g - t h e - p r o p e r - d i s p o s a l - o f - w a s t e - o n bali/#:~:text=Monthly%20fees%20range%20from%20Rp.50%2C000%20to%20Rp.75%2C000.%20The,colle ct%20it%20for%20free%20from%20hotels%20and%20restaurants.> [Accessed 24 May 2022]. Te m e s i r e c y c l i n g . c o m . 2 0 2 2 . O u r C o m p o s t | Te m e s i R e c y c l i n g . [ o n l i n e ] Av a i l a b l e a t : http://temesirecycling.com/our-compost/ [Accessed 24 May 2022]. Widyarsana, I. and Rahayu, M., 2021. Solid waste management planning for sub-district scale: a case study in Buleleng sub-district, Buleleng district, Bali province, Indonesia. Journal of Material Cycles and Wa s t e M a n a g e m e n t , 2 3 ( 5 ) , p p . 2 0 5 1 - 2 0 6 4 . Ya n a , S . , N i z a r, M . , I r h a m n i a n d M u l y a t i , D . , 2 0 2 2 . B i o m a s s w a s t e a s a r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y i n d e v e l o p i n g b i o - b a s e d e c o n o m i e s i n I n d o n e s i a : A r e v i e w. R e n e w a b l e a n d S u s t a i n a b l e E n e r g y R e v i e w s , 1 6 0 , p . 11 2 2 6 8 .