Power in Bali CW2: Sector energy Group 2 Team Energy Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414 Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769
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Content What’s the current situation of Bali’s energy sector? What is the strategy? Findings in CW1 Strategy for 100% renewable energy
How different clean energy to implement the strategy? Strategy of different energy Site selection Calculation How the strategy impact Bali? Comparison between original and proposal transmission network Distribution mapping of all clean energy
Structure of power demand
973.25 GWh/y 310.35 GWh/y 777.84 GWh/y Electricity demand from different sectors in Bali 596.49 GWh/y
Population structure in Bali 1.0% 4.0% 3.4% 3.9% 37.9%
604.34 GWh/y 483.07 GWh/y 39.8%
777.84 GWh/y
49.8% 60.2% 615.56 GWh/y
Boundary of districts
235.12 GWh/y Social Business Public
Household Industries Special services
Urban
Source: Statistics of Bali Province (bps.go.id)
Rural
Farmland Electricity demand Population cluster
Data source: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/indonesia/bali/admin/ , Sah and Wijayatunga (2017)
Mapping of energy mix potential
Centralized generation
% renewable energy mix
Decentralized generation
Self-sufficiency
Solar Power
Qingwei.Zeng/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Rooftop PV power generation Workflow
Utilization of solar energy and potential problem
Ground solar power plant
Rooftop PV power generation
Offshore PV power generation
Easy to build and low cost, but need large area of flat land
Solar panels need to build on the roof of the Urban area
Solar panels floating on the sea or water with Large available surface area
Occupied large land area Destroy green land and forest areas Affected birds migrate
Expensive and limited available area
Most expensive and will affect the coastal landscape
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Ground solar power plant (i) Irradiance should be greater than 900 kWh/m2/year (ii)Topography:slope≤30% (iii)Accessibility: distance from the nearest road 5,000 m (iv)Eligible land cover types: herbs and grasses, open fields-bare land Source: Sah, 2016
Potential of Ground solar power plant
10 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: Sah, 2016
Surface features
Ground PV generation
Offshore PV power generation (i) Irradiance should be greater than 900 kWh/m2/year (ii) Accessibility: distance from the nearest road 5,000 m
Source: Sah, 2016
Solar radiation
15 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/indonesia
Offshore PV generation
Rooftop PV Generation (i) Irradiance should be greater than 900 kWh/m2/year (ii)Rooftop slope ≤30% (iii)In urban areas, housing with well-established roof areas.
Source: Sah, 2016
Master Plan
Solar Power 73.61%
Ground solar power plant Area: 3.3k㎡ Capacity: 462 MW/h Total Cost: $ 126 Million
Offshore PV generation Area: 3km Capacity: 420 MW/h Total Cost: $ 148 Million
Rooftop PV Area: 3.7km Capacity: 527.76 MW/h Total Cost: $ 194 Million
Total: 1358.162
Carbon emission
Total Capacity: 1358.162MW/h Carbon emission per year:
0
Compared with Coal power generation, reduces carbon emissions by
ton.
18,448,416 tons per year.
