Waste in Bali, Indonesia CW1: Waste ● Peiyang.wang:1825763 /group 2/team B ● Xiaolin,Zhang:1822378/group 2/team B ● Jingting.Yao:1821949/group 2/team B ● Qinjunkai.Yan:1823405/group 2/team B
Content： part01
Background
part02
Current situation of waste in Bali
part03
Strategies & Proposal
part04
Discussion
part05
Future projection
PART 1
“By producing, consuming and recycling responsibly, all waste is reused and no waste is incinerated, landfilled, disposed of in open dumps or in the sea, thus not
Background
threatening the environment and human health.” ----Zero-Waste International Alliance
p. 01/49
Zero-Waste
Peiyang.Wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
made by author
p. 02/49
Background
Indonesia produces more than a million tonnes of waste every day, up to 64 million tonnes a year. Fifty percent of this is sent to landfill and the rest is either incinerated or illegally dumped into the ocean.
Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
Source from: https://upskill.study/toward-balis-zero-wasteI
p. 03/49
Impact
Rivers and mangrove swamps have been turned into makeshift rubbish dumps The inhabitants of Bali produce 2.8 kg of potentially hazardous waste every day, which pollutes the local soil, rivers, coast and agriculture. The large amount of plastic left in the ocean is a serious hazard to local marine life and ultimately to human health.
Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
Source from: Zhttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0921344921003839eroWaste International Alliance
p. 04/49
PART 2
Current Situation
Waste generation
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
Balipartnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/
p. 06/49
Waste generation per city/regencies in Bali Province
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-00989-5
p. 07/49
Waste types
Waste categories
Distribution
Food waste
Community and near temples
Wood and leaf
All places of human activity, mainly cities and resorts
Plastics
from open dumps and in polymer manufacturing and industrial plants
Paper
Concentrated in resorts, coasts, and communities (or collected in landfills)
Metal
Mainly found near factories and in communities
Rubber Glass Hazardous waste
From latex factory Communities Hospitals, battery waste and electronic recycling stations in living areas
Cloth and textile
Textile factory and household waste
Others
/
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
Source from: made by author
p. 08/49
Waste composition in Indonesia
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
Source from: made by author
p. 09/49
Mismanaged
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
Balipartnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/
p. 10/49
Plastic
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
Balipartnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/
p. 11/49
Framework Stage 1: Collected/Reused Stage 2: Waste Disposal
Stage 3:Landfill
Waste Pickers
Waste Produced
Wastebank
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
https://waste4change.com/blog/lets-get-to-know-the-functions-of-indonesias-wastemanagement-facilities-tps-tps-3r-tpst-and-tpa/
p. 12/49
Waste Bank
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
Balipartnership / https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/
p. 13/49
Waste Trade
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
Balipartnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/
p. 14/49
Distribution
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
Balipartnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/
p. 15/49
Landfills composition
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
Source from: made by author
p. 16/49
Waste flow
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-020-00989-5
p. 17/49
PART 3
Proposal
Processes before
Waste picker
Incineration
Waste bank
Recycling plant
Landfill
Family
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
TPS3R
MYT plant
after
New waste recycler Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
New waste bank
Source from: made by author
p. 19/49
THE WAY TO ZERO-WASTE BALI
Jingting Yao/ 1821949 / group 2 / team B
p. 20/49
Standards
TPST The area of TPST ＞ 20,000 m2 Location can be in the city and/or landfill site Distance to the nearest settlement : ≥ 500 m
TPS3R
TPS
The area of TPS 3R : ＞ 200 m2
≤ 200m2
location should near service area.
Location should be as needed
Distance to the Service area: ≤ 1km
Can use the technology referred to in Article 31 paragraph
Available facilities to classify waste into at least 5 (five) types of waste.
Equipped with a sorting room, waste treatment plant, environmental pollution control, residue handling, and supporting facilities and buffer zones
Equipped with a sorting room, organic waste composting, and /or biogas producing units, warehouses, buffer zones, and does not interfere with the aesthetics aspect and the traffic
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
Available facilities to classify waste into at least 5 (five) types of waste.
https://waste4change.com/blog/lets-get-to-know-the-functions-of-indonesias-wastemanagement-facilities-tps-tps-3r-tpst-and-tpa/
p. 21/49
Scavengers flow Spontaneous street or landfill collection of recyclable waste (e.g. plastics)
Scavengers
Reward
Recycling plant for waste
Waste in landfills has been reduced by 14,603 tonnes/year or 1217 tonnes/month due to waste reduction from scavenger activities.
