Timber Hub Miao Lin
Main Challenge and Problem of Timber : ----Bali requires a huge wood volume per year
Future vision of Balinese timber sector: ----Green building and self-sufficiency 1. 2020-2035: Bali on the development of agroforestry and operate timber hub system. Increase foreign timber imports
1. Dependence on imports of Timber 2. The timber in Bali mainly comes from forests, but deforestation has done great damage to virgin forests.
3. There is a lack of processing factories close to the origin of the island's wood 4. Traditional construction in Bali requires a lot of wood
Solution to improve the timber sector of Bali: ----Improve the efficiency of local wood life cycle 1. Timber hub system, each hub includes timber production hub, processing hub. •
Change the forestry mode from deforestation-oriented to planting-oriented. Develop agroforestry system in production forest, current plantation and farm land Increase wood production and make forestry sustainable
•
Set up new wood processing factories in villages and settlements that develop agriculture and forestry, form wood industry clusters, and increase wood production to drive economic development
2. Timber can be used in combination with other building materials to form a green building
2. 2035-2045: Timber hub begin to provide wood sustainably to the residents of the island, increasing the island's wood production from 54% to 100%
Chapter1: Advantage of timber and cases
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Carbon impacts of timber material
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Low carbon emission of timber material Carbon emission kg/ton 3000 2568
2500
2218
2348
2000 1500
1189
1000
1328
865
500
489
508
Brickwork
Cement
101
0 Timber
Glass
Aluminium
Rock
Steel
Polyvinyl chloride plastic
Polyethylene plastics
Studies have proven that every cubic metre of wood used in place of other building materials equates to a reduction of approximately 1.6 tonnes of CO2 emissions. An average flat with a timber structure releases 16 tonnes less CO2. The concept of energy efficiency and environmental protection should be implemented at the initial selection stage, and it is important to consider wood as an alternative to other materials.
https://www.lsteak.com/articles/mcgyzl.html
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Global Practice: green building related to timber
Cambridge Central Mosque (Europe's first sustainable mosque) Architect: Marks Barfield Architects Area: 4900m2 Year: 2021
-Superstructure and pillar building materials structural wood walls made of cross-laminated timber (CLT) and natural insulation materials such as low-carbon concrete that avoid hidden carbon emissions -Building Operations the building was designed to ensure that natural light and ventilation can be achieved year-round, while the building's own solar panels cover all of the building's interior hot and cold water needs and 13% of its heating needs, while the rainwater it collects is used for flushing toilets and irrigation
-Low water consumption meets the RIBA Climate Challenge 2030 target and is confirmed by water meter readings. This is particularly important in East Anglia, a water-stressed region. The project transformed an impermeable surface into a building with a green roof to help address local surface runoff. Post-occupancy assessment data shows that in-use consumption is within 15% of the energy forecast, indicating that the performance gap is closing
Miao Lin 1822832/group 3 / team C
Cambridge Central Mosque/ Marks Barfield Architects Source: https://www.architecture.com/awards-and-competitions-landing-page/awards/riba-regional-awards/riba-east-awardwinners/2021/cambridge-central-mosque
Global Practice: green building related to timber
The Kendeda Building for Innovative Sustainable Design -Material: with glued laminated support columns with a steel frame, a wood structure that reduces the materials used in construction and the corresponding implied carbon footprint compared to concrete and steel systems; many of the materials used in the building are not newly manufactured, but recycled through the Lifecycle Building Center in Atlanta -the PV canopy generates more than 100% of the building’s energy demand and captures enough rainwater to meet 100% of the water used in the building.
Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
The Kendeda Building/ Lord Aeck Sargent, Miller Hull Partnership Source: https://www.archdaily.com/966808/the-kendeda-building-for-innovative-sustainable-design-miller-hullpartnership/6119b8dcf91c813e4a000124-the-kendeda-building-for-innovative-sustainable-design-miller-hull-partnership-section
Chapter2: Current situation and challenge of timber in Bali
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Building type
Bali: wood use in construction (Rural area & urban area Traditional building and modern building)
Traditional building
Floor
The Interior Element Structure
Wall
Roof Rafer: Wood, Plam tree; Roof cover: bamboo, plam tree fibre, Ijuk, Sirap,Dried coconut or rumbia leave
Traditional building
Earthen material Woven bamboo
Wood (Jackfruit, kwanitan, Teak, Coconut), Bamboo
Traditional building (More advance)
Red brick, Cemen plaster
Stone, Red brick, Woven bamboo
Wood，Bamboo
Tile, corrugated metal
Concrete, Tile
Stone，Red brick，Cement
Steel，Wood
Tile, corrugated metal
Non-traditional building
Modern building
Forest Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Terraced field
Crop land
Urban
Sea
Current Timber Consumption Site PRODUCTION FOREST
NEW FACTORY
There are two sources of timber on the island, imported and produced in Balinese forests. While wood is mainly used for building construction and making wood commodity sales and export
INDUSTRIAL FOREST PLANTATION
Buleleng PRODUCT
LOCAL
TEMPLE
TIMBER TRADITINAL RESIDENCE
FACTORY OUT of BALI
IMPORT
STRUCTURE COMMERCIAL ARE AND HOTEL
RECYCLE
Source of timber in Bali (%)
Timber consumption in Bali (%)
44% Import 54% Forest production 63% Construction Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
28% Wood product
Timber volume: 60,000 ton/year 1. From Bali self-produce: 32400t per year From import: 26400t per year 2. For construction: 37800t per year For wood product: 16800t per year
source: https://bali.bps.go.id/
Current Timber Circulation in Bali
Material flow Carbon flow Method 1 Method 2
Bali requires a huge wood volume per year. Find the solution. 1. Bring timber from outside Bali 2 & 3: Improve the efficiency of local wood production 4. Prohibit commercial logging & get certification of timber products and raw material 5. Utilize non-wood material (Solid waste)
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Current Timber Sources in Bali
Buleleng
Production forest
Primary forest
Wood fiber / timber
Secondary forest
Harbor
Limited production forest
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org
Forest Changes in Bali-drivers
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
https://www.globalforestwatch.org/map/country/IDN/2/
Forest cover of Bali (2000)
Forest area
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: source: Globalland30 (2022)
Forest cover of Bali (2020)
Forest area
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: source: Globalland30 (2022)
Current Timber Processing Site
Buleleng
Factory
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Source: Open street map
Current Timber Consumption Site
Buleleng
Commerce Retail Residential
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Source: Open street map
Current Timber Transportation System
Buleleng
Primary road Truck road Primary road Truck road
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Source: Open street map
Source and factory (present)
Buleleng
Timber production area Timber processing area Timber consumption area
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org & Open street map
Main Challenge and Problem of Timber : ----Bali requires a huge wood volume per year
1. Dependence on imports of Timber. Over 44% of wood raw material comes from other provinces of Indonesia.
2. The timber in Bali mainly comes from forests, but deforestation has done great damage to virgin forests. 200 hectares of forest are declining every year
3. 56% of the factories on the island are wood processing factories and are close to the southern port, there is a lack of processing factories close to the origin of the island's wood
4. Traditional construction in Bali requires a lot of wood
Solution to improve the timber sector of Bali: ----Improve the efficiency of local wood production and utilization