Wind power
Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Urban 1. Avoid interference with normal life Rural Wind potential Wind farm
2. Efficiency power generation and transmission Distance to road 3. Control the ecological impacts
Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
23 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
24 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
25 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
26 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
27 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
28 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
29 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
8.64%
2.89%
5.69%
1. Bedugul Geothermal power plants (Centralized)
Geothermal energy
9.48% 73.61%
2. Domestic ground heat pump (Decentralized)
1. Burning biomass residuals (Decentralized)
8.64%
2.89%
5.69%
Bioenergy
2. Plantation of energy seaweed (Centralized) 9.48%
3. BIRU program: biogas utilization (Decentralized) 4. Waste disposal: Utilization of RDF (Centralized)
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
73.61%
Mapping of geothermal energy potential
Bedugul Geothermal power plants
Merbuk Volcano Patas Volcano
Cons of building large geothermal sites
Cause small earthquakes
Damage the roots of trees
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Bratan Volcano (Active status)
Batur Volcano (Active status) Agung Volcano (Active status) Siraja Volcano
Mapping of income distribution
23.45% 38.60% 22.77% 38.55%
37.95%
38.68%
21.10% 40.94% 21.25% 40.92%
37.97% 20.86% 39.62%
37.83% 20.19% 41.75%
39.52%
38.06% 20.00% 41.57% 38.43%
Low: under $ 200 per month Middle: $ 200-450 per month
17.65% 45.08% 37.27%
High: above $ 450 per month
Domestic ground heat pump $ 200-250 /kwh
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
19.74% 43.38% 36.87%
Buildings Boundary of districts
Source: Statistics of Bali Province (bps.go.id)
Mapping of geothermal energy
Bratan Volcano
20.19% 41.75% 38.06% 20.00% 41.57% 38.43%
Gianyar
Badung
Geothermal project area (centralized) Domestic ground heat pump (decentralized)
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Source: Beranda - Biogas Rumah (biru.or.id)
Denpasar
17.65% 45.08% 37.27%
Klungkung
19.74% 43.38% 36.87%
Calculation of geothermal energy
Principle of calculation
Geothermal energy (centralized)
CO2 750 g reduction /kwh Power generation: 175 MW/y Electricity production: 750,000 MWh/y Energy proportion: 9.48% Construction cost: $/y 0 Million (established) Operation cost: $/y 10,500 CO2 emissions reduced: 795,842 tons/y Infrastructure of geothermal project land Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Source: Geothermal Location | Bali Energy Limited (bali-energy.com)
1. Burning biomass residuals Mapping of bioenergy potential
Biomass group 1% 4%
95%
Agriculture
Plantation
Forest Production
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Source: Asian Development Bank (2017)
1. Burning biomass residuals Mapping of bioenergy potential by districts
Potential Biomass Energy by District Chart
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Source: Asian Development Bank (2017)
1. Burning biomass residuals Distribution of the different site types
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
1. Burning biomass residuals Mapping of decentralize sites
Biomass production 1,050,000 tons/year of biomass
Electricity production 46300 MWh/y
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Sites Suitable area
2. Site of energy seaweed species (Ecology Team)
1720-2150 tons
911.6-1139.5 tons methane
5383 MWh/y
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
3. BIRU program: decentralized biogas utilization
Demand Electricity consumption per capita: 0.65 kwh/ day
BIRU project also offers help with pig farming
Input
Predicted to be able to keep an average of 3-4 pigs per household
Concrete dome reactor
Livestock can produce at least 15 kg of manure per day, produce at least 0.65 litres of biogas
1 𝑚3 of biogas produces 1.8 kWh of electricity
Output
+ Fully fermented manure can be used as a safe, environmentally friendly natural fertilizer
Source: Green Microfinance: Backyard Biogas in Bali, Indonesia - Skoll World Forum on Social Entrepreneurship Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Source: Fixed Dome - Biogas Rumah (biru.or.id)
How the reactor works
3. BIRU program: decentralized biogas utilization 4. Waste disposal: centralized utilization of RDF (Waste Team) Buleleng
Jembrana, Negara
Town
City
Gianyar
Village: Biogas area Centralized household waste disposal site • •
Convert household wastes into Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) 98822 tonnes/y
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Source: Beranda - Biogas Rumah (biru.or.id)
Calculation of bioenergy
Principle of calculation
Types of bioenergy
Bioenergy (centralized and decentralized)
CO2
16.40% 34.20%
2.6 tons reduction /reactor a year
44.70%
4.70% Power generation: 152 MW/y Electricity production: 167，300 MWh/y Energy proportion: 8.24%
Buring biomass residual (decentralized) Plantation of energy seaweed (Centralized)
Construction cost: $/y 3.57 Million
BIRU program (Decentralized)
Operation cost: $/y 12,500
Waste disposal (Centralized)
CO2 emissions reduced: 691,744 tons/y Source: FAQ Teknologi Biogas - Biogas Rumah (biru.or.id)
