Power in Bali CW1: Sector energy Group 2 Team Energy Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414 Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769
1
Structure
2 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Structure
3 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
MAP OF BALI
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
(Image source from: My Map (nasa.gov))
Human activities analysis
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Ground Cover Map of Bali (2020)
6 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: http://www.globallandcover.com/home.html?type=data
ENERGY MIX OF INDONESIA
Renewable energy
Other Commercial
Gas
Household
Industry
Oil
Transportation
Coal
Final energy consumption
Total primary energy production
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
(Indonesia Energy Outlook 2019, Indonesia Second Biennial Update Report)
Indonesia’s oil import dependency is around 35%
Total gas export is 40% of the total gas production in 2018
The proportion of coal exports was 63%
The total renewable energy potential is equivalent to 442 GW for power plant. NRE for power plant in 2018 was 8.8 GW or 14% from the total 64.5 GW of power plant capacity (fossil and nonfossil).
Structure of energy Demand by using type
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Structure of energy Demand by using type
Structure of energy Demand by energy type
In sustainable development scenario in 2025 is 23% NRE, 21% oil, 24% gas and 32% coal. In 2050, it becomes 32% NRE, 15% oil, 24% gas and 29% coal.
Power source in Bali
Energy infrastructure and transportation
Transport networks
14 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Power production
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Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy Data source: https://openinframap.org/#9.01/-8.4692/115.3476/L,O,P,S,T,W, https://www.gem.wiki/Bali_and_coal
Problems and challenges CO2 emission
16 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Energy emission
GHG emissions from fuels combustion activities are generated from liquid fuels combustion (40.8%), solid (39.7%), and gas (19.5%) of total emissions
Fuels consumption and GHG emissions in energy sector by fuel type in 2000 – 2016 (Source: Boer et al., 2018)
GHG emissions in 2016 was dominated by power generation (43%), followed by transport (25.35%), manufacturing (16.34%), other
(6.71%, accounted for residential and commercial), fugitive (4.07%), and the remaining 1.65% for petroleum refining.
The GHG emission from energy sector was dominated by CO2, followed by CH4, and N2O.
Energy emission
BaU: Business as Usual PB: Sustainable Development RK: Low Carbon The GHG emission growth in three scenarios (Source: Suharyati et al., 2019)
Electricity are the major drivers for Bali’s emissions. These emissions impact the seasonal patterns of Indonesia’s climate with heavier rainfalls during the wet season and extreme dryness during the dry season. These conditions are expected to affect Bali’s population which is located along the coastline. They will suffer from extreme rainfall and
flood when sea levels rise. The power sector is the major consumer of coal, thus, to reduce or to maintain the GHG emission, the attention should be focused on power. On the other hand, fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas) are also the main source of electricity in
Bali, so reducing GHG emissions is mainly about using new generation methods. For example, the Solar PV.
Carbon contribution
2016 Data source: The Carbon Brief Profile: Indonesia
Problems and challenges
Increased cooling demand
Higher pressure on energy supply
1 degree
0.5%-8.5%
in environmental temperature
in electricity demand
(Climate Risk Country Profile: Indonesia, 2021)
Immature technology and high cost of equipment
Difficult to achieve commercial large-scale utilization
(PLN Research Institute, 2020)
20 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF ENERGY SECTOR
Energy saving and emission reduction
Adjusting the energy mix
Goal: reducing 41% of CO2 emission
New and renewable energy mix target is at least 23% by 2025 and 31% by 2050
Reducing 29% in 2030 Renewable energy reaches at least 23% of the primary energy mix, while oil falls to 25% Biofuel should be 20% of transport fuel
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
(Indonesia Energy Outlook 2019)
p. 19/20
Problems and challenges • Carbon emission
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy Source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/bali_indonesia_1650534
Problems and challenges • Heat island effect: Extreme high temperature
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy Source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/bali_indonesia_1650534
Development strategy of energy sector
Adjusting the energy mix Reducing green house gas emission
MTOE: Million Tonne of Oil Equivalent
2018 Final energy demand is 114 MTOE
Sustainable development
Minimizing the use of oil at least 25%
2025
Reducing 29% of the carbon dioxide emission
2030
Final energy demand will be 154.7 MTOE New and renewable energy mix target is at least 23% Biofuel should be 20% of transport fuel
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Reducing 41% of the carbon dioxide emission
2050 Final energy demand will be 481.1 MTOE New and renewable energy mix target is at least 31% Biofuel should be 30% of transport fuel
Data source: Indonesia Energy Outlook (2019)
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PRODUCTION, IMPORT AND EXPORT OF ENERGY
Indonesia’s oil import dependency is around 35% in 2018
Oil
Crude Oil production in 2018 is 283 million BBL (barrels)
Total gas export is 40% of the total gas production in 2018
Gas
Gas production reached 2.9 million MMSCF (Million Standard of Cubic Feet) in 2018
The proportion of coal exports was 63% in 2018
Coal
The coal production reached 557 million ton in 2018
Import
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Export
Production
(Data source from: Indonesia Energy Outlook 2019)
p. 19/20
Optimize substation location structure
26 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Optimize energy structure: renewable energy potential 1%
Table：Technical Potential of Clean Energy in Bali Technical Potential Renewable source Clean Energy (GWh/Yr) Solar 98,738 Geothermal
1137
Biomass
692
Wind
24
Hydropower
3
Total
100,664
Solar
Geothermal
98%
Electricity demand in 2019: 4993 GWh/Yr
Biomass
Solar
Geothermal
Biomass
Other
Energy demand and Technical Potential of Clean Energy in Bali (GWh/Yr)
27 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Data source: Bhuwneshwar (2016)
Renewable energy potential
ENERGY POTENTIAL Hydro
Geothermal
Bioenergy
Solar energy
Wind
Ocean energy
4%
14%
21%
7% 7% 47%
The total renewable energy potential is equivalent to 442 GW for power plant. New renewable energy (NRE) for power plant in 2018 was 8.8 GW or 14% from the total 64.5 GW of power plant capacity (fossil and non-fossil).