Future vision of Balinese timber sector: ----Green building and self-sufficiency
1. Timber hub system, each hub includes timber production hub, processing hub.
1. 2020-2035: Bali on the development of agroforestry and operate timber hub system. Increase foreign timber imports
•
•
Change the forestry mode from deforestation-oriented to planting-oriented. Develop agroforestry system in production forest, current plantation and farm land Increase wood production and make forestry sustainable Set up new wood processing factories in villages and settlements that develop agriculture and forestry, form wood industry clusters, and increase wood production to drive economic development
2. Timber can be used in combination with other building materials to form a green building
Forest Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Plantation and Crop land
2. 2035-2045: Timber hub begin to provide wood sustainably to the residents of the island, increasing the island's wood production from 54% to 75% 3. 2045- :Achieve self-sufficiency in timber
Urban
Chapter3: Improve the efficiency of local wood production --Timber hub system in Bali
Life Circle of Future Timber Sector
FOREST FARMING
ENERGY
PRODUCTION FOREST
NEW FACTORY INDUSTRIAL FOREST PLANTATION
Buleleng
EMPLOYMENT ALLEY CROPPING
PRODUCT
LOCAL
AROFORESTRY FARMLAND
TEMPLE
FUND
TIMBER TRADITINAL RESIDENCE
FACTORY OUT of BALI
FACILITY
IMPORT
STRUCTURE COMMERCIAL ARE AND HOTEL
RECYCLE
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: https://bali.bps.go.id/
Carbon and Material Circulation of Future Timber Sector
CARBON
MATERIAL Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780857097675500145?via%3Dihub
Future Timber Sources in Bali -Production forest
Limited production forest Production forest
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org
26
Future Timber Sources in Bali – Plantation (agroforestry)
Oil Palm Wood fiber / timber Fruit Mix Fruit
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org
27
Forest and tree plantation in 9 region
Buleleng
Bangli
Jembrana Karangasem
Tabanan
Badung
Oil Palm
Secondary forest
Wood fiber / timber
Limited production forest
Fruit Mix
Production forest Primary road Truck road
Fruit
Harbor
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Gianyar
Denpasar Klungkung
28
source: www.globalforestwatch.org & Open street map
Future Timber Sources in Bali – Farmland (agroforestry)
Agriculture Land
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org
29
Farm land in 9 region
Buleleng
Bangli Jembrana Karangasem
Tabanan
Gianyar Badung
Agriculture Land Primary road Truck road Harbor
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Denpasar Klungkung
30
source: www.globalforestwatch.org & Open street map
Jembrana
Potential timber production source of Bali Protection & Production Forest
Total Agriculture Land
(hectare)
(hectare)
3718213
JEM
889591 129688
0 104850
28067
BAD
Badung
26883
GIA
23125
KLU
45978
BAN
1419212
60165
KAR
3715921 0
32481 62216
TAB
669201
BUL
Gianyar
125700
2919
DEN
Wooded land (hectare) 0
9340
JEM
1783 2121
KLU
9134
75
(hectare)
KAR BUL DEN
KAR
DEN
7
GIA
5987
KLU
KLU
KAR
31323 35
Karangasem
BAN
30650 BUL
36880
Bangli
BAD
10003
BAN
17318
TAB
6337
KLU
Klungkung
JEM
22631
GIA
4224
390
15154
BAD
19694
BAN
2133
(hectare)
TAB
11268
GIA
4616
Estate Crops
JEM
8033
BAD
3679
Field
16627
TAB
1117
Tabanan
BUL DEN Buleleng
Denpasar
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: https://bali.bps.go.id/
31
Production, consumption and transportation of Timber
Buleleng
Bangli Jembrana Karangasem
Tabanan
Gianyar
Badung Wood production
Forest area Wooded land area Wood consumption
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Estate crop area
Denpasar Klungkung
source: www.globalforestwatch.org & Open street map
Chosen area for future timber source (develop agroforestry)
Buleleng
Village (close to timber production area) Forest farming Timber plantation Alley cropping
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Klungkung
source: www.globalforestwatch.org & Open street map
Definition of Agroforestry System
The AGFORWARD project is promoting agroforestry practices i.e. the integration of trees with farming. Agroforestry comprises the integration of trees (and shrubs) with crop and/or livestock systems.
The AGFORWARD project is promoting agroforestry practices i.e. the integration of trees with farming. Agroforestry comprises the integration of trees (and shrubs) with crop and/or livestock systems.
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
The participation networks within the AGFORWARD project considers agroforestry in four key areas: existing agroforestry practices of high nature and cultural value (HNCV) (WP2), integrating livestock and crops into high value tree systems (WP3), agroforestry for arable farms (WP4) and agroforestry for livestock farms (WP5).
Agroforestry practices can be divided into those of “high nature and cultural value” and those focused on high value trees, but there is overlap. Practices can also be divided into whether they include arable crops and livestock.
source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Agroforestry-practices-can-be-divided-into-those-of-high-nature-and-cultural-value-and_fig3_275647662
Definition of Agroforestry System
The AGFORWARD project is promoting agroforestry practices i.e. the integration of trees with farming. Agroforestry comprises the integration of trees (and shrubs) with crop and/or livestock systems.
Agroforestry systems are classified by their components, spatial and temporal arrangements, function, agro-ecological zone and socio-economic aspects (modified from Nair 1993)
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Agroforestry-practices-can-be-divided-into-those-of-high-nature-and-cultural-value-and_fig3_275647662
Plant list
(20m-35m) (10m-20m)
4th Layer：Timber Tree
3rd Layer：Fruit Tree
(5m-10m) 2nd Layer：Estate Plant
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
(10m-20m)
1st Layer：Food Crop
Plant list： COCONUT Height:30m Harvest Age: 5-10 years Soil Conservation: Holding soil, Soil moisture balancer
MANGO Height:10m Harvest Age: 3-4 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
GNETUM Height:20m Harvest Age: 5-7 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
ROSEWOOD Height:30m Harvest Age: 20-50 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop, Nitrogen fixing
RAMBUTAN Height:14m Harvest Age: 6-7 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
JACKFRUIT Height:20m Harvest Age: 5-10 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
FALCATA Height:35m Harvest Age: 7 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop, Nitrogen fixing
LANGSAT Height:15m Harvest Age: 8-12 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
GINGER Height:1m Harvest Age: 10 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
PINEAPPLE Height:1m Harvest Age: 24 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
TEAK Height:20m Harvest Age: 20-80 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
SUGAR PLAM Height:25m Harvest Age: 6-12 years Soil Conservation： Holding soil, Controlling erosion
MANGOSTEEN Height:15m Harvest Age: 8-12 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
CURCUMA Height:1m Harvest Age: 9-10 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
GAMAL Height: 6m Harvest Age: 3-4 months Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
DUKU Height:20m Harvest Age: 15 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
JENGKOL Height:20m Harvest Age: 4 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
BREADFRUIT Height:13m Harvest Age: 4 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
TURMERIC Height:1m Harvest Age: 11-12 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
GRASS Height:1m Harvest Age: 20-30 days Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
PETAI Height:15m Harvest Age: 4-10 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
GALANGAL Height:1m Harvest Age: 11-12 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
CORN Height: 2m Harvest Age: 3 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
ACACIA Height:17m Harvest Age: 5 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
CASSAVA Height:2m Harvest Age: 9-10 months Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
BANANA Height: 2m Harvest Age: 12 months Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
4th
Layer：Timber Tree (20m-35m)
MAHOGANY Height:20m Harvest Age: 10 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
3rd
Layer：Fruit Tree (10m-20m)
DURIAN Height:35m Harvest Age: 8-15 years Soil Conservation: High ground cover crop
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
AVOCADO Height:10m Harvest Age: 5-10 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
WATER APPLE Height:10m Harvest Age: 3-4 years Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
2nd Layer：Estate Plant (5m-10m)
ROBUSTA Height:5m Harvest Age: 3 months Soil Conservation: Reducing run off velocity
1st Layer：Food Crop (10m-20m)
PAPAYA Height:5m Harvest Age: 8-9 months Soil Conservation: Medium ground cover crop
source: www.globalforestwatch.org