Collection of all Bali's rubbish (both recyclable and other)
Assigning Local community
Scavengers Reward
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
Door-to-door collection of waste generated by each household Source from: made by author
Waste bank
p. 22/49
Waste bank
Legend 300
500
600
1000
5000
Road Network Waste bank
Qinjunkai Yan / 1823405 / group 2 / team B
Balipartnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/
p. 23/49
TPS3R
Road Network
300
500
600
1000
5000
Population Density
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
Source from: made by author
p. 24/49
New TPS3R
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
Source from: made by author
p. 25/49
Solution
paper: 8.92% （Neo et al., 2021）
The To-Be system of paper packaging (APP) in a pulpand paper industry
Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
Source from:Life cycle assessment of plastic waste end-of-life for India and Indonesia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 174, p.105774.
p. 26/49
Solution
Metal: 0.9%
（Jadhao，Ahmad, Pant and D. P. Nigam, 2020）
Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
Source from:Critical assessment of chemical route for generation of energy and valuable products coupled with metal recovery. Separation and Purification Technology, 289, p.120773.
p. 27/49
Solution
Rubber: 0.75% (Mairizal, Sembada, Tse and Rhamdhani, 2021)
Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
Source from: Electronic waste generation, economic values, distribution map, and possible recycling system in Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, p.126096.
p. 28/49
Solution
plastics: 15.7% (Alyousef et al., 2021)
Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
Source from: Potential use of recycled plastic and rubber aggregate in cementitious materials for sustainable construction: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 329, p.129736.
p. 29/49
Solution
Cloth: 1.28% (Islam and Bhat, 2019)
Source from: Environmentally-friendly thermal and acoustic insulation materials from recycled Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B textiles. Journal of Environmental Management, 251, p.109536.
p. 30/49
Solution
Glass: 1.2% (Robert, Baez and Setunge, 2021)
Peiyang.wang / 1825763 / group 2 / team B
Source from:A new technology of transforming recycled glass waste to construction components. Construction and Building Materials, 313, p.125539.
p. 31/49
Unrecyclable waste disposing Waste input: food waste, wood & leaf waste, metal, glass, other Output: economic products (biogas, fertilizer, electricity)
In this part, we will demonstrate: A. technology introducing; B. site-selecting process;
p. 32/49
Existing projects: Kahlenberg, Lille, Bangkok, Beijing, Shanghai, Xinjiang, Nambo in Java
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
Source: MYT Business Unit GmbH - Technology (myt-ringsheim.de)
p. 33/49
Only 5%~7% of MYT intake are “wasted” in the end. MYT economically converts household wastes into Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF), granule fertilizer and electricity. Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
Source: MYT Business Unit GmbH - Technology (myt-ringsheim.de)
p. 34/49
Advantages 1
MYT economically generates useful products from waste.
2
MYT reduces CO2-emissions.
1 Bioenergy
2 fertilizer MYT cuts more than 80,000 tonnes of harmful CO2 per year from 120,000 tonnes of residual household waste.
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
Source: MYT Business Unit GmbH - Technology (myt-ringsheim.de)
p. 35/49
Advantages
3
MYT facility is situated amidst nature.
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
Source: MYT Business Unit GmbH - Technology (myt-ringsheim.de)
p. 36/49
Land use
new classification under this context a. unusable land for plants
b. Potential usable land for plants
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste Bali/Source: http://www.globallandcover.com/home.html?type=data (made by the author)
p. 37/49
Sorting land by natural conditions
Things to consider: Volcanos and their low-risk zone (3km~10km) (http://volcanolive.com/safety.html)
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste Bali/Source: Bali partnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/ (made by the author) p. 38/49
Sorted usable land by natural conditions
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste Bali/Source: Bali partnership, https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/ (made by the author) p. 39/49
Sorting land by artificial conditions: usable land for plants
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
Things to consider: Exclude unusable land (forest land + bush land + water + artificial land); exclude settlements and area where the distance to the nearest settlement ≥ 500m
Bali/Source: open street map (made by the author)
1
p. 40/49
Sorting land by artificial conditions: usable land for plants
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
Bali/Source: open street map (made by the author)
p. 41/49
Things to consider:
Sorting land by artificial conditions: final
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
Bali/Source: open street map (made by the author)
High accessibility to trafficway and waste banks
2
The area ＞20,000㎡, choose less fragmented area
3
p. 42/49
Final sorting: Overlapping outcomes of 2 types of sorting
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
(made by the author)
p. 43/49
Final sorting: Suggested plant site is in Bangji and Gianyar Regency.