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Mitigation Potentials Energy sector: mitigation category
• In mitigating climate change in the energy sector, Indonesia needs to properly address its heavy reliance on fossil-based fuels.
• The GHG emissions from the energy sector must be managed as this sector is crucial to the development of the Indonesian economy.
• In order to determine the optimal technology and policy mix for the described CO2 reduction options, the main energy supplies within the Java-Bali system, the technologies applied, the carbon value and the financial considerations required for the
power plant should be taken into account (Figure).
Mitigation Potentials Description of Scenarios
• Using free optimization based on least cost principle: Emissions that would not have occurred in the absence of policy intervention. • Current trend for renewables (mainly geothermal)
• When higher capacity limits are set for geothermal power stations, the total carbon emissions cap is also affected. • RUPTL scenario: government intervention is counted through the introduction of geothermal and hydropower plants, with emission reductions of 18 MtCO2 (7.6%). • New Technology scenario: the introduction of CCS proposed at PLTU Indramayu and PLTGU Muara Tawar, with CO2 emissions reductions of 40.2 MtCO2 (17%), and abatement costs of USD 23.44/tCO2. • New Technology + 4,000 MW PLTN with introduction of CCS: CO2 emissions reductions of 62.4 MtCO2 (26.4%)
and abatement costs of USD33.74/tCO2.
Solar radiation
31 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/indonesia
Technical potential of solar energy in Bali
Total Potential : 98,738 GWh\Yr
32 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: Sah, 2016
Utilization of solar energy
Ground solar power plant
Rooftop PV power generation
Offshore PV power generation
Occupied large land area High power generation Adequate storage capacity Case: Northwest China
Solar panels on the buildings’ rooftop Limited surface area Household electricity supply Case: Bali
Solar panels floating on the sea or water Large available surface area Case: Japan
33 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: https://solargis.com/maps-and-gis-data/download/indonesia
Geothermal power
Bratan Volcanic
Table: Top 5 countries with geothermal resources in the world Country
Geothermal Resources (10,000KW)
Installed Geothermal Power Capacity (10,000KW)
America
3000
372
Indonesia
2779
186
Japan
2347
55
Kenya
700
68
Philippines
600
193
Source: https://www.enecho.meti.go.jp/about/whitepaper/2019html/2-1-3.html
Heating potential of Bedugul Geothermal Field: high temperature (>200 ℃) system Three exploratory wells produce 168t/h of steam and water Electricity potential: 400MW
Bedugul Geothermal power plants 34
Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: Geothermal Location | Bali Energy Limited (bali-energy.com)
Volcanic map of Bali
Using underground hot water and steam as a power source
35 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Data source: https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/indonesia.html
Technical potential of geothermal, hydro and biomass energy in Bali
Total Potential: Geother:1137 GWh\Yr Hydro:3GWh\Yr Biomass:692 GWh\Yr
36 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: Sah, 2016
Wind map of Bali
Wind rose map of Bali per year
37 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy Image source: https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/bali_indonesia_1650534
Technical potential of Wind energy in Bali
Total Potential: 24 GWh\Yr
38 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Image source: Sah, 2016
Utilization of domestic wind turbine: Device that harness the energy of the breeze to turn it into electricity.
Rooftop wind turbines: • Sit on the roof • Cheap and small • About 1-2kW/h
Standalone or pole-mounted wind turbines: • Best placed in a large, open space • Expensive and bigger • About 6kW/h
Benefits: • Wind is plentiful in Bali: Takes advantage of the natural wind resources of coastal cities
• Wind turbines are low-carbon: Wind is renewable without releasing any carbon emissions Limitations: • The countryside is better suited to the city: Open fields or cultivated areas in the countryside have more stable
and suitable wind speeds to generate electricity for them, so wind turbines can be more efficient and cost effective 39 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Data source: Home Wind Turbines: Pros, Cons, and How Much They Cost | OVO Energy
Electrical Generation In Bali 2022
40 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy
Electrical Generation In Bali 2025
41 Qingwei Zeng 1717956, Jiayu Yang 1823414, Kexin Xu 1823766, Jiaqi Wang 1823769/ Group 2/ Team Energy