GALANGAL Height: 0.05m Harvest Age: 6-12 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
GROUND NUT Height:0.25m Harvest Age: 3 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
SWEET POTATO Height: 0.3m Harvest Age: 3-4 months Soil Conservation: Ground base cover crop
Agroforest section： Timber Tree Fruit Tree Estate Plant Food Crop
Timber Tree Fruit Tree Food Crop Estate Plant Timber Tree
7 year rotation cycle (single field)
Year 1: Planting trees & intercropping rice
Year2: Intercropping rice Year 3-4: Cash crop or other edible crop
Year 5-6: Grazing of livestock Year7: Logging, planting new trees & intercropping rice
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
7 year rotation cycle (single field) Year 1: Planting trees & intercropping rice
Agroforestry: alley cropping
Agroforestry: Forest farming
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Year2: Intercropping rice
Year 3-4: Cash crop or other edible crop
Year 5-6: Grazing of livestock
Year7: Logging, planting new trees & intercropping rice
Shaping timber production hub：transport and timber production village
Buleleng
Primary road
Timber production village
Truck road
Factory
Primary road
Building
Truck road
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Klungkung
source: Open street map
Shaping timber production hub：main transport line and timber production hub
Buleleng
Timber production hub Factory Building
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: Open street map
Shaping timber processing hub：wind, forest & residence
Timber production hub Primary forest
Natural reserve Residence
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: : https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/historyclimate/climatemodelled/bali_indonesia_1650534www. & globalforestwatch.org
Shaping timber processing hub：water resource and waterway
Timber production hub Timber production hub
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org
Shaping timber processing hub：energy hub
Hydro Bio
Timber production hub
Geo Solar Wind Substation
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: energy team
Timber production hub and processing hub (future)
Buleleng
Timber production hub Timber production village
Timber processing hub
Klungkung
Main transport line
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org & open street map
The future timber hub
Buleleng
Timber hub Timber production hub Timber processing hub Building
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
Klungkung
Production hub and new factory (future)
Buleleng
Klungkung
Miao Lin 1822832/ group 3 / team C
source: www.globalforestwatch.org
Chapter4: Future vision of timber hub and calculation
Low carbon emission of timber material
Carbon emission kg/ton 3000
Take 2019 as an example, the whole Bali required 50000ton timber 1.Current Mode: 56% self-produced 44% import
2. Future Mode: 100% self-produced
2500
2218
2000 1500
Carbon dioxide produced： 56%×50000t=28000t 28000t×101kg CO2/t =2828000kg CO2=2828t CO2
Carbon dioxide produced： 50000t×101kg CO2/t =5050000kg CO2 =5050t CO2
Carbon dioxide absorbed (Teak)： the yield rate of commercial timber per hectare is 70%. 28000t/70%=40000t The density of teak=0.69g/cm³ 40000t/0.69=57971m³
Carbon dioxide absorbed (Teak)： the yield rate of commercial timber per hectare is 70%. 50000t/70%=71428.5t The density of teak=0.69g/cm³ 71428.5t/0.69=103519m³
2348
1189 865
1000 500
1328
489
508
101
0
Timber consumption of Bali (2015-2019) 60000 Ton 50000
1m³wood can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.1 tons 57971m³×1.1t/m³=63768.1t CO2
1m³wood can reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 1.1 tons 103519m³×1.1t/m³=113871.6t CO2
40000 30000 20000 10000
Net Carbon emission Produced-Absorbed=2828t-63768.1t= -60940t CO2
Net Carbon emission Produced-Absorbed=5050t-113871.6tt= -108821.6t CO2
0
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
MODE1-MODE2=(-60940)-(-108821.6)= 47881t CO2 If Bali becomes self-sufficient in wood, it could save at least 47881 tons of carbon emissions per year
2568
UPD 306 May 24th
Bamboo as building material
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 24th
Why Bamboo & Dream Vision
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th Benefits fo bamboo as a sustainable building materail 1. Fastest growing plant in the world, up tp 91cm a day 2. Does not require replanting after harvesting 3. Only takes 5 years to be haversted
5. removes CO2 from air 3.5% more efficiently than trees 6. Bamboo provides a lowcarbon alternateive to material including timber, cement and steel 7. 100% biodegradeable
4. stores up to 600 tonnes of carbon per hectare and produce oxygen
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://theaseanpost.com/article/fighting-climate-change-bamboo
UPD 306 May 15th Benefits fo bamboo as a sustainable building materail
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
The Potential of Bamboo as Building Material in Organic Shaped Buildings/Esti Asih Nurdiah*
UPD 306 May 15th W h y B a m b o o — l o c a l a d a p t i o n t r a d i t i o n w a y o f u s e i n g b a m b o o Residential building-local case
Jineng
Pawaregen (Pawon) Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.travelindonesia.cn/gb/en/destinations/bali-nusa-tenggara/bali/learn-the-philosophy-of-traditional-houses-in-bali
UPD 306 May 15th Why Bamboo-Yunnan Dai Bamboo Building Residential building-gobal case Thick bamboo is used as the skeleton of the house, bamboo woven strips are used as the walls, the floors are made of bamboo strips or wooden boards, and the roof is covered with grass. There are 24 main columns. Therefore, the bamboo building is simple in materials, and the construction is convenient and fast.
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.sgss8.com/tpdq/20997564/1.htm
UPD 306 May 15th Why Bamboo Public building (private school)-local case Architecture studio Ibuku has completed The Arc gymnasium for a private school in Bali featuring a complex double-curved roof made entirely from bamboo. The Arc is the latest building to be completed on the site of the Green School – a private educational institution that promotes sustainability through learning in a natural environment.
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/04/impressive-bamboo-building-roundup/
UPD 306 May 15th Case study-The Arc at Green School Bali Public building (private school)-local case The Arc at Green School Bali enters a new era for organic architecture, with its 19 meter span arches, interconnected by anticlastic gridshells. It is a new community wellness space and gymnasium for the extraordinary campus, in collaboration with Jorg Stamm and Atelier One.
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/04/impressive-bamboo-building-roundup/
UPD 306 May 15th Case study-The Arc at Green School Bali Public building (private school)-local case
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/04/impressive-bamboo-building-roundup/
UPD 306 May 15th Why Bamboo Hotel building -local case Location: Green Village, Sibang Gede, Bali Client: Green Village Site Area: 465.82 sqm Main House: -/+ 100 sqm Build Time: 12 Months Completion: June 2018 1 Harvest Our bamboo is carefully selected from the river valleys and mountains of the islands of Bali and Java in Indonesia. We harvest from clumps that, once established, grow a new generation of shoots each year. It takes just a few months for a new bamboo shoot to reach its full height, and in three years it becomes timber ready for harvest. IBUKU takes great care to ensure that only the mature poles are harvested, creating an incentive for the bamboo farmers to allow the younger shoots to grow to maturity for subsequent years’ harvests.
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/04/impressive-bamboo-building-roundup/
UPD 306 May 15th Why Bamboo Hotel building -local case 2 Treatment In the past bamboo buildings were susceptible to termites and Powder Post Beetle infestations that would eat the bamboo to dust. Our bamboo is treated with a boron solution, a naturally occurring salt solution that renders the bamboo indigestible to insects. It has a toxicity level just 1.5 times greater than that of regular table salt. The solution is re-used in a closed-loop system ensuring minimal impact on the immediate ecosystem
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/04/impressive-bamboo-building-roundup/
UPD 306 May 15th Why Bamboo Hotel building -local case 3 Design Our design process occurs on the land and for the land. The houses are tailored to gently rest on their foundation, carefully set in the earth’s natural contour, so that they have minimal impact on the environment. Instead of conventional blueprints, we create to-scale structural models made of hand-whittled bamboo sticks. These models are replicated in 3D line in computer programs for our engineers to study and confirm that the building adheres to our strict codes. The design process doesn’t end there. Our architects and engineers then follow the project in depth through completion to ensure structural integrity and longevity.