Bangji
Gianyar
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
(made by the author)
p. 44/49
PART 4
Discussion
Potential TPA conducts landfill methods which are developed into controlled landfills and sanitary landfills. Potential influence:
Growth of disease vectors/Air pollution/Leachate pollution
Leachate treatment in landfill; a) Isolate the landfill, where external water does not enter and leachate does not come out b) Utilizing hydraulic properties with groundwater regulation so that leachate flow does into the groundwater c) Processing leachate with specific treatment by making a Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)
Sanitary Landfill Inner Structure
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
https://waste4change.com/blog/lets-get-to-know-the-functions-of-indonesias-waste-managementfacilities-tps-tps-3r-tpst-and-tpa/
p. 45/49
Potential
Criteria for TPA site selection Prefer choose lands that have a subgrade with the ability to neutralize pollution. Land where can return leachate (recirculation) to the landfill. Where leachate could be drained to domestic water processors. Consider land with WWTP nearby
Jingting Yao / 1821949/ group 2 / team B
https://waste4change.com/blog/lets-get-to-know-the-functions-of-indonesias-waste-managementfacilities-tps-tps-3r-tpst-and-tpa/
p. 46/49
PART 5
Future projection
Overall framework
4 keywords: Systematic Networking Precise Efficient
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
(made by the author)
p. 48/49
Waste flow
70%
2025
“waste management rate”
Xiaolin Zhang/ 1822378 / group 2 / team waste
75%
2035
“achieving zero-waste”
(made by the author)
2050
BALI!
“setting new modes for Asian pacific countries”
p. 49/49
Reference list: 1. Kuo, T., Hsu, N., Wattimena, R., Hong, I., Chao, C. and Herlianto, J., (2021) ‘Toward a circular economy: A system dynamic model of recycling framework for aseptic paper packaging waste in Indonesia’ Journal of Cleaner Production, 301, p.126901. 2. Neo, E., Soo, G., Tan, D., Cady, K., Tong, K. and Low, J., 2021. Life cycle assessment of plastic waste end-oflife for India and Indonesia. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 174, p.105774. 3.Jadhao, P., Ahmad, E., Pant, K. and D. P. Nigam, K., 2022. Advancements in the field of electronic waste Recycling: Critical assessment of chemical route for generation of energy and valuable products coupled with metal recovery. Separation and Purification Technology, 289, p.120773. 4. Yana, S., Nizar, M., Irhamni and Mulyati, D., 2022. Biomass waste as a renewable energy in developing biobased economies in Indonesia: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 160, p.112268. 5.Alyousef, R., Ahmad, W., Ahmad, A., Aslam, F., Joyklad, P. and Alabduljabbar, H., 2021. Potential use of recycled plastic and rubber aggregate in cementitious materials for sustainable construction: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 329, p.129736. 6.Islam, S. and Bhat, G., 2019. Environmentally-friendly thermal and acoustic insulation materials from recycled textiles. Journal of Environmental Management, 251, p.109536. 7.Robert, D., Baez, E. and Setunge, S., 2021. A new technology of transforming recycled glass waste to construction components. Construction and Building Materials, 313, p.125539. 8.Mairizal, A., Sembada, A., Tse, K. and Rhamdhani, M., 2021. Electronic waste generation, economic values, distribution map, and possible recycling system in Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, p.126096. 9.Budihardjo, M., Ardiansyah, S. and Ramadan, B., 2022. Community-driven material recovery facility (CdMRF) for sustainable economic incentives of waste management: Evidence from Semarang City, Indonesia. Habitat International, 119, p.102488. 10.Bali Partnership. (2022). Ineractive Map, Explore & Analyze -Bali Partnership. [online] Available from: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/ (Accessed 26 April 2022).
Reference list:
11.Let’s Get to Know the Functions of Indonesia’s Waste Management Facilities: TPS, TPS 3R, TPST, and TPA! (2020) [online] Available from: https://waste4change.com/blog/lets-get-to-know-the-functions-of-indonesiaswaste-management-facilities-tps-tps-3r-tpst-and-tpa/ (Accessed 26 April 2022). 12.National Geographic. (2022). Bali fights for its beautiful beaches by rethinking waste, plastic trash. [online] Available from: https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/bali-fights-for-its-beautiful-beaches-byrethinking-waste-plastic-trash (Accessed 26 April 2022). 13.Giesler, K. (2022) The Plastic Problem: Plastic Pollution in Bali. [online] SIT Digital Collections. Available from: https://digitalcollections.sit.edu/isp_collection/2937/ (Accessed 26 April 2022). 14.Bali Partnership. (2022). Ineractive Map, Explore & Analyse -Bali Partnership. [online] Available from: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/map/ (Accessed 26 April 2022). 15.Widyarsana, I., Damanhuri, E. and Agustina, E. (2020) ‘Municipal solid waste material flow in Bali Province, Indonesia’, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 22(2), pp.405-415. 16.MYT Business Unit GmbH brochure (2009) [Online]. Available from: MYT Business Unit GmbH - Technology (myt-ringsheim.de) (Accessed: 27 April 2022) 17. Volcano Live (no year) [Online]. Available from: http://volcanolive.com/safety.html (Accessed: 27 April 2022)