Kexin Xu 1823766,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Strategy
1. Off-grid
2. Distributed
3. Rural area as
4. Spotty pattern
electricity system
generation
the target
in drainage area
142 hydro generator in both mini and micro size
Support 14% of the electricity demand in rural area
Small capacity of 26.2 MW but settled away from transmission network
Slight influence on the environment and ecology system
Selected rules Altitude difference >1.5m
Steady flow >1.5m3/s
Small capacity <1MW
Distributed generation <2km
Group 2/ Team energy/ Jiaqi Wang/ 1823769
Data and image Source: Eco-friendly hydropower for everyone, everywhere | Turbulent
Site selection: resource
Selection rules Surface flow >1.5m3/s Altitude difference >1.5m, avoid plain area
Steady flow in the whole year Enough flow during drought season Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Surface flow
Site selection: resource
Selection rules Surface flow >1.5m3/s Altitude difference >1.5m, avoid plain area Steady flow
Steady flow in the whole year Enough flow during drought season Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Seasonal river
Data source: Eco-friendly hydropower for everyone, everywhere | Turbulent Image source: Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006)
Site selection: resource
Selection rules Surface flow >1.5m3/s Altitude difference >1.5m, avoid plain area Steady flow
Steady flow in the whole year Enough flow during drought season Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: Japan International Cooperation Agency (2006)
Plain area
Site selection: resource
Selection rules
Potential drainage area
Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Selected river
Site selection: demand
Selection rules Rural area target Nearly 40% of the total population Population
Electricity demand >10% of total consumption Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Farmland
Site selection: demand
Selection rules Rural area target Nearly 40% of the total population
High demand regency of electricity
Population
Electricity demand >10% of total consumption Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Data source: https://www.citypopulation.de/en/indonesia/bali/admin/ , Sah and Wijayatunga (2017)
Farmland
Site selection: demand
Selection rules Rural area target Nearly 40% of the total population Electricity demand >10% of total consumption Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
High electricity demand in rural area
Population
Site selection: demand
Selection rules Rural area target Nearly 40% of the total population Electricity demand >10% of total consumption Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
High electricity demand in rural area
Potential zoning in resource selection
Site selection: demand
Selection rules
Potential zoning after combine the demand and resource mapping
Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
High electricity demand in rural area
Site selection: infrastructure
Selection rules Off-grid system Supply for the area far away from the transmission network
Distributed generation Micro/Mini hydro generator Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Data source: https://openinframap.org/#9.01/-8.4692/115.3476/L,O,P,S,T,W, https://www.gem.wiki/Bali_and_coal
Transmission network
Selected river
Site selection: infrastructure
Selection rules Off-grid system Supply for the area far away from the transmission network
Distributed generation Micro/Mini hydro generator Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Transmission network
Selected river Potential zoning after demand selection
Site selection: infrastructure
Selection rules Independent supply, away from the network Potential zoning after combine demand and infrastructure selection
Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Transmission network
Selected river
Site selection: final Number of power plant Mini plant: 4+ 20 Micro plant: 100
Capacity 26.2 MW(mini 21.2+micro 5)
Energy proportion 1.41% Micro
Electricity generation 104390MWh
Mini
Reducing CO2 emission 0.104 million tons per year Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Selected area Data source: Sah, 2016
Strategy diagram
Resource River for hydro energy
Generator Mini hydro power plant (24 MW)
Generator Micro hydro power plant (<1MW) Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Households Mainly for lightening
Agriculture Mainly for irrigation
Distributed generation
Storage Electricity storage
Utility Off-grid for supporting rural demand
Original transmission line:
59 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Original transmission line:
60 Jiayu Yang 1823414,/ Group 2/ Team Energy
New transmission line and sites of energy mix:
Total supply：Meet the demand in Bali
Type of renewable energy
Area (km2)
Power generation (MW)
Electricity production (MWh/y)
Construction cost (USD/y)
Operation cost (USD/y)
Solar power
10
1358.162
4, 116,616
449.23 million
15.93 million
Geothermal energy
1.045
175
750,000
0
10,500
Wind power
20
105
189,000
27.3 million
0.56 million
Bioenergy
-
152
167,300
0.57 million
4525.38
Hydro energy
15093 (m2)
53.3
233,454
12.2 million
548.77
Total
31.7km2
1845.06
5,456,370
489.3 million
16.6 million
Proportion of each type of energy 8.64% 5.69% Solar Geothermal
9.48%
Demand of electricity in 2050: 4,708,017 MWh Peak load in 2050: 1843.462 MW
Source: PLN, (2019)
2.89%
Wind
73.61%
Bioenergy Hydro
Strategy diagram