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
https://www.dezeen.com/2021/08/04/impressive-bamboo-building-roundup/
UPD 306 May 15th Dream vision
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th
Chanllenge
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th
Bamboo (source) in Bali
2000 Bamboo seedings， planted in 2016
3000 Bamboo seedings，planted in 4400 Bamboo 2018 seedings，planted in 2013-2014 4400 Bamboo seedings，planted in 2013-2014 5500 Bamboo seedings，planted in 2014-2015
500 Bamboo seedings，planted in 2015 2500 Bamboo seedings，planted in 2019
Bamboo forest (but protected) Bali Regreen project where planting the bamboo
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
500 Bamboo seedings，planted in 2015 600 Bamboo seedings， planted in 2011
The Potential of Bamboo as Building Material in Organic Shaped Buildings/Esti Asih Nurdiah*
UPD 306 May 15th Urban area (source) in Bali
urban area
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th Urban area (source) in Bali
Urban area Forest Cover Urbanization trend
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th Data and Calculation
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
The Potential of Bamboo as Building Material in Organic Shaped Buildings/Esti Asih Nurdiah*
UPD 306 May 15th
The Potential of Bamboo as Building Material in Organic Shaped Buildings/Esti Asih Nurdiah*
UPD 306 May 15th
Strategy
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th Circulation of bambooo
Circulation of bamboo Phase 1 Planting Bamboo Phase 2 Transportation Phase 3 Factory Phase 4 Construction o
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th
Step 2： Decide on suitable factory location (considering social and economic factors)
Step 1. Ensuring sufficient bamboo resources (source)
Strategy for bamboo as a buiding material
Step 4： Sustainable bamboo forest
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
Step 3： Minimize transportation distance and carbon consumption from transportation
UPD 306 May 15th The altitude area suitable for bamboo growth (less than 800m)
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th The altitude area suitable for bamboo growth (less than 800m)
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Weather areas suitable for bamboo growth (wet)
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Weather areas suitable for bamboo growth (wet)
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Exsiting planting areas
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Weather areas suitable for bamboo growth (wet)
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Strategy: Step 1 Planting the Bamboo
Areas is suitable to grow bamboo Waterway
Existing plantations
Urban area
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Caculation Bamboo VS. Wood
Bamboo VS. Wood Growth cycle3 to 6 years Trees may take up to 20 years to 70 years
Bamboo as the alternative material of wood 1. in 20 years (2022-2042)- 100% replacement rate 2. from 2042-2062-80% replacement rate
Wood Timber- Bali Annual wood consumption: around 54000m3 Target: 975,9816ha Per Year will be used >85
3. from 2062-2092- 50% Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
Density, Storage and Spatial Distribution of Carbon in Phyllostachy pubescens Forest
UPD 306 May 15th Caculation Bamboo VS. Wood
How much bamboo wil need ?
Bamboo as the alternative material of wood
1. in 20 years (2022-2042)- 100% replacement rate 54000m3 bamboo will be needed per year from 2022-2042 • Absorb 54000m3*600 =32,400,00 Co2 per year • The volume of bamboo: 54000m3/13m3/arc=4153.84 arc per year 2. from 2042-2062-80% replacement rate • The volume of bamboo: 54000m3/13m3/arc=4153.84 arc per year *0.8=3323.07arc per year
Wood Timber- Bali Annual wood consumption: around 54000m3 Target: 975,9816ha Per Year will be used >85
3. from 2062-2092- 50% • The volume of bamboo: 54000m3*13m3/arc=4153.84 arc per year *0.5 =2,076.93arc per year Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
Density, Storage and Spatial Distribution of Carbon in Phyllostachy pubescens Forest
UPD 306 May 15th Planting bamboo
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Transport-road transportation
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th Where need bamboo
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th
From planting to consumption
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
source: from Open street map
UPD 306 May 15th appendix 1
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th appendix 1
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th appendix 1
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
UPD 306 May 15th
Alternative material-Type of bamboos are used the most in Bali
1. Dendrocalamus Asper Niger | Bambu Petung Hitam Due to a genetic mutation, this is a naturally black tinted version of Bambu Petung. Though the poles exhibit less structural strength than their blonde counterparts, they are often used for their beauty.
3. Dendrocalamus Asper | Bambu Petung • Average heights: 15 -30 meters • Average diameters: 8 to 20 cm • Principle use: construction and food
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
2.Gigantochloa Apus | Bambu Tali Bambu Tali has a series of qualities which make it an interesting building material. One of them is its flexibility, it can be easily manipulated and is used for making bamboo ropes, a valuable element of the construction process • Average heights: 8-22 meters • Average diameters: 4-13 cm Principle use: handicraft, furniture and construction.
4.Bambusa Blumeana | Bambu Duri In our designs, it not only serves us structurally but, it also becomes a beautiful aesthetic element. • Average heights: 20-30 meters • Average diameters: 10-18 cm • Principle use: construction and decoration.
UPD 306 May 15th
Alternative material-Type of bamboos are used the most
5.“Fishing Rod Bamboo” of the Pseudosasa Genus | Bambu Pancing In construction and design, it is particularly used for furniture or decorative purposes, such as covering cables or tubes living spaces. • Average heights: up to 6 meters • Average diameters: 10-18 cm Principle use: construction and decoration.
Juerong wang 1823752 Group3 Team 3
Thyrsostachys Siamensis | Bambu Jakarta • Average heights: 7 to 13 meters • Average diameters: 2 to 6 cm. • Principle use: food, paper and construction.
Construction Material in Bali, Indonesia Rammed Earth Group 3 / team C/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397
https://www.urbana-design.com/2021/04/06/rammed-earth-architecture/
1. What is the challenge faced by material factor in terms of the Cement?
Construction Material - Cement
“ A cement is a binder, a substance used for construction. Cement mixed with fine aggregate produces mortar for masonry, or with sand and gravel, produces concrete. Concrete is the most widely used material in existence and is behind only water as the planet's most-consumed resource.” Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cement
Carbon Emission of Cement’s Life Circle
“ In other words, the carbon consumption of cement comes mainly from production and further processing, especially when it is mixed into concrete.“ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Cao, Z., Myers, R.J., Lupton, R.C. et al. The sponge effect and carbon emission mitigation potentials of the global cement cycle. Nat Commun 11, 3777 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17583-w
Existing Goals and Strategies Potentially Affecting Cement
5 Goals
5 of 12 Key Strategies
- Improved livelihoods
- Reduce GHG emission
- Growing visitor economy
- Build resilience
- Better Environment
- Upgrade infrastructure
- Reduced carbon
- Manage transport
- An Authentic Bali
- Manage waste
4 Areas - Products and Markets - Community and Jobs - Climate and Environment - Infrastructure and Investments
Main Challenge: High cement demand from infrastructure updated will generate a lot of carbon emissions, which may probably increase Bali’s GHG emissions.
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
A Green Growth 2050 Roadmap for Bali Tourism https://vuir.vu.edu.au/35965/12/Green_Growth_2050_RoadMap_Bali.pdf
Inventory Analysis
•
Indonesia’s construction materials industry has gradually digging itself out of its troubles thanks to recovering demand from property developers and infrastructure.
•
Increased production capacity when national consumption has decreased due to the pandemic has caused an already large oversupply of cement.
•
In 2020, there were 43.52 million tons of excess supply of cement produced in Indonesia.
•
The sale volume is predicted to continue to increase in line with improving economic conditions during the pandemic.
https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/indonesia-should-block-lafargeholcim-s-cement-deal
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
https://visiglobal.co.id/cantingqind/the-management-of-the-construction-sector-and-cement-andsteel-production-must-be-further-improved-in-the-midst-of-a-pandemic/2021/12/
Import and Export Route of Cement in Indonesia
“ In the January-November 2021 period the Indonesian cement market expanded by 4.7 per cent YoY to 59.43Mt. And in Bali and Nusa Tenggara the market expanded by 10.5 per cent to 0.34Mt.” Published under Cement News
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
https://www.cemnet.com/global-cement-report/country/indonesia
Import and Export Route of Cement in Bali
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from statistics of Bali Province
Potential Decarbonization Pathways “ Given its performance characteristics and the broad availability of limestone, cement (and therefore concrete) is likely to remain the construction material of choice globally. ”
Analyses show that CO2 emissions could be reduced by 75 percent by 2050. The remainder will need to come from technological innovation and new growth horizons. Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
The emissions-reduction potential from alternative fuels and clinker substitution is limited by the decreasing availability of input materials. More innovative approaches, such as new technologies and alternative building materials, will therefore be indispensable to achieve carbon-reduction targets by 2050. https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/chemicals/our-insights/laying-the-foundation-for-zero-carbon-cement
2. What are the strategies to address this challenge?
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Strategy objective: Reduce the carbon emission of cement production/ processing
Reduce the import of cement
Rammed earth as the main building material in Bali in order to replace concrete (dominant by cement)
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: https://www.facebook.com/EarthconstructionBali/posts/rammed-earthfoundation-floor-and-walls/647480166097365/
Strategy Process Visualization - BEFORE
Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323784664_A_STUDY_INTO_MORE_SUSTAINABLE_ALTERNATIVE_BUILDI NG_MATERIALS_AS_A_SUBSTITUTE_FOR_CONCRETE_IN_TROPICAL_CLIMATES
2. Strategy Process Visualization – In Operation
Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323784664_A_STUDY_INTO_MORE_SUSTAINABLE_ALTERNATIVE_BUILDI NG_MATERIALS_AS_A_SUBSTITUTE_FOR_CONCRETE_IN_TROPICAL_CLIMATES
2. Strategy Process Visualization - AFTER (Achieve the goal)
Miao Lin 1822832/ Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
3. What is the reason for choosing rammed earth as the main building material?
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Alternative Building Materials – Nature Earth/ Soil
The picture shows the different functions that soil can perform in building materials through different techniques and processing. This study focuses on the application of rammed earth as a building material in construction. Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ Juerong Wang 1823752/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Source: https://www.gat.st/news/basehabitat-summer-school-2018
Alternative Building Materials – Rammed Earth “Rammed earth is a techniques for constructing foundations, floors, and walls using compacted natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime, or gravel. It is an ancient method that has been revived recently as a sustainable building method.”
Construction techniques can be divided into three main groups: I. II. III.
Use earth in load-bearing monolithic constructions. Use earth in load-bearing masonry structures. Use earth as a non-bearing construction material in combination with a supporting structure of another material
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Steps when erecting a rammed earth wall using rammed earth technology : I. II. III. IV.
Formwork is built and filled with a layer of moist soil-cement mixture. The layer of moist mixture is compressed. Successive layers of moist earth are added and compressed. The formwork is removed to reveal the rammed earth wall
Areas of occurrence of numerous buildings made of earth. The black points marked the earth architecture inscribed in the UNESCO World Heritage List.
Source: https://www.adaptarchitecture.com.au/single-post/2018/06/07/can-you-benefit-from-rammed-earth-walls-the-answer-is-yes
Rammed Earth Case Review Post-Tsunami Rehabilitation Project, Kirinda TYPOLOGIES Housing Emergency architecture MATERIAL Rammed earth DATE 2005 - 2006 CITY Kirinda COUNTRY Sri Lanka
The houses are built with locally sourced materials – earth, wood, and tile – to reduce costs and to ensure that any profits revert to the region. Bricks are compressed on site with clay and cement, and thanks to their geometry they can be stacked in a simple manner, as if they were Lego parts, by non-expert workers. The earthquake of 26 December 2004 caused a catastrophic tsunami that took the life of 38,000 people in Sri Lanka. One of the devastated areas was Kirinda, a small community of Islamic fishermen located in the southern coast of the country. The reconstruction project, comprising fifty houses, was set forth as a collaborative process in which the population participated to adapt the design to its needs.
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Source: https://arquitecturaviva.com/works/reconstruccion-de-viviendas-7
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Rammed Earth Case Review Hakka Tulous in Fujian Province of China Tulous are Chinese rural dwellings unique to the Hakka in the mountainous areas in southeastern Fujian, China. They were mostly built between the 12th and the 20th centuries.
Design of the Tulous A tulou is usually a large, enclosed and fortified earth building, most commonly rectangular or circular in configuration, with very thick load-bearing rammed earth walls between three and five stories high and housing up to 800 people. Smaller interior buildings are often enclosed by these huge peripheral walls which can contain halls, storehouses, wells and living areas, the whole structure resembling a small fortified city.
Liang (2011) notes in his introduction to the Workshop that Hakka rammed earth buildings in Fujian Province of China reflect the importance of historical precedents, universal evolution, emerging innovation and advancement in the science and engineering of rammed earth construction, from the 8th to 20th century. They are considered as “Eco-villages” of best practices for planet earth’s sustainability in their planning, design, construction, lifestyle, resource management, micro industries, renewable energy, recycling of human and animal waste, and a low ecological footprint (Ostrowsky et al, 2007). By combining what we know of rammed earth from the Hakka people with science and technology of today, the efficiencies of rammed earth can be further expanded and used in more widespread modern construction. Such construction methods would reduce our need for using concrete and thus reduce our greenhouse gas emissions for a more sustainable future of our planet earth.
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Source: International Hakka Tulou Alliance (wvu.edu)
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Embodied Carbon - Rammed Earth and other common material (Order from lowest to highest) Embodied carbon is the carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions associated with materials and construction processes throughout the whole lifecycle of a building or infrastructure. It includes any CO₂ created during the manufacturing of building materials (material extraction, transport to manufacturer, manufacturing), the transport of those materials to the job site, and the construction practices used.
48kg embodied carbon per m³
Rammed Earth
345kg embodied carbon per m³
Clay Brick Wall Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
110kg embodied carbon per m³
345kg embodied carbon per m³
Softwood Timber
635kg embodied carbon per m³
Reinforced Concrete
219kg embodied carbon per m³
Cross Laminated Timber
3600kg embodied carbon per m³
Glass
237kg embodied carbon per m³
Stone
18009kg of embodied carbon per m³
Steel Section Source: https://pliteq.com/news/building-vs-carbon-footprint/
TWO material consumption scenarios in Bali: Cement vs. Rammed Earth
Cement Consumption: PT Holcim Indonesia: Bali and Nusa Tenggara: Bali from 2007-2017
Cement Consumption: PT Holcim Indonesia: Bali and Nusa Tenggara: Bali in 2016
Bali’s Cement Consumption in 2016 : 79318.5t Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
885kg CO2 Emission per ton
Using cement consumption data in Bali in 2016 as an example, If run out of 79318.5t cement in a year, Cement’s CO2 emission = 79318.5* 0.885 = 72196.87 t
48kg CO2 Emission per ton
If 80% of the cement is replaced by rammed earth, Rammed Earth’s CO2 emission = 79318.5*0.8*0.042 + 79318.5*0.2*0.885 = 16704.48 t
It is estimated that replacing 80% of cement with rammed earth for a year can reduce co2 emissions by 72196.87-16704.48 = 55792.39 t in Bali. source: from https://www.ceicdata.com/en/indonesia/cement-consumption-by-company/cement-consumptionpt-holcim-indonesia-bali-and-nusa-tenggara-bali and https://pliteq.com/news/building-vs-carbon-footprint/
Cement vs. Rammed Earth The large quarry
Cement factory/processing plant Local Soil/Earth
Rammed Earth Construction site
Construction Site
Small workshops Demolished
Ruins
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Source from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-17583-w
Carbon emission simulation of building materials in urban areas Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Carbon emission simulation of raw material processing factories
Thermal Power Station
Mining plants and transshipment processing plants
Transformer substation Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Furniture/timber factories/Cement plant (manufacturing)
Quarry source: from Open street map
4. Production end of rammed earth in Bali
Raw materials distribution in Bali: Earth/ Stone
Volcanic product 火山石
Yellowish-Brown Latosol 黄棕砖红壤 (热带红土) Sandstones/ Reef Limestone 砂石/石灰岩礁石 Limestone 石灰岩（石灰石）
Alluvium Deposit 冲积层 Lavas, breccias, tuffs 熔岩/ 角砾岩/ 凝灰岩
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Raw material analysis: What can they be used for? Cementing of some Alluvium type and degree is probably universal, but not obvious, with silt and clay being the predominant form.
This reef limestone is made up of the remains of corals, crinoids and shells that formed a reef within a tropical lagoon around 325 million years ago. Reef Limestone
Volcanic product
Latosol is often used to grow crops such as rice, maize, and peanut. It is also used to make bricks and mortar.
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Limestone
Sandstone has been used since prehistoric times for construction decorative art works and tools. It has been widely employed in constructing temples, churches, homes and other buildings, and in civil engineering.
The striking visual appearance of breccias has made them a popular sculptural and arc hitectural material. Breccias
Yellowish-Brown Latosol
Today, tuff is mainly used for gardens and pond features, alpine rockeries, rock walls and fountains. Tuffs
Sandstones
Alluvium Deposit Volcanic ash (VA) is an abundant low- cost material that, because of its chemical composition and amorphous atomic structure, has been considered as a suitable material to replace Portland cement clinker for use as a binder in cement production.
Stone or soil suitable for use as a principal building material
Limestone is the raw material for the manufacture of quicklime (calci um oxide), slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), cemen t and mortar.
Lavas
source: from wikipedia
Black Lavastone in Indonesia also is known as Pedra Hitam preta is one of the most popular stones as its used as material for Borobudur Temple the world’s biggest Buddhist temple.
Raw material analysis: The map view
Raw materials that can be used in Balinese construction
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
5. The consumer end of rammed earth in Bali
Material consumption clusters in Bali: Urban Area/ Village/ Potential Area
Urban Area Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Rural /Agricultural Area
Coast/ Deforestation Area source: from Open street map
Spatial distribution of buildings and land use in Bali : Urban Area/ Village/ Potential Area
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
Material consumption location in Bali: City/ Hamlet/ Village
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Material consumption distribution in Bali
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Material consumption clusters in Bali: City/ Hamlet/ Village
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Urban Construction Material • Hotel & Resort
https://www.qantas.com
www.balisurprise.com
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
• Infrastructure
https://zh.hotels.com/go/indonesia/bali-airport
https://investvine.com/indonesia-to-spend-70-billion-on-newtoll-road-network/bali-mandara-ocean-expressway/
Rural Construction Material • Rural Area & Village
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-07-06/an-balispoor-suffer-despite-booming-tourism/4114064
https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-construction-activity-of-abuilding-in-small-indonesian-village-43312597.html
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
• Poverty
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-56660294
https://pt.dreamstime.com/foto-de-stock-casas-da-algapobre-dos-fazendeiros-nusa-penida-bali-indon
Baliness Traditional Material
https://arjuna-vallabha.tumblr.com/post/179028840052
https://coconuts.co/bali/lifestyle/island-20000-temples-top-6bali-temples-wont-see-average-itinerary/
https://baliskytour.wordpress.com/balinese-family-temple/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinese_traditional_house
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
The framework of building types and materials research
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
https://www.google.com/maps/place/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%B7%B4%E5%8E%98%E5%B2%9B/@8.4553718,114.7913781,10z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x2dd141d3e8100fa1:0x24910fb14b24e690!8m2!3d-8.4095178!4d115.188916
4. Strategy implementation in Bali
Conceptual Route Map: Rammed earth in Bali
Main city Origin of raw materials Route intersection
Airport Port Main town Consumption Lane Supply Lane Sub-Supply Lane Detailed -Supply Lane Province boundaries Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Route Map: Consumption Lane
Main city Airport
Port
Main Route
The secondary road The third road The village road Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Route Map: Supply Lane
Origin of raw materials Main city Airport
Port
Main Route
The secondary road The third road The village road Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
Route Map: Sub- Supply Lane
Potential rammed earth consumption Area Origin of raw materials Main city Airport
Port
Main Route
The secondary road The third road The village road Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from Open street map
5. Limitation and Improvement
The Benefit and The limitation of Rammed Earth Benefit
Limitation • •
• •
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
The texture of traditional culture Locally sourced, locally produced
•
Fire resistance
•
Water resistance
Regulate the temperature Relatively low Eco-costs
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323784664_A_STUDY_INTO_MORE_SUSTAINABLE_ALTERNATIVE_BUILDI NG_MATERIALS_AS_A_SUBSTITUTE_FOR_CONCRETE_IN_TROPICAL_CLIMATES
Possible Technical Improvement of Rammed Earth • Stabilised rammed earth (SRE) is based on the same construction method, i.e. moist loose soil compacted inside formwork, but the soil mix is stabilised with (most commonly) cement or lime. • The most economical solution would probably remain to use soil available on-site, instead of recycling construction material. • SRE performance could be improved by reducing cement content, using alternative binders and reducing transportation of the substrate.
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061817304300
6. Future Vision
47
Rammed Earth Bali collage
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
48
Future rammed Earth vision created by AI: Urban Area/ Village/ Potential (Coast and Deforestation) Area
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
source: from https://www.wombo.art/
49
7. Pitch and Sketch
50
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
51
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
52
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
53
Tonghui Zhou 1823397/ group 3 / team C
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UPD 306 – May 25
Plastic Challenge in Bali, Indonesia CW2 Material Sector Group 3 / team C Lijia Wang / ID: 1823093
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/01/this-man-is-installing-100-trash-barriers-in-balis-rivers-to-stop-plastic-pollution/
UPD 306 – May 25
CHALLENGE
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
“The climate impacts of plastic are largely invisible because they occur upstream.” Carroll Muffett, Center for International Environmental Law
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://chinadialogueocean.net/en/pollution/how-plastic-is-fuelling-a-hidden-climate-crisis-in-southeast-asia/
UPD 306 – May 25 Plastic Waste in Bali’s Coast and Ocean
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.4ocean.com/pages/bali-plastic-pollution
UPD 306 – May 25 Plastic Waste in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/plastic-pollution-balis-iconic-beaches-are-buried-in-plastic-with-60-tonnes-garbage-collectedeach-day/ https://www.4ocean.com/pages/bali-plastic-pollution
UPD 306 – May 25 The Reasons For the Continuous Accumulation of Plastic in Bali: Lack of waste management infrastructure available on the island coupled with the gap in education and awareness “The biggest problem is actually the trash handling hasn’t been effective in Indonesia. Bali has just started to reorganize it, also Java has just started.” Dr. Gene Hendrawan, Head of the Centre for Remote Sensing and Ocean Sciences, Bali’s Udayana University
“The Badung administration should have a trash handling system at Kuta Beach that is complete with adequate equipment and human resources so they can work quickly to clean up the trash washed onto the beach. Moreover, in the rainy season when there are tourists visiting, the trash handling systems should be working 24 hours a day. Don’t wait for tomorrow.” Bali’s Governor Wayan Koster
“There is a ‘tremendous amount’ of plastic currently being collected from the beaches and it is getting worse each year. It’s not new and it’s not surprising and it happens every year, and it’s been growing over the last decade. The rubbish had likely not travelled far and there would be many other beaches on the Indonesian archipelago suffering a similar fate.” “The increasing amount of plastic washing up was in line with the global rise in the production of plastic. Beaches around the globe were seeing an increase in waste, but in monsoonal countries we do find a much stronger seasonal affect. Community groups and individuals were becoming more active in trying to cut the use of plastics and there was a suite of approaches being used to tackle the problem.” Dr. Denise Hardesty, principal research scientist at Australia’s CSIRO science agency and an expert on global plastic pollution
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.greenqueen.com.hk/plastic-pollution-balis-iconic-beaches-are-buried-in-plastic-with-60-tonnes-garbage-collectedeach-day/#:~:text=The%20influx%20of%20tourists%20as,year%20from%20west%20to%20east.
UPD 306 – May 25 Where the World’s Plastic Waste Will End Up, by 2050
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-future-of-the-worlds-plastic/
UPD 306 – May 25
Bali’s Current Situation: Plastic
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Southeast Asian countries are among the nations that stand to lose the most from plastic pollution, and from the climatic impacts it contributes to. Properly managing plastic waste, however, is a different issue, and one made more complex for Southeast Asian nations that accept waste shipped from other countries. The problem has become more acute after China, historically one of the biggest importers of recyclable scrap materials, enforced a ban on foreign waste in 2018.
Decrease dramatically due to tourism affected by COVID-19 Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Plastic Manufacture Distribution in Bali (2022)
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Google Maps/ Term of Use
UPD 306 – May 25 Common Plastic Waste Flow in Bali: Linear Process
M / rt o p m I
t c fa u an
g n i ur
Much of this mismanaged plastic ends up in water sources and, ultimately, in the ocean. Emissions from plastics discarded into the environment are hard to measure, but mounting evidence suggests they are higher than previously thought. “Research shows that plastics at the surface of the ocean continuously release gases such as methane and ethylene, and other greenhouse gases.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Developing countries struggle to manage waste, whether imported or domestic, because they lack the infrastructure to process it or incinerate it safely. “Mismanaged” plastic waste is that which ends up in the environment, instead of being incinerated, properly buried or otherwise safely dealt with.
UPD 306 – May 25
Landfill Burying/ Burning
Open Burying Open Burning
Randomly Discard Waste Imports Upstream Waste Local Waste Dumping Tourism
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Upstream Waste
Tourism Local Waste Dumping Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Plastic Waste Imports
Open Burying Open Burning
Landfill Burying/ Burning
UPD 306 – May 25
Local Attempt to Tackle Plastic Waste
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
The Governor of Bali declared its closure on January 1st 2022, but it still remains open due to the lack of infrastructure available. The Balinese government is now moving towards a more decentralized system by localizing waste management at the village level, where every Desa (village) gets its own waste sorting facility known as TPST-3R. With budget cuts in the midst of COVID-19, we have seen a delay in the construction of these facilities, which has therefore led to a lot of illegal dumping in rivers and open dumps.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 Waking up to the challenge – case studies and examples of emergent action in Indonesia
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
World Economic Forum (2020) Radically Reducing Plastic Pollution in Indonesia: A Multistakeholder Action Plan
UPD 306 – May 25 Waking up to the challenge – case studies and examples of emergent action in Indonesia
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://globalplasticaction.org/countries/indonesia/#:~:text=Released%20in%20April%202020%2C%20Radically,pollution%20by %202040%20through%20transitioning
UPD 306 – May 25 Waking up to the challenge – case studies and examples of emergent action in Bali New business model MUUSE in Bali operates a deposit-based platform where restaurants and consumers can rent reusable food containers and cups for take-away orders. Redesign for recycling In 2019, Aqua launched Indonesia’s first plastic bottle made of 100% recycled material in Bali and Jakarta. By eliminating pigments and replacing labels by embossed text, the bottles are fully recyclable. Innovation & informal sector integration Gringgo, founded in 2015 in Bali, developed a digital platform to connect waste workers with households using route analysis to increase collection effificiency. Waste4Change and EcoBali privatize waste collection and employ former waste pickers as collection and sorting workers in an improved working environment. Monthly reports are provided to increase customer awareness. Plastic Bank pays a premium price for collected plastics using a “plastic offset” scheme funded by corporate clients. Community and city level partnership In Bali, Merah Putih Hijau is implementing a community partnership to improve solid waste management. PRAISE and McKinsey.org recently launched the Desa Kedas programme to upgrade waste sorting facilities and stimulate household waste segregation. Enabling activity and research Bali Partnership has carried out extensive research to build a baseline data of plastic waste in Bali.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
World Economic Forum (2020) Radically Reducing Plastic Pollution in Indonesia: A Multistakeholder Action Plan
UPD 306 – May 25 Waking up to the challenge – case studies and examples of emergent action in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 Local ‘Mass revolution’
Bye Bye Plastic Bag https://www.byebyeplasticbags.org/
MUUSE https://muuse.io/news/muuse-history
PLASTIC EXCHANGE https://plasticexchange.org/
SUNGAI WATCH https://makeachange.world/sungaiwatch
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
EcoBali https://eco-bali.com/
AQUA https://aqua.co.id/
TRSH HERO INDONISIA https://trashhero.org/
Avani https://avanieco.com/
UPD 306 – May 25 2045 Vision
BY 2045 Zero single-use plastic import ｜ Zero plastic waste export ｜ Zero single-use plastic production
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 2045 Vision
Decrease dramatically due to tourism affected by COVID-19 Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
2045 Vision: A clear Bali without plastic waste
No Single-use Plastic Packaging
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Give The Pristine Beach Back
Live in Harmony with Tourists
UPD 306 – May 25 2045 Vision
CO2e of Plastic
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 CO2e of Plastic
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://chinadialogueocean.net/en/pollution/how-plastic-is-fuelling-a-hidden-climate-crisis-in-southeast-asia/
UPD 306 – May 25 CO2e of Plastic
Typical fossil plastics have a global warming potential of between 1.7 and 3.5 kg of CO2, depending on the type of plastic.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 Waste material flow in Bali Province in 2018
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Widyarsana, I. M. W., Damanhuri, E. and Agustina, E. (2020) ‘Municipal solid waste material flow in Bali Province, Indonesia’, Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management: Official Journal of the Japan Society of Material Cycles and Waste Management (JSMCWM) and the Korea Society of Waste Management (KSWM), 22(2), pp. 405–415. doi: 10.1007/s10163-020-00989-5.
UPD 306 – May 25
CO2e Calculation of Plastic in Bali’s Landfill Waste composition percentage at the source in Bali
Average waste composition percentage in Landfills in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Data from: Widyarsana et al. (2020), The Center for Environmental Law (n.d.)
UPD 306 – May 25
Calculation of CO2e
135,403,900 kg Co2e was emitted by incinerated plastic in Bali in 2018
Worse, 63.84% plastic waste was not collected by official service… Emissions from plastics discarded into the environment are hard to measure, but they are higher than previously thought…
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 The distribution of households selling to informal sector and related institutions
Scavengers and informal sector are also parts of waste disposal process. Waste was reduced by around 484 scavengers who can collect around 83 kg/day in Bali (Widyarsana et al., 2020). The collected valuable waste was later sold to the first intermediate informal collectors.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Balipartnership (2019) Map. Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#tab-1606305589863-0
UPD 306 – May 25 The distribution of recycle organization and recycling rate by regencies
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Balipartnership (2019) Map. Available at: https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#tab-1606305589863-0
UPD 306 – May 25 Overview Strategy for Plastic in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 Four important hierarchy in plastic waste management
• Reduction is to reduce the use of plastics which produce waste or the plastics efficiently, so it will directly reduce the waste generated.
• Reuse is using the construction project plastics as long as possible. • Recycling is reusing the remaining plastics by processing it into a reusable item. • Landfilling is the last option in plastic waste management, i.e., the waste disposal to the final disposal site.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 WHY ‘Above All, Reduce’?
Recycling Has its Limits Recycling is not an infinite loop. On the contrary, most plastics can only be recycled once or twice before they’re discarded, since polymers in plastic break down during the recycling process. That’s why many experts stress the importance of reducing and reusing over recycling. As Beth Porter, author of Reduce, Reuse, Reimagine: Sorting Out the Recycling System said in an interview: •
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
“I don’t want people to think that what they do as an individual doesn’t matter…[but] we won’t recycle our way out of this crisis.”
SAFE OR NOT? 1
PET
2
HDPE
3
PVC
4
LDPE
5
PP
6
PS
7
O
https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-future-of-the-worlds-plastic/
UPD 306 – May 25 Overview Strategy for Plastic in Bali: Bottom-Up Action to Reduce, Collect, and Recycle Plastic Waste
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Build A Public house: Plastic Museum Case Review: Plastic Museum, Madrid
• Demonstrate the vital role that plastic plays in human lives • Popularize the dangers of plastic waste to the ocean and other ecosystems • Explore the possibility of reusing and recycling its supply
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.archdaily.cn/cn/962552/wan-quan-yong-ke-hui-shou-su-liao-da-zao-de-bo-wu-guan
UPD 306 – May 25
Build A Public house: Lifecycle Building Center Best Practice: Lifecycle Building Center of Greater Atlanta
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.lifecyclebuildingcenter.org/
UPD 306 – May 25 Multi-sensor-driven AI and blockchain tools for efficient segregation and recycling of plastic waste
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138993411830460X
UPD 306 – May 25 Strategy For the Plastic Waste Pollution Challenge
Use AI and blockchain technology for efficient recycling of plastics. The first step is to use AI to sort the different types of plastics, and then pass the sorting data to Plastic lifecycle Center, which monitors the plastic waste in the water and controls the location of the floating devices for plastic recycling. Each floating device and Plastic lifecycle Center share information as separate blocks to form a blockchain. The floating collection device collects a certain amount of plastic waste and then transports it to the nearest Plastic lifecycle Center. In addition to the plastic collected in the oceans and waters, people can also send those plastic waste that they do not know where to go to the Plastic Lifecycle Center for recycling or reuse. For this blockchain, it collects simple recycling information to provide an effective solution to the front-end participation problem. Using blockchain to issue points and other forms of positive incentives to drive multi-center collaboration and sharing (government, NGOs, individuals...). As mentioned earlier, local governments and local NGOs and individuals are making efforts to solve the plastic waste problem, but they have the problem of not sharing information. And some people have little awareness of plastic recycling.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S138993411830460X
UPD 306 – May 25 Plastic material flow
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 Plastic material flow: Circular process
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Case Study: MAKOKO Floating School
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
http://www.nleworks.com/case/makoko-floating-school/
UPD 306 – May 25
Floating Movable Plastic Collection Device Design Concept Mainly use bamboo
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 Floating movable plastic collection device example
Storage AI classification device Collection area
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Storage 1
Storage 2
----------AI classification device-------Collection area
https://www.dropbox.com/s/5c1f2ws9yxx0avo/Makoko_Architectural.pdf?dl=0
UPD 306 – May 25
Floating Movable Plastic Collection Device Design Concept
AI plastic classification machine Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
If there are too much waste in an area, the floating collection device will be…SO the blockchain’s information sharing is vital
UPD 306 – May 25
Where to place the Plastic Lifecycle Center?
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Waste (Plastic) Generation in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Mismanaged Plastic Waste in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#) tab-1606305589863-0
UPD 306 – May 25
Plastic Pollution in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
about 33,000 tonnes of plastic waste leaks from the island into the sea every year
https://www.balipartnership.org/en_gb/about/#) tab-1606305589863-0
UPD 306 – May 25 Road System in Bali 2045 from infrastructure sector
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Centralized Plastic Lifecycle Center and Decentralized Movable Devices
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Centralized Plastic Lifecycle Center and Decentralized Movable Devices
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Recycle/Reuse plastic brick/ furniture can be produced by plastic lifecycle center
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20200819-why-plastic-waste-is-an-ideal-building-material https://whttps://craftsunitedbali.com/ecollabo8-balis-new-player-in-plastic-recycling/ ww.archdaily.cn/cn/945430/zai-sheng-cheng-shi-xun-huan-she-ji-ru-he-su-zao-cheng-shi-sheng-huo
UPD 306 – May 25
Plastic’s connection with other material
Horizontal Bottle Wall Construction Use infill bottles to replace solid concrete to reduces the amount of concrete. https://theconstructor.org/construction/plastic-bottle-building-construction-benefits/16141/#
Road Construction in Ashton Rise Bristol, UK The MacRebur product is made from non-recyclable waste plastic that is processed and added to the asphalt. The product comprises granulated waste plastic and a bonding agent to reduce the amount of bitumen to create asphalt. https://theconstructor.org/news/plastic-additive-road-construction/556995/ Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Plastic + Concrete = REBRICK Local plastic recycle technology: ecobrick. It can stop about 88,000 pieces of plastic sachet from littering the environment https://www.scmp.com/video/environment/3136387/indonesian-women-turn-waste-plastic-construction-bricks
A Storage Shed Made of WPCs Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are composite materials formed by combining woodbased elements and plastic fibers. WPCs can be manufactured entirely from recycled materials obtained from wood product manufacturing facilities along with the plastic powder. https://theconstructor.org/building/building-material/wood-plastic-composites-wpc/559478/
UPD 306 – May 25
Partial renovation of the house: Extend building life and reduce construction times
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
Google earth Google Earth
UPD 306 – May 25
Partial renovation of the house: Extend building life and reduce construction times
The most common residential building type in Bali
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
UPD 306 – May 25 Partial renovation of the house: Extend building life and reduce construction times
Extruded polystyrene (XPS)
Extruded polystyrene used in the construction of protected membrane (PMR) garden roofs and/or PMR assemblies designed to temporarily store stormwater can generate a positive environmental impact. XPS fits well into garden roof design due to high compressive strength, high moistureresistance, and stable R-value in the presence of moisture. Extruded polystyrene insulation is used in insulating concrete forms (ICF), which are panel systems with composite ties. Walls made with these ICFs are extremely energy-efficient, combining both thermal insulation and thermal mass while also providing structural capability and interior/exterior standalone finishes. Walls constructed with insulating concrete forms may be reusable, and the concrete could contain significant amounts of recycled material.
Plastic pipes
High-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipes can be bent to a radius 25 times the nominal diameter (e.g. 305-mm [12-in.] HDPE pipes can be cold-formed in the field to a 7.6-m [25-ft] radius). This can eliminate many fittings required for directional changes in a piping system, where fittings and thrust blocks or restraints are required with alternate materials—thereby reducing material use.
Vinyl
Vinyl siding’s color palette, texture, and design continue to expand, making it a viable alternative in restoration projects. For example, polystyrenebacked vinyl siding provides a thickness some have used to give the authentic look of old clapboard on older homes. Vinyl’s durability and low maintenance have also made it a popular material for fencing and decking. There are no fibers in the product, so burrs, splinters, chips, or slivers are eliminated. Due to added stabilizers and ultraviolet (UV) inhibitors, the products are weather-resistant and waterproof. Vinyl does not blister, rot, rust, or peel and weathers uniformly. As such, it is unlikely to need paint or other surface treatments such as water sealants and stains. Similarly, testing for chemical resistance reveals the material is unaffected by rock salt or other chemicals used for snow removal.
Lijia Wang 1823093/ group 3 / team C
https://www.greenbuildingsolutions.org/blog/other-sustainablefeatures/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw1N2TBhCOARIsAGVHQc51MvzmlZdIV_GPvIidcQqeY-SZrHOgYf5woi5V5JqWgRhkXY7NGC0aAkzxEALw_wcB